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Yuan J, Cao Z, Ma J, Li Y, Qiu Y, Duan H. Influence of climate extremes on long-term changes in cyanobacterial blooms in a eutrophic and shallow lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173601. [PMID: 38810759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Climate change and human activities have crucial effects on the variations in phytoplankton blooms in lakes worldwide. A record-breaking heatwave and drought event was reported in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer of 2022, but only little is known about how cyanobacterial blooms in lakes respond to such climate extremes. Here, we utilized MODIS images to generate the area, occurrence, and initial blooming date (IBD) of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Chaohu from 2000 to 2022. We found that the area and occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms were largely reduced. At the same time, the IBD was delayed in 2022 compared with the previous 20 years. The annual occurrence and mean area of cyanobacterial blooms in 2022 were 17 % and 23.1 km2, respectively, which were the lowest reported levels since the 21st century. The IBD in 2022 was four months late compared with the IBD in 2020. The high wind speed in spring delayed the spring blooms in 2022. The record-breaking heatwaves and drought from June to August reduced the blooms by influencing the growth of cyanobacteria and reducing the flow of nutrients from the watershed into the lake. This study highlights the compound impact of heatwave and drought climate events on reducing cyanobacterial blooms in a long-term period, enhancing additional understanding of the changes in phytoplankton blooms in lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jinge Ma
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yinguo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hongtao Duan
- College of Urban and Environment Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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2
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Wang C, Wang Q, Ben W, Qiao M, Ma B, Bai Y, Qu J. Machine learning predicts the growth of cyanobacterial genera in river systems and reveals their different environmental responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174383. [PMID: 38960197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are a common and serious problem in global freshwater environments. However, the response mechanisms of various cyanobacterial genera to multiple nutrients and pollutants, as well as the factors driving their competitive dominance, remain unclear or controversial. The relative abundance and cell density of two dominant cyanobacterial genera (i.e., Cyanobium and Microcystis) in river ecosystems along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance were predicted by random forest with post-interpretability based on physicochemical indices. Results showed that the optimized predictions all reached strong fitting with R2 > 0.75, and conventional water quality indices played a dominant role. One-dimensional and two-dimensional partial dependence plot (PDP) revealed that the responses of Cyanobium and Microcystis to nutrients and temperature were similar, but they showed differences in preferrable nutrient utilization and response to pollutants. Further prediction and PDP for the ratio of Cyanobium and Microcystis unveiled that their distinct responses to PAHs and SPAHs were crucial drivers for their competitive dominance over each other. This study presents a new way for analyzing the response of cyanobacterial genera to multiple environmental factors and their dominance relationships by interpretable machine learning, which is suitable for the identification and interpretation of high-dimensional nonlinear ecosystems with complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qiaojuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weiwei Ben
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baiwen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yaohui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Preece EP, Otten TG, Cooke J, Kudela RM. Microcystins in the benthic food-web of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174250. [PMID: 38936722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria blooms are a growing threat in estuarine waters as upstream blooms are exported into coastal environments. Cyanobacteria can produce potent toxins, one of which-hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs)-can persist and accumulate within the food web. Filter-feeding invertebrates may biomagnify toxins up to 100× ambient concentrations. As such, bivalves can be used as an environmentally relevant and highly sensitive sentinel for MC monitoring. To date there has been little research on cyanotoxin bioaccumulation in estuaries. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) aquatic food web has undergone a profound change in response to widespread colonization of aquatic invasive species such as Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) in the freshwater portion of the Delta. These clams are prolific-blanketing areas of the Delta at densities up to 1000 clams/m2 and are directly implicated in the pelagic organism decline of threatened and endangered fishes. We hypothesized that Asian clams accumulate MCs which may act as an additional stressor to the food web and MCs would seasonally be in exceedance of public health advisory levels. MCs accumulation in Delta Asian clams and signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) were studied over a two-year period. ELISA and LC-MS analytical methods were used to measure free and protein-bound MCs in clam and crayfish tissues. We describe an improved MC extraction method for use when analyzing these taxa by LC-MS. MCs were found to accumulate in Asian clams across all months and at all study sites, with seasonal maxima occurring during the summer. Although MC concentrations rarely exceeded public health advisory levels, the persistence of MCs year-round still poses a chronic risk to consumers. Crayfish at times also accumulated high concentrations of MCs. Our results highlight the utility of shellfish as sentinel organisms for monitoring in estuarine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen P Preece
- California Department of Water Resources, 3500 Industrial Blvd, West Sacramento, CA 95691, United States of America; Robertson-Bryan, Inc., 3100 Zinfandel Drive, St 300, Rancho Cordova, CA, United States of America.
| | - Timothy G Otten
- Bend Genetics, LLC, 107 Scripps Drive St 210, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Janis Cooke
- Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, 11020, Sun Center Drive, St 200, Rancho Cordova, CA, United States of America
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- University of California Santa Cruz, Dept. of Ocean Sciences, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America
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4
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Caen A, Mathias JD, Latour D. How do seasonal temperature variations influence interplay between toxic and non-toxic cyanobacterial blooms? Evidence from modeling and experimental data. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 134:102606. [PMID: 38705611 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Summer cyanobacterial blooms exhibit a dynamic interplay between toxic and non-toxic genotypes, significantly influencing the cyanotoxin levels within a lake. The challenge lies in accurately predicting these toxin concentrations due to the significant temporal fluctuations in the proportions of toxic and non-toxic genotypes. Typically, the toxic genotypes dominate during the early and late summer periods, while the non-toxic variants prevail in mid-summer. To dissect this phenomenon, we propose a model that accounts for the competitive interaction between toxic and non-toxic genotypes, as well as seasonal temperature variations. Our numerical simulations suggest that the optimal temperature of the toxic genotypes is lower than that of the optimal temperatures of the non-toxic counterparts. This difference of optimal temperature may potentially contribute to explain the dominance of toxic genotypes at the early and late summer periods, situation often observed in the field. Experimental data from the laboratory align qualitatively with our simulation results, enabling a better understanding of complex interplays between toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auguste Caen
- INRAE, UR MaIAGE, Domaine de Vilvert, JOUY-EN-JOSAS, 78352, France.
| | - Jean-Denis Mathias
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UR LISC, 9 avenue Blaise Pascal - CS 20085, Aubiére, 63178, France.
| | - Delphine Latour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, LMGE, 1, Impasse Amélie Murat, Aubiére, 63178, France.
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Preece EP, Cooke J, Plaas H, Sabo A, Nelson L, Paerl HW. Managing a cyanobacteria harmful algae bloom "hotspot" in the Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta, California. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119606. [PMID: 38081090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) have become a persistent seasonal problem in the upper San Francisco Estuary, California also known as the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta). The Delta is comprised of a complex network of open water bodies, channels, and sloughs. The terminus of the Stockton Channel is an area identified as a CHAB "hotspot." As CHABs increase in severity, there is an urgent need to better understand CHAB drivers to identify and implement mitigation measures that can be used in an estuarine complex like the Delta. We investigated water quality conditions and nutrient dynamics in the Stockton Channel by measuring nutrients in the water column, sediments, and pore waters. In situ nutrient addition bioassay experiments were used to assess the effects of nutrient enrichment on total algal/cyanobacterial growth and pigment concentrations. In both June and September, relative to unamended controls, total chlorophyll and cyanobacterial pigment concentrations were unaffected by nutrient additions; hence, the study area showed signs of classical hypereutrophication, with ambient nitrogen and phosphorus present in excess of algal growth requirements. A cyanobacterial bloom, dominated by Microcystis spp. was present throughout the study area but was most severe and persistent at the shallowest site at the channel terminus. At this site, Microcystis spp. created water quality conditions that allowed for a prolonged bloom from June through September. While targeted nutrient reductions are recommended for long term mitigation, on a shorter timescale, our findings suggest that physical/mechanical controls are the more promising alternative approaches to reduce the severity of CHABs in the terminus of the Stockton Channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen P Preece
- California Department of Water Resources, 3500 Industrial Blvd, West Sacramento, CA, 95691, USA; Robertson-Bryan, Inc., 3100 Zinfandel Dr., Suite 300, Rancho Cordova, CA, 95670, USA.
| | - Janis Cooke
- Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, 11020 Sun Center Drive, #200, Rancho Cordova, CA, 95670, USA
| | - Haley Plaas
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead, City, NC, 28557, USA
| | - Alexandrea Sabo
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead, City, NC, 28557, USA
| | - Leah Nelson
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead, City, NC, 28557, USA
| | - Hans W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead, City, NC, 28557, USA
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6
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Réveillon D, Georges des Aulnois M, Savar V, Robert E, Caruana AMN, Briand E, Bormans M. Extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry of intra- and extracellular microcystins and nodularin to study the fate of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins across the freshwater-marine continuum. Toxicon 2024; 237:107551. [PMID: 38070753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microcystins (MCs) is increasingly being reported in coastal areas worldwide. To provide reliable data regarding this emerging concern, reproducible and accurate methods are required to quantify MCs in salt-containing samples. Herein, we characterized methods of extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for nine MCs and one nodularin (NOD) variants in both cyanobacteria (intracellular) and dissolved forms (extracellular). Different approaches have been used to cope with salinity for the extraction of dissolved MCs but none assessed solid phase extraction (SPE) so far. It was found that salt had negligible effect on the SPE recovery of dissolved MCs using the C18 cartridge while an overestimation up to 67% was noted for some variants with a polymeric sorbent. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 1.0-22 and 5.5-124 pg on column for the intracellular toxins, while 0.05-0.81 and 0.13-2.4 ng/mL were obtained for dissolved toxins. Extraction recoveries were excellent for intracellular (89-121%) and good to excellent for extracellular cyanotoxins (73-102%) while matrix effects were considered neglectable (<12% for 16/20 toxin-matrix combinations), except for the two MC-RR variants. The strategy based on the application of a corrective factor to compensate for losses proved useful as the accuracy was satisfactory (73-117% for intra- and 81-139% for extracellular cyanotoxins, bias <10% for 46/60 conditions, with a few exceptions), with acceptable precisions (intra- and inter-days variabilities <11%). We then applied this method on natural colonies of Microcystis spp. subjected to a salt shock, mimicking their estuarine transfer, in order to assess their survival and to quantify their toxins. The colonies of Microcystis spp. had both their growth and photosynthetic activity impaired at salinities from 10, while toxins remained mainly intracellular (>76%) even at salinity 20, suggesting a potential health risk and contamination of estuarine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Myriam Bormans
- University of Rennes, CNRS, Ecobio UMR, 6553, Rennes, France
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7
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Hu J, Effiong K, Liu M, Xiao X. Broad spectrum and species specificity of plant allelochemicals 1,2-benzenediol and 3-indoleacrylic acid against marine and freshwater harmful algae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:166356. [PMID: 37595905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Allelochemicals derived from plants have shown great potential in mitigating harmful algal blooms (HABs), although different algal species can respond differently to these chemicals. Therefore, we first investigated the allelopathic effects of two newly identified plant-derived allelochemicals, 1,2-benzenediol (1,2-BD) and 3-indoleacrylic acid (3-IDC), on six algal species. Then we further evaluated the allelopathic responses of two bloom-forming species, Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905 and Heterosigma akashiwo to 1,2-BD. Results showed that 1,2-BD had a broader antialgal spectrum than 3-IDC. Allelopathic response analysis indicated that 1,2-BD consistently and stably inhibit the growth of M. aeruginosa FACHB-905, with inhibitory mechanism being disruption of photosynthetic activity, overwhelming of the antioxidant system and activation of programmed cell death (PCD). H. akashiwo displayed resistance to 1,2-BD during exposure, and the growth inhibition was mainly attributed to PCD. Therefore, the species-specific allelopathic responses provide new insights for controlling HABs using 1,2-BD and 3-IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technologies of Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Kokoette Effiong
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technologies of Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China; Department of Marine Biology, Akwa Ibom State University (AKSU), P.M.B 1157, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Muyuan Liu
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Xi Xiao
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technologies of Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 201206, China; Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Non-point Source Pollution Control and Water Eco-security of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Howard MDA, Smith J, Caron DA, Kudela RM, Loftin K, Hayashi K, Fadness R, Fricke S, Kann J, Roethler M, Tatters A, Theroux S. Integrative monitoring strategy for marine and freshwater harmful algal blooms and toxins across the freshwater-to-marine continuum. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:586-604. [PMID: 35748667 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many coastal states throughout the USA have observed negative effects in marine and estuarine environments caused by cyanotoxins produced in inland waterbodies that were transported downstream or produced in the estuaries. Estuaries and other downstream receiving waters now face the dual risk of impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) that occur in the coastal ocean as well as those originating in inland watersheds. Despite this risk, most HAB monitoring efforts do not account for hydrological connections in their monitoring strategies and designs. Monitoring efforts in California have revealed the persistent detection of cyanotoxins across the freshwater-to-marine continuum. These studies underscore the importance of inland waters as conduits for the transfer of cyanotoxins to the marine environment and highlight the importance of approaches that can monitor across hydrologically connected waterbodies. A HAB monitoring strategy is presented for the freshwater-to-marine continuum to inform HAB management and mitigation efforts and address the physical and hydrologic challenges encountered when monitoring in these systems. Three main recommendations are presented based on published studies, new datasets, and existing monitoring programs. First, HAB monitoring would benefit from coordinated and cohesive efforts across hydrologically interconnected waterbodies and across organizational and political boundaries and jurisdictions. Second, a combination of sampling modalities would provide the most effective monitoring for HAB toxin dynamics and transport across hydrologically connected waterbodies, from headwater sources to downstream receiving waterbodies. Third, routine monitoring is needed for toxin mixtures at the land-sea interface including algal toxins of marine origins as well as cyanotoxins that are sourced from inland freshwater or produced in estuaries. Case studies from California are presented to illustrate the implementation of these recommendations, but these recommendations can also be applied to inland states or regions where the downstream receiving waterbody is a freshwater lake, reservoir, or river. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:586-604. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D A Howard
- Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, Rancho Cordova, California, USA
| | - Jayme Smith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - David A Caron
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Keith Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Rich Fadness
- North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, Santa Rosa, California, USA
| | | | - Jacob Kann
- Aquatic Ecosystem Sciences, Ashland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Avery Tatters
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA
| | - Susanna Theroux
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
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Malashenkov D, Dashkova V, Vorobjev IA, Barteneva NS. Optimizing FlowCam Imaging Flow Cytometry Operation for Classification and Quantification of Microcystis Morphospecies. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2635:245-258. [PMID: 37074667 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3020-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis is a globally known cyanobacterium causing potentially toxic blooms worldwide. Different morphospecies with specific morphological and physiological characters usually co-occur during blooming, and their quantification employing light microscopy can be time-consuming and problematic. A benchtop imaging flow cytometer (IFC) FlowCam (Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies, USA) was used to identify and quantitate different Microcystis morphospecies from environmental samples. We describe here the FlowCam methodology for sample processing and analysis of five European morphospecies of Microcystis common to the temperate zone. The FlowCam technique allows detection of different Microcystis morphospecies providing objective qualitative and quantitative data for statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Malashenkov
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Veronika Dashkova
- PhD Program in Science, Engineering and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ivan A Vorobjev
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Natasha S Barteneva
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Brigham Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- The EREC, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
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10
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Roache-Johnson KH, Stephens NR. FlowCam 8400 and FlowCam Cyano Phytoplankton Classification and Viability Staining by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2635:219-244. [PMID: 37074666 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3020-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides a protocol for a detailed evaluation of phytoplankton and nuisance cyanobacteria with the FlowCam 8400 and the FlowCam Cyano. The chapter includes (i) detailed description of the quality control of fluorescent mode of the FlowCam, (ii) detailing methods for discriminating nuisance cyanobacteria using the FlowCam Cyano, how to set up libraries and classification routines for commonly used classification reports, and (iii) detailing methods for viability staining to quantify LIVE versus DEAD phytoplankton using the FlowCam 8400.
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11
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Shen X, Detenbeck N, You M. Spatial and temporal variations of estuarine stratification and flushing time across the continental U.S. ESTUARINE, COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE 2022; 279:1-19. [PMID: 36545276 PMCID: PMC9762436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2022.108147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine circulation attributes such as stratification and flushing time significantly influence estuarine ecological processes. Stratification reflects how much vertical mixing occurs in an estuary, while flushing time can describe the exchange rate of pollutants between the estuary and ocean. A recently developed estuarine characterization framework used estuarine geophysical attributes and water exchange datasets to characterize estuarine circulation for 360 estuaries in the continental U.S. between 1950 and 2015. The estuaries were grouped into nine ecoregions according to the Marine Ecoregions of the World. In the Gulf of Mexico and along the East Coast, most estuaries were well-mixed (63-93%), with 3-5% strongly-stratified estuaries. Along the West Coast, strongly-stratified estuaries dominated (46-63%), with the exception of the Puget Trough basin and the southern CA ecoregion with 83% and 75% well-mixed estuaries. The stratification type of some estuaries varied seasonally. Generally, they were more stratified winter through spring, then mixed during the summer, with the exception of southern FL, which had a reverse pattern due to the positive correlation between the stratification parameter and freshwater inflow (97% estuaries with R 2 > 0.9). The flushing times of the 300 well-mixed and partially-stratified estuaries were estimated using Tidal Prism (TPM) and Freshwater Fraction Methods (FFM). Flushing time seasonal variation exhibited a negative correlation with freshwater inflow (R 2 > 0.8 for 50% of estuaries using TPM). Generally, estuarine flushing times were short in winter and long in summer (reversed in FL and a portion of the Gulf of Mexico). On the West Coast, estuaries tended to flush quickly compared with estuaries in other regions, even though they usually had low freshwater inflows, since other factors, e.g., the estuarine volume, affected the flushing time as well. To ensure appropriate interpretation of responses to change in nutrient loading, the significant intra- and interannual variations in stratification and flushing time need to be incorporated into management and assessment of estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shen
- ORISE Participant at U.S. EPA at ACESD, Narragansett, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Naomi Detenbeck
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Mingde You
- ORISE Participant at U.S. EPA at ACESD, Narragansett, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA (Current address: China Guangfa Bank, 11th Floor, G.T. Land Plaza Tower C, Zhujiang New Town, Guangzhou, 510630, China)
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12
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Ecosystem Recovery in Progress? Initial Nutrient and Phytoplankton Response to Nitrogen Reduction from Sewage Treatment Upgrade in the San Francisco Bay Delta. NITROGEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/nitrogen3040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The San Francisco Bay Delta has been an estuary of low productivity, with causes hypothesized to relate to light limitation, grazing by invasive clams, and polluting levels of NH4+ discharge from a wastewater treatment plant. Suppression of phytoplankton NO3− uptake by NH4+ has been well documented, and thus this estuary may have experienced the counterintuitive effect of depressed productivity due to wastewater NH4+ enrichment. In 2021, a new wastewater treatment plant came online, with a ~75% reduction in nitrogen load, and within-plant nitrification, converting the discharge to NO3−. The expectation was that this change in nitrogen loading would support healthier phytoplankton production, particularly of diatoms. Here, responses of the post-upgrade Bay Delta phytoplankton were compared to five years of data collected pre-upgrade during the fall season. Indeed, increased chlorophyll a accumulation in the estuary was documented after the implementation of the upgraded wastewater treatment and photophysiological responses indicated comparatively less stress. Major differences in river flow were also observed due to drought conditions during the decade covered by this study. While short-term favorable effects were observed, understanding longer-term ecological feedback interactions that may follow from this major nutrient change under variable flow conditions will require more years of observations.
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Aghashariatmadari Z, Golmohammadian H, Shariatmadari Z, Mohebbi F, Bazrafshan J. Satellite-Based Monitoring of the Algal Communities of Aras Dam Reservoir: Meteorological Dependence Analysis and the Footprint of COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on the Eutrophication Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 16:70. [PMID: 35992580 PMCID: PMC9379891 DOI: 10.1007/s41742-022-00447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aras Dam Lake is a strategic aquatic ecosystem in Iran and there are reports of toxic phytoplankton blooms in this reservoir. This study was performed to determine the effect of meteorological variables on the formation and expansion of toxic phytoplankton communities in Aras dam reservoir. The data of this project have been obtained using field studies and satellite data (MODIS and Sentinel-2). Sampling to determine the composition of phytoplankton communities in the area was carried out seasonally in two time periods from 2003 to 2014, and environmental assessments were also performed based on meteorological and satellite data over an 18-year period (2003-2020). The Chlorophyll-a content was obtained from MODIS and correlated with meteorological data. The statistical analysis showed that the highest coefficient of determination is related to the correlation of chlorophyll-a and Evaporation (R 2 = 0.86). Also, the relative root mean square error is equal to 18%, 18.1% and 21.2% for the chlorophyll-a -SST, chlorophyll-a -wind and chlorophyll-a -Evaporation relations, respectively. Moreover, in a supplementary study, correlation between the chlorophyll-a content with selected meteorological variables including evaporation, wind speed and water surface temperature were investigated seasonally. The results showed that the trend of changes in chlorophyll-a content with three considered variables are parabolic functions and chlorophyll-a -Evp (R 2 = 0.86, MAPE = 15.2%) model indicates better performance. The results also showed that the eutrophication rate of the reservoir during lockdown period increased in comparison with the same time at pre-pandemic period, which can be related to increase of incoming waste loads in this reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aghashariatmadari
- Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj,, 31587-77871 Iran
| | - Hadis Golmohammadian
- Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj,, 31587-77871 Iran
| | - Zeinab Shariatmadari
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidun Mohebbi
- National Artemia Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Urmia, Iran
| | - Javad Bazrafshan
- Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, Karaj,, 31587-77871 Iran
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Mori M, Gonzalez Flores R, Suzuki Y, Nukazawa K, Hiraoka T, Nonaka H. Prediction of Microcystis Occurrences and Analysis Using Machine Learning in High-Dimension, Low-Sample-Size and Imbalanced Water Quality Data. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 117:102273. [PMID: 35944960 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning, Deep learning, and water quality data have been used in recent years to predict the outbreak of harmful algae, especially Microcystis, and analyze outbreak causes. However, for various reasons, water quality data are often High-Dimension, Low-Sample- Size (HDLSS), meaning the sample size is lower than the number of dimensions. Moreover, imbalance problems may arise due to bias in the occurrence frequency of Microcystis. These problems make predicting the occurrence of Microcystis and analyzing its causes with machine learning difficult. In this study, a machine learning model that applies Feature Engineering (FE) and Feature Selection (FS) algorithms are used to predict outbreaks of Microcystis and analyze the outbreak factors from imbalanced HDLSS water quality data. The prediction performance was verified with binary classification to determine whether Microcystis would occur in the future by applying three machine learning models to four data patterns. The cause analysis of Microcystis occurrence was performed by visualizing the results of applying FE and FS. For the test data, the predictive performance of FE and FS methods was significantly better than that of the conventional method, with an accuracy of .108 points and an F-value of .691 points higher than the conventional method. A prediction performance increase was observed with a smaller model capacity. Data-driven analysis suggested that total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen saturation, and water temperature are associated with Microcystis occurrences. The results also indicated that basic statistics of the water quality distribution (especially mean, standard deviation, and skewness) over a year, not the concentrations of water components, are related to the occurrence of Microcystis. These are new findings not found in previous studies and are expected to contribute significantly to future studies of algae. This study provides a method for analyzing water quality data with high-dimensionality and small samples, imbalance problems, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Mori
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka-shi, 940-2188, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Roberto Gonzalez Flores
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka-shi, 940-2188, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki
- University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi, 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kei Nukazawa
- University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki-shi, 889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toru Hiraoka
- University of Nagasaki, 1-1-1, Manabino, Nagayo, Nishi-Sonogi, 851-2130, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nonaka
- Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka-shi, 940-2188, Niigata, Japan
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15
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Adsorbents Used for Microcystin Removal from Water Sources: Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in water sources, driven by climate change and eutrophication, is of great concern worldwide today. Cyanobacterial blooms can negatively affect water bodies and generate harmful secondary metabolites, namely microcystins (MCs), which significantly impair water quality. Various adsorbents used for MC removal from water sources were assessed in this investigation. Activated carbon constitutes the most widely used adsorbent for treating contaminated waters due to its high affinity for adsorbing MCs. Alternative adsorbents have also been proposed and reported to provide higher efficiency, but the studies carried out so far in this regard are still insufficient. The mechanisms implicated in MC adsorption upon different adsorbents should be further detailed for a better optimization of the adsorption process. Certainly, adsorbent characteristics, water pH and temperature are the main factors influencing the adsorption of MCs. In this context, optimization studies must be performed considering the effectiveness, economic aspects associated with each adsorbent. This review provides guidelines for more practical field applications of the adsorption in the treatment of waters actually contaminated with MCs.
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Persistent Cyanobacteria Blooms in Artificial Water Bodies-An Effect of Environmental Conditions or the Result of Anthropogenic Change. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19126990. [PMID: 35742239 PMCID: PMC9223187 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19126990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Algal blooms are an emerging problem. The massive development of phytoplankton is driven partly by the anthropogenic eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems and the expansion of toxic cyanobacteria in planktonic communities in temperate climate zones by the continual increase in global temperature. Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) not only disturb the ecological balance of the ecosystem, but they also prevent the use of waterbodies by humans. This study examines the cause of an unusual, persistent bloom in a recreational, flow-through reservoir; the findings emphasize the role played by the river supplying the reservoir in the formation of its massive cyanobacterial bloom. Comprehensive ecosystem-based environmental studies were performed, including climate change investigation, hydrochemical analysis, and bio-assessment of the ecological state of the river/reservoir, together with monitoring the cyanobacteria content of phytoplankton. Our findings show that the persistent and dominant biomass of Microcystis was related to the N/P ratio, while the presence of Aphanizomenon and Dolichospermum was associated with the high-temperature end electric conductivity of water. Together with the increase in global temperature, the massive and persistent cyanobacterial bloom appears to be maintained by the inflow of biogenic compounds carried by the river and the high electric conductivity of water. Even at the beginning of the phenomenon, the reservoir water already contained cyanobacterial toxins, which excluded its recreational use for about half the year.
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Pham TL, Tran THY, Shimizu K, Li Q, Utsumi M. Toxic cyanobacteria and microcystin dynamics in a tropical reservoir: assessing the influence of environmental variables. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63544-63557. [PMID: 32948940 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms (TCBs) have become a growing concern worldwide. The present study investigated the dynamic of toxic cyanobacteria and microcystin (MC) concentrations in the Tri An Reservoir (TAR), a tropical system in Vietnam, with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The results of the qPCR quantification revealed that Microcystis was the dominant group and the primary MC producer in the TAR. Potentially toxigenic cyanobacteria varied from 1.2 × 104 to 1.58 × 107 cells/mL, and the mean proportion of toxic Microcystis to that of the total toxic cyanobacteria varied from 21 to 88%. Microcystin concentrations in raw water and sediment samples often peaked during June to October as blooms occurred and varied from 0.27 to 6.59 μg/L and from 1.79 to 544.9 ng/g in wet weight, respectively. The results of this study indicated that conditions favoring Microcystis proliferation lead to the selection of more toxic genotypes. Water temperature and light availability were not driving factor in the formation of TCBs in the TAR. However, the high loads of total nitrogen (TN), phosphate, and total phosphorus (TP) into the water via rainfall runoff in combination with a high total suspended solid (TSS) and decreased water level during the early months of the rainy seasons did lead to a shift in Microcystis blooms and higher proportions of toxic genotypes of Microcystis in the TAR. This research may provide more insight into the occurrence mechanism of TCBs in tropical waters. The strategy to control TCB problems in tropical regions should be focused on these limnological and hydrological parameters, in addition to a reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Luu Pham
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), 475A Dien Bien Phu Street, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Hoang Yen Tran
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Qintong Li
- Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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Tanvir RU, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Lu J. Cyanobacterial community succession and associated cyanotoxin production in hypereutrophic and eutrophic freshwaters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118056. [PMID: 34488165 PMCID: PMC8547520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) in freshwater bodies are mainly attributed to excess loading of nutrients [nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)]. This study provides a comprehensive review of how the existing nutrient (i.e., N and P) conditions and microbial ecological factors affect cyanobacterial community succession and cyanotoxin production in freshwaters. Different eutrophic scenarios (i.e., hypereutrophic vs. eutrophic conditions) in the presence of (i) high levels of N and P, (ii) a relatively high level of P but a low level of N, and (iii) a relatively high level of N but a low level of P, are discussed in association with cyanobacterial community succession and cyanotoxin production. The seasonal cyanobacterial community succession is mostly regulated by temperature in hypereutrophic freshwaters, where both temperature and nitrogen fixation play a critical role in eutrophic freshwaters. While the early cyanoHAB mitigation strategies focus on reducing P from water bodies, many more studies show that both N and P have a profound contribution to cyanobacterial blooms and toxin production. The availability of N often shapes the structure of the cyanobacterial community (e.g., the relative abundance of N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing cyanobacterial genera) and is positively linked to the levels of microcystin. Ecological aspects of cyanotoxin production and release, related functional genes, and corresponding nutrient and environmental conditions are also elucidated. Research perspectives on cyanoHABs and cyanobacterial community succession are discussed and presented with respect to the following: (i) role of internal nutrients and their species, (ii) P- and N-based control vs. solely P-based control of cyanoHABs, and (iii) molecular investigations and prediction of cyanotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahamat Ullah Tanvir
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA.
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Gomes AL, Cunha CJS, Lima MO, Sousa EBDE, Costa-Tavares VB, Martinelli-Lemos JM. Biodiversity and interannual variation of cyanobacteria density in an estuary of the brazilian Amazon. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20191452. [PMID: 34705935 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120191452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of environmental variables on planktonic biodiversity is widely known. However, the absence of information about the cyanobacterial community in tropical estuarine regions motivated this work, whose objective was to investigate the spatio-temporal variation of cyanobacterial density related to physicochemical factors in a Brazilian Amazonian estuary. For the qualitative and quantitative study of cyanobacteria and physicochemical variables, samples were collected in April/July/2009 and April/August/2010. We identified 31 species of the orders Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales and Nostocales. Species of the genera Aphanocapsa, Dolichospermum, Komvophoron, Microcystis, Pseudanabaena and Merismopedia were frequent and abundant throughout the study period. Some of the found genera have already been described as potential toxin producers. The dynamics of cyanobacteria were temporal, the highest densities occurred in 2010 (average= 1080.86 ± 702.86 cells.mL-1) mainly influenced by the high values of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, ammonium nitrogen which led cyanobacteria to present different responses in terms of richness, density and diversity between the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline L Gomes
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br 316, Km 7, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Celly J S Cunha
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br 316, Km 7, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo O Lima
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br 316, Km 7, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Eliane B DE Sousa
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br 316, Km 7, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Vanessa B Costa-Tavares
- Seção de Meio Ambiente, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVC/MS, Rod. Br 316, Km 7, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Jussara M Martinelli-Lemos
- Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Crustáceos da Amazônia - GPECA, Núcleo de Ecologia Aquática e Pesca da Amazônia, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, 1, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
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20
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Wolff E, van Vliet MTH. Impact of the 2018 drought on pharmaceutical concentrations and general water quality of the Rhine and Meuse rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146182. [PMID: 33714814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrological droughts are expected to increase in frequency and severity due to changing climate in several river basins. Recent severe droughts, like the 2018 drought in northwestern Europe, have shown major challenges for water management, not only in terms of water quantity, but also water quality. However, these water quality impacts have received far less attention, and limited understanding exists, in particular regarding concentration responses of emerging chemicals, such as pharmaceutical in surface waters under droughts. This study therefore shows the impacts of the 2018 drought on the water quality of the Rhine and Meuse rivers (Western Europe) focusing on a selection of water quality parameters relevant to multiple sectoral water uses and ecosystem health, i.e. water temperature, salinity and four pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, metoprolol, ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole). Surface water quality data of six monitoring stations (mainly in the Netherlands) were analyzed for the 2018 drought in comparison to the reference period 2014-2017. Our results show that low flow combined with high temperatures resulted in a general deterioration of surface water quality of both the Meuse and Rhine rivers during the 2018 drought. This was reflected by significant increases in water temperatures (average of +1.9 °C) and salinity levels (+11%). While we found higher concentrations of some pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine (+10%) and metoprolol (+29%)), these increases were statistically insignificant. The decline in water quality is primarily caused by limited dilution of the chemical load derived from point sources and salinity intrusion in the lower part of Rhine-Meuse delta. A comparison of the water quality responses of the Rhine and Meuse shows larger impacts for the rainfed Meuse river with lower summer flow, compared to the mixed rain- and snowmelt-fed Rhine river. Sustainable, transboundary river water management is essential to ensure water of suitable quality for different sectoral uses during future projected droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wolff
- Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.115, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle T H van Vliet
- Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.115, 3508 TC Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Hu L, Shan K, Huang L, Li Y, Zhao L, Zhou Q, Song L. Environmental factors associated with cyanobacterial assemblages in a mesotrophic subtropical plateau lake: A focus on bloom toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146052. [PMID: 33677307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms caused by cyanobacteria have been increasing in frequency worldwide. However, the main environmental drivers of this change are often difficult to identify because of the effects of the interaction between eutrophication and climate change. Recently, filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria and non-diazotrophic Microcystis have been observed to be co-existing and undergoing succession in some eutrophic lakes. However, the succession patterns of dominant cyanobacteria and the factors driving this in mesotrophic lakes are not well understood. We hypothesized that the changes in cyanobacterial assemblages in mesotrophic lakes could result in a relatively high risks of toxic blooms, and that these changes are associated with the global climatic changes. We tested these hypotheses using data from the subtropical mesotrophic Lake Erhai. We found that the high spatiotemporal variability in the cyanobacterial community, and the increase in biomass were driven primarily by the growth of bloom-forming cyanobacterial taxa. Species-specific biomasses were related to a different environmental stressor; increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were statistically associated with an increase of Microcystis biomass, whereas increases in surface water temperature favored higher biomass of Pseudanabaena at low transparency and high concentration of phosphorus. In addition, low nitrogen- to- phosphorus ratios were identified as potential determinants of the abundance of N2-fixing Dolichospermum. Furthermore, changes in the concentration of DOC, total nitrogen, pH and water transparency levels were found to affect the composition of Microcystis morphotypes and genotypes mostly. This study highlights that the toxic to non-toxic Microcystis ratio might increase with the water darkening and browning (which occurs in many subtropical plateau lakes). Lake management strategies, therefore, need to consider the toxicity of cyanobacterial assemblages in mesotrophic lakes over the intensity of the cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Organism Resources and Environmental Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kun Shan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Licheng Huang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Management of Plateau Lake-Watershed, Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Kunming 650034, China
| | - Yuanrui Li
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qichao Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Management of Plateau Lake-Watershed, Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Kunming 650034, China; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Lehman PW, Kurobe T, Huynh K, Lesmeister S, Teh SJ. Covariance of Phytoplankton, Bacteria, and Zooplankton Communities Within Microcystis Blooms in San Francisco Estuary. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:632264. [PMID: 34163439 PMCID: PMC8215387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystis blooms have occurred in upper San Francisco Estuary (USFE) since 1999, but their potential impacts on plankton communities have not been fully quantified. Five years of field data collected from stations across the freshwater reaches of the estuary were used to identify the plankton communities that covaried with Microcystis blooms, including non-photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic genera using a suite of analyses, including microscopy, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and shotgun metagenomic analysis. Coherence between the abundance of Microcystis and members of the plankton community was determined by hierarchal cluster analysis (CLUSTER) and type 3 similarity profile analysis (SIMPROF), as well as correlation analysis. Microcystis abundance varied with many cyanobacteria and phytoplankton genera and was most closely correlated with the non-toxic cyanobacterium Merismopoedia, the green algae Monoraphidium and Chlamydomonas, and the potentially toxic cyanobacteria Pseudoanabaena, Dolichospermum, Planktothrix, Sphaerospermopsis, and Aphanizomenon. Among non-photosynthetic bacteria, the xenobiotic bacterium Phenylobacterium was the most closely correlated with Microcystis abundance. The coherence of DNA sequences for phyla across trophic levels in the plankton community also demonstrated the decrease in large zooplankton and increase in small zooplankton during blooms. The breadth of correlations between Microcystis and plankton across trophic levels suggests Microcystis influences ecosystem production through bottom-up control during blooms. Importantly, the abundance of Microcystis and other members of the plankton community varied with wet and dry conditions, indicating climate was a significant driver of trophic structure during blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy W. Lehman
- Division of Environmental Services, California Department of Water Resources, West Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Tomofumi Kurobe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Khiet Huynh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Lesmeister
- Division of Environmental Services, California Department of Water Resources, West Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Swee J. Teh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Mahardja B, Tobias V, Khanna S, Mitchell L, Lehman P, Sommer T, Brown L, Culberson S, Conrad JL. Resistance and resilience of pelagic and littoral fishes to drought in the San Francisco Estuary. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02243. [PMID: 33098718 PMCID: PMC7988542 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many estuarine ecosystems and the fish communities that inhabit them have undergone substantial changes in the past several decades, largely due to multiple interacting stressors that are often of anthropogenic origin. Few are more impactful than droughts, which are predicted to increase in both frequency and severity with climate change. In this study, we examined over five decades of fish monitoring data from the San Francisco Estuary, California, USA, to evaluate the resistance and resilience of fish communities to disturbance from prolonged drought events. High resistance was defined by the lack of decline in species occurrence from a wet to a subsequent drought period, while high resilience was defined by the increase in species occurrence from a drought to a subsequent wet period. We found some unifying themes connecting the multiple drought events over the 50-yr period. Pelagic fishes consistently declined during droughts (low resistance), but exhibit a considerable amount of resiliency and often rebound in the subsequent wet years. However, full recovery does not occur in all wet years following droughts, leading to permanently lower baseline numbers for some pelagic fishes over time. In contrast, littoral fishes seem to be more resistant to drought and may even increase in occurrence during dry years. Based on the consistent detrimental effects of drought on pelagic fishes within the San Francisco Estuary and the inability of these fish populations to recover in some years, we conclude that freshwater flow remains a crucial but not sufficient management tool for the conservation of estuarine biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mahardja
- United States Bureau of Reclamation801 I Street, Suite 140SacramentoCalifornia95814USA
| | - Vanessa Tobias
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service850 South Guild AvenueLodiCalifornia95240USA
| | - Shruti Khanna
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife2109 Arch‐Airport RoadStocktonCalifornia95206USA
| | - Lara Mitchell
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service850 South Guild AvenueLodiCalifornia95240USA
| | - Peggy Lehman
- California Department of Water Resources3500 Industrial BoulevardWest SacramentoCalifornia95691USA
| | - Ted Sommer
- California Department of Water Resources3500 Industrial BoulevardWest SacramentoCalifornia95691USA
| | - Larry Brown
- United States Geological Survey6000 J StreetSacramentoCalifornia95819USA
| | - Steve Culberson
- Delta Stewardship Council980 9th StreetSacramentoCalifornia95814USA
| | - J. Louise Conrad
- Delta Stewardship Council980 9th StreetSacramentoCalifornia95814USA
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24
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Howard MDA, Kudela RM, Hayashi K, Tatters AO, Caron DA, Theroux S, Oehrle S, Roethler M, Donovan A, Loftin K, Laughrey Z. Multiple co-occurring and persistently detected cyanotoxins and associated cyanobacteria in adjacent California lakes. Toxicon 2021; 192:1-14. [PMID: 33428970 PMCID: PMC8811718 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The global proliferation of toxin producing cyanobacterial blooms has been attributed to a wide variety of environmental factors with nutrient pollution, increased temperatures, and drought being three of the most significant. The current study is the first formal assessment of cyanotoxins in two impaired lakes, Canyon Lake and Lake Elsinore, in southern California that have a history of cyanobacterial blooms producing high biomass as measured by chl-a. Cyanotoxins in Lake Elsinore were detected at concentrations that persistently exceeded California recreational health thresholds, whereas Canyon Lake experienced persistent concentrations that only occasionally exceeded health thresholds. The study results are the highest recorded concentrations of microcystins, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin detected in southern California lakes. Concentrations exceeded health thresholds that caused both lakes to be closed for recreational activities. Cyanobacterial identifications indicated a high risk for the presence of potentially toxic genera and agreed with the cyanotoxin results that indicated frequent detection of multiple cyanotoxins simultaneously. A statistically significant correlation was observed between chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and microcystin concentrations for Lake Elsinore but not Canyon Lake, and chl-a was not a good indicator of cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a, or nodularin. Therefore, chl-a was not a viable screening indicator of cyanotoxin risk in these lakes. The study results indicate potential acute and chronic risk of exposure to cyanotoxins in these lakes and supports the need for future monitoring efforts to help minimize human and domestic pet exposure and to better understand potential effects to wildlife. The frequent co-occurrence of complex cyanotoxin mixtures further complicates the risk assessment process for these lakes given uncertainty in the toxicology of mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D A Howard
- Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, 11020 Sun Center Drive, #200, Rancho Cordova, CA, 95670, USA.
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Department of Ocean Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Kendra Hayashi
- Department of Ocean Science, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Avery O Tatters
- USEPA Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division Laboratory, 1 Sabine Drive, Gulf Breeze, FL, 32561, USA.
| | - David A Caron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-0371, USA.
| | - Susanna Theroux
- Biogeochemistry Department, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA.
| | - Stuart Oehrle
- Waters Field Lab, Northern Kentucky University, Chemistry Department, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA.
| | - Miranda Roethler
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St. Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195-5020, USA.
| | - Ariel Donovan
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, 1217 Biltmore Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA.
| | - Keith Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, 1217 Biltmore Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA.
| | - Zachary Laughrey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, 1217 Biltmore Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66049, USA.
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Zhai S, Twardowski M, Hedley JD, McFarland M, Nayak AR, Moore T. Optical backscattering and linear polarization properties of the colony forming cyanobacterium Microcystis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37149-37166. [PMID: 33379554 PMCID: PMC7771895 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light scattering characteristics of the cyanobacterium Microcystis are investigated with numerical models for sphere aggregates. During summer bloom seasons, Microcystis is prevalent in many inland waters across the globe. Monitoring concentrations with remote sensing techniques requires knowledge of the inherent optical properties (IOPs), especially the backscattering properties of Microcystis cells and colonies in natural settings. In situ measurements in waters dominated by Microcystis blooms have previously detected extremely high backscattering ratios, i.e., bb/b>0.043 at 443 nm [1], the highest to our knowledge in the natural environment. These highbb/bvalues could hold promise as a diagnostic tool in identifying and monitoring Microcystis using optical approaches. However, it has been unclear how this type of optically 'soft' organic particle can generate such highbb/bvalues. In this study, the Multiple Sphere T-matrix (MSTM) model is used to calculate the IOPs of model colonies, including bb/b. Colony sizes in the model ranged from several cells to several hundred and both colony packing density and cell gas vacuole content were varied. Results are compared with model results for equivalent-volume spheres (EVS) and direct in situ measurements. Colony formation was required in the modeling to reproduce the high bb/bconsistent with in situ measurements. The combination of moderate to very dense colony (packing density >30%) and high gas vacuole content in individual cells (volume percentage >20%) was the most favorable condition leading to rapid increases in bb/bwith increasing number of cells Ncell of the colony. Significant linear correlations were observed betweenbb/b and Ncell1/3 for these colonies, wherebb/b increased beyond 0.04 once cell number reached about 1000 cells in the case with the most densely packed cells and highest gas vacuole content. Within commonly observed colony sizes (Ncell <106), colonies with high gas vacuole content exhibited bb/bvalues up to 0.055, consistent with direct measurements from Lake Erie. Polarized scattering was also of interest as a diagnostic tool, particularly with future Earth-orbiting polarimeters being deployed for the NASA Plankton, Aerosols, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission. The Degree of Linear Polarization (DoLP), expressed by the ratio of two Mueller matrix elements-P12/P11, decreased with increasing colony cell number for Microcystis. Another ratio of two Mueller matrix elementsP22/P11, an index for nonsphericity, also decreased with increasing colony size. In addition to higher relative backscattering, greater colony packing density and larger gas vacuole sizes both led to lower DoLP peak magnitude and lowerP22/P11. An optical opposition feature due to constructive phase interference that was observed previously for cosmic dusts is also present for these modeled colonies, manifested by a narrow intensity peak and negative polarization dip near exact backscattering direction, gradually forming as colony size increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Zhai
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Michael Twardowski
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - John D. Hedley
- Numerical Optics Ltd., 19 West Street, Witheridge, Tiverton, Devon EX16 8AA, UK
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Aditya R. Nayak
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
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26
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Recent Advancements in the Removal of Cyanotoxins from Water Using Conventional and Modified Adsorbents—A Contemporary Review. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of cyanobacteria is increasing in freshwaters due to climate change, eutrophication, and their ability to adapt and thrive in changing environmental conditions. In response to various environmental pressures, they produce toxins known as cyanotoxins, which impair water quality significantly. Prolonged human exposure to cyanotoxins, such as microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, and anatoxin through drinking water can cause severe health effects. Conventional water treatment processes are not effective in removing these cyanotoxins in water and advanced water treatment processes are often used instead. Among the advanced water treatment methods, adsorption is advantageous compared to other methods because of its affordability and design simplicity for cyanotoxins removal. This article provides a current review of recent developments in cyanotoxin removal using both conventional and modified adsorbents. Given the different cyanotoxins removal capacities and cost of conventional and modified adsorbents, a future outlook, as well as suggestions are provided to achieve optimal cyanotoxin removal through adsorption.
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27
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Feng W, Yang F, Zhang C, Liu J, Song F, Chen H, Zhu Y, Liu S, Giesy JP. Composition characterization and biotransformation of dissolved, particulate and algae organic phosphorus in eutrophic lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114838. [PMID: 32563804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics and transformation of organic phosphorus in water are vital to biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus and support of blooms of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria. Using solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), combined with field surveys and lab analyses, composition and structural characteristics of dissolved phosphorus (DP), particulate phosphorus (PP) and organic P in algae were studied in two eutrophic lakes in China, Tai Lake and Chao Lake. Factors influencing migration and transformation of these constituents in lake ecosystems were also investigated. A method was developed to extract, flocculate and concentrate DP and PP from lake water samples. Results showed that orthophosphate (Ortho-P) constituted 32.4%-81.3% of DP and 43.7%-54.9% of PP, respectively; while monoester phosphorus (Mono-P) was 13.2%-54.0% of DP and 32.9%-43.7% of PP, respectively. Phosphorus in algae was mostly organic P, especially Mono-P, which was ≥50% of TP. Environmental factors and water quality parameters such as temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, secchi depth (SD), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (CODcr), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), affected the absolute and relative concentrations of various P components in the two lakes. Increased temperature promoted bioavailable P (Ortho-P and Mono-P) release to the lake waters. The results can provide an important theoretical basis for the mutual conversion process of organic P components between various media in the lake water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Feng
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- Quality Inspection and Standard Research Center, Postal Scientific Research and Planning Academy, Beijing, 100096, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fanhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuanrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor, University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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28
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Hammock BG, Ramírez-Duarte WF, Triana Garcia PA, Schultz AA, Avendano LI, Hung TC, White JR, Bong YT, Teh SJ. The health and condition responses of Delta Smelt to fasting: A time series experiment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239358. [PMID: 32970715 PMCID: PMC7514091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an extensive literature establishing, validating, and quantifying a wide range of responses of fishes to fasting. Our study complements this work by comparing fed and unfed treatments of hatchery-raised Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus)-an imperiled fish that is endemic to the San Francisco Estuary and its tributaries in California, USA-across a diverse suite of endpoints over a two-month time series. The experiment was conducted at 15.9°C, and individuals were sampled at 12 time points as starvation became increasingly severe. We found that hepatosomatic index and condition factor were relatively sensitive to starvation, becoming significantly depressed at Day 4 and 7, respectively. Histological analysis of liver showed elevated cytoplasmic inclusion bodies at Day 7, followed by increased glycogen depletion, single cell necrosis, and hydropic vacuolar degeneration at Day 14, 21, and 28, respectively. Of four antioxidants measured, glutathione decreased at Day 4, superoxide dismutase increased at Day 14, catalase increased at Day 56, and glutathione peroxidase was not affected by starvation. The net result was a ~2-fold increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in fasted fish that was highly inconsistent through time. RNA to DNA ratio and triglycerides in muscle were relatively insensitive to starvation, only consistently decreasing with fasting after mortality began increasing in the 'No Feeding' treatment, at Day 21. Together, these results suggest that Delta Smelt mobilize hepatic energy stores far more rapidly than lipids in muscle when subjected to fasting, leading to rapid atrophy of liver and the development of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies-possibly autophagosomes-in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G. Hammock
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Wilson F. Ramírez-Duarte
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Acuicultura de los Llanos, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
| | - Pedro Alejandro Triana Garcia
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Acuicultura de los Llanos, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
| | - Andrew A. Schultz
- Science Division, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Bay-Delta Office, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Leonie I. Avendano
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - James R. White
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Stockton, CA, United States of America
| | - Yih-Tyng Bong
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Swee J. Teh
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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29
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Acuña S, Baxa D, Lehman P, Teh F, Deng D, Teh S. Determining the Exposure Pathway and Impacts of Microcystis on Threadfin Shad, Dorosoma petenense, in San Francisco Estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:787-798. [PMID: 31900949 PMCID: PMC7155034 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the cyanobacterium Microcystis spp. could affect fish health through the ingestion of colonies as well as exposure to dissolved microcystins in the water column. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the dietary exposure pathway through which Microcystis spp. blooms may affect liver function and nutritional status using a novel approach involving multiple analytical methods to assess the potential risk. Our study was conducted using threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, which is a pelagic fish commonly exposed to Microcystis spp. blooms in the upper San Francisco Estuary. The approach incorporated published and optimized methods that offer multiple lines of evidence including in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, histopathology, condition factor indices, and nutritional profiles. Measurements of threadfin shad health and tissue condition were conducted at sites where Microcystis was present or absent during the 2007 bloom season. The results showed that dietary exposure to fish from Microcystis blooms resulted in the accumulation of microcystin in the gut and liver tissues of threadfin shad collected from the sites with blooms. Although toxicity endpoints were likely confounded by antecedent conditions, our findings demonstrate dietary exposure of Microcystis toxins to fish using a novel approach with multiple lines of evidence. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:787-798. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Acuña
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern CaliforniaSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dolores Baxa
- University of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peggy Lehman
- California Department of Water ResourcesWest SacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Swee Teh
- University of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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30
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Salt Shock Responses of Microcystis Revealed through Physiological, Transcript, and Metabolomic Analyses. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030192. [PMID: 32197406 PMCID: PMC7150857 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transfer of Microcystis aeruginosa from freshwater to estuaries has been described worldwide and salinity is reported as the main factor controlling the expansion of M. aeruginosa to coastal environments. Analyzing the expression levels of targeted genes and employing both targeted and non-targeted metabolomic approaches, this study investigated the effect of a sudden salt increase on the physiological and metabolic responses of two toxic M. aeruginosa strains separately isolated from fresh and brackish waters, respectively, PCC 7820 and 7806. Supported by differences in gene expressions and metabolic profiles, salt tolerance was found to be strain specific. An increase in salinity decreased the growth of M. aeruginosa with a lesser impact on the brackish strain. The production of intracellular microcystin variants in response to salt stress correlated well to the growth rate for both strains. Furthermore, the release of microcystins into the surrounding medium only occurred at the highest salinity treatment when cell lysis occurred. This study suggests that the physiological responses of M. aeruginosa involve the accumulation of common metabolites but that the intraspecific salt tolerance is based on the accumulation of specific metabolites. While one of these was determined to be sucrose, many others remain to be identified. Taken together, these results provide evidence that M. aeruginosa is relatively salt tolerant in the mesohaline zone and microcystin (MC) release only occurs when the capacity of the cells to deal with salt increase is exceeded.
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31
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Bolotaolo M, Kurobe T, Puschner B, Hammock BG, Hengel MJ, Lesmeister S, Teh SJ. Analysis of Covalently Bound Microcystins in Sediments and Clam Tissue in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California, USA. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E178. [PMID: 32183091 PMCID: PMC7150880 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms compromise human and environmental health, mainly due to the cyanotoxins they often produce. Microcystins (MCs) are the most commonly measured group of cyanotoxins and are hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, and cytotoxic. Due to MCs ability to covalently bind to proteins, quantification in complex matrices is difficult. To analyze bound and unbound MCs, analytical methods were optimized for analysis in sediment and clam tissues. A clean up step was incorporated to remove lipids, improving percent yield. This method was then applied to sediment and clam samples collected from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (Delta) in the spring and fall of 2017. Water samples were also tested for intracellular and extracellular MCs. These analyses were used to quantify the partitioning of MCs among sediment, clams, and water, and to examine whether MCs persist during non-summer months. Toxin analysis revealed that multiple sediment samples collected in the Delta were positive for MCs, with a majority of the positive samples from sites in the San Joaquin River, even while water samples from the same location were below detection limit. These data highlight the importance of analyzing MCs in complex matrices to accurately evaluate environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bolotaolo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.K.); (B.G.H.); (S.J.T.)
| | - Tomofumi Kurobe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.K.); (B.G.H.); (S.J.T.)
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bruce G Hammock
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.K.); (B.G.H.); (S.J.T.)
| | - Matt J. Hengel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Sarah Lesmeister
- California Department of Water Resources, West Sacramento, CA 95814, USA;
| | - Swee J. Teh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.K.); (B.G.H.); (S.J.T.)
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32
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Salvador C, Nieto R, Linares C, Díaz J, Gimeno L. Effects of droughts on health: Diagnosis, repercussion, and adaptation in vulnerable regions under climate change. Challenges for future research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134912. [PMID: 31739214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is little doubt about the effects of drought events on human health in the present climate. Projections of climate change indicate an increase in the occurrence and severity of droughts in the 21st century in a number of regions, thus it is likely that these types of hydrological extremes could have more of an impact if appropriate adaptation measures are not taken. The majority of studies on the effects of drought are focused on meteorological, agricultural, or hydrological contexts, but there are rather fewer assessments of the impacts of droughts on health. In particular, there have been hardly any attempts to compare different drought indices in order to identify and quantify the impacts of drought on health systems. In addition, rather better knowledge is needed on the mechanisms of vulnerability involved. In this paper, we attempt to describe the complexity of drought phenomena and the difficulty involved in quantifying the health risks linked to their occurrence. From an international perspective, we provide a brief review of the harmful effects of droughts on health in the context of climate change, as well as the vulnerability factors related to droughts. We make an assessment of aspects that have not yet been investigated, or which require further attention to be devoted to this topic. The principal aim of this paper is therefore to draw attention to the need to consider closely the relationship between drought indices and human health, in order to achieve a more fundamental understanding, and to propose specific courses or lines of action for future years, which could eventually be of use to healthcare providers and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral Salvador
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), CIM-UVIGO, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Raquel Nieto
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), CIM-UVIGO, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Cristina Linares
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Díaz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National School of Public Health, Carlos III National Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gimeno
- EPhysLab (Environmental Physics Laboratory), CIM-UVIGO, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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33
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Burford MA, Carey CC, Hamilton DP, Huisman J, Paerl HW, Wood SA, Wulff A. Perspective: Advancing the research agenda for improving understanding of cyanobacteria in a future of global change. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 91:101601. [PMID: 32057347 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms (=cyanoHABs) are an increasing feature of many waterbodies throughout the world. Many bloom-forming species produce toxins, making them of particular concern for drinking water supplies, recreation and fisheries in waterbodies along the freshwater to marine continuum. Global changes resulting from human impacts, such as climate change, over-enrichment and hydrological alterations of waterways, are major drivers of cyanoHAB proliferation and persistence. This review advocates that to better predict and manage cyanoHABs in a changing world, researchers need to leverage studies undertaken to date, but adopt a more complex and definitive suite of experiments, observations, and models which can effectively capture the temporal scales of processes driven by eutrophication and a changing climate. Better integration of laboratory culture and field experiments, as well as whole system and multiple-system studies are needed to improve confidence in models predicting impacts of climate change and anthropogenic over-enrichment and hydrological modifications. Recent studies examining adaptation of species and strains to long-term perturbations, e.g. temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, as well as incorporating multi-species and multi-stressor approaches emphasize the limitations of approaches focused on single stressors and individual species. There are also emerging species of concern, such as toxic benthic cyanobacteria, for which the effects of global change are less well understood, and require more detailed study. This review provides approaches and examples of studies tackling the challenging issue of understanding how global changes will affect cyanoHABs, and identifies critical information needs for effective prediction and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Burford
- Australian Rivers Institute, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
| | - C C Carey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - D P Hamilton
- Australian Rivers Institute, and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - J Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, 28557, USA; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - S A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand
| | - A Wulff
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lam CH, Kurobe T, Lehman PW, Berg M, Hammock BG, Stillway ME, Pandey PK, Teh SJ. Toxicity of herbicides to cyanobacteria and phytoplankton species of the San Francisco Estuary and Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California, USA. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 55:107-118. [PMID: 31642727 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1672458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The herbicides glyphosate, imazamox and fluridone are herbicides, with low toxicity towards fish and invertebrates, which are applied to waterways to control invasive aquatic weeds. However, the effects of these herbicides on natural isolates of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria are unknown. Three species of microalgae found in the San Francisco Estuary (SFE)/Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (Delta) (Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlamydomonas debaryana, and Thalassiosira pseudonana) were exposed to the three herbicides at a range of concentrations in 96-well plates for 5-8 days. All three algal species were the most sensitive to fluridone, with IC50 of 46.9, 21, and 109 µg L-1 for M. aeruginosa, T. pseudonana and C. debaryana, respectively. Imazamox inhibited M. aeruginosa and T. pseudonana growth at 3.6 × 104 µg L-1 or higher, and inhibited C. debaryana growth at 1.0 × 105 µg L-1 or higher. Glyphosate inhibited growth in all species at ca. 7.0 × 104 µg L-1 or higher. Fluridone was the only herbicide that inhibited the microalgae at environmentally relevant concentrations in this study and susceptibility to the herbicide depended on the species. Thus, the application of fluridone may affect cyanobacteria and phytoplankton community composition in water bodies where it is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea H Lam
- Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tomofumi Kurobe
- Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peggy W Lehman
- California Department of Water Resources, Division of Environmental Services, Special Studies Section, West Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mine Berg
- Applied Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Bruce G Hammock
- Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marie E Stillway
- Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pramod K Pandey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Swee J Teh
- Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Freshwater and Brackish-Water Strains of Microcystis aeruginosa Acclimated to a Salinity Gradient: Insight into Salt Tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01614-19. [PMID: 31444201 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01614-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of microcystin (MC)-producing Microcystis aeruginosa in brackish waters has been described in several locations and represents a new concern for public and environmental health. While the impact of a sudden salinity increase on M. aeruginosa physiology has been studied, less is known about the mechanisms involved in salt tolerance after acclimation. This study aims to compare the physiological responses of two strains of M. aeruginosa (PCC 7820 and PCC 7806), which were isolated from contrasted environments, to increasing salinities. After acclimation, growth and MC production rates were determined and metabolomic analyses were conducted. For both strains, salinity decreased the biovolume, growth, and MC production rates and induced the accumulation of polyunsaturated lipids identified as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. The distinct salt tolerances (7.5 and 16.9) obtained between the freshwater (PCC 7820) and the brackish-water (PCC 7806) strains suggested different strategies to cope with the osmotic pressure, as revealed by targeted and untargeted metabolomic analyses. An accumulation of trehalose as the main compatible solute was obtained in the freshwater strain, while sucrose was mainly accumulated in the brackish one. Moreover, distinct levels of glycine betaine and proline accumulation were noted. Altogether, metabolomic analysis illustrated a strain-specific response to salt tolerance, involving compatible solute production.IMPORTANCE Blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa and the production of microcystins are major issues in eutrophic freshwater bodies. Recently, an increasing number of proliferations of M. aeruginosa in brackish water has been documented. The occurrence of both M. aeruginosa and microcystins in coastal areas represents a new threat for human and environmental health. In order to better describe the mechanisms involved in Microcystis sp. proliferation in brackish water, this study used two M. aeruginosa strains isolated from fresh and brackish waters. High salinity reduced the growth rate and microcystin production rate of M. aeruginosa In order to cope with higher salinities, the strains accumulated different cyanobacterial compatible solutes, as well as unsaturated lipids, explaining their distinct salt tolerance.
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Abstract
Droughts reduce freshwater availability and have negative environmental, economic, and social impacts. In estuaries, the dynamics between the saltwater and the freshwater can be affected during droughts, which can impact several natural resources and economic sectors negatively. The Tagus estuary is one of the largest estuaries in Europe and supports diverse uses and activities that can be affected by the saltwater intrusion (e.g., agriculture). This study assesses the saltwater intrusion in the upper reaches of the Tagus estuary using a process-based model to explore different scenarios of freshwater discharge and sea level rise. For the river discharge and mean sea level rise scenarios analyzed, salinity can reach concentrations that are inadequate for irrigation when the mean Tagus river discharge is similar or lower than the ones observed during recent droughts (22–44 m3/s). Lower river discharges aggravate the consequences. Results also show that the salinity increases with the duration of the droughts. In contrast, the impact of a moderate sea level rise on salinity intrusion is modest when compared with the impact of low river discharges. These findings contribute to support the management of the agricultural activities in the upper Tagus estuary and the water resources in the Tagus river basin.
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Cavicchioli R, Ripple WJ, Timmis KN, Azam F, Bakken LR, Baylis M, Behrenfeld MJ, Boetius A, Boyd PW, Classen AT, Crowther TW, Danovaro R, Foreman CM, Huisman J, Hutchins DA, Jansson JK, Karl DM, Koskella B, Mark Welch DB, Martiny JBH, Moran MA, Orphan VJ, Reay DS, Remais JV, Rich VI, Singh BK, Stein LY, Stewart FJ, Sullivan MB, van Oppen MJH, Weaver SC, Webb EA, Webster NS. Scientists' warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:569-586. [PMID: 31213707 PMCID: PMC7136171 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, in which we now live, climate change is impacting most life on Earth. Microorganisms support the existence of all higher trophic life forms. To understand how humans and other life forms on Earth (including those we are yet to discover) can withstand anthropogenic climate change, it is vital to incorporate knowledge of the microbial 'unseen majority'. We must learn not just how microorganisms affect climate change (including production and consumption of greenhouse gases) but also how they will be affected by climate change and other human activities. This Consensus Statement documents the central role and global importance of microorganisms in climate change biology. It also puts humanity on notice that the impact of climate change will depend heavily on responses of microorganisms, which are essential for achieving an environmentally sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cavicchioli
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - William J Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kenneth N Timmis
- Institute of Microbiology, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Farooq Azam
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars R Bakken
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael J Behrenfeld
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Antje Boetius
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Aimée T Classen
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, and The Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Christine M Foreman
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, and Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jef Huisman
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David A Hutchins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marine and Environmental Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Biological Sciences Division, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - David M Karl
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, School of Ocean and Earth Science & Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer B H Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mary Ann Moran
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Victoria J Orphan
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David S Reay
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Justin V Remais
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Virginia I Rich
- Microbiology Department, and the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, and Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Y Stein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Frank J Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, and the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eric A Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marine and Environmental Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Hall ES, Hall RK, Aron JL, Swanson S, Philbin MJ, Schafer RJ, Jones-Lepp T, Heggem DT, Lin J, Wilson E, Kahan H. An Ecological Function Approach to Managing Harmful Cyanobacteria in Three Oregon Lakes: Beyond Water Quality Advisories and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). WATER 2019; 11:1-1125. [PMID: 31275623 PMCID: PMC6605104 DOI: 10.3390/w11061125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) uses Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) calculations, and the associated regulatory process, to manage harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs) attributable to non-point source (NPS) pollution. TMDLs are based on response (lagging) indicators (e.g., measurable quantities of NPS (nutrients: nitrogen {N} and phosphorus {P}), and/or sediment), and highlight the negative outcomes (symptoms) of impaired water quality. These response indicators belatedly address water quality issues, if the cause is impaired riparian functions. Riparian functions assist in decreasing the impacts of droughts and floods (through sequestration of nutrients and excess sediment), allow water to remain on the land surface, improve aquatic habitats, improve water quality, and provide a focus for monitoring and adaptive management. To manage water quality, the focus must be on the drivers (leading indicators) of the causative mechanisms, such as loss of ecological functions. Success in NPS pollution control, and maintaining healthy aquatic habitats, often depends on land management/land use approaches, which facilitate the natural recovery of stream and wetland riparian functions. Focusing on the drivers of ecosystem functions (e.g., vegetation, hydrology, soil, and landform), instead of individual mandated response indicators, using the proper functioning condition (PFC) approach, as a best management practice (BMP), in conjunction with other tools and management strategies, can lead to pro-active policies and approaches, which support positive change in an ecosystem or watershed, and in water quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Hall
- USEPA Office of Research and Development, NERL, Systems Exposure Division (SED), Ecological and Human Community Analysis Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-541-3147
| | - Robert K. Hall
- USEPA Region IX, WTR2, 75 Hawthorne St., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | - Joan L. Aron
- Aron Environmental Consulting, 5457 Marsh Hawk Way, Columbia, MD 21045, USA
| | - Sherman Swanson
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Michael J. Philbin
- U.S. Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, Montana/Dakotas State Office, 5001 Southgate Drive, Billings, MT 59101, USA
| | - Robin J. Schafer
- University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, 14 Ave. Universidad, Ste. 1401, San Juan, PR 00925-2534, USA
| | - Tammy Jones-Lepp
- USEPA Office of Research and Development, NERL, Exposure Methods and Measurement Division (EMMD), Environmental Chemistry Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
| | - Daniel T. Heggem
- USEPA Office of Research and Development, NERL, Systems Exposure Division (SED), Ecosystem Integrity Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
| | - John Lin
- USEPA Office of Research and Development, NERL, Systems Exposure Division (SED), Ecosystem Integrity Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA
| | - Eric Wilson
- Gulf Coast STORET, LLC, 11110 Roundtable Dr., Tomball, TX 77375, USA
| | - Howard Kahan
- USEPA Region IX, WTR2, 75 Hawthorne St., San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
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Kurobe T, Lehman PW, Hammock BG, Bolotaolo MB, Lesmeister S, Teh SJ. Biodiversity of cyanobacteria and other aquatic microorganisms across a freshwater to brackish water gradient determined by shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis in the San Francisco Estuary, USA. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203953. [PMID: 30248115 PMCID: PMC6152961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blooms of Microcystis and other harmful cyanobacteria can degrade water quality by producing cyanotoxins or other toxic compounds. The goals of this study were (1) to facilitate understanding of community structure for various aquatic microorganisms in brackish water and freshwater regions with emphasis on cyanobacteria, and (2) to test a hypothesis that Microcystis genotypes that tolerate higher salinity were blooming in brackish water environments during the severe drought, 2014. Shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed that cyanobacteria dominated the brackish water region while bacteria dominated the freshwater region. A group of cyanobacteria (e.g., Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, Planktothrix, Pseudanabaena), bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Porphyrobacter), and diatoms (Phaeodactylum and Thalassiosira) were abundant in the brackish water region. In contrast, Hassallia (cyanobacteria) and green algae (Nannochloropsis, Chlamydomonas, and Volvox) were abundant in the landward freshwater region. Station variation was also apparent. One landward sampling station located downstream of an urbanized area differed substantially from the other stations in terms of both water chemistry and community structure, with a higher percentage of arthropods, green algae, and eukaryotes. Screening of the Microcystis internal transcribed spacer region revealed six representative genotypes, and two of which were successfully quantified using qPCR (Genotypes I and VI). Both genotypes occurred predominantly in the freshwater region, so the data from this study did not support the hypothesis that salinity tolerant Microcystis genotypes bloomed in the brackish water region in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Kurobe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Peggy W. Lehman
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce G. Hammock
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa B. Bolotaolo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Lesmeister
- California Department of Water Resources, West Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Swee J. Teh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Paerl HW, Otten TG, Kudela R. Mitigating the Expansion of Harmful Algal Blooms Across the Freshwater-to-Marine Continuum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5519-5529. [PMID: 29656639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic nutrient overenrichment, coupled with rising temperatures, and an increasing frequency of extreme hydrologic events (storms and droughts) are accelerating eutrophication and promoting the expansion of harmful algal blooms (HABs) across the freshwater-to-marine continuum. All HABs-with a focus here on cyanobacterial blooms-pose serious consequences for water supplies, fisheries, recreational uses, tourism, and property values. As nutrient loads grow in watersheds, they begin to compound the effects of legacy stores. This has led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of how nutrients control eutrophication and blooms. Phosphorus (P) reductions have been traditionally prescribed exclusively for freshwater systems, while nitrogen (N) reductions were mainly stressed for brackish and coastal waters. However, because most systems are hydrologically interconnected, single nutrient (e.g., P only) reductions upstream may not necessarily reduce HAB impacts downstream. Reducing both N and P inputs is the only viable nutrient management solution for long-term control of HABs along the continuum. This article highlights where paired physical, chemical, or biological controls may improve beneficial uses in the short term, and offers management strategies that should be enacted across watershed scales to combat the global expansion of HABs across geographically broad freshwater-to-marine continua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 3431 Arendell Street , Morehead City , North Carolina 28557 , United States
| | - Timothy G Otten
- Bend Genetics , 87 Scripps Drive, Ste. 108 , Sacramento , California 95825 , United States
| | - Raphael Kudela
- Ocean Sciences & Institute for Marine Sciences , University of California Santa Cruz , 1156 High Street , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
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Bui T, Dao TS, Vo TG, Lürling M. Warming Affects Growth Rates and Microcystin Production in Tropical Bloom-Forming Microcystis Strains. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E123. [PMID: 29538312 PMCID: PMC5869411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Warming climate is predicted to promote cyanobacterial blooms but the toxicity of cyanobacteria under global warming is less well studied. We tested the hypothesis that raising temperature may lead to increased growth rates but to decreased microcystin (MC) production in tropical Microcystis strains. To this end, six Microcystis strains were isolated from different water bodies in Southern Vietnam. They were grown in triplicate at 27 °C (low), 31 °C (medium), 35 °C (high) and 37 °C (extreme). Chlorophyll-a-, particle- and MC concentrations as well as dry-weights were determined. All strains yielded higher biomass in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration and dry-weight at 31 °C compared to 27 °C and then either stabilised, slightly increased or declined with higher temperature. Five strains easily grew at 37 °C but one could not survive at 37 °C. When temperature was increased from 27 °C to 37 °C total MC concentration decreased by 35% in strains with MC-LR as the dominant variant and by 94% in strains with MC-RR. MC quota expressed per particle, per unit chlorophyll-a and per unit dry-weight significantly declined with higher temperatures. This study shows that warming can prompt the growth of some tropical Microcystis strains but that these strains become less toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Bui
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Hochiminh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Thanh-Son Dao
- Hochiminh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Hochiminh City, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Truong-Giang Vo
- National Breeding Center for Southern Marine Aquaculture, 167 Thuy Van Street, Vung Tau Town, Ba Ria 790000, Vung Tau Province, Vietnam.
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Feng W, Wu F, He Z, Song F, Zhu Y, Giesy JP, Wang Y, Qin N, Zhang C, Chen H, Sun F. Simulated bioavailability of phosphorus from aquatic macrophytes and phytoplankton by aqueous suspension and incubation with alkaline phosphatase. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1431-1439. [PMID: 29074246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability of phosphorus (P) in biomass of aquatic macrophytes and phytoplankton and its possible relationship with eutrophication were explored by evaluation of forms and quantities of P in aqueous extracts of dried macrophytes. Specifically, effects of hydrolysis of organically-bound P by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase were studied by use of solution 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Laboratory suspensions and incubations with enzymes were used to simulate natural releases of P from plant debris. Three aquatic macrophytes and three phytoplankters were collected from Tai Lake, China, for use in this simulation study. The trend of hydrolysis of organic P (Po) by alkaline phosphatase was similar for aquatic macrophytes and phytoplankton. Most monoester P (15.3% of total dissolved P) and pyrophosphate (1.8%) and polyphosphate (0.4%) and DNA (3.2%) were transformed into orthophosphate (14.3%). The major forms of monoester P were glycerophosphate (8.8%), nucleotide (2.5%), phytate (0.4%) and other monoesters P (3.6%). Proportions of Po including condensed P hydrolyzed in phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes were different, with the percentage of 22.6% and 6.0%, respectively. Proportion of Po hydrolyzed in debris from phytoplankton was approximately four times greater than that of Po from aquatic macrophytes, and could be approximately twenty-five times greater than that of Po in sediments. Thus, release and hydrolysis of Po, derived from phytoplankton debris would be an important and fast way to provide bioavailable P to support cyanobacterial blooming in eutrophic lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans LA70124, USA
| | - Fanhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanrong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SKS7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ning Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fuhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Peacock MB, Gibble CM, Senn DB, Cloern JE, Kudela RM. Blurred lines: Multiple freshwater and marine algal toxins at the land-sea interface of San Francisco Bay, California. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 73:138-147. [PMID: 29602502 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
San Francisco Bay (SFB) is a eutrophic estuary that harbors both freshwater and marine toxigenic organisms that are responsible for harmful algal blooms. While there are few commercial fishery harvests within SFB, recreational and subsistence harvesting for shellfish is common. Coastal shellfish are monitored for domoic acid and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), but within SFB there is no routine monitoring for either toxin. Dinophysis shellfish toxins (DSTs) and freshwater microcystins are also present within SFB, but not routinely monitored. Acute exposure to any of these toxin groups has severe consequences for marine organisms and humans, but chronic exposure to sub-lethal doses, or synergistic effects from multiple toxins, are poorly understood and rarely addressed. This study documents the occurrence of domoic acid and microcystins in SFB from 2011 to 2016, and identifies domoic acid, microcystins, DSTs, and PSTs in marine mussels within SFB in 2012, 2014, and 2015. At least one toxin was detected in 99% of mussel samples, and all four toxin suites were identified in 37% of mussels. The presence of these toxins in marine mussels indicates that wildlife and humans who consume them are exposed to toxins at both sub-lethal and acute levels. As such, there are potential deleterious impacts for marine organisms and humans and these effects are unlikely to be documented. These results demonstrate the need for regular monitoring of marine and freshwater toxins in SFB, and suggest that co-occurrence of multiple toxins is a potential threat in other ecosystems where freshwater and seawater mix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Peacock
- Northwest Indian College, 2522 Kwina Rd, Bellingham, WA, 98226, USA; Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Corinne M Gibble
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - David B Senn
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - James E Cloern
- United States Geological Survey MS496, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Ocean Sciences Department, 1156 High Street, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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45
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Xiao M, Li M, Reynolds CS. Colony formation in the cyanobacterium
Microcystis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1399-1420. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Xiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A & F University Yangling 712100 China
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A & F University Yangling 712100 China
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46
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Duan Z, Tan X, Parajuli K, Upadhyay S, Zhang D, Shu X, Liu Q. Colony formation in two Microcystis morphotypes: Effects of temperature and nutrient availability. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 72:14-24. [PMID: 29413381 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Microcystis to form large colonies is a key trait that contributes to competition ability over other phytoplankton and facilitates the formation of surface scums in many freshwater systems. The effect of temperature and nutrients on this trait, however, is far from clear and needs further investigation, especially under a warmer climate and nutrient overloading in aquatic systems globally. In this study, two colonial strains of Microcystis (M. wesenbergii and M. ichthyoblabe) originally isolated from Lake Taihu in China, were used to investigate cyanobacterial aggregation under a range of temperatures (15-30 °C), phosphorus availability (0.004-8 mg P L-1), and nitrogen availability (0.04-40 mg N L-1). The mechanism of colony formation in Microcystis was determined based on growth rates and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) contents. The colony size of both strains increased significantly when the temperature rose from 15 to 25 °C. A further increase in temperature from 25 to 30 °C, however, reduced the colony size of M. ichthyoblabe significantly, and, in contrast, increased the colony size of M. wesenbergii. Higher phosphorus availability promoted the formation of larger colonies in both strains. In comparison, nitrogen had no significant effect on the colony size. Furthermore, although EPS was a significant contributor to the formation of large colonies in colonial Microcystis, growth rate was a dominant driving factor in this process. The findings of this study highlight that warmer temperatures and phosphorus enrichment might enhance surface Microcystis scums directly through increasing the colony size. This study also provides new insights into the mechanism of colony formation in Microcystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | | | - Sanjina Upadhyay
- Water Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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47
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Kurobe T, Lehman PW, Haque ME, Sedda T, Lesmeister S, Teh S. Evaluation of water quality during successive severe drought years within Microcystis blooms using fish embryo toxicity tests for the San Francisco Estuary, California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1029-1037. [PMID: 28847096 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the San Francisco Estuary, California, the largest estuary on the Pacific Coast of North America, the frequency and intensity of drought and associated cyanobacteria blooms are predicted to increase with climate change. To assess the impact of water quality conditions on estuarine fish health during successive severe drought years with Microcystis blooms, we performed fish embryo toxicity testing with Delta Smelt and Medaka. Fish embryos were exposed to filtered ambient water collected from the San Francisco Estuary during the Microcystis bloom season in 2014 and 2015, the third and fourth most severe recorded drought years in California. Medaka embryos incubated in filtered ambient waters exhibited high mortality rates (>77%), which was mainly due to bacterial growth. Medaka mortality data was negatively correlated with chloride, and positively correlated with water temperature, total and dissolved organic carbon, and ambient and net chlorophyll a concentration. Delta Smelt embryo mortality rates were lower (<42%) and no prominent seasonal or geographic trend was observed. There was no significant correlation between the Delta Smelt mortality data and water quality parameters. Aeromonas was the dominant bacteria that adversely affected Medaka. The growth of Aeromonas was suppressed when salinity was greater than or equal to 1psu and resulted in a significant reduction in mortality rate. Bacterial growth test demonstrated that the lysate of Microcystis cells enhanced the growth of Aeromonas. Toxin production by Microcystis is a major environmental concern, however, we conclude that dissolved substances released from Microcystis blooms could result in water quality deterioration by promoting growth of bacteria. Furthermore, a distinctive developmental deformity was observed in Medaka during the toxicity tests; somite formation was inhibited at the same time that cardiogenesis occurred and the functional heart was observed to be beating. The exact cause of the embryonic developmental deformity is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Kurobe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Peggy W Lehman
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2109 Arch Airport Road, Stockton, CA 95206, USA
| | - M E Haque
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Tiziana Sedda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sarah Lesmeister
- California Department of Water Resources, 3500 Industrial Way, West Sacramento, CA 95691, USA
| | - Swee Teh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
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