1
|
He R, Fisher TW, Saha S, Peiz-Stelinski K, Willis MA, Gang DR, Brown JK. Differential gene expression of Asian citrus psyllids infected with ' Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus' reveals hyper-susceptibility to invasion by instar fourth-fifth and teneral adult stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1229620. [PMID: 37662178 PMCID: PMC10470031 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1229620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the causal agent of citrus greening disease. This unusual plant pathogenic bacterium also infects its psyllid host, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). To investigate gene expression profiles with a focus on genes involved in infection and circulation within the psyllid host of CLas, RNA-seq libraries were constructed from CLas-infected and CLas-free ACP representing the five different developmental stages, namely, nymphal instars 1-2, 3, and 4-5, and teneral and mature adults. The Gbp paired-end reads (296) representing the transcriptional landscape of ACP across all life stages and the official gene set (OGSv3) were annotated based on the chromosomal-length v3 reference genome and used for de novo transcript discovery resulting in 25,410 genes with 124,177 isoforms. Differential expression analysis across all ACP developmental stages revealed instar-specific responses to CLas infection, with greater overall responses by nymphal instars, compared to mature adults. More genes were over-or under-expressed in the 4-5th nymphal instars and young (teneral) adults than in instars 1-3, or mature adults, indicating that late immature instars and young maturing adults were highly responsive to CLas infection. Genes identified with potential for direct or indirect involvement in the ACP-CLas circulative, propagative transmission pathway were predominantly responsive during early invasion and infection processes and included canonical cytoskeletal remodeling and endo-exocytosis pathway genes. Genes with predicted functions in defense, development, and immunity exhibited the greatest responsiveness to CLas infection. These results shed new light on ACP-CLas interactions essential for pathogenesis of the psyllid host, some that share striking similarities with effector protein-animal host mechanisms reported for other culturable and/or fastidious bacterial- or viral- host pathosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng He
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Tonja W. Fisher
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Surya Saha
- Sol Genomics Network, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kirsten Peiz-Stelinski
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Mark A. Willis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - David R. Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Chang Z, Liu Z, Zhang S. Influences of Microbial Symbionts on Chemoreception of Their Insect Hosts. INSECTS 2023; 14:638. [PMID: 37504644 PMCID: PMC10380252 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemical communication is widespread among insects and exploited to adjust their behavior, such as food and habitat seeking and preferences, recruitment, defense, and mate attraction. Recently, many studies have revealed that microbial symbionts could regulate host chemical communication by affecting the synthesis and perception of insect semiochemicals. In this paper, we review recent studies of the influence of microbial symbionts on insect chemoreception. Microbial symbionts may influence insect sensitivity to semiochemicals by regulating the synthesis of odorant-binding proteins or chemosensory proteins and olfactory or gustatory receptors and regulating host neurotransmission, thereby adjusting insect behavior. The manipulation of insect chemosensory behavior by microbial symbionts is conducive to their proliferation and dispersal and provides the impetus for insects to change their feeding habits and aggregation and dispersal behavior, which contributes to population differentiation in insects. Future research is necessary to reveal the material and information exchange between both partners to improve our comprehension of the evolution of chemoreception in insects. Manipulating insect chemoreception physiology by inoculating them with microbes could be utilized as a potential approach to managing insect populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Wang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang XT, Levy J, Tamborindeguy C. Potato psyllids mount distinct gut responses against two different 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotypes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287396. [PMID: 37327235 PMCID: PMC10275445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) is a bacterial pathogen infecting several crops and causing damaging diseases. Several Lso haplotypes have been identified. Among the seven haplotypes present in North America, LsoA and LsoB are transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), in a circulative and persistent manner. The gut, which is the first organ pathogen encounters, could be a barrier for Lso transmission. However, the molecular interactions between Lso and the psyllid vector at the gut interface remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the global transcriptional responses of the adult psyllid gut upon infection with two Lso haplotypes (LsoA and LsoB) using Illumina sequencing. The results showed that each haplotype triggers a unique transcriptional response, with most of the distinct genes elicited by the highly virulent LsoB. The differentially expressed genes were mainly associated with digestion and metabolism, stress response, immunity, detoxification as well as cell proliferation and epithelium renewal. Importantly, distinct immune pathways were triggered by LsoA and LsoB in the gut of the potato psyllid. The information in this study will provide an understanding of the molecular basis of the interactions between the potato psyllid gut and Lso, which may lead to the discovery of novel molecular targets for the control of these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Tang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julien Levy
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Tamborindeguy
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Devaux CA, Camoin-Jau L. An update on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 structure/functions, polymorphism, and duplicitous nature in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: Implications for vascular and coagulation disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042200. [PMID: 36519165 PMCID: PMC9742611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for many years that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface enzyme involved in the regulation of blood pressure. More recently, it was proven that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) interacts with ACE2 to enter susceptible human cells. This functional duality of ACE2 tends to explain why this molecule plays such an important role in the clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At the very start of the pandemic, a publication from our Institute (entitled "ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome"), was one of the first reviews linking COVID-19 to the duplicitous nature of ACE2. However, even given that COVID-19 pathophysiology may be driven by an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), we were still far from understanding the complexity of the mechanisms which are controlled by ACE2 in different cell types. To gain insight into the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is essential to consider the polymorphism and expression levels of the ACE2 gene (including its alternative isoforms). Over the past 2 years, an impressive amount of new results have come to shed light on the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, requiring us to update our analysis. Genetic linkage studies have been reported that highlight a relationship between ACE2 genetic variants and the risk of developing hypertension. Currently, many research efforts are being undertaken to understand the links between ACE2 polymorphism and the severity of COVID-19. In this review, we update the state of knowledge on the polymorphism of ACE2 and its consequences on the susceptibility of individuals to SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the link between the increase of angiotensin II levels among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and the development of a cytokine storm associated microvascular injury and obstructive thrombo-inflammatory syndrome, which represent the primary causes of severe forms of COVID-19 and lethality. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the severe forms of COVID-19 that target ACE2. Changing paradigms may help improve patients' therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital de La Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ettinger CL, Byrne FJ, de Souza Pacheco I, Brown DJ, Walling LL, Atkinson PW, Redak RA, Stajich JE. Transcriptome and population structure of glassy-winged sharpshooters (Homalodisca vitripennis) with varying insecticide resistance in southern California. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:721. [PMID: 36273137 PMCID: PMC9587601 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homalodisca vitripennis Germar, the glassy-winged sharpshooter, is an invasive insect in California and a critical threat to agriculture through its transmission of the plant pathogen, Xylella fastidiosa. Quarantine, broad-spectrum insecticides, and biological control have been used for population management of H. vitripennis since its invasion and subsequent proliferation throughout California. Recently wide-spread neonicotinoid resistance has been detected in populations of H. vitripennis in the southern portions of California’s Central Valley. In order to better understand potential mechanisms of H. vitripennis neonicotinoid resistance, we performed RNA sequencing on wild-caught insecticide-resistant and relatively susceptible sharpshooters to profile their transcriptome and population structure. Results We identified 81 differentially expressed genes with higher expression in resistant individuals. The significant largest differentially expressed candidate gene linked to resistance status was a cytochrome P450 gene with similarity to CYP6A9. Furthermore, we observed an over-enrichment of GO terms representing functions supportive of roles in resistance mechanisms (cytochrome P450s, M13 peptidases, and cuticle structural proteins). Finally, we saw no evidence of broad-scale population structure, perhaps due to H. vitripennis' relatively recent introduction to California or due to the relatively small geographic scale investigated here. Conclusions In this work, we characterized the transcriptome of insecticide-resistant and susceptible H. vitripennis and identified candidate genes that may be involved in resistance mechanisms for this species. Future work should seek to build on the transcriptome profiling performed here to confirm the role of the identified genes, particularly the cytochrome P450, in resistance in H. vitripennis. We hope this work helps aid future population management strategies for this and other species with growing insecticide resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08939-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Ettinger
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Frank J Byrne
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Dylan J Brown
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Linda L Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.,Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Peter W Atkinson
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.,Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Redak
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA. .,Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruzzante L, Feron R, Reijnders MJMF, Thiébaut A, Waterhouse RM. Functional constraints on insect immune system components govern their evolutionary trajectories. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6459179. [PMID: 34893861 PMCID: PMC8788225 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles of constraints in shaping evolutionary outcomes are often considered in the contexts of developmental biology and population genetics, in terms of capacities to generate new variants and how selection limits or promotes consequent phenotypic changes. Comparative genomics also recognizes the role of constraints, in terms of shaping evolution of gene and genome architectures, sequence evolutionary rates, and gene gains or losses, as well as on molecular phenotypes. Characterizing patterns of genomic change where putative functions and interactions of system components are relatively well described offers opportunities to explore whether genes with similar roles exhibit similar evolutionary trajectories. Using insect immunity as our test case system, we hypothesize that characterizing gene evolutionary histories can define distinct dynamics associated with different functional roles. We develop metrics that quantify gene evolutionary histories, employ these to characterize evolutionary features of immune gene repertoires, and explore relationships between gene family evolutionary profiles and their roles in immunity to understand how different constraints may relate to distinct dynamics. We identified three main axes of evolutionary trajectories characterized by gene duplication and synteny, maintenance/stability and sequence conservation, and loss and sequence divergence, highlighting similar and contrasting patterns across these axes amongst subsets of immune genes. Our results suggest that where and how genes participate in immune responses limit the range of possible evolutionary scenarios they exhibit. The test case study system of insect immunity highlights the potential of applying comparative genomics approaches to characterize how functional constraints on different components of biological systems govern their evolutionary trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livio Ruzzante
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Romain Feron
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maarten J M F Reijnders
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Antonin Thiébaut
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carr AL, Rinker DC, Dong Y, Dimopoulos G, Zwiebel LJ. Transcriptome profiles of Anopheles gambiae harboring natural low-level Plasmodium infection reveal adaptive advantages for the mosquito. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22578. [PMID: 34799605 PMCID: PMC8604914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquito's health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host-preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission-stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendages, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - David C Rinker
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Laurence J Zwiebel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin YB, Rong JJ, Wei XF, Sui ZX, Xiao J, Huang DW. Proteomics and ultrastructural analysis of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larval peritrophic matrix. Proteome Sci 2021; 19:7. [PMID: 33836751 PMCID: PMC8035744 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-021-00175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has significant economic potential. The larvae can be used in financially viable waste management systems, as they are voracious feeders able to efficiently convert low-quality waste into valuable biomass. However, most studies on H. illucens in recent decades have focused on optimizing their breeding and bioconversion conditions, while information on their biology is limited. METHODS About 200 fifth instar well-fed larvae were sacrificed in this work. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy were employed in this study to perform a proteomic and ultrastructural analysis of the peritrophic matrix (PM) of H. illucens larvae. RESULTS A total of 565 proteins were identified in the PM samples of H. illucen, of which 177 proteins were predicted to contain signal peptides, bioinformatics analysis and manual curation determined 88 proteins may be associated with the PM, with functions in digestion, immunity, PM modulation, and others. The ultrastructure of the H. illucens larval PM observed by scanning electron microscopy shows a unique diamond-shaped chitin grid texture. CONCLUSIONS It is the first and most comprehensive proteomics research about the PM of H. illucens larvae to date. All the proteins identified in this work has been discussed in details, except several unnamed or uncharacterized proteins, which should not be ignored and need further study. A comparison of the ultrastructure between H. illucens larval PM and those of other insects as observed by SEM indicates that the PM displays diverse textures on an ultra-micro scale and we suscept a unique diamond-shaped chitin grid texture may help H. illucens larval to hold more food. This work deepens our understanding of the molecular architecture and ultrastructure of the H. illucens larval PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing-Jing Rong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xun-Fan Wei
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhuo-Xiao Sui
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinhua Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Da-Wei Huang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu K, He J, Guan Z, Zhong M, Pang R, Han Q. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama Infected and Non-infected With Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus. Front Physiol 2021; 11:630037. [PMID: 33716757 PMCID: PMC7943627 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.630037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri is the transmission vector of Huanglongbing (HLB), a devastating disease of citrus plants. The bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas) associated with HLB is transmitted between host plants by D. citri in a circulative manner. Understanding the interaction between CLas and its insect vector is key for protecting citrus cultivation from HLB damage. Here, we used RNA sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to analyze the transcriptome and metabolome of D. citri interacting with CLas. We identified 662 upregulated and 532 downregulated genes in CLas-infected insects. These genes were enriched in pathways involving carbohydrate metabolism, the insects’ immune system, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. We also detected 105 differential metabolites between CLas-infected and non-infected insects, including multiple nucleosides and lipid-related molecules. The integrated analysis revealed nine pathways—including those of the glycine, serine, threonine, and purine metabolism—affected by the differentially expressed genes from both groups. The network for these pathways was subsequently constructed. Our results thus provide insights regarding the cross-talk between the transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in D. citri in response to CLas infection, as well as information on the pathways and genes/metabolites related to the CLas–D. citri interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei He
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziying Guan
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhao Zhong
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qunxin Han
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Liu C, Geng X. Identify immune-related genes of adzuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis) in response to bacteria challenge by transcriptome analysis. Microb Pathog 2021; 151:104749. [PMID: 33484809 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the important postharvest pests in legume growing areas. Bacterial pesticide is a potential alternative method to control storage pests. However, the effect of these pathogen bacteria on storage pests, and the molecular mechanisms of insect response remain to be to investigated. RESULTS Using the next generation sequencing technology, we established a transcriptomic library for C. chinensis larvae in response to Escherichia coli. Total of 355 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, which 178 DEGs were upregulated, and 177 DEGs were downregulated compared to control group. To validate the RNA-seq analysis, 20 DEGs and 14 immune-related genes were selected to perform quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). These immune-related genes were involved in recognition (peptidoglycan recognition proteins), signal transduction (fibrinogen-related proteins, serine proteinases and NF-κB), and execution effectors (phenoloxidase, defensin, attacin, and antimicrobial peptide). In addition, genes that encode digestive and respiratory enzymes were altered in C. chinensis larvae in response to infection. Some genes that involved in juvenile hormone and insulin pathway appeared to express differentially, suggesting that pathogen infection might lead to developmental arrest. Furthermore, iron homeostasis and chitin metabolism appeared significantly altered after infection. CONCLUSION In this study, we characterized the immune response of C. chinensis larvae in response to E. coli using RNA-seq, from pathogen recognition, signal transduction, to execution. Some other identified genes were involved in iron homeostasis, respiration, and digestion. A better understanding of molecular response of beetle to pathogen will facilitate us to develop an available strategy to control storage pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, PR China; School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, PR China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
ACE2 and ACE: structure-based insights into mechanism, regulation and receptor recognition by SARS-CoV. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2851-2871. [PMID: 33146371 PMCID: PMC7642307 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is well-known for its role in blood pressure regulation via the renin–angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) but also functions in fertility, immunity, haematopoiesis and diseases such as obesity, fibrosis and Alzheimer’s dementia. Like ACE, the human homologue ACE2 is also involved in blood pressure regulation and cleaves a range of substrates involved in different physiological processes. Importantly, it is the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 responsible for the 2020, coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 is crucial for the design of therapies to combat this disease. This review provides a comparative analysis of methodologies and findings to describe how structural biology techniques like X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy have enabled remarkable discoveries into the structure–function relationship of ACE and ACE2. This, in turn, has enabled the development of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and candidate therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. However, despite these advances the function of ACE homologues in non-human organisms is not yet fully understood. ACE homologues have been discovered in the tissues, body fluids and venom of species from diverse lineages and are known to have important functions in fertility, envenoming and insect–host defence mechanisms. We, therefore, further highlight the need for structural insight into insect and venom ACE homologues for the potential development of novel anti-venoms and insecticides.
Collapse
|
12
|
Santiago PB, Charneau S, Mandacaru SC, Bentes KLDS, Bastos IMD, de Sousa MV, Ricart CAO, de Araújo CN, Santana JM. Proteomic Mapping of Multifunctional Complexes Within Triatomine Saliva. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:459. [PMID: 32984079 PMCID: PMC7492717 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines are hematophagous insects that transmit Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. This neglected tropical disease represents a global health issue as it is spreading worldwide. The saliva of Triatominae contains miscellaneous proteins crucial for blood feeding acquisition, counteracting host's hemostasis while performing vasodilatory, anti-platelet and anti-coagulant activities, besides modulating inflammation and immune responses. Since a set of biological processes are mediated by protein complexes, here, the sialocomplexomes (salivary protein complexes) of five species of Triatominae were studied to explore the protein-protein interaction networks. Salivary multiprotein complexes from Triatoma infestans, Triatoma dimidiata, Dipetalogaster maxima, Rhodnius prolixus, and Rhodnius neglectus were investigated by Blue-Native- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. More than 70 protein groups, uncovering the landscape of the Triatominae salivary interactome, were revealed. Triabin, actin, thioredoxin peroxidase and an uncharacterized protein were identified in sialocomplexes of the five species, while hexamerin, heat shock protein and histone were identified in sialocomplexes of four species. Salivary proteins related to triatomine immunity as well as those required during blood feeding process such as apyrases, antigen 5, procalins, and nitrophorins compose different complexes. Furthermore, unique proteins for each triatomine species were revealed. This study represents the first Triatominae sialocomplexome reference to date and shows that the approach used is a reliable tool for the analysis of Triatominae salivary proteins assembled into complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Beatriz Santiago
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Coelho Mandacaru
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Kaio Luís da Silva Bentes
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carlos André O Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jaime Martins Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu L, Loker ES, Zhang SM, Buddenborg SK, Bu L. Genome-wide discovery, and computational and transcriptional characterization of an AIG gene family in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, a vector for Schistosoma mansoni. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:190. [PMID: 32122294 PMCID: PMC7053062 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The AIG (avrRpt2-induced gene) family of GTPases, characterized by the presence of a distinctive AIG1 domain, is mysterious in having a peculiar phylogenetic distribution, a predilection for undergoing expansion and loss, and an uncertain functional role, especially in invertebrates. AIGs are frequently represented as GIMAPs (GTPase of the immunity associated protein family), characterized by presence of the AIG1 domain along with coiled-coil domains. Here we provide an overview of the remarkably expanded AIG repertoire of the freshwater gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, compare it with AIGs in other organisms, and detail patterns of expression in B. glabrata susceptible or resistant to infection with Schistosoma mansoni, responsible for the neglected tropical disease of intestinal schistosomiasis. Results We define the 7 conserved motifs that comprise the AIG1 domain in B. glabrata and detail its association with at least 7 other domains, indicative of functional versatility of B. glabrata AIGs. AIG genes were usually found in tandem arrays in the B. glabrata genome, suggestive of an origin by segmental gene duplication. We found 91 genes with complete AIG1 domains, including 64 GIMAPs and 27 AIG genes without coiled-coils, more than known for any other organism except Danio (with > 100). We defined expression patterns of AIG genes in 12 different B. glabrata organs and characterized whole-body AIG responses to microbial PAMPs, and of schistosome-resistant or -susceptible strains of B. glabrata to S. mansoni exposure. Biomphalaria glabrata AIG genes clustered with expansions of AIG genes from other heterobranch gastropods yet showed unique lineage-specific subclusters. Other gastropods and bivalves had separate but also diverse expansions of AIG genes, whereas cephalopods seem to lack AIG genes. Conclusions The AIG genes of B. glabrata exhibit expansion in both numbers and potential functions, differ markedly in expression between strains varying in susceptibility to schistosomes, and are responsive to immune challenge. These features provide strong impetus to further explore the functional role of AIG genes in the defense responses of B. glabrata, including to suppress or support the development of medically relevant S. mansoni parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Lu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Eric S Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sarah K Buddenborg
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Lijing Bu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramirez JL, Muturi EJ, Flor-Weiler LB, Vermillion K, Rooney AP. Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs) Modulates Mosquito Resistance to Fungal Entomopathogens in a Fungal-Strain Specific Manner. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:465. [PMID: 32039046 PMCID: PMC6989432 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal entomopathogens are potential tools for the control of mosquito vectors that transmit infectious agents that cause disease in humans and animals. During the infection process, effective recognition of the invading fungi by the mosquito, is a crucial step in mounting an appropriate anti-fungal response. In this study, we investigated the role of peptidoglycan recognition receptors (PGRPs) in host resistance to fungal entomopathogens at the early stages of infection. Our study identified the induction of PGRP-LA, -LB, -LD, -LE, and -S1 during infection with two different fungal entomopathogenic strains. Furthermore, our data shows temporal differences in PGRP elicitation, with most PGRPs displaying significant upregulation at 60 h post-infection. Depletion of certain PGRPs via RNAi silencing resulted in a significant increase in fungal proliferation and a reduction in mosquito survival that was fungal strain-specific. Our data indicates that PGRPs play an important role in the antifungal response and expands our understanding of the factors that determine host susceptibility to fungal entomopathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Ephantus J Muturi
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Lina B Flor-Weiler
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Karl Vermillion
- Functional Foods Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Alejandro P Rooney
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bordalo MD, Gravato C, Beleza S, Campos D, Lopes I, Pestana JLT. Lethal and sublethal toxicity assessment of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Beauveria bassiana based bioinsecticides to the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134155. [PMID: 31505347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite being considered environmentally safe, a deeper environmental risk assessment is needed for microbial insecticides; special attention should be devoted to their sublethal toxicity to non-target species. This study evaluated effects of VectoBac® 12AS - VB (based on the bacterium Bacillus thurigiensis var. israelensis) and Naturalis®-L - NL (based on the fungus Beauveria bassiana) on the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius life-history and biochemical responses. Acute tests estimated a 48 h-LC50 (median lethal concentration) of 1.85 μg/L (VB) and 34.7 mg/L (NL). Under sublethal exposure, VB decreased adults' emergence (LOEC - lowest observed effect concentration of 80 ng/L) while NL impaired larval growth (LOEC of 0.32 mg/L) and delayed emergence (LOEC of 2 mg/L for males and 0.8 mg/L for females). Despite not being monotonic, phenoloxidase activity increased (LOEC of 20 ng/L (VB) and 2 mg/L (NL)), suggesting activation of the immune system. There were no indications of oxidative damage nor neurotoxicity. Catalase activity was stimulated with all VB treatments, possibly associated with detoxification of immune response products. Under NL exposure, glutathione-S-transferase activity increased but did not show a dose-dependent response and, total glutathione decreased in the highest concentration. Exposure to both formulations caused the increase in protein content, while carbohydrate and lipids were not altered. This study revealed the susceptibility of C. riparius to VB and NL at concentrations below the ones recommended for field application, with potential population-level effects. These results add important information for the risk assessment of these microbial insecticides in aquatic ecosystems, considering relevant sublethal endpoints and raising concern about the adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Bordalo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - C Gravato
- Faculty of Sciences & CESAM, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Beleza
- Faculty of Sciences & CESAM, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Campos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J L T Pestana
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tawidian P, Rhodes VL, Michel K. Mosquito-fungus interactions and antifungal immunity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 111:103182. [PMID: 31265904 PMCID: PMC6639037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito immune system has evolved in the presence of continuous encounters with fungi that range from food to foes. Herein, we review the field of mosquito-fungal interactions, providing an overview of current knowledge and topics of interest. Mosquitoes encounter fungi in their aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Mosquito larvae are exposed to fungi on plant detritus, within the water column, and at the water surface. Adult mosquitoes are exposed to fungi during indoor and outdoor resting, blood and sugar feeding, mating, and oviposition. Fungi enter the mosquito body through different routes, including ingestion and through active or passive breaches in the cuticle. Oral uptake of fungi can be beneficial to mosquitoes, as yeasts hold nutritional value and support larval development. However, ingestion of or surface contact with fungal entomopathogens leads to colonization of the mosquito with often lethal consequences to the host. The mosquito immune system recognizes fungi and mounts cellular and humoral immune responses in the hemocoel, and possibly epithelial immune responses in the gut. These responses are regulated transcriptionally through multiple signal transduction pathways. Proteolytic protease cascades provide additional regulation of antifungal immunity. Together, these immune responses provide an efficient barrier to fungal infections, which need to be overcome by entomopathogens. Therefore, fungi constitute an excellent tool to examine the molecular underpinnings of mosquito immunity and to identify novel antifungal peptides. In addition, recent advances in mycobiome analyses can now be used to examine the contribution of fungi to various mosquito traits, including vector competence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Tawidian
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 267 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - V L Rhodes
- Missouri Southern State University, Biology Department, Reynolds Hall 220, 3950 E. Newman Rd., Joplin, MO, 64801-1595, USA
| | - K Michel
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 267 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang X, Wang W, Zhang W, Li J, Cui F, Qiao L. Immune function of an angiotensin-converting enzyme against Rice stripe virus infection in a vector insect. Virology 2019; 533:137-144. [PMID: 31247402 PMCID: PMC7127076 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays diverse roles in the animal kingdom. However, whether ACE plays an immune function against viral infection in vector insects is unclear. In this study, an ACE gene (LsACE) from the small brown planthopper was found to respond to Rice stripe virus (RSV) infection. The enzymatic activities of LsACE were characterized at different pH and temperature. Twenty planthopper proteins were found to interact with LsACE. RSV infection significantly upregulated LsACE expression in the testicle and fat body. When the expression of LsACE in viruliferous planthoppers was inhibited, the RNA level of the RSV SP gene was upregulated 2-fold in planthoppers, and all RSV genes showed higher RNA levels in the rice plants consumed by these planthoppers, leading to a higher viral infection rate and disease rating index. These results indicate that LsACE plays a role in the immune response against RSV transmission by planthoppers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266001, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Luqin Qiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee SJ, Yang YT, Kim S, Lee MR, Kim JC, Park SE, Hossain MS, Shin TY, Nai YS, Kim JS. Transcriptional response of bean bug (Riptortus pedestris) upon infection with entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana JEF-007. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:333-345. [PMID: 29888850 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana has been used as a biocontrol agent for insect pests, but its effect at the molecular level on the hosts has not been studied in detail. Herein, we performed transcriptome analysis of bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in response to infection with a highly virulent strain of B. bassiana JEF-007 (Bb JEF-007). RESULTS Based on RNA-seq data from R. pedestris infected with Bb JEF-007 compared with non-infected bean bugs, infection was assumed to strongly activate (i) the energy production pathway by expressing dehydrogenases, (ii) metabolic pathways by expressing secreted proteins, GTPase, MBF2 transcription factor family, pigment-dispersing factor, antioxidants, and cuticle proteins, and (iii) the immune response pathway by expressing serine-threonine kinase in Toll pathway of bean bug. CONCLUSION We have established the platform for functional studies of the genes required for an immune response against entomopathogenic fungi like B. bassiana in the bean bug, R. pedestris. Moreover, this study also paves the way for genetic modification of B. bassiana to combat with the defense mechanism of R. pedestris. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Yi-Ting Yang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sihyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Mi Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - So Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Muktadir S Hossain
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Tae Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Yu-Shin Nai
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Plant Medical Research Center, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jenoju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Widana Gamage SMK, Rotenberg D, Schneweis DJ, Tsai CW, Dietzgen RG. Transcriptome-wide responses of adult melon thrips (Thrips palmi) associated with capsicum chlorosis virus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208538. [PMID: 30532222 PMCID: PMC6286046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrips palmi is a widely distributed major agricultural pest in the tropics and subtropics, causing significant losses in cucurbit and solanaceous crops through feeding damage and transmission of tospoviruses. Thrips palmi is a vector of capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) in Australia. The present understanding of transmission biology and potential effects of CaCV on T. palmi is limited. To gain insights into molecular responses to CaCV infection, we performed RNA-Seq to identify thrips transcripts that are differentially-abundant during virus infection of adults. De-novo assembly of the transcriptome generated from whole bodies of T. palmi adults generated 166,445 contigs, of which ~24% contained a predicted open reading frame. We identified 1,389 differentially-expressed (DE) transcripts, with comparable numbers up- (708) and down-regulated (681) in virus-exposed thrips compared to non-exposed thrips. Approximately 59% of these DE transcripts had significant matches to NCBI non-redundant proteins (Blastx) and Blast2GO identified provisional functional categories among the up-regulated transcripts in virus-exposed thrips including innate immune response-related genes, salivary gland and/or gut-associated genes and vitellogenin genes. The majority of the immune-related proteins are known to serve functions in lysosome activity and melanisation in insects. Most of the up-regulated oral and extra-oral digestion-associated genes appear to be involved in digestion of proteins, lipids and plant cell wall components which may indirectly enhance the likelihood or frequency of virus transmission or may be involved in the regulation of host defence responses. Most of the down-regulated transcripts fell into the gene ontology functional category of 'structural constituent of cuticle'. Comparison to DE genes responsive to tomato spotted wilt virus in Frankliniella occidentalis indicates conservation of some thrips molecular responses to infection by different tospoviruses. This study assembled the first transcriptome in the genus Thrips and provides important data to broaden our understanding of networks of molecular interactions between thrips and tospoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirani M. K. Widana Gamage
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Derek J. Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Chi-Wei Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou J, Yu HY, Zhang W, Ahmad F, Hu SN, Zhao LL, Zou Z, Sun JH. Comparative analysis of the Monochamus alternatus immune system. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:581-603. [PMID: 28247970 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, is regarded as a notorious forest pest in Asia, vectoring an invasive pathogenic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is known to cause pine wilt disease. However, little sequence information is available for this vector beetle. This hampered the research on its immune system. Based on the transcriptome of M. alternatus, we have identified and characterized 194 immunity-related genes in M. alternatus, and compared them with homologues molecules from other species known to exhibit immune responses against invading microbes. The lower number of putative immunity-related genes in M. alternatus were attributed to fewer C-type lectin, serine protease (SP) and anti-microbial peptide (AMP) genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. alternatus had a unique recognition gene, galectin3, orthologues of which were not identified in Tribolium castaneum, Drosophila melanogastor, Anopheles gambiae and Apis mellifera. This suggested a lineage-specific gene evolution for coleopteran insects. Our study provides the comprehensive sequence resources of the immunity-related genes of M. alternatus, presenting valuable information for better understanding of the molecular mechanism of innate immunity processes in M. alternatus against B. xylophilus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Faheem Ahmad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Song-Nian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yanagawa A, Neyen C, Lemaitre B, Marion-Poll F. The gram-negative sensing receptor PGRP-LC contributes to grooming induction in Drosophila. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185370. [PMID: 29121087 PMCID: PMC5679552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral resistance protects insects from microbial infection. However, signals inducing insect hygiene behavior are still relatively unexplored. Our previous study demonstrated that olfactory signals from microbes enhance insect hygiene behavior, and gustatory signals even induce the behavior. In this paper, we postulated a cross-talk between behavioral resistance and innate immunity. To examine this hypothesis, we employed a previously validated behavioral test to examine the function of taste signals in inducing a grooming reflex in decapitated flies. Microbes, which activate different pattern recognition systems upstream of immune pathways, were applied to see if there was any correlation between microbial perception and grooming reflex. To narrow down candidate elicitors, the grooming induction tests were conducted with highly purified bacterial components. Lastly, the role of DAP-type peptidoglycan in grooming induction was confirmed. Our results demonstrate that cleaning behavior can be triggered through recognition of DAP-type PGN by its receptor PGRP-LC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yanagawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Claudine Neyen
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Marion-Poll
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement & Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- AgroParisTech, Département Sciences de la Vie et Santé, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
He X, Cao X, He Y, Bhattarai K, Rogers J, Hartson S, Jiang H. Hemolymph proteins of Anopheles gambiae larvae infected by Escherichia coli. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:110-124. [PMID: 28431895 PMCID: PMC5531190 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae is a major vector of human malaria and its immune system in part determines the fate of ingested parasites. Proteins, hemocytes and fat body in hemolymph are critical components of this system, mediating both humoral and cellular defenses. Here we assessed differences in the hemolymph proteomes of water- and E. coli-pricked mosquito larvae by a gel-LC-MS approach. Among the 1756 proteins identified, 603 contained a signal peptide but accounted for two-third of the total protein amount on the quantitative basis. The sequence homology search indicated that 233 of the 1756 may be related to defense. In general, we did not detect substantial differences between the control and induced plasma samples in terms of protein numbers or levels. Protein distributions in the gel slices suggested post-translational modifications (e.g. proteolysis) and formation of serpin-protease complexes and high Mr immune complexes. Based on the twenty-five most abundant proteins, we further suggest that major functions of the larval hemolymph are storage, transport, and immunity. In summary, this study provided first data on constitution, levels, and possible functions of hemolymph proteins in the mosquito larvae, reflecting complex changes occurring in the fight against E. coli infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Krishna Bhattarai
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Janet Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Steve Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kruse A, Fattah-Hosseini S, Saha S, Johnson R, Warwick E, Sturgeon K, Mueller L, MacCoss MJ, Shatters RG, Cilia Heck M. Combining 'omics and microscopy to visualize interactions between the Asian citrus psyllid vector and the Huanglongbing pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in the insect gut. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179531. [PMID: 28632769 PMCID: PMC5478155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing, or citrus greening disease, is an economically devastating bacterial disease of citrus. It is associated with infection by the gram-negative bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). CLas is transmitted by Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). For insect transmission to occur, CLas must be ingested during feeding on infected phloem sap and cross the gut barrier to gain entry into the insect vector. To investigate the effects of CLas exposure at the gut-pathogen interface, we performed RNAseq and mass spectrometry-based proteomics to analyze the transcriptome and proteome, respectively, of ACP gut tissue. CLas exposure resulted in changes in pathways involving the TCA cycle, iron metabolism, insecticide resistance and the insect's immune system. We identified 83 long non-coding RNAs that are responsive to CLas, two of which appear to be specific to the ACP. Proteomics analysis also enabled us to determine that Wolbachia, a symbiont of the ACP, undergoes proteome regulation when CLas is present. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed that Wolbachia and CLas inhabit the same ACP gut cells, but do not co-localize within those cells. Wolbachia cells are prevalent throughout the gut epithelial cell cytoplasm, and Wolbachia titer is more variable in the guts of CLas exposed insects. CLas is detected on the luminal membrane, in puncta within the gut epithelial cell cytoplasm, along actin filaments in the gut visceral muscles, and rarely, in association with gut cell nuclei. Our study provides a snapshot of how the psyllid gut copes with CLas exposure and provides information on pathways and proteins for targeted disruption of CLas-vector interactions at the gut interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kruse
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - EricaRose Warwick
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Pathology, University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kasie Sturgeon
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Pathology, University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lukas Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Shatters
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michelle Cilia Heck
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Domingos A, Pinheiro-Silva R, Couto J, do Rosário V, de la Fuente J. The Anopheles gambiae transcriptome - a turning point for malaria control. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:140-151. [PMID: 28067439 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vectors of several pathogens and thereby contribute to the spread of diseases, with social, economic and public health impacts. Amongst the approximately 450 species of Anopheles, about 60 are recognized as vectors of human malaria, the most important parasitic disease. In Africa, Anopheles gambiae is the main malaria vector mosquito. Current malaria control strategies are largely focused on drugs and vector control measures such as insecticides and bed-nets. Improvement of current, and the development of new, mosquito-targeted malaria control methods rely on a better understanding of mosquito vector biology. An organism's transcriptome is a reflection of its physiological state and transcriptomic analyses of different conditions that are relevant to mosquito vector competence can therefore yield important information. Transcriptomic analyses have contributed significant information on processes such as blood-feeding parasite-vector interaction, insecticide resistance, and tissue- and stage-specific gene regulation, thereby facilitating the path towards the development of new malaria control methods. Here, we discuss the main applications of transcriptomic analyses in An. gambiae that have led to a better understanding of mosquito vector competence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Domingos
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Pinheiro-Silva
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Couto
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V do Rosário
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Benoit JB, Vigneron A, Broderick NA, Wu Y, Sun JS, Carlson JR, Aksoy S, Weiss BL. Symbiont-induced odorant binding proteins mediate insect host hematopoiesis. eLife 2017; 6:e19535. [PMID: 28079523 PMCID: PMC5231409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria assist in maintaining homeostasis of the animal immune system. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie symbiont-mediated host immunity are largely unknown. Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) house maternally transmitted symbionts that regulate the development and function of their host's immune system. Herein we demonstrate that the obligate mutualist, Wigglesworthia, up-regulates expression of odorant binding protein six in the gut of intrauterine tsetse larvae. This process is necessary and sufficient to induce systemic expression of the hematopoietic RUNX transcription factor lozenge and the subsequent production of crystal cells, which actuate the melanotic immune response in adult tsetse. Larval Drosophila's indigenous microbiota, which is acquired from the environment, regulates an orthologous hematopoietic pathway in their host. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that underlie enteric symbiont-stimulated systemic immune system development, and indicate that these processes are evolutionarily conserved despite the divergent nature of host-symbiont interactions in these model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Nichole A Broderick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Yineng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Jennifer S Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - John R Carlson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Salgueiro P, Lopes AS, Mendes C, Charlwood JD, Arez AP, Pinto J, Silveira H. Molecular evolution and population genetics of a Gram-negative binding protein gene in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato). Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:515. [PMID: 27658383 PMCID: PMC5034674 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clarifying the role of the innate immune system of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae is a potential way to block the development of the Plasmodium parasites. Pathogen recognition is the first step of innate immune response, where pattern recognition proteins like GNBPs play a central role. RESULTS We analysed 70 sequences of the protein coding gene GNBPB2 from two species, Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii, collected in six African countries. We detected 135 segregating sites defining 63 distinct haplotypes and 30 proteins. Mean nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.014 for both species. We found no significant genetic differentiation between species, but a significant positive correlation between genetic differentiation and geographical distance among populations. CONCLUSIONS Species status seems to contribute less for the molecular differentiation in GNBPB2 than geographical region in the African continent (West and East). Purifying selection was found to be the most common form of selection, as in many other immunity-related genes. Diversifying selection may be also operating in the GNBPB2 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Salgueiro
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Lopes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Mendes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacques Derek Charlwood
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ana Paula Arez
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Henrique Silveira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine Centre (GHTM), Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Duressa TF, Boonen K, Huybrechts R. A quantitative peptidomics approach to unravel immunological functions of angiotensin converting enzyme in Locusta migratoria. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 235:120-129. [PMID: 27320038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Locusta migratoria angiotensin converting enzyme (LmACE) is encoded by multiple exons displaying variable number of genomic duplications. Treatments of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as peptidoglycan but not β-1-3 glucan resulted in enhanced expression of angiotensin converting enzyme in hemocytes of Locusta migratoria. No such effect was observed in fat body cells. Differential peptidomics using locust plasma samples post infection with LPS in combination with both an LmACE transcript knockdown by RNAi and a functional knockdown using captopril allowed the identification of 5 circulating LPS induced peptides which only appear in the hemolymph of locust having full LmACE functionality. As these peptides originate from larger precursor proteins such as locust hemocyanin-like protein, having known antimicrobial properties, the obtained results suggest a possible direct or indirect role of LmACE in the release of these peptides from their precursors. Additionally, this experimental setup confirmed the role of LmACE in the clearance of multiple peptides from the hemolymph.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Firdissa Duressa
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Biology Department, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Almada AA, Tarrant AM. Vibrio elicits targeted transcriptional responses from copepod hosts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw072. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
29
|
Next Generation Sequencing Identifies Five Major Classes of Potentially Therapeutic Enzymes Secreted by Lucilia sericata Medical Maggots. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8285428. [PMID: 27119084 PMCID: PMC4826915 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8285428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lucilia sericata larvae are used as an alternative treatment for recalcitrant and chronic wounds. Their excretions/secretions contain molecules that facilitate tissue debridement, disinfect, or accelerate wound healing and have therefore been recognized as a potential source of novel therapeutic compounds. Among the substances present in excretions/secretions various peptidase activities promoting the wound healing processes have been detected but the peptidases responsible for these activities remain mostly unidentified. To explore these enzymes we applied next generation sequencing to analyze the transcriptomes of different maggot tissues (salivary glands, gut, and crop) associated with the production of excretions/secretions and/or with digestion as well as the rest of the larval body. As a result we obtained more than 123.8 million paired-end reads, which were assembled de novo using Trinity and Oases assemblers, yielding 41,421 contigs with an N50 contig length of 2.22 kb and a total length of 67.79 Mb. BLASTp analysis against the MEROPS database identified 1729 contigs in 577 clusters encoding five peptidase classes (serine, cysteine, aspartic, threonine, and metallopeptidases), which were assigned to 26 clans, 48 families, and 185 peptidase species. The individual enzymes were differentially expressed among maggot tissues and included peptidase activities related to the therapeutic effects of maggot excretions/secretions.
Collapse
|
30
|
Contreras-Garduño J, Rodríguez MC, Hernández-Martínez S, Martínez-Barnetche J, Alvarado-Delgado A, Izquierdo J, Herrera-Ortiz A, Moreno-García M, Velazquez-Meza ME, Valverde V, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodríguez MH, Lanz-Mendoza H. Plasmodium berghei induced priming in Anopheles albimanus independently of bacterial co-infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:172-181. [PMID: 26004500 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Priming in invertebrates is the acquired capacity to better combat a pathogen due to a previous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the same organism. It is proposed to be functionally analogous to immune memory in vertebrates. Previous studies with Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes provide evidence that the inhibitory response to a second challenge by the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei resulted from a sustained activation of hemocytes by midgut bacteria. These bacteria probably accessed the hemolymph during a first aborted infection through lesions produced by parasites invading the midgut. Since the mosquito immune responses to midgut bacteria and Plasmodium overlap, it is difficult to determine the priming responses of each. We herein document priming induced in the aseptic An. albimanus midgut by P. berghei, probably independent of the immune response induced by midgut bacteria. This idea is further evidenced by experiments with Pbs 25-28 knock out parasites (having an impaired capacity for invading the mosquito midgut) and dead ookinetes. Priming protection against a homologous challenge with P. berghei lasted up to 12 days. There was greater incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine into midgut cell nuclei (indicative of DNA synthesis without mitosis) and increased transcription of hnt (a gene required for the endocycle of midgut cells) in primed versus unprimed mosquitoes, suggesting that endoreplication was the underlying mechanism of priming. Moreover, the transcription of hnt and antimicrobial peptides related to an anti-Plasmodium response (attacin, cecropin and gambicin) was enhanced in a biphasic rather than sustained response after priming An. albimanus with P. berghei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Noria Alta, 36050 Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Carmen Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Salvador Hernández-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jesús Martínez-Barnetche
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alvarado-Delgado
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Javier Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Antonia Herrera-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Miguel Moreno-García
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Maria Elena Velazquez-Meza
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Veronica Valverde
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rocio Argotte-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Henry Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, C. P. 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pinheiro-Silva R, Borges L, Coelho LP, Cabezas-Cruz A, Valdés JJ, do Rosário V, de la Fuente J, Domingos A. Gene expression changes in the salivary glands of Anopheles coluzzii elicited by Plasmodium berghei infection. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:485. [PMID: 26395987 PMCID: PMC4580310 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a devastating infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Salivary glands are the only mosquito tissue invaded by Plasmodium sporozoites, being a key stage for the effective parasite transmission, making the study of Anopheles sialome highly relevant. Methods RNA-sequencing was used to compare differential gene expression in salivary glands of uninfected and Plasmodium berghei-infected Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. RNA-seq results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR. The transmembrane glucose transporter gene AGAP007752 was selected for functional analysis by RNA interference. The effect of gene silencing on infection level was evaluated. The putative function and tertiary structure of the protein was assessed. Results RNA-seq data showed that 2588 genes were differentially expressed in mosquitoes salivary glands in response to P. berghei infection, being 1578 upregulated and 1010 downregulated. Metabolism, Immunity, Replication/Transcription/Translation, Proteolysis and Transport were the mosquito gene functional classes more affected by parasite infection. Endopeptidase coding genes were the most abundant within the differentially expressed genes in infected salivary glands (P < 0.001). Based on its putative function and expression level, the transmembrane glucose transporter gene, AGAP007752, was selected for functional analysis by RNA interference. The results demonstrated that the number of sporozoites was 44.3 % lower in mosquitoes fed on infected mice after AGAPP007752 gene knockdown when compared to control (P < 0.01). Conclusions Our hypothesis is that the protein encoded by the gene AGAPP007752 may play a role on An. coluzzii salivary glands infection by Plasmodium parasite, working as a sporozoite receptor and/or promoting a favorable environment for the capacity of sporozoites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1079-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Borges
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal. .,Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Luís Pedro Coelho
- Unidade de Biofísica e Expressão Genética, Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France. .,SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - James J Valdés
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | | | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain. .,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA.
| | - Ana Domingos
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal. .,Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gupta SK, Kupper M, Ratzka C, Feldhaar H, Vilcinskas A, Gross R, Dandekar T, Förster F. Scrutinizing the immune defence inventory of Camponotus floridanus applying total transcriptome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26198742 PMCID: PMC4508827 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defence mechanisms of organisms are shaped by their lifestyle, environment and pathogen pressure. Carpenter ants are social insects which live in huge colonies comprising genetically closely related individuals in high densities within nests. This lifestyle potentially facilitates the rapid spread of pathogens between individuals. In concert with their innate immune system, social insects may apply external immune defences to manipulate the microbial community among individuals and within nests. Additionally, carpenter ants carry a mutualistic intracellular and obligate endosymbiotic bacterium, possibly maintained and regulated by the innate immune system. Thus, different selective forces could shape internal immune defences of Camponotus floridanus. RESULTS The immune gene repertoire of C. floridanus was investigated by re-evaluating its genome sequence combined with a full transcriptome analysis of immune challenged and control animals using Illumina sequencing. The genome was re-annotated by mapping transcriptome reads and masking repeats. A total of 978 protein sequences were characterised further by annotating functional domains, leading to a change in their original annotation regarding function and domain composition in about 8% of all proteins. Based on homology analysis with key components of major immune pathways of insects, the C. floridanus immune-related genes were compared to those of Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera, and other hymenoptera. This analysis revealed that overall the immune system of carpenter ants comprises many components found in these insects. In addition, several C. floridanus specific genes of yet unknown functions but which are strongly induced after immune challenge were discovered. In contrast to solitary insects like Drosophila or the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis, the number of genes encoding pattern recognition receptors specific for bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and a variety of known antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes is lower in C. floridanus. The comparative analysis of gene expression post immune-challenge in different developmental stages of C. floridanus suggests a stronger induction of immune gene expression in larvae in comparison to adults. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of the immune system of C. floridanus with that of other insects revealed the presence of a broad immune repertoire. However, the relatively low number of PGN recognition proteins and AMPs, the identification of Camponotus specific putative immune genes, and stage specific differences in immune gene regulation reflects Camponotus specific evolution including adaptations to its lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shishir K Gupta
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Kupper
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Carolin Ratzka
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Department of Animal Ecology, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Roy Gross
- Department of Microbiology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany. .,EMBL Heidelberg, BioComputing Unit, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Frank Förster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Infection dynamic of symbiotic bacteria in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum gut and host immune response at the early steps in the infection process. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122099. [PMID: 25811863 PMCID: PMC4374939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its obligatory symbiont Buchnera aphidicola, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum can harbor several facultative bacterial symbionts which can be mutualistic in the context of various ecological interactions. Belonging to a genus where many members have been described as pathogen in invertebrates, Serratia symbiotica is one of the most common facultative partners found in aphids. The recent discovery of strains able to grow outside their host allowed us to simulate environmental acquisition of symbiotic bacteria by aphids. Here, we performed an experiment to characterize the A. pisum response to the ingestion of the free-living S. symbiotica CWBI-2.3T in comparison to the ingestion of the pathogenic Serratia marcescens Db11 at the early steps in the infection process. We found that, while S. marcescens Db11 killed the aphids within a few days, S. symbiotica CWBI-2.3T did not affect host survival and colonized the whole digestive tract within a few days. Gene expression analysis of immune genes suggests that S. symbiotica CWBI-2.3T did not trigger an immune reaction, while S. marcescens Db11 did, and supports the hypothesis of a fine-tuning of the host immune response set-up for fighting pathogens while maintaining mutualistic partners. Our results also suggest that the lysosomal system and the JNK pathway are possibly involved in the regulation of invasive bacteria in aphids and that the activation of the JNK pathway is IMD-independent in the pea aphid.
Collapse
|
34
|
Upton LM, Povelones M, Christophides GK. Anopheles gambiae blood feeding initiates an anticipatory defense response to Plasmodium berghei. J Innate Immun 2014; 7:74-86. [PMID: 25247883 DOI: 10.1159/000365331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes have potent innate defense mechanisms that protect them from infection by diverse pathogens. Much remains unknown about how different pathogens are sensed and specific responses triggered. Leucine-Rich repeat IMmune proteins (LRIMs) are a mosquito-specific family of putative innate receptors. Although some LRIMs have been implicated in mosquito immune responses, the function of most family members is largely unknown. We screened Anopheles gambiae LRIMs by RNAi for effects on mosquito infection by rodent malaria and found that LRIM9 is a Plasmodium berghei antagonist with phenotypes distinct from family members LRIM1 and APL1C, which are key components of the mosquito complement-like pathway. LRIM9 transcript and protein levels are significantly increased after blood feeding but are unaffected by Plasmodium or midgut microbiota. Interestingly, LRIM9 in the hemolymph is strongly upregulated by direct injection of the ecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone. Our data suggest that LRIM9 may define a novel anti-Plasmodium immune defense mechanism triggered by blood feeding and that hormonal changes may alert the mosquito to bolster its defenses in anticipation of exposure to blood-borne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanna M Upton
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hu J, Xu Q, Hu S, Yu X, Liang Z, Zhang W. Hemomucin, an O-glycosylated protein on embryos of the wasp Macrocentrus cingulum that protects it against encapsulation by hemocytes of the host Ostrinia furnacalis. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:663-75. [PMID: 24776378 DOI: 10.1159/000360819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how endoparasites passively evade their host's immune reactions in most parasite-host systems. Hemomucin from the parasitoid wasp Macrocentrus cingulum (McHEM) is a 97-kDa transmembrane protein containing 51 potential O-glycosylation sites that can be specifically recognized by Arachis hypogaea lectin. Mchem mRNA is highly expressed in M. cingulum eggs, morulae and secondary embryos, and McHEM protein is mainly located on the extraembryonic membrane of embryos. When secondary embryos of M. cingulum were transplanted into naïve larvae of their host, Ostrinia furnacalis, the embryos proliferated to generate dozens of embryos. However, more than 90% of these embryos were encapsulated by host hemocytes after blocking with anti-McHEM serum. Similarly, following knockdown of Mchem expression using double-stranded RNA encoding Mchem (dshem), many more embryos were encapsulated by host hemocytes after transplantation compared to controls (p < 0.01). Furthermore, approximately 70% of the embryos were encapsulated by host hemocytes following digestion with O-glycosidase, which specifically digests β-gal (1→3) linkages between GalNAc and Ser/Thr of proteins. Western blotting results showed that O-glycosidase digested McHEM into a smaller product. These results indicate that McHEM may protect embryos from being encapsulated by their host and that the McHEM sugar chains play an important role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Grooming Behavior as a Mechanism of Insect Disease Defense. INSECTS 2013; 4:609-30. [PMID: 26462526 PMCID: PMC4553506 DOI: 10.3390/insects4040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Grooming is a well-recognized, multipurpose, behavior in arthropods and vertebrates. In this paper, we review the literature to highlight the physical function, neurophysiological mechanisms, and role that grooming plays in insect defense against pathogenic infection. The intricate relationships between the physical, neurological and immunological mechanisms of grooming are discussed to illustrate the importance of this behavior when examining the ecology of insect-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
|
37
|
Barribeau SM, Schmid-Hempel P. Qualitatively different immune response of the bumblebee host, Bombus terrestris, to infection by different genotypes of the trypanosome gut parasite, Crithidia bombi. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:249-56. [PMID: 24055962 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insects have a complex and highly successful immune system that responds specifically to different types of parasites. Different genotypes of a parasite species can differ in infectivity and virulence; which is important for host-parasite co-evolutionary processes, such as antagonistic, fluctuating selection. Such coevolution obviously requires a genetic basis, but little is known about how hosts immunologically respond to different genotypes. The common European bumblebee Bombus terrestris is infected by the highly prevalent trypanosome gut parasite, Crithidia bombi. Here we examined expression of 26 immunological and metabolic genes in response to infection by two clones of C. bombi and compared that with exposure to injection with a bacterial challenge. Exposure to the two clones of C. bombi elicits qualitatively different immune expression responses. Interestingly, infection with one clone results in up regulation of AMP's similar to bees given the bacterial challenge, while genes related to metabolism, signalling, and other effectors were similar between the two Crithidia exposures. Bees given different challenges were distinct enough to discern using linear discriminant analyses. We also found strong correlations, both positive and negative, among genes, which may shed light on how suites of genes are regulated and trade-offs in expression within this gene set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Barribeau
- Experimental Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brunner FS, Schmid-Hempel P, Barribeau SM. Immune gene expression in Bombus terrestris: signatures of infection despite strong variation among populations, colonies, and sister workers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68181. [PMID: 23869212 PMCID: PMC3712019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological immunology relies on variation in resistance to parasites. Colonies of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris vary in their susceptibility to the trypanosome gut parasite Crithidia bombi, which reduces colony fitness. To understand the possible origin of this variation in resistance we assayed the expression of 28 immunologically important genes in foraging workers. We deliberately included natural variation of the host "environment" by using bees from colonies collected in two locations and sampling active foraging workers that were not age controlled. Immune gene expression patterns in response to C. bombi showed remarkable variability even among genetically similar sisters. Nevertheless, expression varied with parasite exposure, among colonies and, perhaps surprisingly, strongly among populations (collection sites). While only the antimicrobial peptide abaecin is universally up regulated upon exposure, linear discriminant analysis suggests that the overall exposure effect is driven by a combination of several immune pathways and further immune functions such as ROS regulation. Also, the differences among colonies in their immune gene expression profiles provide clues to the mechanistic basis of well-known inter-colony variation in susceptibility to this parasite. Our results show that transcriptional responses to parasite exposure can be detected in ecologically heterogeneous groups despite strong background noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska S. Brunner
- Experimental Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Schmid-Hempel
- Experimental Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Seth M. Barribeau
- Experimental Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: .
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xia J, Zhang CR, Zhang S, Li FF, Feng MG, Wang XW, Liu SS. Analysis of whitefly transcriptional responses to Beauveria bassiana infection reveals new insights into insect-fungus interactions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68185. [PMID: 23861870 PMCID: PMC3702578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, is an efficient biocontrol agent against a variety of agricultural pests. A thorough understanding of the basic principles of insect-fungus interactions may enable the genetic modification of Beauveria bassiana to enhance its virulence. However, the molecular mechanism of insect response to Beauveria bassiana infection is poorly understood, let alone the identification of fungal virulent factors involved in pathogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, next generation sequencing technology was applied to examine the expression of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) genes in response to the infection of Beauveria bassiana. Results showed that, compared to control, 654 and 1,681genes were differentially expressed at 48 hours and 72 hours post-infected whiteflies, respectively. Functional and enrichment analyses indicated that the DNA damage stimulus response and drug metabolism were important anti-fungi strategies of the whitefly. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was also likely involved in the whitefly defense responses. Furthermore, the notable suppression of general metabolism and ion transport genes observed in 72 hours post-infected B. tabaci might be manipulated by fungal secreted effectors. By mapping the sequencing tags to B. bassiana genome, we also identified a number of differentially expressed fungal genes between the early and late infection stages. These genes are generally associated with fungal cell wall synthesis and energy metabolism. The expression of fungal cell wall protein genes might play an important role in fungal pathogenesis and the dramatically up-regulated enzymes of carbon metabolism indicate the increasing usage of energy during the fungal infection. Conclusions/Significance To our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular mechanism of fungus-whitefly interactions. Our results provide a road map for future investigations on insect-pathogen interactions and genetically modifying the fungus to enhance its efficiency in whitefly control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xia
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Rong Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XW); (SL)
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XW); (SL)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cator LJ, George J, Blanford S, Murdock CC, Baker TC, Read AF, Thomas MB. 'Manipulation' without the parasite: altered feeding behaviour of mosquitoes is not dependent on infection with malaria parasites. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130711. [PMID: 23698008 PMCID: PMC3774228 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that Plasmodium parasites can manipulate mosquito feeding behaviours such as probing, persistence and engorgement rate in order to enhance transmission success. Here, we broaden analysis of this ‘manipulation phenotype’ to consider proximate foraging behaviours, including responsiveness to host odours and host location. Using Anopheles stephensi and Plasmodium yoelii as a model system, we demonstrate that mosquitoes with early stage infections (i.e. non-infectious oocysts) exhibit reduced attraction to a human host, whereas those with late-stage infections (i.e. infectious sporozoites) exhibit increased attraction. These stage-specific changes in behaviour were paralleled by changes in the responsiveness of mosquito odourant receptors, providing a possible neurophysiological mechanism for the responses. However, we also found that both the behavioural and neurophysiological changes could be generated by immune challenge with heat-killed Escherichia coli and were thus not tied explicitly to the presence of malaria parasites. Our results support the hypothesis that the feeding behaviour of female mosquitoes is altered by Plasmodium, but question the extent to which this is owing to active manipulation by malaria parasites of host behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Cator
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Contreras E, Rausell C, Real MD. Proteome response of Tribolium castaneum larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin producing strains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55330. [PMID: 23372850 PMCID: PMC3555829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum (Tc) larvae was determined against spore-crystal mixtures of five coleopteran specific and one lepidopteran specific Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxin producing strains and those containing the structurally unrelated Cry3Ba and Cry23Aa/Cry37Aa proteins were found toxic (LC(50) values 13.53 and 6.30 µg spore-crystal mixture/µL flour disc, respectively). Using iTRAQ combined with LC-MS/MS allowed the discovery of seven novel differentially expressed proteins in early response of Tc larvae to the two active spore-crystal mixtures. Proteins showing a statistically significant change in treated larvae compared to non-intoxicated larvae fell into two major categories; up-regulated proteins were involved in host defense (odorant binding protein C12, apolipophorin-III and chemosensory protein 18) and down-regulated proteins were linked to metabolic pathways affecting larval metabolism and development (pyruvate dehydrogenase Eα subunit, cuticular protein, ribosomal protein L13a and apolipoprotein LI-II). Among increased proteins, Odorant binding protein C12 showed the highest change, 4-fold increase in both toxin treatments. The protein displayed amino acid sequence and structural homology to Tenebrio molitor 12 kDa hemolymph protein b precursor, a non-olfactory odorant binding protein. Analysis of mRNA expression and mortality assays in Odorant binding protein C12 silenced larvae were consistent with a general immune defense function of non-olfactory odorant binding proteins. Regarding down-regulated proteins, at the transcriptional level, pyruvate dehydrogenase and cuticular genes were decreased in Tc larvae exposed to the Cry3Ba producing strain compared to the Cry23Aa/Cry37Aa producing strain, which may contribute to the developmental arrest that we observed with larvae fed the Cry3Ba producing strain. Results demonstrated a distinct host transcriptional regulation depending upon the Cry toxin treatment. Knowledge on how insects respond to Bt intoxication will allow designing more effective management strategies for pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Contreras
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Rausell
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - M. Dolores Real
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Akhoundi M, Bakhtiari R, Guillard T, Baghaei A, Tolouei R, Sereno D, Toubas D, Depaquit J, Abyaneh MR. Diversity of the bacterial and fungal microflora from the midgut and cuticle of phlebotomine sand flies collected in North-Western Iran. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50259. [PMID: 23226255 PMCID: PMC3511470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies are the vectors of the leishmaniases, parasitic diseases caused by Leishmania spp. Little is known about the prevalence and diversity of sand fly microflora colonizing the midgut or the cuticle. Particularly, there is little information on the fungal diversity. This information is important for development of vector control strategies. Methodology/Principal Findings Five sand fly species: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. sergenti, P. kandelakii, P. perfiliewi and P. halepensis were caught in Bileh Savar and Kaleybar in North-Western Iran that are located in endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis. A total of 35 specimens were processed. Bacterial and fungal strains were identified by routine microbiological methods. We characterized 39 fungal isolates from the cuticle and/or the midgut. They belong to six different genera including Penicillium (17 isolates), Aspergillus (14), Acremonium (5), Fusarium (1), Geotrichum (1) and Candida (1). We identified 33 Gram-negative bacteria: Serratia marcescens (9 isolates), Enterobacter cloacae (6), Pseudomonas fluorescens (6), Klebsiella ozaenae (4), Acinetobacter sp. (3), Escherichia coli (3), Asaia sp. (1) and Pantoea sp. (1) as well as Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (5) and Micrococcus luteus (5) in 10 isolates. Conclusion/Significance Our study provides new data on the microbiotic diversity of field-collected sand flies and for the first time, evidence of the presence of Asaia sp. in sand flies. We have also found a link between physiological stages (unfed, fresh fed, semi gravid and gravid) of sand flies and number of bacteria that they carry. Interestingly Pantoea sp. and Klebsiella ozaenae have been isolated in Old World sand fly species. The presence of latter species on sand fly cuticle and in the female midgut suggests a role for this arthropod in dissemination of these pathogenic bacteria in endemic areas. Further experiments are required to clearly delineate the vectorial role (passive or active) of sand flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 - USC, Transmission Vectorielle et Epidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires (VECPAR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Reims, France
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rounak Bakhtiari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health and Institute Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Guillard
- UFR Médecine, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Ahmad Baghaei
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Tolouei
- Mycology and Parasitology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Toubas
- Unité MEDyC, FRE 3481 URCA CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ANSES, EA4688 - USC, Transmission Vectorielle et Epidémiosurveillance de Maladies Parasitaires (VECPAR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, Reims, France
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Murdock CC, Paaijmans KP, Bell AS, King JG, Hillyer JF, Read AF, Thomas MB. Complex effects of temperature on mosquito immune function. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3357-66. [PMID: 22593107 PMCID: PMC3385736 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, ecological immunology has provided much insight into how environmental factors shape host immunity and host–parasite interactions. Currently, the application of this thinking to the study of mosquito immunology has been limited. Mechanistic investigations are nearly always conducted under one set of conditions, yet vectors and parasites associate in a variable world. We highlight how environmental temperature shapes cellular and humoral immune responses (melanization, phagocytosis and transcription of immune genes) in the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Nitric oxide synthase expression peaked at 30°C, cecropin expression showed no main effect of temperature and humoral melanization, and phagocytosis and defensin expression peaked around 18°C. Further, immune responses did not simply scale with temperature, but showed complex interactions between temperature, time and nature of immune challenge. Thus, immune patterns observed under one set of conditions provide little basis for predicting patterns under even marginally different conditions. These quantitative and qualitative effects of temperature have largely been overlooked in vector biology but have significant implications for extrapolating natural/transgenic resistance mechanisms from laboratory to field and for the efficacy of various vector control tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Murdock
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Merkle Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhao P, Dong Z, Duan J, Wang G, Wang L, Li Y, Xiang Z, Xia Q. Genome-wide identification and immune response analysis of serine protease inhibitor genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31168. [PMID: 22348050 PMCID: PMC3278429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most insect species, a variety of serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) have been found in multiple tissues, including integument, gonad, salivary gland, and hemolymph, and are required for preventing unwanted proteolysis. These SPIs belong to different families and have distinct inhibitory mechanisms. Herein, we predicted and characterized potential SPI genes based on the genome sequences of silkworm, Bombyx mori. As a result, a total of eighty SPI genes were identified in B. mori. These SPI genes contain 10 kinds of SPI domains, including serpin, Kunitz_BPTI, Kazal, TIL, amfpi, Bowman-Birk, Antistasin, WAP, Pacifastin, and alpha-macroglobulin. Sixty-three SPIs contain single SPI domain while the others have at least two inhibitor units. Some SPIs also contain non-inhibitor domains for protein-protein interactions, including EGF, ADAM_spacer, spondin_N, reeler, TSP_1 and other modules. Microarray analysis showed that fourteen SPI genes from lineage-specific TIL family and Group F of serpin family had enriched expression in the silk gland. The roles of SPIs in resisting pathogens were investigated in silkworms when they were infected by four pathogens. Microarray and qRT-PCR experiments revealed obvious up-regulation of 8, 4, 3 and 3 SPI genes after infection with Escherichia coli, Bacillus bombysepticus, Beauveria bassiana or B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), respectively. On the contrary, 4, 11, 7 and 9 SPI genes were down-regulated after infection with E. coli, B. bombysepticus, B. bassiana or BmNPV, respectively. These results suggested that these SPI genes may be involved in resistance to pathogenic microorganisms. These findings may provide valuable information for further clarifying the roles of SPIs in the development, immune defence, and efficient synthesis of silk gland protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu BL, Tzeng YM. Development and applications of destruxins: a review. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:1242-54. [PMID: 22079799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The insecticidal and phytotoxic activities of destruxins (dtxs) have been well studied. The cyclodepsipeptides, which are dtxs mainly isolated from the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and other fungi, have been well characterized in vitro and in vivo. A succession of important function, such as antitumoral, antiviral, insecticidal, cytotoxic, immunosuppressant, phytotoxic, and antiproliferative effects have been observed. To date, 39 dtxs derivatives have been identified. Dtxs possess a variety of biological activities, including acting as virulence factors for specific insects, a V-ATPase inhibitor that provides a basis for the development of new drug to against osteoporosis, cancer, or biological control agents, etc. Here, we focus on some of the research progress made on understanding dtxs during the last decade, introduce some of the newly identified dtx members, especially from M. anisopliae, and give an overview of the applications of dtxs. Using the dtxs to learn about and moderate biological events has advanced significantly during the past year. We believe that several ongoing dtx application fields may benefit from the reviewed information herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Lan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Etebari K, Palfreyman RW, Schlipalius D, Nielsen LK, Glatz RV, Asgari S. Deep sequencing-based transcriptome analysis of Plutella xylostella larvae parasitized by Diadegma semiclausum. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:446. [PMID: 21906285 PMCID: PMC3184118 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasitoid insects manipulate their hosts' physiology by injecting various factors into their host upon parasitization. Transcriptomic approaches provide a powerful approach to study insect host-parasitoid interactions at the molecular level. In order to investigate the effects of parasitization by an ichneumonid wasp (Diadegma semiclausum) on the host (Plutella xylostella), the larval transcriptome profile was analyzed using a short-read deep sequencing method (Illumina). Symbiotic polydnaviruses (PDVs) associated with ichneumonid parasitoids, known as ichnoviruses, play significant roles in host immune suppression and developmental regulation. In the current study, D. semiclausum ichnovirus (DsIV) genes expressed in P. xylostella were identified and their sequences compared with other reported PDVs. Five of these genes encode proteins of unknown identity, that have not previously been reported. Results De novo assembly of cDNA sequence data generated 172,660 contigs between 100 and 10000 bp in length; with 35% of > 200 bp in length. Parasitization had significant impacts on expression levels of 928 identified insect host transcripts. Gene ontology data illustrated that the majority of the differentially expressed genes are involved in binding, catalytic activity, and metabolic and cellular processes. In addition, the results show that transcription levels of antimicrobial peptides, such as gloverin, cecropin E and lysozyme, were up-regulated after parasitism. Expression of ichnovirus genes were detected in parasitized larvae with 19 unique sequences identified from five PDV gene families including vankyrin, viral innexin, repeat elements, a cysteine-rich motif, and polar residue rich protein. Vankyrin 1 and repeat element 1 genes showed the highest transcription levels among the DsIV genes. Conclusion This study provides detailed information on differential expression of P. xylostella larval genes following parasitization, DsIV genes expressed in the host and also improves our current understanding of this host-parasitoid interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Behura SK, Haugen M, Flannery E, Sarro J, Tessier CR, Severson DW, Duman-Scheel M. Comparative genomic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster and vector mosquito developmental genes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21504. [PMID: 21754989 PMCID: PMC3130749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing projects have presented the opportunity for analysis of developmental genes in three vector mosquito species: Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles gambiae. A comparative genomic analysis of developmental genes in Drosophila melanogaster and these three important vectors of human disease was performed in this investigation. While the study was comprehensive, special emphasis centered on genes that 1) are components of developmental signaling pathways, 2) regulate fundamental developmental processes, 3) are critical for the development of tissues of vector importance, 4) function in developmental processes known to have diverged within insects, and 5) encode microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate developmental transcripts in Drosophila. While most fruit fly developmental genes are conserved in the three vector mosquito species, several genes known to be critical for Drosophila development were not identified in one or more mosquito genomes. In other cases, mosquito lineage-specific gene gains with respect to D. melanogaster were noted. Sequence analyses also revealed that numerous repetitive sequences are a common structural feature of Drosophila and mosquito developmental genes. Finally, analysis of predicted miRNA binding sites in fruit fly and mosquito developmental genes suggests that the repertoire of developmental genes targeted by miRNAs is species-specific. The results of this study provide insight into the evolution of developmental genes and processes in dipterans and other arthropods, serve as a resource for those pursuing analysis of mosquito development, and will promote the design and refinement of functional analysis experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanta K. Behura
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Morgan Haugen
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ellen Flannery
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph Sarro
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Tessier
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David W. Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Molly Duman-Scheel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pitts RJ, Rinker DC, Jones PL, Rokas A, Zwiebel LJ. Transcriptome profiling of chemosensory appendages in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae reveals tissue- and sex-specific signatures of odor coding. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:271. [PMID: 21619637 PMCID: PMC3126782 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemosensory signal transduction guides the behavior of many insects, including Anopheles gambiae, the major vector for human malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. To better understand the molecular basis of mosquito chemosensation we have used whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to compare transcript expression profiles between the two major chemosensory tissues, the antennae and maxillary palps, of adult female and male An. gambiae. Results We compared chemosensory tissue transcriptomes to whole body transcriptomes of each sex to identify chemosensory enhanced genes. In the six data sets analyzed, we detected expression of nearly all known chemosensory genes and found them to be highly enriched in both olfactory tissues of males and females. While the maxillary palps of both sexes demonstrated strict chemosensory gene expression overlap, we observed acute differences in sensory specialization between male and female antennae. The relatively high expression levels of chemosensory genes in the female antennae reveal its role as an organ predominately assigned to chemosensation. Remarkably, the expression of these genes was highly conserved in the male antennae, but at much lower relative levels. Alternatively, consistent with a role in mating, the male antennae displayed significant enhancement of genes involved in audition, while the female enhancement of these genes was observed, but to a lesser degree. Conclusions These findings suggest that the chemoreceptive spectrum, as defined by gene expression profiles, is largely similar in female and male An. gambiae. However, assuming sensory receptor expression levels are correlated with sensitivity in each case, we posit that male and female antennae are perceptive to the same stimuli, but possess inverse receptive prioritizations and sensitivities. Here we have demonstrated the use of RNA-seq to characterize the sensory specializations of an important disease vector and grounded future studies investigating chemosensory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Jason Pitts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
De Zoysa M, Nikapitiya C, Oh C, Lee Y, Whang I, Lee JS, Choi CY, Lee J. Microarray analysis of gene expression in disk abalone Haliotis discus discus after bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:661-673. [PMID: 21215803 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the gene expression profiling of disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus challenged by a mixture of three pathogenic bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, and Listeria monocytogenes using a cDNA microarray. Upon bacteria challenge, 68 (1.6%) and 112 (2.7%) gene transcripts changed their expression levels ≥2 or ≤2 -fold in gills and digestive tract, respectively. There were 46 tissue-specific transcripts that up-regulated specifically in the digestive tract. In contrast, only 13 transcripts showed gill-specific up-regulation. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to verify microarray data and results revealed that candidate genes namely Krüppell-like factor (KLF), lachesin, muscle lim protein, thioredoxin-2 (TRx-2), nuclear factor interleukin 3 (NFIL-3) and abalone protein 38 were up-regulated. Also, our results further indicated that bacteria challenge may activate the transcription factors or their activators (Krüppell-like factor, inhibitor of NF-κB or Ik-B), inflammatory cytokines (IL-3 regulated protein, allograft inflammatory factor), other cytokines (IFN-44-like protein, SOCS-2), antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, thioredoxin-2 and thioredoxin peroxidase), and apoptosis-related proteins (TNF-α, archeron) in abalone. The identification of immune and stress response genes and their expression profiles in this microarray will permit detailed investigation of the stress and immune responses of abalone genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahanama De Zoysa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zheng LP, Hou L, Chang AK, Yu M, Ma J, Li X, Zou XY. Expression pattern of a Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein in early embryonic development of Artemia sinica and after bacterial challenge. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:35-43. [PMID: 20699104 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs) are important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in invertebrate innate immune systems. These immune proteins are capable of identifying and binding to specific targets on the surface of microorganisms, and thereby trigger a variety of defense reactions through the activation of protease cascades and intracellular immune signaling pathways. In this paper, a full-length cDNA of GNBP coding for a conserved β-glucan-binding domain was isolated from Artemia sinica. Bioinformatic analysis showed that it belonged to a new member of the GNBP family. The expression of GNBP was investigated at various stages during the embryonic development of A. sinica using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry assay. The result showed that the highest expression level was on the 10th day of the embryo. The larvae showed a remarkable down-regulation of GNBP transcript after challenged with Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, the level of GNBP transcript in the larvae increased gradually after challenged with Gram-positive bacteria. Immunohistochemistry assay showed that during embryonic development, GNBP protein was mainly expressed in the head, thorax, and on the alimentary canal surface. This new GNBP member showed a constitutive and regional expression during the early embryonic development of A. sinica, and may therefore play an important role at the adult stage, as well as during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ping Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, No. 850 Huanghe Road, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|