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Choi KY, El-Hamdi N, McGregor A. T cell inducing vaccine against cytomegalovirus immediate early 1 (IE1) protein provides high level cross strain protection against congenital CMV. Vaccine 2024; 42:126357. [PMID: 39298998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of congenital disease resulting in cognitive impairment and deafness in newborns. Multiple strains of HCMV enable re-infection and convalescent immunity does not protect against risk of congenital CMV (cCMV). Consequently, a cross strain protective CMV vaccine is a high priority. The guinea pig is the only small animal model for cCMV and species specific guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) encodes homolog HCMV viral proteins making it suitable for vaccine studies. Neutralizing antibodies against viral entry glycoprotein complexes and cell free virus are insufficient for complete protection because highly cell associated virus enables evasion. CMV T-cell antigens are important in HCMV convalescent immunity and potentially in reducing the risk of cCMV. Immediate early protein IE1 is essential to HCMV and a T-cell target in humans. In this study, a recombinant defective adenovirus encoding GPCMV IE1 (AdIE1) was evaluated in a preclinical vaccine study. AdIE1 vaccinated animals evoked a T-cell response in a guinea pig IFNγ ELISPOT assay to IE1 (GP123). Vaccinated animals exhibited protection against subcutaneous challenge by GPCMV prototype strain (22122) with viral load substantially reduced compared to the unvaccinated control group and previous Ad based vaccine study against viral pp65 tegument protein. In a vaccine study against cCMV, dams were challenged mid-pregnancy with dual wild type virus strains (22122 and clinical strain TAMYC). At birth, pups were evaluated for viral load in target organs. AdIE1 vaccine had high efficacy against cCMV with GPCMV pup transmission reduced from 92% in the litters of the unvaccinated control group of dams to 23% in the vaccine group resulting in an absence of virus or statistically significant reduction in viral load in pup organs. Overall, IE1 is a more protective T-cell antigen than previously studied pp65 providing cross strain immunity against cCMV in this preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yeon Choi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Nadia El-Hamdi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Alistair McGregor
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA.
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2
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McMahon WC, Kwatra G, Izu A, Jones SA, Mbele NJ, Jafta N, Lala R, Shalekoff S, Tiemessen CT, Madhi SA, Nunes MC. T-cell responses to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron variant among unvaccinated pregnant and postpartum women living with and without HIV in South Africa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20348. [PMID: 39223211 PMCID: PMC11369237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 cell-mediated immunity remains understudied during pregnancy in unvaccinated Black African women living with HIV (WLWH) from low- and middle-income countries. We investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses 1 month following infection in 24 HIV-uninfected women and 15 WLWH at any stage during pregnancy or postpartum. The full-length spike (FLS) glycoprotein and nucleocapsid (N) protein of wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2, as well as mutated spike protein regions found in the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) were targeted by flow cytometry. WT-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells elicited similar FLS- and N-specific responses in HIV-uninfected women and WLWH. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-lymphocytes were predominantly TNF-α monofunctional in pregnant and postpartum women living with and without HIV, with fever cells producing either IFN-γ or IL-2. Furthermore, T-cell responses were unaffected by Omicron-specific spike mutations as similar responses between Omicron and the ancestral virus were detected for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our results collectively demonstrate comparable T-cell responses between WLWH on antiretroviral therapy and HIV-uninfected pregnant and postpartum women who were naïve to Covid-19 vaccination. Additionally, we show that T cells from women infected with the ancestral virus, Beta variant (B.1.351), or Delta variant (B.1.617.2) can cross-recognize Omicron, suggesting an overall preservation of T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C McMahon
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
| | - Alane Izu
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephanie A Jones
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nkululeko J Mbele
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nwabisa Jafta
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rushil Lala
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sharon Shalekoff
- A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- A Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marta C Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center of Excellence in Respiratory Pathogens, Hospices Civils de Lyon, and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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3
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Aubry A, Demey B, Castelain S, Helle F, Brochot E. The value and complexity of studying cellular immunity against BK Polyomavirus in kidney transplant recipients. J Clin Virol 2024; 171:105656. [PMID: 38412681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BK Polyomavirus is of particular concern for kidney transplant recipients, due to their immunosuppression. This problem is exacerbated by the high effectiveness of antirejection therapies, which also compromise the organism's ability to fight viral infections. The long-term risk is loss of graft function through BKPyV-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN). The assessment of host immunity and its link to the control of viral infections is a major challenge. In terms of humoral immunity, researchers have highlighted the prognostic value of the pre-transplantation anti-BKPyV immunoglobulin G titer. However, humoral immunity alone does not guarantee viral clearance, and the correlation between the humoral response and the time course of the infection remains weak. In contrast, cellular immunity variables appear to be more closely associated with viral clearance, given that the cellular immune response to the kidney transplant is the main target of immunosuppressive treatments in recipients. However, the assessment of the cellular immune response to BK Polyomavirus is complex, and many details still need to be characterized. Here, we review the current state of knowledge about BKPyV cellular immunity, as well as the difficulties that may be encountered in studying it in kidney transplant recipient. This is an essential area of research for optimizing the management of transplant recipients and minimizing the risks associated with insidious BKPyV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Aubry
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Baptiste Demey
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - François Helle
- Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Department of Virology, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Agents infectieux résistance et chimiothérapie Research Unit, UR4294, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.
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4
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van den Dijssel J, Duurland MC, Konijn VA, Kummer LY, Hagen RR, Kuijper LH, Wieske L, van Dam KP, Stalman EW, Steenhuis M, Geerdes DM, Mok JY, Kragten AH, Menage C, Koets L, Veldhuisen B, Verstegen NJ, van der Schoot CE, van Esch WJ, D'Haens GR, Löwenberg M, Volkers AG, Rispens T, Kuijpers TW, Eftimov F, van Gisbergen KP, van Ham SM, Ten Brinke A, van de Sandt CE. mRNA-1273 vaccinated inflammatory bowel disease patients receiving TNF inhibitors develop broad and robust SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 + T cell responses. J Autoimmun 2024; 144:103175. [PMID: 38387105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells recognize conserved viral peptides and in the absence of cross-reactive antibodies form an important line of protection against emerging viral variants as they ameliorate disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce robust spike-specific antibody and T cell responses in healthy individuals, but their effectiveness in patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMIDs) is less well defined. These patients are often treated with systemic immunosuppressants, which may negatively affect vaccine-induced immunity. Indeed, TNF inhibitor (TNFi)-treated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients display reduced ability to maintain SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses post-vaccination, yet the effects on CD8+ T cells remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the impact of IBD and TNFi treatment on mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses compared to healthy controls in SARS-CoV-2 experienced and inexperienced patients. CD8+ T cells were analyzed for their ability to recognize 32 SARS-CoV-2-specific epitopes, restricted by 10 common HLA class I allotypes using heterotetramer combinatorial coding. This strategy allowed in-depth ex vivo profiling of the vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses using phenotypic and activation markers. mRNA vaccination of TNFi-treated and untreated IBD patients induced robust spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses with a predominant central memory and activated phenotype, comparable to those in healthy controls. Prominent non-spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses were observed in SARS-CoV-2 experienced donors prior to vaccination. Non-spike-specific CD8+ T cells persisted and spike-specific CD8+ T cells notably expanded after vaccination in these patient cohorts. Our data demonstrate that regardless of TNFi treatment or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, IBD patients benefit from vaccination by inducing a robust spike-specific CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet van den Dijssel
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariël C Duurland
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Veronique Al Konijn
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Yl Kummer
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruth R Hagen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisan H Kuijper
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luuk Wieske
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Koos Pj van Dam
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eileen W Stalman
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Juk Yee Mok
- Sanquin Reagents B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Charlotte Menage
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lianne Koets
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; National Screening Laboratory of Sanquin, Research and Laboratory Services, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barbera Veldhuisen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niels Jm Verstegen
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Geert Ram D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Löwenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G Volkers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Filip Eftimov
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Pjm van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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5
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Dapporto F, De Tommaso D, Marrocco C, Piu P, Semplici C, Fantoni G, Ferrigno I, Piccini G, Monti M, Vanni F, Razzano I, Manini I, Montomoli E, Manenti A. Validation of a double-color ELISpot assay of IFN-γ and IL-4 production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol Methods 2024; 524:113588. [PMID: 38040193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay detects cytokines secreted during T cell-specific immune responses against pathogens. As this assay has acquired importance in the clinical setting, standard bioanalytical evaluation of this method is required. Here, we describe a formal bioanalytical validation of a double-color ELISpot assay for the evaluation of IFN-γ and IL-4 released by T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells, respectively. As recommended by international guidelines, the parameters assessed were: range and detection limits (limit of detection, LOD; upper and lower limit of quantification, ULOQ and LLOQ), Linearity, Relative Accuracy, Repeatability, Intermediate Precision, Specificity and Robustness. The results obtained in this validation study demonstrate that this assay meets the established acceptability criteria. ELISpot is therefore a reliable technique for measuring T cell-specific immune responses against various antigens of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilla Marrocco
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Pietro Piu
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Claudia Semplici
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Giulia Fantoni
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Banchi di Sotto, 55, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ferrigno
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Giulia Piccini
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Martina Monti
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Francesca Vanni
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Razzano
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy
| | - Ilaria Manini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Banchi di Sotto, 55, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi S.r.l., Via Franco Ferrini, 53, 53035 Monteriggioni, Italy; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Banchi di Sotto, 55, 53100 Siena, Italy
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6
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Schnatbaum K, Holenya P, Pfeil S, Drosch M, Eckey M, Reimer U, Wenschuh H, Kern F. An Overview of Peptides and Peptide Pools for Antigen-Specific Stimulation in T-Cell Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2768:29-50. [PMID: 38502386 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3690-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of antigen-specific T-cell responses has become routine in many laboratories. Functional T-cell assays like enzyme-linked-immuno-spot (ELISPOT), which depend on antigen-specific stimulation, increasingly use peptides to represent the antigen of interest. Besides single peptides, mixtures of peptides (peptide pools) are very frequently applied. Such peptide pools may, for example, represent entire proteins (with overlapping peptides covering a protein sequence) or include noncontiguous peptides such as a collection of T-cell-stimulating peptides. The optimum specification of single peptides or peptide pools for T-cell stimulation assays will depend on the purpose of the test, the target T-cell population, the availability of sample, requirements regarding reproducibility, and, last but not least, the available budget, to mention only the most important factors. Because of the way peptides are produced, they will always contain certain amounts of impurities such as peptides with deletions or truncated peptides, and there may be additional by-products of peptide synthesis. Optimized synthesis protocols as well as purification help reduce impurities that might otherwise cause false-positive assay results. However, specific requirements with respect to purity will vary depending on the purpose of an assay. Finally, storage conditions significantly affect the shelf life of peptides, which is relevant especially for longitudinal studies. The present book chapter addresses all of these aspects in detail. It should provide the researcher with all necessary background knowledge for making the right decisions when it comes to choosing, using, and storing peptides for ELISPOT and other T-cell stimulation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulf Reimer
- JPT Peptide Technologies, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Florian Kern
- JPT Peptide Technologies, Berlin, Germany.
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
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7
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Proß V, Sattler A, Lukassen S, Tóth L, Thole LML, Siegle J, Stahl C, He A, Damm G, Seehofer D, Götz C, Bayerl C, Jäger P, Macke A, Eggeling S, Kirzinger B, Mayr T, Herbst H, Beyer K, Laue D, Krönke J, Braune J, Rosseck F, Kittner B, Friedersdorff F, Hubatsch M, Weinberger S, Lachmann N, Hofmann VM, Schrezenmeier E, Ludwig C, Schrezenmeier H, Jechow K, Conrad C, Kotsch K. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination-induced immunological memory in human nonlymphoid and lymphoid tissues. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171797. [PMID: 37815874 PMCID: PMC10721158 DOI: 10.1172/jci171797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident lymphocytes provide organ-adapted protection against invading pathogens. Whereas their biology has been examined in great detail in various infection models, their generation and functionality in response to vaccination have not been comprehensively analyzed in humans. We therefore studied SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-specific T cells in surgery specimens of kidney, liver, lung, bone marrow, and spleen compared with paired blood samples from largely virus-naive individuals. As opposed to lymphoid tissues, nonlymphoid organs harbored significantly elevated frequencies of spike-specific CD4+ T cells compared with blood showing hallmarks of tissue residency and an expanded memory pool. Organ-derived CD4+ T cells further exhibited increased polyfunctionality over those detected in blood. Single-cell RNA-Seq together with T cell receptor repertoire analysis indicated that the clonotype rather than organ origin is a major determinant of transcriptomic state in vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells. In summary, our data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination entails acquisition of tissue memory and residency features in organs distant from the inoculation site, thereby contributing to our understanding of how local tissue protection might be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Proß
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Sattler
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Lukassen
- Center of Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Tóth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Marie Laura Thole
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Siegle
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Stahl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - An He
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Götz
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral Transplantation, University Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Bayerl
- Department of Radiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Jäger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Herbst
- Department of Pathology, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Beyer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Laue
- Department of Traumatology and Reconstructive Surgery, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Krönke
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Braune
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Rosseck
- Institute of Pathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Kittner
- Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Friedersdorff
- Department of Urology, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mandy Hubatsch
- Department of Urology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Weinberger
- Department of Urology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Lachmann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veit Maria Hofmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Jechow
- Center of Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Conrad
- Center of Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Kotsch
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Koseki T, Teramachi M, Koga M, Ko MSH, Amano T, Yu H, Amano M, Leyder E, Badiola M, Ray P, Kim J, Ko AC, Achour A, Weng NP, Imai T, Yoshida H, Taniuchi S, Shintani A, Fujigaki H, Kondo M, Doi Y. A Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Intradermal, Controllable Self-Replicating Ribonucleic Acid Vaccine EXG-5003 against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1767. [PMID: 38140172 PMCID: PMC10747308 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have played a key role in reducing morbidity and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I/II trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of EXG-5003, a two-dose, controllable self-replicating RNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. EXG-5003 encodes the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and was administered intradermally without lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). The participants were followed for 12 months. Forty healthy participants were enrolled in Cohort 1 (5 µg per dose, n = 16; placebo, n = 4) and Cohort 2 (25 µg per dose, n = 16; placebo, n = 4). No safety concerns were observed with EXG-5003 administration. SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers were not elevated in either cohort. Elicitation of antigen-specific cellular immunity was observed in the EXG-5003 recipients in Cohort 2. At the 12-month follow-up, participants who had received an approved mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) >1 month after receiving the second dose of EXG-5003 showed higher cellular responses compared with equivalently vaccinated participants in the placebo group. The findings suggest a priming effect of EXG-5003 on the long-term cellular immunity of approved SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenao Koseki
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics and Informatics, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan;
| | - Mayumi Teramachi
- Center for Clinical Trial and Research Support, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.T.); (M.K.)
| | - Minako Koga
- KM Pharmaceutical Consulting, Washington, DC 20006, USA;
| | - Minoru S. H. Ko
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Tomokazu Amano
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Hong Yu
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Misa Amano
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Erica Leyder
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Maria Badiola
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Priyanka Ray
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Akihiro C. Ko
- Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.S.H.K.); (T.A.); (H.Y.); (M.A.); (E.L.); (M.B.); (P.R.); (J.K.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Achouak Achour
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.); (N.-p.W.)
| | - Nan-ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.); (N.-p.W.)
| | - Takumi Imai
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Hisako Yoshida
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Satsuki Taniuchi
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Ayumi Shintani
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (T.I.); (H.Y.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Hidetsugu Fujigaki
- Department of Advanced Diagnostic System Development, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Center for Clinical Trial and Research Support, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; (M.T.); (M.K.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yohei Doi
- Departments of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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9
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Fuhrmann S, Reus B, Frey O, Pera A, Picker LJ, Kern F. Marked skewing of entire T-cell memory compartment occurs only in a minority of CMV-infected individuals and is unrelated to the degree of memory subset skewing among CMV-specific T-cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1258339. [PMID: 37954608 PMCID: PMC10639168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1258339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic CMV infection drives the clonal expansion and accumulation of terminally differentiated, dysfunctional CMV-specific T-cells. CMV infection also appears to accelerate the differentiation of non-CMV-specific T-cells; however, the extent of this phenomenon is unclear. Methods The distribution of CD4 and CD8 T-cells into four memory subsets determined by CD45RA and CCR7 expression was analyzed in 96 CMV-infected (CMV+) and 81 CMV-uninfected (CMV-) older individuals. In CMV+ individuals, the distribution of IFN-γ producing CMV-specific T-cells into the same subsets was analyzed following stimulation with 16 different CMV antigens using flowcytometry (intracellular cytokine staining). We used previously published results to extrapolate the relative size of the entire CMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell response from the summated response to selected antigens. The T-cell memory subset distribution across all CMV antigen-induced responses (weighted mean) was then used to calculate memory subset proportions (in % of CD4 or CD8 T-cells) of CMV-specific and non-CMV-specific T-cells. These were compared to the corresponding proportions in CMV- individuals. Results Only a minority (20%-30%) of CMV+ individuals displayed overall proportions of terminally differentiated T-cell memory subsets above an upper outlier boundary defined in CMV- individuals. The calculated proportions of these subsets among non-CMV-specific T-cells in CMV+ individuals also exceeded the corresponding proportions in CMV- people, suggesting that their differentiation could be CMV-driven. In CMV+ people showing overall subset distributions within the outlier limits, the memory subset distributions of non-CMV-specific T-cells were more like those in CMV- people. Logistic regression revealed that CMV infection, age, and sex all had significant effects on one or more of the non-CMV-specific CD4 or CD8 T-cell memory subsets in CMV+ individuals, with CMV infection showing the strongest effect overall. Surprisingly, except for the CD45RA-/CCR7- CD4 T-cell subset, we only found weak correlations between corresponding memory subset proportions among all T-cells and CMV-specific T-cells. Conclusion Our analysis supports an effect of CMV infection on non-CMV-specific T-cells; however, it is limited to a minority of individuals and not closely related to the degree of memory subset differentiation of CMV-specific T-cells. We propose that unknown predisposing factors might determine to what extent CMV infection affects non-CMV-specific T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Fuhrmann
- Department for Hematopathology, Institute for Hematopathology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Reus
- Department of Informatics, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Frey
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Alejandra Pera
- Immunology and Allergy Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Florian Kern
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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10
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Thole LML, Tóth L, Proß V, Siegle J, Stahl C, Hermsdorf G, Knabe A, Winkler A, Schrezenmeier E, Ludwig C, Eckert C, Eggert A, Schrezenmeier H, Sattler A, Schulte JH, Kotsch K. Impact of a booster dose on SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccine-specific humoral-, B- and T cell immunity in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239519. [PMID: 37942315 PMCID: PMC10628529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplant recipients (SCTR) are imperiled to increased risks after SARS-CoV2 infection, supporting the need for effective vaccination strategies for this vulnerable group. With respect to pediatric patients, data on immunogenicity of SARS-CoV2 mRNA-based vaccination is limited. We therefore comprehensively examined specific humoral, B- and T cell responses in a cohort of 2-19 year old SCTR after the second and third vaccine dose. Only after booster vaccination, transplant recipients reached similar levels of vaccine-specific IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibodies against omicron variant as age-matched controls. Although frequencies of SARS-CoV2 specific B cells increased after the third dose, they were still fourfold reduced in patients compared to controls. Overall, the majority of individuals enrolled mounted SARS-CoV2 Spike protein-specific CD4+ T helper cell responses with patients showing significantly higher portions than controls after the third dose. With respect to functionality, however, SCTR were characterized by reduced frequencies of specific interferon gamma producing CD4+ T cells, along with an increase in IL-2 producers. In summary, our data identify distinct quantitative and qualitative impairments within the SARS-CoV2 vaccination specific B- and CD4+ T cell compartments. More importantly, humoral analyses highlight the need for a booster vaccination of SCTR particularly for development of neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Marie Laura Thole
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Tóth
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Proß
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Siegle
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Stahl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Hermsdorf
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Knabe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Winkler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Schrezenmeier
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) Academy, Clinician Scientist Program Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Eckert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Arne Sattler
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes H. Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katja Kotsch
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Morita R, Kubota-Koketsu R, Lu X, Sasaki T, Nakayama EE, Liu YC, Okuzaki D, Motooka D, Wing JB, Fujikawa Y, Ichida Y, Amo K, Goto T, Hara J, Shirano M, Yamasaki S, Shioda T. COVID-19 relapse associated with SARS-CoV-2 evasion from CD4 + T-cell recognition in an agammaglobulinemia patient. iScience 2023; 26:106685. [PMID: 37124420 PMCID: PMC10116114 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A 25-year-old patient with a primary immunodeficiency lacking immunoglobulin production experienced a relapse after a 239-day period of persistent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Viral genetic sequencing demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 had evolved during the infection period, with at least five mutations associated with host cellular immune recognition. Among them, the T32I mutation in ORF3a was found to evade recognition by CD4+ T cells. The virus found after relapse showed an increased proliferative capacity in vitro. SARS-CoV-2 may have evolved to evade recognition by CD4+ T cells and increased in its proliferative capacity during the persistent infection, likely leading to relapse. These mutations may further affect viral clearance in hosts with similar types of human leukocyte antigens. The early elimination of SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised patients is therefore important not only to improve the condition of patients but also to prevent the emergence of mutants that threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Morita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Kubota-Koketsu
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xiuyuan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Emi E Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu-Chen Liu
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - James Badger Wing
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Immunology), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujikawa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Yuji Ichida
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Amo
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Goto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Junichi Hara
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Michinori Shirano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka 534-0021, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Gorovits B, Azadeh M, Buchlis G, Fiscella M, Harrison T, Havert M, Janetzki S, Jawa V, Long B, Mahnke YD, McDermott A, Milton M, Nelson R, Vettermann C, Wu B. Evaluation of Cellular Immune Response to Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Therapy. AAPS J 2023; 25:47. [PMID: 37101079 PMCID: PMC10132926 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of approved or investigational late phase viral vector gene therapies (GTx) has been rapidly growing. The adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) technology continues to be the most used GTx platform of choice. The presence of pre-existing anti-AAV immunity has been firmly established and is broadly viewed as a potential deterrent for successful AAV transduction with a possibility of negative impact on clinical efficacy and a connection to adverse events. Recommendations for the evaluation of humoral, including neutralizing and total antibody based, anti-AAV immune response have been presented elsewhere. This manuscript aims to cover considerations related to the assessment of anti-AAV cellular immune response, including review of correlations between humoral and cellular responses, potential value of cellular immunogenicity assessment, and commonly used analytical methodologies and parameters critical for monitoring assay performance. This manuscript was authored by a group of scientists involved in GTx development who represent several pharma and contract research organizations. It is our intent to provide recommendations and guidance to the industry sponsors, academic laboratories, and regulatory agencies working on AAV-based GTx viral vector modalities with the goal of achieving a more consistent approach to anti-AAV cellular immune response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitra Azadeh
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California, USA
| | - George Buchlis
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Mike Havert
- Gene Therapy Partners, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian Long
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew McDermott
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark Milton
- Lake Boon Pharmaceutical Consulting LLC, Hudson, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Bonnie Wu
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Antibody and T-cellular response to COVID-19 booster vaccine in SARS-CoV-1 survivors. Clin Immunol 2022; 244:109103. [PMID: 36049602 PMCID: PMC9423872 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) survivors are more likely to produce a potent immune response to SARS-CoV-2 after booster vaccination. We assessed humoral and T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 in previously vaccinated SARS-CoV-1 survivors and naïve healthy individuals (NHIs) after a booster Ad5-nCoV dose. Boosted SARS-CoV-1 survivors had a high neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 (WA1), Beta, and Delta but is limited to Omicron subvariants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/BA.5). Most boosted SARS-CoV-1 survivors had robust SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. While booster vaccination in NHIs elicited less or ineffective neutralization of WA1, Beta, and Delta, and none of them induced neutralizing antibodies against Omicron subvariants. However, they developed comparable SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses compared to boosted SARS-CoV-1 survivors. These findings suggest that boosted Ad5-nCoV would not elicit effective neutralizing antibodies against Omicron subvariants in SARS-CoV-1 survivors and NHIs but induced comparable robust T cell responses. Achieving a high antibody titer in SARS-CoV-1 survivors and NHIs is desirable to generate broad neutralization.
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14
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Hurme A, Jalkanen P, Heroum J, Liedes O, Vara S, Melin M, Teräsjärvi J, He Q, Pöysti S, Hänninen A, Oksi J, Vuorinen T, Kantele A, Tähtinen PA, Ivaska L, Kakkola L, Lempainen J, Julkunen I. Long-Lasting T Cell Responses in BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccinees and COVID-19 Convalescent Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869990. [PMID: 35529867 PMCID: PMC9073085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made it more difficult to prevent the virus from spreading despite available vaccines. Reports of breakthrough infections and decreased capacity of antibodies to neutralize variants raise the question whether current vaccines can still protect against COVID-19 disease. We studied the dynamics and persistence of T cell responses using activation induced marker (AIM) assay and Th1 type cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccinated health care workers and COVID-19 patients. We demonstrate that equally high T cell responses following vaccination and infection persist at least for 6 months against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants despite the decline in antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Hurme
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Antti Hurme,
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jemna Heroum
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Oksi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Meilahti Vaccine Research Center, MeVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula A. Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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15
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Keeton R, Tincho MB, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Benede N, Suzuki A, Khan K, Cele S, Bernstein M, Karim F, Madzorera SV, Moyo-Gwete T, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, Mutithu D, Aremu O, Stek C, du Bruyn E, Van Der Mescht MA, de Beer Z, de Villiers TR, Bodenstein A, van den Berg G, Mendes A, Strydom A, Venter M, Giandhari J, Naidoo Y, Pillay S, Tegally H, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Wilkinson RJ, de Oliveira T, Bekker LG, Gray G, Ueckermann V, Rossouw T, Boswell MT, Bhiman JN, Moore PL, Sigal A, Ntusi NAB, Burgers WA, Riou C. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike cross-recognize Omicron. Nature 2022; 603:488-492. [PMID: 35102311 PMCID: PMC8930768 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has multiple spike protein mutations1,2 that contribute to viral escape from antibody neutralization3-6 and reduce vaccine protection from infection7,8. The extent to which other components of the adaptive response such as T cells may still target Omicron and contribute to protection from severe outcomes is unknown. Here we assessed the ability of T cells to react to Omicron spike protein in participants who were vaccinated with Ad26.CoV2.S or BNT162b2, or unvaccinated convalescent COVID-19 patients (n = 70). Between 70% and 80% of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response to spike was maintained across study groups. Moreover, the magnitude of Omicron cross-reactive T cells was similar for Beta (B.1.351) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants, despite Omicron harbouring considerably more mutations. In patients who were hospitalized with Omicron infections (n = 19), there were comparable T cell responses to ancestral spike, nucleocapsid and membrane proteins to those in patients hospitalized in previous waves dominated by the ancestral, Beta or Delta variants (n = 49). Thus, despite extensive mutations and reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies of Omicron, the majority of T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection cross-recognize the variant. It remains to be determined whether well-preserved T cell immunity to Omicron contributes to protection from severe COVID-19 and is linked to early clinical observations from South Africa and elsewhere9-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roanne Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marius B Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ntombi Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sandile Cele
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mallory Bernstein
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sharon V Madzorera
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel Mutithu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Olukayode Aremu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cari Stek
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elsa du Bruyn
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adriano Mendes
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Amy Strydom
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yeshnee Naidoo
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sureshnee Pillay
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Veronica Ueckermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael T Boswell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jinal N Bhiman
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ntobeko A B Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
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16
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Ruggiero E, Carnevale E, Prodeus A, Magnani ZI, Camisa B, Merelli I, Politano C, Stasi L, Potenza A, Cianciotti BC, Manfredi F, Di Bono M, Vago L, Tassara M, Mastaglio S, Ponzoni M, Sanvito F, Liu D, Balwani I, Galli R, Genua M, Ostuni R, Doglio M, O'Connell D, Dutta I, Yazinski SA, McKee M, Arredouani MS, Schultes B, Ciceri F, Bonini C. CRISPR-based gene disruption and integration of high-avidity, WT1-specific T cell receptors improve antitumor T cell function. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabg8027. [PMID: 35138911 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR)-based therapy has the potential to induce durable clinical responses in patients with cancer by targeting intracellular tumor antigens with high sensitivity and by promoting T cell survival. However, the need for TCRs specific for shared oncogenic antigens and the need for manufacturing protocols able to redirect T cell specificity while preserving T cell fitness remain limiting factors. By longitudinal monitoring of T cell functionality and dynamics in 15 healthy donors, we isolated 19 TCRs specific for Wilms' tumor antigen 1 (WT1), which is overexpressed by several tumor types. TCRs recognized several peptides restricted by common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and displayed a wide range of functional avidities. We selected five high-avidity HLA-A*02:01-restricted TCRs, three that were specific to the less explored immunodominant WT137-45 and two that were specific to the noncanonical WT1-78-64 epitopes, both naturally processed by primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts. With CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tools, we combined TCR-targeted integration into the TCR α constant (TRAC) locus with TCR β constant (TRBC) knockout, thus avoiding TCRαβ mispairing and maximizing TCR expression and function. The engineered lymphocytes were enriched in memory stem T cells. A unique WT137-45-specific TCR showed antigen-specific responses and efficiently killed AML blasts, acute lymphoblastic leukemia blasts, and glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo in the absence of off-tumor toxicity. T cells engineered to express this receptor are being advanced into clinical development for AML immunotherapy and represent a candidate therapy for other WT1-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Ruggiero
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Carnevale
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Zulma Irene Magnani
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Camisa
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Segrate, Italy
| | - Claudia Politano
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Stasi
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Potenza
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Claudia Cianciotti
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Di Bono
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Vago
- Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Tassara
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mastaglio
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanvito
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Dai Liu
- Intellia Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Rossella Galli
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Unit, Division of Neurosciences, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Genua
- Genomics of the Innate Immune System Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Ostuni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Genomics of the Innate Immune System Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Doglio
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ivy Dutta
- Intellia Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Mark McKee
- Intellia Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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17
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Woopen C, Schleußner K, Akgün K, Ziemssen T. Approach to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701752. [PMID: 34234787 PMCID: PMC8256163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a year now, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic with high mortality and detrimental effects on society, economy, and individual lives. Great hopes are being placed on vaccination as one of the most potent escape strategies from the pandemic and multiple vaccines are already in clinical use. However, there is still a lot of insecurity about the safety and efficacy of vaccines in patients with autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), especially under treatment with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs. We propose strategic approaches to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination management in MS patients and encourage fellow physicians to measure the immune response in their patients. Notably, both humoral and cellular responses should be considered since the immunological equivalent for protection from SARS-CoV-2 after infection or vaccination still remains undefined and will most likely involve antiviral cellular immunity. It is important to gain insights into the vaccine response of immunocompromised patients in order to be able to deduce sensible strategies for vaccination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Jackson-Thompson BM, Goguet E, Laing ED, Olsen CH, Pollett S, Hollis-Perry KM, Maiolatesi SE, Illinik L, Ramsey KF, Reyes AE, Alcorta Y, Wong MA, Davies J, Ortega O, Parmelee E, Lindrose AR, Moser M, Graydon E, Letizia AG, Duplessis CA, Ganesan A, Pratt KP, Malloy AM, Scott DW, Anderson SK, Snow AL, Dalgard CL, Powers JH, Tribble D, Burgess TH, Broder CC, Mitre E. Prospective Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion (PASS) study: an observational cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in healthcare workers. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:544. [PMID: 34107889 PMCID: PMC8188741 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 is a recently emerged pandemic coronavirus (CoV) capable of causing severe respiratory illness. However, a significant number of infected people present as asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic. In this prospective assessment of at-risk healthcare workers (HCWs) we seek to determine whether pre-existing antibody or T cell responses to previous seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) infections affect immunological or clinical responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. METHODS A cohort of 300 healthcare workers, confirmed negative for SARS-CoV-2 exposure upon study entry, will be followed for up to 1 year with monthly serology analysis of IgM and IgG antibodies against the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and the four major seasonal human coronavirus - HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63. Participants will complete monthly questionnaires that ask about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposure risks, and a standardized, validated symptom questionnaire (scoring viral respiratory disease symptoms, intensity and severity) at least twice monthly and any day when any symptoms manifest. SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing will be performed any time participants develop symptoms consistent with COVID-19. For those individuals that seroconvert and/or test positive by SARS-CoV-2 PCR, or receive the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, additional studies of T cell activation and cytokine production in response to SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools and analysis of Natural Killer cell numbers and function will be conducted on that participant's cryopreserved baseline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Following the first year of this study we will further analyze those participants having tested positive for COVID-19, and/or having received an authorized/licensed SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, quarterly (year 2) and semi-annually (years 3 and 4) to investigate immune response longevity. DISCUSSION This study will determine the frequency of asymptomatic and pauci-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of at-risk healthcare workers. Baseline and longitudinal assays will determine the frequency and magnitude of anti-spike glycoprotein antibodies to the seasonal HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63, and may inform whether pre-existing antibodies to these human coronaviruses are associated with altered COVID-19 disease course. Finally, this study will evaluate whether pre-existing immune responses to seasonal HCoVs affect the magnitude and duration of antibody and T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, adjusting for demographic covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Jackson-Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Emilie Goguet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cara H Olsen
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA
| | - Simon Pollett
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Santina E Maiolatesi
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Luca Illinik
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen F Ramsey
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Anatalio E Reyes
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Yolanda Alcorta
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Mimi A Wong
- Clinical Trials Center, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Julian Davies
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Orlando Ortega
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward Parmelee
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa R Lindrose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Moser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Graydon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew G Letizia
- Infectious Disease Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Anuradha Ganesan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen P Pratt
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison M Malloy
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David W Scott
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Snow
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, and The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John H Powers
- Clinical Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David Tribble
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Govindan AN, Fitzpatrick KS, Manoharan M, Tagge I, Kohama SG, Ferguson B, Peterson SM, Wong GS, Rooney WD, Park B, Axthelm MK, Bourdette DN, Sherman LS, Wong SW. Myelin-specific T cells in animals with Japanese macaque encephalomyelitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:456-470. [PMID: 33440071 PMCID: PMC7886046 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether animals with Japanese macaque encephalomyelitis (JME), a spontaneous demyelinating disease similar to multiple sclerosis (MS), harbor myelin‐specific T cells in their central nervous system (CNS) and periphery. Methods Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from CNS lesions, cervical lymph nodes (LNs) and peripheral blood of Japanese macaques (JMs) with JME, and cervical LN and blood MNCs from healthy controls or animals with non‐JME conditions were analyzed for the presence of myelin‐specific T cells and changes in interleukin 17 (IL‐17) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) expression. Results Demyelinating JME lesions contained CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells specific to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin basic protein (MBP), and/or proteolipid protein (PLP). CD8+ T‐cell responses were absent in JME peripheral blood, and in age‐ and sex‐matched controls. However, CD4+ Th1 and Th17 responses were detected in JME peripheral blood versus controls. Cervical LN MNCs from eight of nine JME animals had CD3+ T cells specific for MOG, MBP, and PLP that were not detected in controls. Mapping myelin epitopes revealed a heterogeneity in responses among JME animals. Comparison of myelin antigen sequences with those of JM rhadinovirus (JMRV), which is found in JME lesions, identified six viral open reading frames (ORFs) with similarities to myelin antigen sequences. Overlapping peptides to these JMRV ORFs did not induce IFNγ responses. Interpretations JME possesses an immune‐mediated component that involves both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for myelin antigens. JME may shed new light on inflammatory demyelinating disease pathogenesis linked to gamma‐herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna N Govindan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kristin S Fitzpatrick
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Minsha Manoharan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ian Tagge
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, USA
| | - Steven G Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Betsy Ferguson
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Samuel M Peterson
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Grayson S Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Byung Park
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Dennis N Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
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20
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Yang F, Patton K, Kasprzyk T, Long B, Gupta S, Zoog SJ, Tracy K, Vettermann C. Validation of an IFN-gamma ELISpot assay to measure cellular immune responses against viral antigens in non-human primates. Gene Ther 2021; 29:41-54. [PMID: 33432123 PMCID: PMC7797710 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-00214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)-based gene therapy vectors are in development for many inherited human disorders. In nonclinical studies, cellular immune responses mediated by cytotoxic T cells may target vector-transduced cells, which could impact safety and efficacy. Here, we describe the bioanalytical validation of an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-based Enzyme-Linked Immunospot (ELISpot) assay for measuring T cell responses against viral antigens in cynomolgus monkeys. Since ELISpots performed with antigen-derived peptides offer a universal assay format, method performance characteristics were validated using widely available peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) responsive to cytomegalovirus peptides. The limit of detection and confirmatory cut point were established using statistical methods; precision, specificity, and linearity were confirmed. Monkey PBMCs from an AAV5 gene therapy study were then analyzed, using peptide pools spanning the vector capsid and transgene product. AAV5-specific T cell responses were detected only in 2 of 18 monkeys at Day 28, but not at Day 13 and 56 after vector administration, with no correlation to liver enzyme elevations or transgene expression levels. No transgene product-specific T cell responses occurred. In conclusion, while viral peptide-specific IFN-γ ELISpots can be successfully validated for monkey PBMCs, monitoring peripheral T cell responses in non-clinical AAV5 gene therapy studies was of limited value to interpret safety or efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Long
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Soumi Gupta
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc, Novato, CA, USA
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21
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Thieme CJ, Anft M, Paniskaki K, Blazquez-Navarro A, Doevelaar A, Seibert FS, Hoelzer B, Konik MJ, Berger MM, Brenner T, Tempfer C, Watzl C, Meister TL, Pfaender S, Steinmann E, Dolff S, Dittmer U, Westhoff TH, Witzke O, Stervbo U, Roch T, Babel N. Robust T Cell Response Toward Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Is Not Associated with Recovery in Critical COVID-19 Patients. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100092. [PMID: 32904468 PMCID: PMC7456276 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-), membrane (M-), and nucleocapsid (N-) proteins may define COVID-19 severity. Therefore, we compare the SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cell responses in moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 patients and unexposed donors. Overlapping peptide pools of all three proteins induce SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cell response with dominance of CD4+ over CD8+ T cells and demonstrate interindividual immunity against the three proteins. M-protein induces the highest frequencies of CD4+ T cells, suggesting its relevance for diagnosis and vaccination. The T cell response of critical COVID-19 patients is robust and comparable or even superior to non-critical patients. Virus clearance and COVID-19 survival are not associated with either SARS-CoV-2 T cell kinetics or magnitude of T cell responses, respectively. Thus, our data do not support the hypothesis of insufficient SARS-CoV-2-reactive immunity in critical COVID-19. Conversely, it indicates that activation of differentiated memory effector T cells could cause hyperreactivity and immunopathogenesis in critical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin J. Thieme
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Anft
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Krystallenia Paniskaki
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Arturo Blazquez-Navarro
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Adrian Doevelaar
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Felix S. Seibert
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Bodo Hoelzer
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Margarethe Justine Konik
- University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Department of Infectious Diseases, West-German Centre for Infectious Diseases, Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Marc Moritz Berger
- University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Clemens Tempfer
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund (IfADo), Department of Immunology Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Toni L. Meister
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Department of Infectious Diseases, West-German Centre for Infectious Diseases, Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute for Virology, Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Timm H. Westhoff
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Department of Infectious Diseases, West-German Centre for Infectious Diseases, Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Tasnády S, Karászi É, Szederjesi A, Bihari G, Juhász Z, Hardi A, Kriván G, Kállay K, Reményi P, Sinkó J, Mikala G, Réti M, Masszi T. Identification of the best-suited donor for generating virus-specific T cells. Vox Sang 2019; 115:18-26. [PMID: 31667887 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Administration of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) is a viable antiviral treatment strategy after allogeneic HSCT, even if conventional therapies fail. Third-party donors are often chosen for the generation of the VST product. The eligibility of the donor has to be tested in a rigorous donor screening procedure, since the isolation technology only targets pre-existing VSTs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a period of 3 years, we performed 32 VST treatments for 28 patients. Targeting four different viruses, 284 healthy individuals underwent 417 donor screening procedures. VSTs were counted by flow cytometry detecting interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing T cells. Generation of the VSTs was performed from leukapheresis products in a fully automated and closed system using magnetic cell separation. RESULTS The mean circulating VST frequencies ranged from 0·006% to 0·328%. The average yield of viable VSTs in the product was 1·83·106 cells, while the average VST dose calculated for the patient's body weight was 4·63·104 /kg. The mean purity - percentage of VSTs within the T cells - of all T-cell products was 62·9%. Correlation was identified between the frequency of the VSTs in the peripheral blood of the donor and the VST numbers of the end product; the strongest correlation was seen for CMV. CONCLUSION This paper focuses on the T-cell donors, highlighting some key points on the donor selection process. Based on the findings in connection with the CMV therapies, peripheral VST seems to be the best predictor of the VST content of the final product administered to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Tasnády
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Karászi
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Szederjesi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Bihari
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Juhász
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Apor Hardi
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kriván
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Kállay
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Reményi
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Sinkó
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mikala
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marienn Réti
- National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Central Hospital of Southern Pest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Masszi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Early Experience With CliniMACS Prodigy CCS (IFN-gamma) System in Selection of Virus-specific T Cells From Third-party Donors for Pediatric Patients With Severe Viral Infections After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Immunother 2019; 41:158-163. [PMID: 29239916 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Viral reactivation is a frequent complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation especially in children. For refractory cases, rapid virus-specific T-cell therapy would be ideally implemented within a few days. Over the course of a year in our pediatric cohort of 43 allogeneic transplantation, 9 patients fulfilled criteria for virus-specific T-cell therapy. Viral infections were due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 3, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 2, and adenovirus (AdV) in 1 case, whereas >1 virus was detected in 3 cases. Viral diseases necessitating a T-cell therapy were CMV pneumonitis and colitis, AdV enteritis and cystitis, and EBV-induced posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease. Cells were produced by the CliniMACS Prodigy CCS (IFN-gamma) System within 24 hours after mononuclear leukapheresis. Eight patients became completely asymptomatic, whereas 7 also cleared the virus. Six patients are alive without viral illness or sequelae demonstrating viral DNA clearance in peripheral blood with a median follow-up of 535 (350-786) days. One patient with CMV pneumonitis died of respiratory insufficiency. In 2 cases the viral illness improved or cleared, however, the patients died of invasive aspergillosis. No cases of graft-versus-host disease, rejection, organ toxicity, or recurrent infection were noticed. Virus-specific T-cell therapy implemented by the CliniMACS Prodigy CCS (IFN-gamma) System is an automated, fast, safe, and probably effective way to control resistant viral diseases after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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24
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Pinto PBA, Assis ML, Vallochi AL, Pacheco AR, Lima LM, Quaresma KRL, Pereira BAS, Costa SM, Alves AMB. T Cell Responses Induced by DNA Vaccines Based on the DENV2 E and NS1 Proteins in Mice: Importance in Protection and Immunodominant Epitope Identification. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1522. [PMID: 31333657 PMCID: PMC6617960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the cellular immune response against DENV has been increasingly highlighted in the past few years, in particular for vaccine development. We have previously constructed two plasmids, pE1D2, and pcTPANS1, encoding the envelope (E) ectodomain (domains I, II, and III) and the non-structural 1 (NS1) protein of dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2), respectively. In the present work, we analyzed the induction of the cellular response in mice immunized with these DNA vaccines and identified the immunogenic peptides. Vaccinated BALB/c mice became protected against a lethal challenge of DENV2. Depletion of CD4+ cells in vaccinated animals almost completely abolished protection elicited by both vaccines. In contrast, a significant number of pE1D2- and pcTPANS1-immunized mice survived virus challenge after depletion of CD8+ cells, although some animals presented morbidity. To identify immunogenic peptides recognized by T cells, we stimulated splenocytes with overlapping peptide libraries covering the E and NS1 proteins and evaluated the production of IFN-γ by ELISPOT. We detected two and three immunodominant epitopes in the E and NS1 proteins, respectively, and four additional NS1-derived peptides after virus challenge. Characterization by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) revealed that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were involved in IFN-γ and TNF-α production. The IFN-γ ICS confirmed reaction of almost all E-derived peptides before challenge and identified other epitopes after infection. All NS1-derived peptides were able to elicit IFN-γ production in CD4+ cells, while only a few peptides induced expression of this cytokine in CD8+ T lymphocytes. Interestingly, we observed an increase in the frequency of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells producing TNF-α after immunization with the pE1D2 and challenge with DENV2, while lymphocytes from pcTPANS1-vaccinated animals maintained ordinary TNF-α production after virus infection. We also assessed the recognition of E and NS1 immunogenic peptides in C57BL/6 mice due to the difference in MHC haplotype expression. Two NS1-derived epitopes featured prominently in the IFN-γ response with cells from both animal strains. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of the T cell response involved in protection against dengue induced by E and NS1 based DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolla B. A. Pinto
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maysa L. Assis
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana L. Vallochi
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Agatha R. Pacheco
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lauro M. Lima
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia R. L. Quaresma
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A. S. Pereira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone M. Costa
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ada M. B. Alves
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Viral Infections, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Sánchez-Vargas LA, Kounlavouth S, Smith ML, Anderson KB, Srikiatkhachorn A, Ellison DW, Currier JR, Endy TP, Mathew A, Rothman AL. Longitudinal Analysis of Memory B and T Cell Responses to Dengue Virus in a 5-Year Prospective Cohort Study in Thailand. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1359. [PMID: 31263466 PMCID: PMC6585174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior exposure to dengue virus (DENV) has a profound impact on the outcome of infection, which varies according to the interval between infections. Antibodies secreted by B cells and cytokines secreted by T cells are thought to contribute both to protective immunity against DENV and the pathogenesis of dengue disease. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from Thai children over a 5-year prospective cohort study to define the dynamics of DENV-specific memory B and T cell responses and the impact of symptomatic or subclinical DENV infections. To measure B cell responses, PBMC were stimulated with IL-2 plus R848 and culture supernatants were tested for DENV-binding antibodies by ELISA. To measure T cell responses, PBMC were stimulated in dual-color ELISPOT assays with overlapping peptide pools of structural and non-structural proteins from the four DENV types. B cell responses were low to one or more DENV types prior to symptomatic infection and increased with reactivity to all four types after infection. Subjects who had a subclinical infection or who did not experience a DENV infection during the study period showed strong memory B cell responses to all four DENV types. T cell responses to DENV peptides demonstrated a cytokine hierarchy of IFN-γ > IL-2 > IFN-γ/IL-2. T cell responses were low or absent prior to secondary infections. The trends in T cell responses to DENV peptides over 3 year post-infection were highly variable, but subjects who had experienced a secondary DENV1 infection showed higher cytokine responses compared to subjects who had experienced a secondary DENV2 or subclinical infection. The longitudinal nature of our study demonstrates persistent memory B cell responses over years and a lasting but variable impact of secondary DENV infection on DENV-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Sánchez-Vargas
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Sonia Kounlavouth
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Madison L Smith
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kathryn B Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Damon W Ellison
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Timothy P Endy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
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26
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Evaluation of EBV- and HCMV-Specific T Cell Responses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Patients Using a Normalized Enzyme-Linked Immunospot (ELISPOT) Assay. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4236503. [PMID: 30906789 PMCID: PMC6397965 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4236503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a complex etiology. Opportunistic viral pathogens, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are particularly relevant. The role of the T cell response in SLE has not been deeply studied; we investigated the role of HCMV- and EBV-specific T cell responses in SLE patients also in relation to their pharmacological immunosuppressive status. PBMCs from 70 SLE patients and 50 healthy controls were stimulated with EBV- and HCMV-specific antigens, and IFN-γ-secreting T cells were quantified. We observed that both EBV- and HCMV-specific T cell responses were significantly lower in SLE patients compared with healthy subjects. We reported decreased EBV- and HCMV-specific T cell responses among medium-high immunosuppressed patients compared to low immunosuppressed patients. Immunosuppressive level could exert a role in the control of herpesviruses reactivation, even if the immunosuppressive condition of SLE remains the driving cause of skewed virus-specific T cell response.
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Fornara C, Cassaniti I, Zavattoni M, Furione M, Adzasehoun KMG, De Silvestri A, Comolli G, Baldanti F. Human Cytomegalovirus-Specific Memory CD4+ T-Cell Response and Its Correlation With Virus Transmission to the Fetus in Pregnant Women With Primary Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 65:1659-1665. [PMID: 29020188 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Primary human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection during pregnancy is the major cause of congenital viral sequelae. The HCMV-specific T-cell response may have a role in the prevention of virus transmission to the fetus. Methods HCMV-specific memory T cells were investigated in the second month after primary infection onset in 44 pregnant women (15 transmitting the infection to the fetus) and 8 pregnant women with remote infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated for 12 days with peptide pools of HCMV proteins IE-1, IE-2, and pp65, and subsequently restimulated for 24 hours with the same peptide pools in a cultured enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Results In pregnant women with primary infection, the cultured ELISPOT assay detected a higher T-cell response to pp65 than to IE-1 or IE-2, whereas in remote infection pp65-, IE-1-, and IE-2-specific T cells were detected at comparable levels. During primary infection, the cultured ELISPOT response was mainly mediated by CD4+ T cells, and was lower than in remote infection. Strikingly, the cultured ELISPOT response to pp65 (but not to IE-1 or IE-2) was significantly higher in nontransmitting mothers. To detect other factors potentially associated with nontransmission, different serological parameters were analyzed. Only immunoglobulin G avidity index was higher in nontransmitting mothers, who showed also a lower DNAemia level. These 2 parameters remained associated with congenital infection in multivariate analysis. Conclusions Determination of HCMV-specific T cells by cultured ELISPOT, in pregnant women with primary HCMV infection, in association with avidity index and DNAemia may help to assess the risk of HCMV fetal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fornara
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department.,Experimental Research Laboratories, Transplantation Area
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department
| | | | - Milena Furione
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department
| | | | | | - Giuditta Comolli
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department.,Experimental Research Laboratories, Biotechnology Area, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
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Lee YJ, Yu JE, Kim P, Lee JY, Cheong YC, Lee YJ, Chang J, Seong BL. Eliciting unnatural immune responses by activating cryptic epitopes in viral antigens. FASEB J 2018; 32:4658-4669. [PMID: 29570395 PMCID: PMC6103170 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701024rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic variation in viral surface antigens is a strategy for escaping the host's adaptive immunity, whereas regions with pivotal functions for infection are less subject to antigenic variability. We hypothesized that genetically invariable and immunologically dormant regions of a viral surface antigen could be exposed to the host immune system and activated by rendering them susceptible to antigen-processing machinery in professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Considering the frequent antigen drift and shift in influenza viruses, we identified and used structural modeling to evaluate the conserved regions on the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) surface as potential epitopes. Mutant viruses containing the cleavage motifs of cathepsin S within HA were generated. Immunization of mice showed that the mutant, but not the wild-type virus, elicited specific antibodies against the cryptic epitope. Those antibodies were purified, and specific binding to HA was confirmed. These results suggest that an unnatural immune response can be elicited through the processing of target antigens in APCs, followed by presentation via the major histocompatibility complex, if not subjected to regulatory pathways. By harnessing the antigen-processing machinery, our study shows a proof-of-principle for designer vaccines with increased efficacy and safety by either activating cryptic, or inactivating naturally occurring, epitopes of viral antigens.-Lee, Y. J., Yu, J. E., Kim, P., Lee, J.-Y., Cheong, Y. C., Lee, Y. J., Chang, J., Seong, B. L. Eliciting unnatural immune responses by activating cryptic epitopes in viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Cheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center (VTRC), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Translational Research Center (VTRC), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Characterization of human cytomegalovirus-specific T cells (CMV-T) is of critical importance for their potential use in adoptive immunotherapy after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Background frequencies of CMV-T in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of CMV-seropositive healthy subjects are usually very low, hence the requirement for prolonged culture time and multiple stimulations to expand them. The evaluation of the end-culture specificity and composition has sometimes been neglected or difficult to assess in these settings. We explored the identity and the functionality of pp65-specific and IE1-specific T cells, enriched in short-term cultures from PBMCs. Antigen-specific T cells were further isolated by IFN-γ capture system and/or CD154 microbeads. Frequency of IE1-specific cytotoxic T cells in PBMCs secreting IFN-γ was higher compared with the pp65-specific one, whereas the latter cell types showed a higher median CD107a degranulation. Cell viability, rate of CMV-T increase, and multicytokine secretion profile after epitope-specific short-term cultures were heterogenous. T cells were mainly of late effector stages but they significantly dropped off upon CMV rechallenge with peptide pools. In parallel, CMV-T expansion was accompanied by a significant increase of cytotoxic naive/memory stem cells (CTLs), whereas the CD4 counterpart significantly increased only upon stimulation with IE1. Outcome was variable and showed donor and epitope dependency. Differences in human leukocyte antigen and epitope dominance and variability in the relative number of CD3 effector cells and IFN-γ/CD154 expression among healthy donors could reflect the observed individual CMV-specific cellular immunity. This heterogeneity raises points to be considered when approaching adoptive immunotherapy.
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Malm M, Tamminen K, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Norovirus-Specific Memory T Cell Responses in Adult Human Donors. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1570. [PMID: 27752254 PMCID: PMC5045929 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages worldwide. NoV-specific serum antibodies which block the binding of NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) to the cell receptors have been thoroughly investigated. In contrast, only a few publications are available on the NoV capsid VP1 protein-specific T cell responses in humans naturally infected with the virus. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of eight healthy adult human donors previously exposed to NoV were stimulated with purified VLPs derived from NoV GII.4-1999, GII.4-2012 (Sydney), and GI.3, and IFN-γ production was measured by an ELISPOT assay. In addition, 76 overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the entire 539-amino acid sequence of GII.4 VP1 were pooled into two-dimensional matrices and used to identify putative T cell epitopes. Seven of the eight subjects produced IFN-γ in response to the peptides and five subjects produced IFN-γ in response to the VLPs of the same origin. In general, stronger T cell responses were induced with the peptides in each donor compared to the VLPs. A CD8+ T cell epitope in the shell domain of the VP1 (134SPSQVTMFPHIIVDVRQL151) was identified in two subjects, both having human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A∗02:01 allele. To our knowledge, this is the first report using synthetic peptides to study NoV-specific T cell responses in human subjects and identify T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Tampere, Finland
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31
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Priesner C, Esser R, Tischer S, Marburger M, Aleksandrova K, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Heuft HG, Goudeva L, Blasczyk R, Arseniev L, Köhl U, Eiz-Vesper B, Klöß S. Comparative Analysis of Clinical-Scale IFN-γ-Positive T-Cell Enrichment Using Partially and Fully Integrated Platforms. Front Immunol 2016; 7:393. [PMID: 27746781 PMCID: PMC5044705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The infusion of enriched CMV-specific donor T-cells appears to be a suitable alternative for the treatment of drug-resistant CMV reactivation or de novo infection after both solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Antiviral lymphocytes can be selected from apheresis products using the CliniMACS Cytokine-Capture-System® either with the well-established CliniMACS® Plus (Plus) device or with its more versatile successor CliniMACS Prodigy® (Prodigy). Methods Manufacturing of CMV-specific T-cells was carried out with the Prodigy and Plus in parallel starting with 0.8–1 × 109 leukocytes collected by lymphapheresis (n = 3) and using the MACS GMP PepTivator® HCMVpp65 for antigenic restimulation. Target and non-target cells were quantified by a newly developed single-platform assessment and gating strategy using positive (CD3/CD4/CD8/CD45/IFN-γ), negative (CD14/CD19/CD56), and dead cell (7-AAD) discriminators. Results Both devices produced largely similar results for target cell viabilities: 37.2–52.2% (Prodigy) vs. 51.1–62.1% (Plus) CD45+/7-AAD− cells. Absolute numbers of isolated target cells were 0.1–3.8 × 106 viable IFN-γ+ CD3+ T-cells. The corresponding proportions of IFN-γ+ CD3+ T-cells ranged between 19.2 and 95.1% among total CD3+ T-cells and represented recoveries of 41.9–87.6%. Within two parallel processes, predominantly IFN-γ+ CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells were enriched compared to one process that yielded a higher amount of IFN-γ+ CD3+CD4+ helper T lymphocytes. T-cell purity was higher for the Prodigies products that displayed a lower content of contaminating IFN-γ− T-cells (3.6–20.8%) compared to the Plus products (19.9–80.0%). Conclusion The manufacturing process on the Prodigy saved both process and hands-on time due to its higher process integration and ability for unattended operation. Although the usage of both instruments yielded comparable results, the lower content of residual IFN-γ− T-cells in the target fractions produced with the Prodigy may allow for a higher dosage of CMV-specific donor T-cells without increasing the risk for graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Priesner
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Ruth Esser
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Sabine Tischer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School , Niedersachsen , Germany
| | - Michael Marburger
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | | | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Hans-Gert Heuft
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School , Niedersachsen , Germany
| | - Lilia Goudeva
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School , Niedersachsen , Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Lubomir Arseniev
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Stephan Klöß
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, Niedersachsen, Germany
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32
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Cassaniti I, Calarota SA, Adzasehoun KMG, Chiesa A, Comolli G, Parea M, Baldanti F. Memory T cells specific for HBV enumerated by a peptide-based cultured enzyme-linked immunospot assay in healthy HBV-vaccinated subjects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2927-2933. [PMID: 27392260 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1204500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective strategy to control hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and disease. It is considered that an anti-HBs (antibodies against HBV surface antigen) titer >10 mIU/ml, measured shortly after a complete vaccination schedule, provides protection against infection. Approximately 4-10% of healthy individuals fail to respond to 3-dose vaccination. Long-term HBV-specific memory T-cell response has not been fully investigated, mainly due to the lack of a suitable assay. We quantified HBV-specific expandable memory T cells by using a cultured IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Cultured ELISPOT response to an overlapping peptide pool representing the complete L (large) HBV envelope polypeptide was evaluated in 41 healthy subjects vaccinated 15-20 y earlier and 5 unvaccinated. Plasma samples were tested for anti-HBs. Vaccinated subjects had significantly higher HBV-specific T-cellular response than unvaccinated (p = 0.0002). HBV-specific T-cell response was mainly mediated by CD4+ T cells. No concordance was found between cultured ELISPOT and anti-HBs data in vaccinated subjects. Thirty-one (76%) vaccinated subjects were responders (anti-HBs >10 mIU/ml). Nineteen (46%) vaccinated subjects were considered to be responders in cultured ELISPOT. Twenty-two (54%) vaccinated subjects were considered non-responders in cultured ELISPOT; 5 of them (23%) were also humoral non-responders. About 12% of healthy HBV-vaccinated subjects are both humoral and cellular non-responders. Although the prognostic value of this assay has not been established in terms of predictability for susceptibility to de-novo HBV infection, ELISPOT data suggest that these subjects may be at risk for HBV infection and disease, especially health care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cassaniti
- a Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Sandra A Calarota
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Kodjo M G Adzasehoun
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Antonella Chiesa
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Giuditta Comolli
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy.,c Experimental Research Laboratories , Biotechnology Area, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Maurizio Parea
- b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- a Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy.,b Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department , Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia , Italy
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Calarota SA, Aberle JH, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Baldanti F. Approaches for monitoring of non virus-specific and virus-specific T-cell response in solid organ transplantation and their clinical applications. J Clin Virol 2015; 70:109-119. [PMID: 26305832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic viral infections are still a major complication following solid organ transplantation. Immune monitoring may allow the identification of patients at risk of infection and, eventually, the modulation of immunosuppressive strategies. Immune monitoring can be performed using virus-specific and non virus-specific assays. This article describes and summarizes the pros and cons of the different technical approaches. Among the assays based on non virus-specific antigens, the enumeration of T-cell subsets, the quantification of cytokines and chemokines and the quantification of intracellular adenosine triphosphate following mitogen stimulation are described and their clinical applications to determine the risk for viral infection are discussed. In addition, current specific methods available for monitoring viral-specific T-cell responses are summarized, such as peptide-MHC multimer staining, intracellular cytokine staining, enzyme-linked immunospot and virus-specific IFN-γ ELISA assays, and their clinical applications to determine the individual risk for opportunistic viral infections with human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and polyoma BK virus are discussed. The standardization of the procedure, the choice of the antigen(s) and the criteria to define cut-off values for positive responses are needed for some of these approaches before their implementation in the clinic. Nevertheless, immune monitoring combined with virological monitoring in transplant recipients is increasingly regarded as a helpful tool to identify patients at risk of infection as well as to assess treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Calarota
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Judith H Aberle
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1095 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Abstract
Modem immunology and vaccinology incorporate immunoinformatics techniques to give insights into immune systems and accelerate vaccine design. Databases managing epitope data in a structured form with immune-related annotations including sequences, alleles, source organisms, structures, and diseases could be the most crucial part of immunoinformatics offering data sources for the analysis of immune systems and development of prediction methods. This chapter provides an overview of publicly available databases of T-cell epitopes including general databases, pathogen- and tumor-specific databases, and 3D structure databases.
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Nayak K, Jing L, Russell RM, Davies DH, Hermanson G, Molina DM, Liang X, Sherman DR, Kwok WW, Yang J, Kenneth J, Ahamed SF, Chandele A, Murali-Krishna K, Koelle DM. Identification of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis CD4 T-cell antigens via high throughput proteome screening. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:275-87. [PMID: 25857935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of CD4 IFN-gamma T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a rational vaccine strategy to prevent clinical tuberculosis. Diagnosis of MTB infection is based on T-cell immune memory to MTB antigens. The MTB proteome contains over four thousand open reading frames (ORFs). We conducted a pilot antigen identification study using 164 MTB proteins and MTB-specific T-cells expanded in vitro from 12 persons with latent MTB infection. Enrichment of MTB-reactive T-cells from PBMC used cell sorting or an alternate system compatible with limited resources. MTB proteins were used as single antigens or combinatorial matrices in proliferation and cytokine secretion readouts. Overall, our study found that 44 MTB proteins were antigenic, including 27 not previously characterized as CD4 T-cell antigens. Antigen truncation, peptide, NTM homology, and HLA class II tetramer studies confirmed malate synthase G (encoded by gene Rv1837) as a CD4 T-cell antigen. This simple, scalable system has potential utility for the identification of candidate MTB vaccine and biomarker antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustuv Nayak
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Box 358061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Box 358061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - D Huw Davies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Room 376D Med-Surg II, Irvine, CA 92697-4068, USA; Antigen Discovery, Inc., 1 Technology Drive Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Gary Hermanson
- Antigen Discovery, Inc., 1 Technology Drive Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Douglas M Molina
- Antigen Discovery, Inc., 1 Technology Drive Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - Xiaowu Liang
- Antigen Discovery, Inc., 1 Technology Drive Suite E309, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
| | - David R Sherman
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. North, No. 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Junbao Yang
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - John Kenneth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Sarjapur Road, Koramangala 2 Block, Bangaluru, Karnataka 560034, India.
| | - Syed F Ahamed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Sarjapur Road, Koramangala 2 Block, Bangaluru, Karnataka 560034, India.
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; Emory Vaccine Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Kaja Murali-Krishna
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; Emory Vaccine Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Box 358061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Box 358070, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave. East, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Bunse CE, Fortmeier V, Tischer S, Zilian E, Figueiredo C, Witte T, Blasczyk R, Immenschuh S, Eiz-Vesper B. Modulation of heme oxygenase-1 by metalloporphyrins increases anti-viral T cell responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:265-76. [PMID: 25196646 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1, the inducible isoform of HO, has immunomodulatory functions and is considered a target for therapeutic interventions. In the present study, we investigated whether modulation of HO-1 might have regulatory effects on in-vitro T cell activation. The study examined whether: (i) HO-1 induction by cobalt-protoporphyrin (CoPP) or inhibition by tin-mesoporphyrin (SnMP) can affect expansion and function of virus-specific T cells, (ii) HO-1 modulation might have a functional effect on other cell populations mediating effects on proliferating T cells [e.g. dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (T(regs)) and natural killer cells] and (iii) HO-1-modulated anti-viral T cells might be suitable for adoptive immunotherapy. Inhibition of HO-1 via SnMP in cytomegalovirus (CMV)pp65-peptide-pulsed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) led to increased anti-viral T cell activation and the generation of a higher proportion of effector memory T cells (CD45RA(-) CD62L(-)) with increased capability to secrete interferon (IFN)-γ and granzyme B. T(reg) depletion and SnMP exposure increased the number of anti-viral T cells 15-fold. To test the possibility that HO-1 modulation might be clinically applicable in conformity with good manufacturing practice (GMP), SnMP was tested in isolated anti-viral T cells using the cytokine secretion assay. Compared to control, SnMP treatment resulted in higher cell counts and purity without negative impact on quality and effector function [CD107a, IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were stable]. These results suggest an important role of HO-1 in the modulation of adaptive immune responses. HO-1 inhibition resulted in markedly more effective generation of functionally active T cells suitable for adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Bunse
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Transplantation - IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
The ELISpot, a heterogeneous immunoassay, is widely used for detection of low abundant analytes. It is a reliable and robust assay to monitor responses of the immune system at the single-cell level by capturing secreted molecules of interest with specific, membrane-bound antibodies. Those molecules are then made visible by a cascade of ELISA-related development steps. The final results are distinct spots on the membrane as an imprint of the cell secreting the captured molecules, not only allowing their quantification but also providing insight on the kinetics and strength of secretion. This chapter describes the optimized protocol steps of the ELISpot technique, important improvements and tools available for the community, and the current expansion of the technique into polyfunctional cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, Inc., 555 North Avenue, Suite 25-S, Fort Lee, NJ, 07024, USA.
| | - Rachel Rabin
- ZellNet Consulting, Inc., 555 North Avenue, Suite 25-S, Fort Lee, NJ, 07024, USA
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Calarota SA, Chiesa A, Scaramuzzi L, Adzasehoun KMG, Comolli G, Mangione F, Esposito P, Baldanti F. Normalizing ELISPOT responses to T-cell counts: a novel approach for quantification of HCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in kidney transplant recipients. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:65-73. [PMID: 24961915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common opportunistic virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. The analysis of HCMV-specific T-cell immunity after organ transplant is of relevant clinical interest. OBJECTIVES To analyze HCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in healthy subjects and kidney transplant recipients (KTR). STUDY DESIGN HCMV-specific T-cell responses were evaluated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) using overlapping 15-mer peptide pools of immediate early (IE)-1, IE-2, phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) (for stimulation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses) and a pool of 34 short peptides (8-12 amino acids in length, for stimulation of CD8(+) T-cell responses). ELISPOT results were normalized to T-cell subset counts and their correlations with a reported dendritic cell (DC)-based assay, which simultaneously quantifies HCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, were analyzed. RESULTS HCMV-seropositive KTR showed higher ELISPOT responses compared to HCMV-seropositive healthy subjects. IE-1 and pp65 ELISPOT responses were mediated mainly by CD8(+) T-cells and, to a lesser extent, CD4(+) T cells; IE-2 peptides appear to stimulate CD56(+) cells (natural killer cells). In HCMV-seropositive healthy subjects, ELISPOT results (expressed either as net spots/million cells or normalized to the corresponding T-cell count) significantly correlated with the DC assay. However, in HMCV-seropositive KTR, only normalized ELISPOT responses to overlapping 15-mer peptide pools significantly correlated with DC-assay responses. CONCLUSIONS The normalized ELISPOT represents a novel and simple approach for quantifying and monitoring HCMV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in KTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Calarota
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Chiesa
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia Scaramuzzi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Kodjo M G Adzasehoun
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuditta Comolli
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Experimental Research Laboratories, Biotechnology Area, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Filippo Mangione
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Taramelli 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Weist BJD, Schmueck M, Fuehrer H, Sattler A, Reinke P, Babel N. The role of CD4(+) T cells in BKV-specific T cell immunity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 203:395-408. [PMID: 25052009 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of polyomavirus BK (BKV) infection represents a severe complication in kidney transplant (KTX) patients. We previously reported an association between a declining BK viral load and the reconstitution of CD4(+) T cell BKV-specific immunity in patients following kidney transplantation. However, the specific contribution of CD4(+) T cells in the regulation of BKV-replication is unknown. Nevertheless, in vitro enrichment of BKV-specific T cells and subsequent adoptive T cell transfer may improve the restoration of immune competence in KTX patients with BKV infection. To date, strategies to capture human BKV-specific T cells with the ensuing expansion to clinically useful numbers are lacking. Here, we demonstrated a comprehensive flow cytometric analysis of the BKV-specific T cell response that permits access to the majority of T cells specific for immunodominant BKV antigens. A full-spectrum evaluation of the BKV-specific T cell response was performed by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with a mixture of BKV immunodominant peptide pools at varying concentrations and measuring activation marker expression and cytokine secretion. We also examined the effects of co-stimulation and PBMC resting time prior to activation. We defined the narrow range of stimulation conditions that permit the capture and expansion of functional BKV-specific T cell lines. The generated BKV-specific T cell lines showed the highest specificity and functionality when the T cells were captured according to IFNγ-secretion. This study highlights the multifunctional and cytolytic BKV-specific CD4(+) T cells as a dominant population within the generated T cell product. This method offers a novel approach for the generation of BKV-specific T cell lines for adoptive immunotherapy and underscores the critical role of CD4(+) T cells in the clearance of BKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J D Weist
- Department of Nephrology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Wick DA, Webb JR, Nielsen JS, Martin SD, Kroeger DR, Milne K, Castellarin M, Twumasi-Boateng K, Watson PH, Holt RA, Nelson BH. Surveillance of the tumor mutanome by T cells during progression from primary to recurrent ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:1125-34. [PMID: 24323902 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancers accumulate mutations over time, each of which brings the potential for recognition by the immune system. We evaluated T-cell recognition of the tumor mutanome in patients with ovarian cancer undergoing standard treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor-associated T cells from 3 patients with ovarian cancer were assessed by ELISPOT for recognition of nonsynonymous mutations identified by whole exome sequencing of autologous tumor. The relative levels of mutations and responding T cells were monitored in serial tumor samples collected at primary surgery and first and second recurrence. RESULTS The vast majority of mutations (78/79) were not recognized by tumor-associated T cells; however, a highly specific CD8(+) T-cell response to the mutation hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein 1 (HSDL1)(L25V) was detected in one patient. In the primary tumor, the HSDL1(L25V) mutation had low prevalence and expression, and a corresponding T-cell response was undetectable. At first recurrence, there was a striking increase in the abundance of the mutation and corresponding MHC class I epitope, and this was accompanied by the emergence of the HSDL1(L25V)-specific CD8(+) T-cell response. At second recurrence, the HSDL1(L25V) mutation and epitope continued to be expressed; however, the corresponding T-cell response was no longer detectable. CONCLUSION The immune system can respond to the evolving ovarian cancer genome. However, the T-cell response detected here was rare, was transient, and ultimately failed to prevent disease progression. These findings reveal the limitations of spontaneous tumor immunity in the setting of standard treatments and suggest a high degree of ignorance of tumor mutations that could potentially be reversed by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin A Wick
- Authors' Affiliations: Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria; Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver; Departments of Medical Genetics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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41
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Enumeration and characterization of human memory T cells by enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:637649. [PMID: 24319467 PMCID: PMC3844203 DOI: 10.1155/2013/637649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay has advanced into a useful and widely applicable tool for the evaluation of T-cell responses in both humans and animal models of diseases and/or vaccine candidates. Using synthetic peptides (either individually or as overlapping peptide mixtures) or whole antigens, total lymphocyte or isolated T-cell subset responses can be assessed either after short-term stimulation (standard ELISPOT) or after their expansion during a 10-day culture (cultured ELISPOT). Both assays detect different antigen-specific immune responses allowing the analysis of effector memory T cells and central memory T cells. This paper describes the principle of ELISPOT assays and discusses their application in the evaluation of immune correlates of clinical interest with a focus on the vaccine field.
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42
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Wang Y, Aïssi-Rothe L, Virion JM, De Carvalho Bittencourt M, Ulas N, Audonnet S, Salmon A, Clement L, Venard V, Jeulin H, Stoltz JF, Decot V, Bensoussan D. Combination of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1, 3 and lytic antigen BZLF1 peptide pools allows fast and efficient stimulation of Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2013; 16:122-34. [PMID: 24094498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a major cause of morbidity following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. EBV-infected B cells may not respond to rituximab treatment and may lead to a life-threatening post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using EBV-lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) as stimulating antigen has proved effective in restoring specific immunity. However, EBV presents several immunodominant antigens, and developing a swift and effective clinical-grade immunotherapy relies on the definition of a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) universal stimulating antigen. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from six donors with a cellular immune response against EBV were immunoselected after stimulation with a new EBV antigen associated with an EBNA3 peptide pool. RESULTS After immunoselection, a mean of 0.53 ± 0.25 × 10⁶ cells was recovered consisting of a mean of 24.77 ± 18.01% CD4⁺-secreting interferon (IFN)-γ and 51.42 ± 26.92% CD8⁺-secreting IFN-γ. The T memory stem cell sub-population was identified. EBV-specific T cells were expanded in vitro, and their ability to secrete IFN-γ and to proliferate after re-stimulation with EBV antigen was confirmed. A specific lysis was observed against autologous target cells pulsed with EBV peptide pools (57.6 ± 11.5%) and against autologous EBV-LCL (18.3 ± 7.3%). A mean decrease of 94.7 ± 3.3% in alloreactivity against third-party donor mononuclear cells with EBV-specific T cells was observed compared with PBMCs before selection. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that a combination of peptide pools including EBNA3 is needed to generate EBV-specific T cells with good specific cytotoxicity and devoid of alloreactivity, but as yet GMP grade is not fully achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- CHU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissus, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, UMR 7365 et FR 3209, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Lamia Aïssi-Rothe
- CHU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissus, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, UMR 7365 et FR 3209, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean Marc Virion
- CHU de Nancy, Epidémiologie et Evaluation Cliniques, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Neslihan Ulas
- CHU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissus, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sandra Audonnet
- CHU de Nancy, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Plateforme Nancytomique, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Veronique Venard
- CHU de Nancy, Laboratoire de Virologie, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Helène Jeulin
- CHU de Nancy, Laboratoire de Virologie, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-François Stoltz
- CHU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissus, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, UMR 7365 et FR 3209, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Veronique Decot
- CHU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissus, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, UMR 7365 et FR 3209, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Danièle Bensoussan
- CHU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissus, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; CNRS, UMR 7365 et FR 3209, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Département de Microbiologie-Immunologie, Université de Lorraine, Nancy Cedex, France.
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43
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Calarota SA, Chiesa A, Zelini P, Comolli G, Minoli L, Baldanti F. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus-specific memory CD4+ T cells using a peptide-based cultured enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Immunology 2013; 139:533-44. [PMID: 23560877 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches to evaluate T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) include enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), which quantifies cells capable of immediate interferon-γ secretion upon antigen stimulation. However, evaluation of expandable EBV-specific memory T cells in an ELISPOT format has not been described previously. We quantified EBV-specific T-cell precursors with high proliferative capacity by using a peptide-based cultured interferon-γ ELISPOT assay. Standard and cultured ELISPOT responses to overlapping peptide pools (15-mers overlapping by 11 amino acids) covering the lytic (BZLF1 and BMRF1) and latent (EBNA1, EBNA3a, EBNA3b, EBNA3c, LMP1 and LMP2) EBV proteins were evaluated in 20 healthy subjects with remote EBV infection and, for comparison, in four solid organ transplant recipients. Cultured ELISPOT responses to both lytic and latent EBV antigens were significantly higher than standard ELISPOT responses. The distribution of EBV-specific T-cell responses detected in healthy virus carriers showed more consistent cultured ELISPOT responses compared with standard ELISPOT responses. T-cell responses quantified by cultured ELISPOT were mainly mediated by CD4+ T cells and a marked pattern of immunodominance to latent-phase antigens (EBNA1 > EBNA3 family antigens > LMP2 > LMP1) was shown. Both the magnitude and distribution of EBV-specific T-cell responses were altered in solid organ transplant recipients; in particular, cultured ELISPOT responses were almost undetectable in a lung-transplanted patient with EBV-associated diseases. Analysis of T-cell responses to EBV by ELISPOT assays might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of EBV-related diseases and serve as new tools in the monitoring of EBV infection in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Calarota
- Virology and Microbiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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44
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Clari MA, Aguilar G, Benet I, Belda J, Giménez E, Bravo D, Carbonell JA, Henao L, Navarro D. Evaluation of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific t-cell immunity for the assessment of the risk of active CMV infection in non-immunosuppressed surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1802-10. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María A. Clari
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario; Institute for Research INCLIVA; Valencia; Spain
| | - Gerardo Aguilar
- Surgical Intense Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario; Institute for Research INCLIVA; Valencia; Spain
| | - Isabel Benet
- Hematology and Oncology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario; Institute for Research INCLIVA; Valencia; Spain
| | | | - Estela Giménez
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario; Institute for Research INCLIVA; Valencia; Spain
| | - Dayana Bravo
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario; Institute for Research INCLIVA; Valencia; Spain
| | - José A. Carbonell
- Surgical Intense Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario; Institute for Research INCLIVA; Valencia; Spain
| | - Liliana Henao
- Surgical Intense Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario; Institute for Research INCLIVA; Valencia; Spain
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45
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Cools N, Van Camp K, Van Tendeloo V, Berneman Z. mRNA electroporation as a tool for immunomonitoring. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 969:293-303. [PMID: 23296941 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-260-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the immune response is an essential aspect of numerous clinical vaccination trials in order to evaluate the efficacy. In these clinical vaccination trials, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are isolated at different time points from patient blood samples and subsequently cryopreserved to allow batch analysis at a later time point. Here, we present a newly developed short-time assay which allows direct ex vivo analysis of multi-epitope antigen-specific immune responses using mRNA electroporation of cryopreserved PBMC. This novel method is a rapid and elegant tool and will be convenient for monitoring the cellular immune status of patients in clinical vaccination settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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46
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Ramachandran H, Laux J, Moldovan I, Caspell R, Lehmann PV, Subbramanian RA. Optimal thawing of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells for use in high-throughput human immune monitoring studies. Cells 2012; 1:313-24. [PMID: 24710478 PMCID: PMC3901099 DOI: 10.3390/cells1030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) constitute an important component of immune monitoring studies as they allow for efficient batch- testing of samples as well as for the validation and extension of original studies in the future. In this study, we systematically test the permutations of PBMC thawing practices commonly employed in the field and identify conditions that are high and low risk for the viability of PBMC and their functionality in downstream ELISPOT assays. The study identifies the addition of ice-chilled washing media to thawed cells at the same temperature as being a high risk practice, as it yields significantly lower viability and functionality of recovered PBMC when compared to warming the cryovials to 37 °C and adding a warm washing medium. We found thawed PBMC in cryovials could be kept up to 30 minutes at 37 °C in the presence of DMSO before commencement of washing, which surprisingly identifies exposure to DMSO as a low risk step during the thawing process. This latter finding is of considerable practical relevance since it permits batch-thawing of PBMC in high-throughput immune monitoring environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Laux
- Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA.
| | - Ioana Moldovan
- Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA.
| | | | - Paul V Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA.
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47
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Lundegaard C, Lund O, Nielsen M. Predictions versus high-throughput experiments in T-cell epitope discovery: competition or synergy? Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:43-54. [PMID: 22149708 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prediction methods as well as experimental methods for T-cell epitope discovery have developed significantly in recent years. High-throughput experimental methods have made it possible to perform full-length protein scans for epitopes restricted to a limited number of MHC alleles. The high costs and limitations regarding the number of proteins and MHC alleles that are feasibly handled by such experimental methods have made in silico prediction models of high interest. MHC binding prediction methods are today of a very high quality and can predict MHC binding peptides with high accuracy. This is possible for a large range of MHC alleles and relevant length of binding peptides. The predictions can easily be performed for complete proteomes of any size. Prediction methods are still, however, dependent on good experimental methods for validation, and should merely be used as a guide for rational epitope discovery. We expect prediction methods as well as experimental validation methods to continue to develop and that we will soon see clinical trials of products whose development has been guided by prediction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Lundegaard
- Technical University of Denmark-DTU, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Kemitorvet 208, DK 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Mapping of novel peptides of WT-1 and presenting HLA alleles that induce epitope-specific HLA-restricted T cells with cytotoxic activity against WT-1(+) leukemias. Blood 2012; 120:1633-46. [PMID: 22623625 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-11-394619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wilms tumor protein (WT-1) is widely recognized as a tumor antigen that is expressed differentially by several malignancies. However, WT-1 peptides known to induce tumoricidal T cells are few. In the present study, we evaluated T-cell responses of 56 healthy donors to in vitro sensitization with autologous APCs loaded with a pool of overlapping 15-mer peptides spanning the sequence of WT-1. Thereafter, we mapped the WT-1 peptides eliciting responses in each individual, defined the immunogenic peptides, and identified their presenting HLA alleles. We report 41 previously unreported epitopes of WT-1: 5 presented by class II and 36 by class I alleles, including 10 that could be presented by more than 1 class I allele. IFNγ(+) T cells responding to 98% of the class I and 60% of the class II epitopes exhibited HLA-restricted cytotoxicity against peptide-loaded targets. T cells specific for 36 WT-1 peptides were evaluable for leukemocidal activity, of which 27 (75%) lysed WT-1(+) leukemic targets sharing their restricting HLA allele. Each epitope identified induced T-cell responses in most donors sharing the epitopes' presenting allele; these responses often exceeded responses to flanking peptides predicted to be more immunogenic. This series of immunogenic epitopes of WT-1 should prove useful for immunotherapies targeting WT-1(+) malignancies.
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49
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Singh SK, Meyering M, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Stynenbosch LFM, Redeker A, Kuppen PJK, Melief CJM, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. The simultaneous ex vivo detection of low-frequency antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses using overlapping peptide pools. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1953-63. [PMID: 22491788 PMCID: PMC3493661 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to measure antigen-specific T cells at the single-cell level by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) is a promising immunomonitoring tool and is extensively applied in the evaluation of immunotherapy of cancer. The protocols used to detect antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses generally work for the detection of antigen-specific T cells in samples that have undergone at least one round of in vitro pre-stimulation. Application of a common protocol but now using long peptides as antigens was not suitable to simultaneously detect antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells directly ex vivo in cryopreserved samples. CD8 T-cell reactivity to monocytes pulsed with long peptides as antigens ranged between 5 and 25 % of that observed against monocytes pulsed with a direct HLA class I fitting minimal CTL peptide epitope. Therefore, we adapted our ICS protocol and show that the use of tenfold higher concentration of long peptides to load APC, the use of IFN-α and poly(I:C) to promote antigen processing and improve T-cell stimulation, does allow for the ex vivo detection of low-frequency antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in an HLA-independent setting. While most of the improvements were related to increasing the ability to measure CD8+ T-cell reactivity following stimulation with long peptides to at least 50 % of the response detected when using a minimal peptide epitope, the final analysis of blood samples from vaccinated patients successfully showed that the adapted ICS protocol also increases the ability to ex vivo detect low-frequency p53-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in cryopreserved PBMC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satwinder Kaur Singh
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Building 1, K1-P, Leiden University Medical Center, PO box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Meyering
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Building 1, K1-P, Leiden University Medical Center, PO box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara H. Ramwadhdoebe
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Building 1, K1-P, Leiden University Medical Center, PO box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda F. M. Stynenbosch
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Building 1, K1-P, Leiden University Medical Center, PO box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. K. Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. M. Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marij J. P. Welters
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Building 1, K1-P, Leiden University Medical Center, PO box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H. van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Building 1, K1-P, Leiden University Medical Center, PO box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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Jones RB, John VM, Hunter DV, Martin E, Mujib S, Mihajlovic V, Burgers PC, Luider TM, Gyenes G, Sheppard NC, Sengupta D, Tandon R, Yue FY, Benko E, Kovacs C, Nixon DF, Ostrowski MA. Human endogenous retrovirus K(HML-2) Gag- and Env-specific T-cell responses are infrequently detected in HIV-1-infected subjects using standard peptide matrix-based screening. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:288-92. [PMID: 22205657 PMCID: PMC3272926 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05583-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T-cell responses to human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) K(HML-2) Gag and Env were mapped in HIV-1-infected subjects using 15 mer peptides. Small peptide pools and high concentrations were used to maximize sensitivity. In the 23 subjects studied, only three bona fide HERV-K(HML-2)-specific responses were detected. At these high peptide concentrations, we detected false-positive responses, three of which were mapped to an HIV-1 Gag peptide contaminant. Thus, HERV-K(HML-2) Gag- and Env-specific T-cell responses are infrequently detected by 15 mer peptide mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brad Jones
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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