1
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Abouelnaga AM, El Nahrawy AM. Spectroscopic investigation, dielectric and antimicrobial properties of chitin-cellulose@ZnO/CuO conductive nanocomposites. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124646. [PMID: 38875926 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In this research, we fabricated a functional conductive nanocomposite with valuable properties through a chitin (CH) and cellulose (CE) polymerization process, incorporating ZnO/(0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mol.%) CuO bioactive nanoparticles. These bioactive nanoparticles, synthesized through sol-gel and polymerization interactions, greatly enhanced the structural, dielectric, and antimicrobial characteristics of CH-CE@ZnO/CuO conductive nanocomposites. The morphological analysis revealed that these nanoparticles, with diameters ranging from 11-25 nm, formed covalent bonds with the membrane matrix, bolstering the conductive nanocomposites ' structural integrity and dielectric performance. The dielectric properties of the conductive nanocomposites were significantly enhanced by the even distribution of ZnO/CuO nanoparticles within the CH-CE composite. Additionally, antimicrobial assessments demonstrated that the CH-CE@ZnO/CuO conductive nanocomposites displayed significant antibacterial properties against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, showcasing their potential as active packaging materials for electronic, biosensors, and sustainable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amany M El Nahrawy
- Solid State Physics Department, Physics Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
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2
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Hemmami H, Ben Amor I, Zeghoud S, Ben Amor A, Laouini SE, Alsalme A, Cornu D, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Chitosan extraction from Amanita phalloides: yield, crystallinity, degree of deacetylation, azo dye removal and antibacterial properties. Front Chem 2024; 12:1353524. [PMID: 38961857 PMCID: PMC11221422 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1353524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a biopolymer obtained from chitin, is known for its remarkable adsorption abilities for dyes, drugs, and fats, and its diverse array of antibacterial characteristics. This study explores the extraction and characterization of chitosan from the mycelium of Amanita phalloides. The moisture content, ash content, water binding capacity, fat binding capacity, and degree of deacetylation of the extracted chitosan were determined. The chitosan exhibited a high yield of 70%, crystallinity of 49.07%, a degree of deacetylation of 86%, and potent antimicrobial properties against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The study also examined the adsorption capabilities of chitosan to remove methylene blue (MB) dye by analysing specific factors like pH, reaction time, and MB concentration using the response surface model. The highest degree of MB dye removal was 91.6% at a pH of 6, a reaction time of around 60 min and an initial dye concentration of 16 ppm. This experimental design can be applied for chitosan adsorption of other organic compounds such as dyes, proteins, drugs, and fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadia Hemmami
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Ilham Ben Amor
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Soumeia Zeghoud
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Asma Ben Amor
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development Unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Salah Eddine Laouini
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Biomaterials and Condensed Materials, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Ali Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Cornu
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR 5635, University Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), UMR 5635, University Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Gulf University for Science and Technology, GUST, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, Kuwait
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Triunfo M, Guarnieri A, Ianniciello D, Coltelli MB, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, De Bonis A, Falabella P. A comprehensive characterization of Hermetia illucens derived chitosan produced through homogeneous deacetylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132669. [PMID: 38801847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for chitin and chitosan is driving research to explore alternative sources to crustaceans. Insects, particularly bioconverters as Hermetia illucens, are promising substitutes as they process food industry waste into valuable molecules, including chitin. Chitosan can be produced by chitin deacetylation: hot deacetylation to obtain a heterogeneous chitosan, the commonly produced, and cold deacetylation to obtain a homogeneous chitosan, not widely available. The two different treatments lead to a different arrangement of the amine and acetyl groups in the chitosan structure, affecting its molecular weight, deacetylation degree, and biological activity. This is the first report on the production and chemical-physical and biological characterization of homogenous chitosan derived from H. illucens larvae, pupal exuviae, and adults. This work, in addition to the report on heterogeneous chitosan by our research group, completes the overview of H. illucens chitosan. The yield values obtained for homogeneous chitosan from pupal exuviae (3 and 7 %) are in the range of insect (2-8 %) and crustaceans (4-15 %) chitosan. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Micrococcus flavus) bacteria confirmed the great versatility of H. illucens chitosan for biomedical and industrial applications and its suitability as an alternative source to crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Triunfo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna Guarnieri
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Dolores Ianniciello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa - Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Angela De Bonis
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata - Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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4
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Rasweefali MK, Sabu S, Sreedevi OK, Rahman MKR, Shabeeba TK, Anoop KK, Sasidharan A, Sunooj KV. Influence of chitosan properties and operating parameters on the flocculation efficiency and harvesting of microalgae (Scenedesmus sp.). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132894. [PMID: 38844285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Physicochemical and structural characteristics of chitosan prepared from Deep-sea shrimp (DCs), including degree of deacetylation (DD), molecular weight (Mw), viscosity, crystallinity index (CrI) and surface morphology were compared with a commercial chitosan (CCs). The DCs had a higher DD of 81.33 ± 0.40 %, whereas the CCs had a lower DD of 74.62 ± 0.64 %. Additionally, the DCs exhibited a lower Mw of 192.47 ± 2.5 kDa and viscosity of 646.00 ± 4.00 cP compared to the CCs, which had a Mw of 202.44 ± 0.28 kDa and viscosity of 689.67 ± 5.91 cP. This study investigated the influence of chitosan properties, particularly DD and Mw on the harvesting of Scenedesmus sp. along with the chitosan dosage, pH of the culture medium, mixing speed and time. Under optimal operating conditions, the microalgae removal efficiency of the DCs reached a significantly higher level (94.71 ± 0.20 %) compared to that of CCs (88.25 ± 0.41 %). Chitosan with a higher DD and low Mw demonstrated superior flocculation efficiency. The results highlight the significance of DD and Mw of chitosan and its influence on the flocculation of microalgae, providing valuable insights for optimizing the harvesting process with the non-toxic and natural flocculent, chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Rasweefali
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, Kerala 682 016, India.
| | - S Sabu
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, Kerala 682 016, India.
| | - O K Sreedevi
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Cochin, Kerala 682 016, India
| | - M K Raseel Rahman
- Department of Physics, Ansar Women's College, Thrissur, Kerala 680519, India
| | - T K Shabeeba
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - K K Anoop
- Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala 682 022, India
| | - A Sasidharan
- Department of Fish Processing Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Cochin, Kerala 682 506, India
| | - K V Sunooj
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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5
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Rahman MM, Byanju B, Lamsal BP. Protein, lipid, and chitin fractions from insects: Method of extraction, functional properties, and potential applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6415-6431. [PMID: 36691837 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2168620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects are accepted as food and feed ingredients in many parts of the world. Insects account for more than 80% of animal kingdom providing rich biodiversity of protein and lipid profiles compared to conventional livestock. Insect biomasses contain an average of 35-62% protein, 3-57% lipid, and 3-12% chitin, and their nutritional values are widely recognized due to their presence, including minerals, and vitamins. While whole insects are consumed as eggs, larvae, pupae, or adults, there has been a recent uptick in interest to use fractions, e.g., protein, lipid, and chitin, as food and feed ingredients. To utilize these fractions in various food and feed preparations, a deeper understanding of the physicochemical as well as functional properties of the ingredients is required, which are generally impacted by extraction and preparation processes. Thus, the methods of extraction/purification are important to preserve the quality and functional properties of these ingredients. This paper discusses the extraction methods for insect protein, lipid, and chitin, their functional properties, and potential applications in food and feed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahfuzur Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Bibek Byanju
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Buddhi P Lamsal
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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6
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Mei Z, Kuzhir P, Godeau G. Update on Chitin and Chitosan from Insects: Sources, Production, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:297. [PMID: 38786507 PMCID: PMC11118814 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9050297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects, renowned for their abundant and renewable biomass, stand at the forefront of biomimicry-inspired research and offer promising alternatives for chitin and chitosan production considering mounting environmental concerns and the inherent limitations of conventional sources. This comprehensive review provides a meticulous exploration of the current state of insect-derived chitin and chitosan, focusing on their sources, production methods, characterization, physical and chemical properties, and emerging biomedical applications. Abundant insect sources of chitin and chitosan, from the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Dictyoptera, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera orders, were comprehensively summarized. A variety of characterization techniques, including spectroscopy, chromatography, and microscopy, were used to reveal their physical and chemical properties like molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, and crystallinity, laying a solid foundation for their wide application, especially for the biomimetic design process. The examination of insect-derived chitin and chitosan extends into a wide realm of biomedical applications, highlighting their unique advantages in wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and antimicrobial therapies. Their intrinsic biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties position them as promising candidates for innovative solutions in diverse medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Mei
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 Institut de Physique de Nice, 17 rue Julien Laupêtre, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Pavel Kuzhir
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 Institut de Physique de Nice, 17 rue Julien Laupêtre, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Guilhem Godeau
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 Institut de Physique de Nice, 17 rue Julien Laupêtre, 06200 Nice, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institut Méditerranéen du Risque de l’Environnement et du Développement Durable, 9 rue Julien Laupêtre, 06200 Nice, France
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7
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Sharaf M, Zahra AA, Alharbi M, Mekky AE, Shehata AM, Alkhudhayri A, Ali AM, Al Suhaimi EA, Zakai SA, Al Harthi N, Liu CG. Bee chitosan nanoparticles loaded with apitoxin as a novel approach to eradication of common human bacterial, fungal pathogens and treating cancer. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345478. [PMID: 38559346 PMCID: PMC10978808 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the largest medical challenges because of the rising frequency of opportunistic human microbial infections across the globe. This study aimed to extract chitosan from the exoskeletons of dead bees and load it with bee venom (commercially available as Apitoxin [Api]). Then, the ionotropic gelation method would be used to form nanoparticles that could be a novel drug-delivery system that might eradicate eight common human pathogens (i.e., two fungal and six bacteria strains). It might also be used to treat the human colon cancer cell line (Caco2 ATCC ATP-37) and human liver cancer cell line (HepG2ATCC HB-8065) cancer cell lines. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) properties, ζ-potentials, and surface appearances of the nanoparticles were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR and XRD validated that the Api was successfully encapsulated in the chitosan nanoparticles (ChB NPs). According to the TEM, the ChB NPs and the ChB NPs loaded with Apitoxin (Api@ChB NPs) had a spherical shape and uniform size distribution, with non-aggregation, for an average size of approximately 182 and 274 ± 3.8 nm, respectively, and their Zeta potential values were 37.8 ± 1.2 mV and - 10.9 mV, respectively. The Api@ChB NPs had the greatest inhibitory effect against all tested strains compared with the ChB NPs and Api alone. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the Api, ChB NPs, and Api@ChB NPs were evaluated against the offer mentioned colony forming units (CFU/mL), and their lowest MIC values were 30, 25, and 12.5 μg mL-1, respectively, against Enterococcus faecalis. Identifiable morphological features of apoptosis were observed by 3 T3 Phototox software after Api@ChB NPs had been used to treat the normal Vero ATCC CCL-81, Caco2 ATCC ATP-37, and HepG2 ATCC HB-8065 cancer cell lines for 24 h. The morphological changes were clear in a concentration-dependent manner, and the ability of the cells was 250 to 500 μg mL-1. These results revealed that Api@ChB NPs may be a promising natural nanotreatment for common human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharaf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, AL-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A. Zahra
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, AL-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alsayed E. Mekky
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrazeq M. Shehata
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulsalam Alkhudhayri
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Ali
- Department of Biology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtesam A. Al Suhaimi
- Vice Presidency for Scientific Research and Innovation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz and his Companions Foundation for Giftedness and Creativity “Mawhiba”, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadi A. Zakai
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Al Harthi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen-Guang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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8
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Santhosh R, Sarkar P. Fabrication of jamun seed starch/tamarind kernel xyloglucan bio-nanocomposite films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles and their application on sapota (Manilkara zapota) fruits. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129625. [PMID: 38266863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The present work develops bio-nanocomposite packaging films by valorizing agricultural byproducts jamun seed starch (JaSS) and tamarind kernel xyloglucan (XG), and adding varying concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs). The blending of JaSS and XG promotes a dense polymer network in the composite films with enhanced packaging attributes. However, ChNPs incorporation significantly reduced the viscosity and dynamic moduli of the JaSS/XG film-forming solutions. The FTIR and XRD results reveal improved intermolecular interactions and crystallinity. The DSC and TGA thermograms showed improved thermal stability in the ChNP-loaded JaSS/XG films. The addition of 3 % w/w ChNPs significantly enhanced the tensile strength (20.42 MPa), elastic modulus (0.8 GPa), and contact angle (89°), along with reduced water vapor transmission rate (13.26 g/h.m2) of the JaSS/XG films. The films exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. More interestingly, the JaSS/XG/ChNPs coating on the sapota fruits retarded the weight loss and color change up to 12 days of storage. Overall, the JaSS/XG/ChNP bio-nanocomposites are promising packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Santhosh
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India
| | - Preetam Sarkar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India.
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Mostafa NA, Hamdi SAH, Fol MF. Potential anthelmintic effect of chitosan on Syphacia muris infecting Wistar rats: biochemical, immunological, and histopathological studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2825. [PMID: 38310115 PMCID: PMC10838320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products extracted from animal sources have many biological activities, such as chitosan, which is being researched for its medicinal or therapeutic potential. Syphacia muris is the most well-known intestinal nematode, infecting laboratory rats and influencing their immune systems. In this study, we looked at the anthelminthic activity of chitosan particles against S. muris infection using biochemical, immunological, and histopathological methods. Chitosan particles were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Rats were separated into four groups, each consisting of seven individuals (n = 7). The first group was the control (non-infected), the second group was infected, and both groups received 0.5 ml of 1% glacial acetic acid orally. The third group was the infected group (treated), and the fourth group (normal) received 0.5 ml of 30 mg/kg/day chitosan dissolved in 1% glacial acetic acid for 14 days using gavage. Liver and kidney parameters, oxidative stress markers, serum levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, and IL-10), as well as immunoglobulins (total IgE and IgG), were assessed. Histological examinations of host tissues (intestine, liver, kidney, and spleen) were also performed. Following chitosan treatment, a significant decrease in worm count (P < 0.05) was indicated; this was associated with an enhancement of biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers, which were altered due to infection. Moreover, immunological analysis revealed a significant drop in INF-γ, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 levels and total immunoglobulins (IgE and IgG) as well as an improvement in rat tissues. Conclusively, this study showed the anthelminthic effect of chitosan against S. muris infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesma A Mostafa
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Salwa A H Hamdi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona F Fol
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Poughella S, Ngomo O, Tsatsop RK, Meple S, Emmanuel T, Sieliechi J. Formulation of an antiseptic topical cream based on chitosan extracted from the scales of the Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38284778 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2308720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The Nile tilapia is a widely consumed fish, its scales dumped in nature as waste have been recovered in the formulation of antiseptic creams because of its high content in chitin, precursor of chitosan. Creams have the advantage of being more comfortable on the skin and allow prolonged administration of the active ingredient. Chitosan is obtained with a yield of 21.2%. FTIR analysis of chitosan showed numerous bands of phase groups present and a successful deacetylation assessed on the intensity of the bands at 1650 cm-1 and 1315 cm-1 and confirm by SEM analysis with an abundance of Carbone followed by EDS analysis. Solubilisation of chitosan in 2% acetic acid at 96% and the antibacterial activity test revealed antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli. The viscosity and the optimum spreading capacity of the cream base has been obtained at 14.65% for sesame oil, 9.08% for lanette and 1.26% for glycerine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzane Poughella
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Orléans Ngomo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Roli Karole Tsatsop
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Stéphane Meple
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Talla Emmanuel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Sieliechi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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Mannucci A, Panariello L, Abenaim L, Coltelli MB, Ranieri A, Conti B, Santin M, Castagna A. From Food Waste to Functional Biopolymers: Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan Produced from Prepupae of Black Soldier Fly Reared with Different Food Waste-Based Diets. Foods 2024; 13:278. [PMID: 38254579 PMCID: PMC10814476 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of food waste as a rearing substrate to grow insects is an ecofriendly and sustainable alternative to food waste disposal. In the present research, Hermetia illucens prepupae were reared with a standard diet, different food waste-based diets based on vegetables, fruits, and meat, and a mixed one, where the previous three components were present equally. The demineralization and deproteination of the prepupae allowed for the obtainment of chitin that was then deacetylated to produce chitosan. Also, the bleaching of chitosan was attempted for further purification. The yield of the different reactions was investigated, and the infrared spectra of the obtained materials were analyzed to obtain information on the quantity and acetylation degree trend of the chitin and chitosan as a function of the diet. The possibility to slightly modulate the yield and acetylation degree of both biopolymers thanks to the specific diet was enlightened. Interestingly, the standard diet resulted in the highest fraction of chitin having the highest acetylation degree, and in the highest fraction of chitosan having the lowest acetylation degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Mannucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.A.); (A.R.); (B.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Linda Abenaim
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.A.); (A.R.); (B.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (L.P.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.A.); (A.R.); (B.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Barbara Conti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.A.); (A.R.); (B.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Santin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.A.); (A.R.); (B.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Castagna
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.A.); (A.R.); (B.C.); (A.C.)
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12
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Fernando SS, Jo C, Mudannayake DC, Jayasena DD. An overview of the potential application of chitosan in meat and meat products. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121477. [PMID: 37985042 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is considered the second most ubiquitous polysaccharide next to cellulose. It has gained prominence in various industries including biomedicine, textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and notably, the food industry over the last few decades. The polymer's continual attention within the food industry can be attributed to the increasing popularity of greener means of packaging and demand for foods incorporated with natural alternatives instead of synthetic additives. Its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and film-forming abilities reinforced by the polymer's biocompatible, biodegradable, and nontoxic nature have fostered its usage in food packaging and preservation. Microbial activity and lipid oxidation significantly influence the shelf-life of meat, resulting in unfavorable changes in nutritional and sensory properties during storage. In this review, the scientific studies published in recent years regarding potential applications of chitosan in meat products; and their effects on shelf-life extension and sensory properties are discussed. The utilization of chitosan in the form of films, coatings, and additives in meat products has supported the extension of shelf-life while inducing a positive impact on their organoleptic properties. The nature of chitosan and its compatibility with various materials make it an ideal biopolymer to be used in novel arenas of food technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandithi S Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, South Korea.
| | - Deshani C Mudannayake
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Dinesh D Jayasena
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka.
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13
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Chalghaf M, Charradi K, Ksouri R, Alsulami QA, Jaouani A, Keshk SMAS, Hayouni EA. Physicochemical characterization of chitin extracted by different treatment sequences from an edible insect. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127156. [PMID: 37778575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Chitin present in the shell of edible insects is a potential source of chitin, lipids, and proteins, and it exerts various biological activities. Thus far, only a few studies have focused on the use of chitin as a source of high-protein-diet oligosaccharides. The use of insect chitin for the production of high-protein-diet oligosaccharides can lessen the reliance on diet crops. Moreover, although chitin composition in Tenebrio molitor larva, pupa, and adult has been extensively investigated, chitin extraction from T. molitor larval whole body and exuvium has received poor attention. The present study compared the effectiveness of two techniques for extracting high-protein-diet chitin oligosaccharide from an edible insect (T. molitor). Two different extraction sequences of chitin from the larval stage (molitor stage larvae) and adult stage (molitor stage adult) of edible T. molitor were investigated. Two processing steps were employed: (a) deproteinization (DEP) and (b) demineralization (DEM) treatments. Differences in the order, conditions, and period of their application resulted in two different chitin extraction procedures. The viscosity, degree of polymerization, and crystallinity index of the chitin extracted using the two procedures were measured, and its chemical components (chitin, ash, protein, fat, and moisture contents) were determined. T. molitor adults and larvae treated sequentially with DEM-DEP demonstrated the greatest yield of approximately 14.62 % ± 0.15 and 6.096 % ± 0.10 %, respectively. By contrast, when treated sequentially with DEP-DEM, the recorded yields were 10.96 % ± 0.18 and 5.31 % ± 0.38, respectively. Differences in the degree of deacetylation between both methods were observed. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry of the extracted chitin along with a commercial sample revealed consistent chain conformation, mean hydrogen bonding, and crystallinity index. In this way, residues produced by farmed edible insects can be recovered and used as a novel source of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Chalghaf
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Charradi
- Nanomaterials and Systems for Renewable Energy Laboratory, Research and Technology Centre of Energy, Technoparc Borj Cedria, BP 095 Hammam Lif, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Ksouri
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Qana A Alsulami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atef Jaouani
- University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Bioresources, Environment and Biotechnology (LR22ES04), Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunisia (ISSBAT), 9 Street Zouheir Essafi CP 1006, Tunisia
| | - Sherif M A S Keshk
- University of Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Bioresources, Environment and Biotechnology (LR22ES04), Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunisia (ISSBAT), 9 Street Zouheir Essafi CP 1006, Tunisia
| | - El Akrem Hayouni
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Tunisia.
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14
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Abo El-Ela FI, Hassan WH, Amer AM, El-Dek SI. Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Polymeric Nanoparticles and Correlation with Their pH Against Mucor circinelloides Causing Mucormycosis, Along with Penicillium notatum and Aspergillus Species. Curr Microbiol 2023; 81:47. [PMID: 38135799 PMCID: PMC10746780 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is uncommon, yet it is more prevalent among individuals with underlying health conditions and those who are immunocompromised. Chitosan is studied because of its appealing properties and diverse applications. The purpose of this work is to synthesize chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) by ionic gelation method at various pH levels and test them against Mucor and other filamentous fungus. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Zeta sizer, Zeta potential, and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy were used to characterize CSNPs. Hydrodynamic size increased considerably with increasing pH. Our CSNPs were tested against fungal isolates of Aspergillus Flavus RCMB 02783, Aspergillus Fumigatus RCMB 02564, and Aspergillus Niger RCMB 02588, Penicillium Notatum (NCPF 2881) and (M. circinelloides CNRMA 03.894) causing mucromycosis. Antifungal activity was investigated using Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Minimum Fungicidal concentration (MFC), Disc diffusion assay, and Antifungal inhibitory percentages methods. The best antifungal efficacy results were obtained through CSNPs prepared at pH = 4.4 at very low concentration for MIC (1.03 or 2.75 μg/mL) with 100% M. circinelloides inhibition followed by pH = 4.6 with MIC (73 or 208 μg/mL) and 93% M. cirecinelloides inhibition %. Future usage of these materials in masks or wound dressing to avoid fungal infections, including mucormycosis following COVID-19, penicillium, and aspergillosis toxicity and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma I Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Walid Hamdy Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Amer
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - S I El-Dek
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
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Forero JC, Carvajal K, Guzmán F, Acevedo C, Osses N, Santana P. Use of Chitosan from Southern King Crab to Develop Films Functionalized with RGD Peptides for Potential Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:323. [PMID: 37504211 PMCID: PMC10807027 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Southern King Crab (SKC) represents an important fishery resource that has the potential to be a natural source of chitosan (CS) production. In tissue engineering, CS is very useful to generate biomaterials. However, CS has a lack of signaling molecules that facilitate cell-substrate interaction. Therefore, RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) peptides corresponding to the main integrin recognition site in extracellular matrix proteins have been used to improve the CS surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro cell adhesion and proliferation of CS films synthesized from SKC shell wastes functionalized with RGD peptides. The FTIR spectrum of CS isolated from SKC shells (SKC-CS) was comparable to commercial CS. Thermal properties of films showed similar endothermic peaks at 53.4 and 53.0 °C in commercial CS and SKC-CS, respectively. The purification and molecular masses of the synthesized RGD peptides were confirmed using HPLC and ESI-MS mass spectrometry, respectively. Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells showed higher adhesion on SKC-CS (1% w/v) film when it was functionalized with linear RGD peptides. In contrast, a cyclic RGD peptide showed similar adhesion to control peptide (RDG), but the highest cell proliferation was after 48 h of culture. This study shows that functionalization of SKC-CS films with linear or cyclic RGD peptides are useful to improve effects on cell adhesion or cell proliferation. Furthermore, our work contributes to knowledge of a new source of CS to synthesize constructs for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Forero
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2580022, Chile;
| | - Karina Carvajal
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile;
| | - Cristian Acevedo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
| | - Nelson Osses
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago 7620086, Chile
| | - Paula Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile
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16
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Ben Amor I, Hemmami H, Laouini SE, Zeghoud S, Benzina M, Achour S, Naseef A, Alsalme A, Barhoum A. Use of Insect-Derived Chitosan for the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater: Process Optimization Using a Central Composite Design. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5049. [PMID: 37512323 PMCID: PMC10383991 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Insects are a readily available source of chitosan due to their high reproductive rates, ease of breeding, and resistance to changes in their ecosystem. This study aimed to extract chitosan from several widespread insects: Blaps lethifera (CS-BL), Pimelia fernandezlopezi (CS-PF), and Musca domestica (CS-MD). The study was also extended to using the obtained chitosans in removing methylene blue dye (MB) from wastewater. The source of the chitosan, the initial concentration of MB dye, and the reaction time were chosen as the working parameters. The experiments were designed using a central composite design (CCD) based on the dye removal efficiency as the response variable. The experimental work and statistical calculation of the CCD showed that the dye removal efficiency ranged from 35.9% to 88.7% for CS-BL, from 18.8% to 47.1% for CS-PF, and from 10.3% to 29.0% for CS-MD at an initial MB concentration of 12.79 mg/L. The highest methylene blue dye removal efficiency was 88.7% for CS-BL at a reaction time of 120 min. This indicates that the extraction of chitosan from insects (Blaps lethifera) and its application in dye removal is a promising, environmentally friendly, economical, biodegradable, and cost-effective process. Furthermore, the CCD is a statistical experimental design technique that can be used to optimize process variables for removing other organic pollutants using chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Ben Amor
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
| | - Hadia Hemmami
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
| | - Salah Eddine Laouini
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Biomaterials and Condensed Materials, Faculte de la Technologie, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
| | - Soumeia Zeghoud
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued 39000, Algeria
| | - Mourad Benzina
- Water, Energy and Environment Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3083, Tunisia
| | - Sami Achour
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir ISBM, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Abanoub Naseef
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Ali Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
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17
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Mohammadi P, Taghavi E, Foong SY, Rajaei A, Amiri H, de Tender C, Peng W, Lam SS, Aghbashlo M, Rastegari H, Tabatabaei M. Comparison of shrimp waste-derived chitosan produced through conventional and microwave-assisted extraction processes: Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity assessment. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124841. [PMID: 37182628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Depending on its physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities, chitosan can have a wide range of applications in food, pharmaceutical, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and aquaculture. In this experimental study, chitosan was extracted from shrimp waste through conventional extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and conventional extraction under microwave process conditions. The effects of the heating source on the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity were investigated. The results showed that the heating process parameters affected the physicochemical properties considerably. The conventional procedure yielded high molecular weight chitosan with a 12.7 % yield, while the microwave extraction procedure yielded a porous medium molecular weight chitosan at 11.8 %. The conventional extraction under microwave process conditions led to medium molecular weight chitosan with the lowest yield (10.8 %) and crystallinity index (79 %). Antibacterial assessment findings revealed that the chitosan extracted using the conventional method had the best antibacterial activity in the agar disk diffusion assay against Listeria monocytogenes (9.48 mm), Escherichia coli. (8.79 mm), and Salmonella Typhimurium (8.57 mm). While the chitosan obtained by microwave-assisted extraction possessed the highest activity against E. coli. (8.37 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (8.05 mm), with comparable antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium (7.34 mm) and L. monocytogenes (6.52 mm). Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration assays demonstrated that among the chitosan samples investigated, the conventionally-extracted chitosan, followed by the chitosan extracted by microwave, had the best antibacterial activity against the target bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Mohammadi
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-Added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Elham Taghavi
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Shin Ying Foong
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Rajaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Hamid Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran; Environmental Research Institute, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Caroline de Tender
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-Added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-Added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-Added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hajar Rastegari
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-Added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India.
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18
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Stull VJ, Weir TL. Chitin and omega-3 fatty acids in edible insects have underexplored benefits for the gut microbiome and human health. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:283-287. [PMID: 37117549 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A healthy gut microbiome is critical for nutrient metabolism, pathogen inhibition and immune regulation, and is highly influenced by diet. Edible insects are good sources of protein and micronutrients, but unlike other animal-derived foods, they also contain both dietary fibre and omega-3 fatty acids that can modulate gut microbiota. Here we explore the potential impacts of insect consumption on the microbiome. Laboratory, animal and human studies indicate that insect fibre in the form of chitin and its derivatives can modify gut microbiota with beneficial outcomes. Some insects also contain favourable omega-3/omega-6 ratios. We identify gaps in the literature-especially a dearth of human studies-that must be addressed to better understand health impacts of entomophagy. Insects, already eaten across the globe, can be farmed using fewer resources than conventional livestock. Widening the research scope offers an opportunity to advance use of edible insects to address interconnected environmental and health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Stull
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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19
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Zhu H, Tang H, Li F, Sun H, Tong L. Effect of milling intensity on the properties of chitin, chitosan and chitosan films obtained from grasshopper. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124249. [PMID: 37001787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
To obtain high-quality insect products, milling was used as a modification tool and its effect on grasshopper chitin, chitosan and chitosan films was investigated. Three grasshopper powders were obtained and classified into coarse-milled powder (CMP, D90 = 956 μm), medium-milled powder (MMP, D90 = 492 μm), and ultrafine-milled powder (UMP, D90 = 79.1 μm). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy illustrated that no drastic change due to milling was observed, but the crystallinity (X-ray diffraction) and thermal stability (Thermogravimetric analysis) of the chitin, chitosan and chitosan films reduced with increasing milling intensity. Besides, the purity of the chitin and the yield of chitosan obtained from UMP were improved. Chitosan prepared from UMP was also characterized by high degree of deacetylation (65.6 %) and solubility and rather low molecular weight (11.5 kDa), viscosity and water/fat binding capacity. The finer the powder used as the extraction material, the thinner the chitosan films and the more compact the structure. On the whole, the chitosan films prepared from the MMP had higher mechanical properties and better moisture-keeping ability on strawberries compared with CMP and UMP films. This study establishes the role milling intensity played in the modification of grasshopper products and provides a reference for practical applications.
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Li X, Jiang F, Duan Y, Li Q, Qu Y, Zhao S, Yue X, Huang C, Zhang C, Pan X. Chitosan electrospun nanofibers derived from Periplaneta americana residue for promoting infected wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:654-667. [PMID: 36592849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Periplaneta americana has been used medicinally for years to treat a wide variety of skin lesions or ulcers. However, a sizable portion of the drug residues that are retained after extraction are routinely thrown away, thus posing a hazard to the environment and depleting resources. In this study, low molecular weight Periplaneta americana chitosan (LPCS) and high molecular weight Periplaneta americana chitosan (HPCS) were extracted from Periplaneta americana residue (PAR) based on the conventional acid-base method and two deacetylation methods. Moreover, the physicochemical properties and structural differences between the above two chitosan and commercial chitosan (CS) were compared using different methods. Next, two nanofibers comprising different ratios of Periplaneta americana chitosan (LPCS or HPCS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were prepared and optimized. The above nanofibers exhibited excellent mechanical properties, antibacterial properties, and biocompatibility while facilitating wound healing in an infected rat whole-layer wound model by promoting wound closure, epithelialization, collagen deposition, and inflammation reduction. In brief, this study produced an effective and affordable wound dressing and offered a suggestion for the comprehensive utilization of Periplaneta americana residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Fuchen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Yun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Yan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Shiyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Xuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Chi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China.
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China.
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21
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Mohd Zaini NS, Lim EJ, Ahmad NH, Gengatharan A, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Abd Rahim MH. The Review of Cooking, Drying, and Green Extraction Methods on General Nutritional Properties of Mealworms and Locusts. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023; 16:1-15. [PMID: 36844636 PMCID: PMC9940687 DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The processing of edible insects as an alternative source of nutrition may be a key driver in the development of a sustainable food and feed system. This review will study two industrial types of insects-mealworms and locusts-and summarize evidence related to the impact of processing on their micro- and macronutritional characteristics. The focus will be on their potential use as food for human consumption as opposed to animal feed. Literature has indicated that these two insects have the potential to provide protein and fat qualities comparable to or better than traditional mammalian sources. For example, mealworms-the larval form of the yellow mealworm beetlepossess a higher fat content, while adult locusts are rich in fibers, especially chitin. However, due to the different matrix and nutrient compositions, the processing of mealworms or locusts at a commercial scale needs to be tailored to minimize nutritional loss and maximize cost efficiency. The stages of preprocessing, cooking, drying, and extraction are the most critical control points for nutritional preservation. Thermal cooking applications such as microwave technology have demonstrated promising results, but the generation of heat may contribute to a certain nutritional loss. In an industrial context, drying using freeze dry is the preferred choice due to its uniformity, but it can be costly while increasing lipid peroxidation. During the extraction of nutrients, the use of green emerging technologies such as high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field, and ultrasound may provide an alternative method to enhance nutrient preservation. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Solehah Mohd Zaini
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Elicia Jitming Lim
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nurul Hawa Ahmad
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ashwini Gengatharan
- Faculty of Bioeconomics and Health Sciences, Geomatika University College, 54200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Hafiz Abd Rahim
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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22
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Wang H, Zhang H, Liu L, Ma K, Huang J, Zhang J. Design and experimental study on closed-loop process of preparing chitosan from crab shells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023. [PMID: 36807387 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to design a green and comprehensive utilization process for preparing chitosan from crab shells. Glutamate acid was used as a decalcifying agent for crab shells, and the mixed solution of potassium hydroxide/isopropanol was used for deproteinization and deacetylation to prepare chitosan. Glutamic acid and isopropanol could be recovered for recycling. At the same time, calcium carbonate and protein in crab shells were converted into calcium hydrogen phosphate and compound fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively. The prepared chitosan was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and its deacetylation degree and viscosity average molecular weight were 88.7% ± 0.68% and 792.1 ± 10.82 kDa, respectively. The recoveries of glutamic acid and isopropanol were 95.56% ± 1.39% and 88.14% ± 1.13%, respectively. The prepared chitosan has large molecular weight and deacetylation degree, controllable production cost, comprehensive utilization of crab shell components, and greatly reduced waste emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Wang
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huien Zhang
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Liu
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kunqin Ma
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinqin Huang
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Biology and Environment, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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23
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Karimzadeh K, Tahergorabi R, Zahmatkesh A. Synthesis of spirulina loaded chitosan nanoparticles from prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense shell for extending the shelf life of pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) fillet during refrigerated storage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:92-107. [PMID: 35808811 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was aimed to synthesize polymeric chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) from Macrobrachium nipponense shells using sodium triphosphate (TPP) as a crosslinker that was incorporated with spirulina extract (SPE) to improve the shelf life of pike-perch during refrigerated storage (4 °C). RESULTS The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of SPE-loaded CSNPs decreased from 67% to 32%, and loading capacity (LC) was increased (10-14%) depending on their loaded SPE concentrations. The initial burst effect, followed by a slow-release at pH 7 (24 h), was observed. Free SPE and SPE incorporated CSNPs decreased microbial counts (total viable count, total psychotropic count, pseudomonas, and lactic acid bacteria) compared to control and unloaded CSNPs. Samples treated with free SPE or SPE-loaded CSNPs showed higher changes in odor, color, TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen), and TBA (thiobarbituric acid) compared with the unloaded CSNPs batch (P ≤ 0.05) until the tenth day of storage. However, fish fillets coated with SPE-loaded CSNPs had the highest overall consumer acceptability and the lowest values for TVB-N and TBA at the end of storage (14th day). Controlled release of bioactive compounds in batches treated with SPE-CSNPs could delay the microbial degradation and enhance chemical reactions (TBA and TVB-N) in comparison to pure SPE during storage time. CONCLUSION The incorporation of SPE in polymeric CSNPs can be considered as a promising material for controlled delivery of natural bioactive agents, and preservation of Pike perch quality during refrigerator storage. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Karimzadeh
- Marine Biology Department, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gilan, Iran
| | - Reza Tahergorabi
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Asgar Zahmatkesh
- Aquaculture Department, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Gilan, Iran
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24
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A New Mediterranean Flour Moth-Derived Chitosan: Characterization and Co-electrospun Hybrid Fabrication. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:3047-3066. [PMID: 36508074 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the chitin of adult Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuheniella) (Cht) was extracted and then converted to chitosan by deacetylation process to achieve the chitosan derived from E. kuheniella (Chsfm). The new chitosan-based scaffold was produced using the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) co-electrospinning technique. The degree of deacetylation was obtained using the distillation-titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface morphology and crystallinity index of Chsfm were observed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis, respectively, and compared with the commercial chitosan (Chsc). Thermogravimetric analysis was used to estimate two chitosans' water content and thermal stability. The average molecular mass analysis was performed using viscometry. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration and DPPH assay were used to study the antimicrobial activity and antioxidant potential of the Chsfm, respectively. Accordingly, Chsfm was smoother with fewer pores and flakes than Chsc, and its crystallinity index was higher than Chsc. The water content and thermal stability were lower and similar for Chsfm compared to Chsc. The average molecular mass of Chsfm was ~ 5.8 kDa, making it classified as low molecular weight chitosan. The antimicrobial activity of Chsfm against a representative Gram-negative bacteria; E. coli resulted to be the same as Chsc. However, less effective than Chsc against a representative Gram-positive bacteria is S. aureus. The Chsfm/PVA ratio scaffold was optimized at 30:70 to fabricate a uniform nanofiber scaffold.
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25
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Biosynthesis MgO and ZnO nanoparticles using chitosan extracted from Pimelia Payraudi Latreille for antibacterial applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:19. [PMID: 36409376 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature with superior properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, lack of toxicity, antimicrobial activity, acceleration of wound healing, and stimulation of the immune system. In this study, chitosan was extracted from the exoskeletons of beetles (Pimelia payraudi latreille) and then used for the biosynthesis of highly pure MgO NPs and ZnO NPs by a facile greener route. The extracted chitosan exhibited excellent physicochemical properties, including high extraction yield (39%), high degree of deacetylation (90%), low ash content (1%), high fat-binding capacity (366%), and unusual crystallinity index (51%). The MgO NPs and ZnO NPs exhibited a spherical morphology with crystallite sizes of 17 nm and 29 nm, particle sizes of about 20-70 nm and 30-60 nm, and band gap energies of 4.43 and 3.34 eV, respectively. Antibacterial assays showed that the extracted chitosan exhibited high antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, while ZnO NPs showed much stronger antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. For MgO NPs, the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria was lower than against Gram-negative bacteria. The results suggest that the synthesized MgO NPs and ZnO NPs are excellent antibacterial agents for therapeutic applications.
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26
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Wang C, Shi G, Que F, Xia Y, Li X, Yang H, Shi L, Wu W, Ding A, Li X, Qiao Y, Liao L, Kang J, Wang L, Wang L, Xiong G. Effect of microstructure and chemical proximate composition on mechanical properties of Procambarus clarkii shell. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Green and eco-friendly approaches for the extraction of chitin and chitosan: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Youssef DM, Alshubaily FA, Tayel AA, Alghuthaymi MA, Al-Saman MA. Application of Nanocomposites from Bees Products and Nano-Selenium in Edible Coating for Catfish Fillets Biopreservation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122378. [PMID: 35745953 PMCID: PMC9229794 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee products, e.g., chitosan and propolis (Pro), have extraordinary importance in many disciplines including food biopreservation. Fish meat is highly susceptible to vast spoilage, especially catfish (Clarias gariepinus) products. The current work involved the extraction of bees’ chitosan nanoparticles (BCht), Pro, Pro-mediated SeNPs and their composites, to evaluate them as potential antimicrobial and preservative nano-compounds, for the preservation of catfish fillets and augment their quality. BCht was extracted from bees (Apis mellifera) corpses and had a 151.9 nm mean particle diameter. The Pro was used for biosynthesis of SeNPs, which had 11.2 nm mean diameters. The entire compounds/composites exhibited powerful antibacterial acts against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium, where S aureus had the uppermost resistance. BCht/Pro/SeNPs were the most forceful toward all bacterial strains. The constructed edible coatings (ECs) from produced compounds/composites (BCht, Pro, Pro/SeNPs, Pro/BCht and BCht/Pro/SeNPs) had elevated efficiency for preserving catfish fillets during cold storages for 7 days. The microbiological (total counts, psychrophilic bacteria, yeast and molds), spoilage chemical parameters (TVB-N, TBARS) and sensorial attributes (appearance, odor, color, overall quality) of ECs-treated fillets indicated the nanocomposite’s efficiency for protecting the fish from microbial growth, the progress of chemical spoilage indicators and maintaining the sensorial quality of treated stored fillets. The most effective nanocomposite for maintaining the entire fillet’s quality was the BCht/Pro/SeNP. The based ECs on BNCt, Pro/SeNPs and their nanocomposites could be endorsed for prospective employment in the biopreservation of various seafoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dareen M. Youssef
- Department of Fish Processing and Biotechnology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Fawzia A. Alshubaily
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed A. Tayel
- Department of Fish Processing and Biotechnology, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (A.A.T.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mousa A. Alghuthaymi
- Department of Biology, Science and Humanities College, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 11726, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.T.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mahmoud A. Al-Saman
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, El-Sadat City 32897, Egypt;
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29
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De Carli C, Aylanc V, Mouffok KM, Santamaria-Echart A, Barreiro F, Tomás A, Pereira C, Rodrigues P, Vilas-Boas M, Falcão SI. Production of chitosan-based biodegradable active films using bio-waste enriched with polyphenol propolis extract envisaging food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:486-497. [PMID: 35640852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing biodegradable active films has been a promising green approach to overcoming global concerns over the environmental pollution and human health caused by plastic utilization. This study aimed to develop active films based on chitosan (CS), produced from waste crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) shells enriched with bioactive extract (5-20%) of propolis (PS) and to characterize its properties, envisaging food packaging applications. The chromatographic profile of PS extract confirmed its richness, with 41 phenolic compounds. With increasing extract addition to the chitosan, the thickness of the films increased from 61.7 to 71.7 μm, causing a reduction in the light transmission rate, along with a greenish colour shift. The interactions between PS extract and CS was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, at the same time that the microstructural integrity of the films was checked on the scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The findings also showed that addition of PS enhanced the films thermal stability and mechanical properties e.g., tensile modulus, yield strength, and stress at break. Besides, it improved the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Overall, CS-based composite films seem a promising green alternative to petroleum-based synthetic plastics allowing to extend the shelf life of food products due to their eco-friendly nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane De Carli
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Campus Medianeira, 85884-000 Medianeira, Brazil
| | - Volkan Aylanc
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Kheira M Mouffok
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Arantzazu Santamaria-Echart
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Filomena Barreiro
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Andreia Tomás
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Celeide Pereira
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR, Campus Medianeira, 85884-000 Medianeira, Brazil
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Miguel Vilas-Boas
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Soraia I Falcão
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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30
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Triunfo M, Tafi E, Guarnieri A, Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Hahn T, Zibek S, Gagliardini A, Panariello L, Coltelli MB, De Bonis A, Falabella P. Characterization of chitin and chitosan derived from Hermetia illucens, a further step in a circular economy process. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6613. [PMID: 35459772 PMCID: PMC9033872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their properties and applications, the growing demand for chitin and chitosan has stimulated the market to find more sustainable alternatives to the current commercial source (crustaceans). Bioconverter insects, such as Hermetia illucens, are the appropriate candidates, as chitin is a side stream of insect farms for feed applications. This is the first report on production and characterization of chitin and chitosan from different biomasses derived from H. illucens, valorizing the overproduced larvae in feed applications, the pupal exuviae and the dead adults. Pupal exuviae are the best biomass, both for chitin and chitosan yields and for their abundance and easy supply from insect farms. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis revealed the similarity of insect-derived polymers to commercial ones in terms of purity and structural morphology, and therefore their suitability for industrial and biomedical applications. Its fibrillary nature makes H. illucens chitin suitable for producing fibrous manufacts after conversion to chitin nanofibrils, particularly adults-derived chitin, because of its high crystallinity. A great versatility emerged from the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of chitosan obtained from H. illucens, which presented a lower viscosity-average molecular weight and a high deacetylation degree, fostering its putative antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Triunfo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Elena Tafi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna Guarnieri
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy. .,Spinoff XFLIES s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.,Spinoff XFLIES s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Angela De Bonis
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy. .,Spinoff XFLIES s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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31
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Ogura K, Brasselet C, Cabrera-Barjas G, Hamidi M, Shavandi A, Dols-Lafargue M, Sawamura N, Delattre C. Production of Fungal Nanochitosan Using High-Pressure Water Jet System for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041375. [PMID: 35207915 PMCID: PMC8876192 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this present work, fungal nanochitosans, with very interesting particle size distribution of 22 µm, were efficiently generated in high-yield production using a high-pressure water jet system (Star Burst System, Sugino, Japan) after 10 passes of mechanical treatment under high pressure. The specific characterization of fungal chitosan nanofibers suspensions in water revealed a high viscosity of 1450 mPa.s and an estimated transparency of 43.5% after 10 passes of fibrillation mechanical treatment. The mechanical characterization of fungal nanochitosan (NC) film are very interesting for medical applications with a Young’s modulus (E), a tensile strength (TS), and elongation at break (e%) estimated at 2950 MPa, 50.5 MPa, and 5.5%, respectively. Furthermore, we exhibited that the fungal nanochitosan (NC) film presented very good long-term antioxidant effect (reached 82.4% after 96 h of contact with DPPH radical solution) and very interesting antimicrobial activity when the nanochitosan (NC) fibers are mainly activated as NC-NH3+ form at the surface of the film with 45% reduction and 75% reduction observed for S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli (Gram-negative), respectively, after 6 h of treatment. These promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activities indicated the high potential of valorization toward biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Ogura
- Sugino Machine Limited, 2410 Hongo, Uozu, Toyama 937-8511, Japan; (K.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Clément Brasselet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Parque Industrial Coronel, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 3349001, Chile;
| | - Masoud Hamidi
- BioMatter Unit, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.H.); (A.S.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 44771-66595, Iran
| | - Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter Unit, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Marguerite Dols-Lafargue
- EA 4577 Œnologie, INRA, USC 1366, ISVV, Bordeaux INP, Université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Naoki Sawamura
- Sugino Machine Limited, 2410 Hongo, Uozu, Toyama 937-8511, Japan; (K.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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32
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Abstract
Nonionic surfactants are reported as being able to enhance enzyme stability and increase the conversion of enzymatic reactions. Surfactant-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis conversion is affected by surfactant HLB values. This work investigated the influence of nonionic surfactants with different HLB values on chitosan enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase enzyme by measuring the reducing sugars formation, viscosity, and molecular weight of hydrolyzed chitosan. A characterization analysis of hydrolyzed products was also carried out. A higher HLB value exhibits a better enzymatic chitosan hydrolysis performance, shown by the decrease in a solution’s viscosity and the increase in reducing sugar formation. Increasing the surfactant concentration will also increase the hydrolysis rate. Nonionic surfactants can protect cellulase enzyme from the denaturation of temperature and stirring influence. The higher the HLB value, the lower the molecular weight of the hydrolyzed chitosan. The result of UV–Vis demonstrated aldehyde groups formation during hydrolysis. The SEM analysis showed that the chitosan, hydrolyzed using different HLB values of surfactants, had different surface morphologies. However, it did not change the chemical structure of the hydrolysis product seen by the FTIR analysis. The XRD patterns showed that the relative crystallinity of raw chitosan decreased when hydrolyzed with surfactants.
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33
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Rahayu AP, Islami AF, Saputra E, Sulmartiwi L, Rahmah AU, Kurnia KA. The impact of the different types of acid solution on the extraction and adsorption performance of chitin from shrimp shell waste. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:843-850. [PMID: 34838575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The properties of chitin-based adsorbents varied among studies since they are influenced by different factors, such as the types of base and acid used to extract the chitin. Therefore, this works aimed to investigate the impact of four different acid solutions on the extraction and properties of chitin from shrimp shell waste, and to evaluate the adsorption performance of the obtained chitin on removing dye from an aqueous solution. The result showed that H2SO4, HCl, and HNO3 could remove high minerals from the shrimp shell, while the effect of CH3COOH was inferior. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the extracted chitin was α-amorphous structure, regardless of the type of acid solution. However, the type of acid solution influenced the crystallinity index of the extracted chitin. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed both fibrillar material and porous structures. In addition, the chitin extracted through demineralization using H2SO4 was more effective in removing RBBR dye from aqueous solution, followed by HCl, HNO3, and the last, CH3COOH treatment. The performances of chitin-based adsorbent could be attributed to the strength of acid solution used to remove mineral during the extraction process and the obtained pore structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardiani Putri Rahayu
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mulyorejo Kampus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Afifah Faradilla Islami
- Department of Marine, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mulyorejo Kampus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Eka Saputra
- Department of Marine, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mulyorejo Kampus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Laksmi Sulmartiwi
- Department of Marine, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Jalan Mulyorejo Kampus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Anisa Ur Rahmah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Pabelan, Kartasura, Sukoharjo 57162, Indonesia
| | - Kiki Adi Kurnia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
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Rasweefali M, Sabu S, Muhammed Azad K, Raseel Rahman M, Sunooj K, Sasidharan A, Anoop K. Influence of deproteinization and demineralization process sequences on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of chitin isolated from Deep-sea mud shrimp (Solenocera hextii). ADVANCES IN BIOMARKER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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35
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Godeau XY, Andrianandrasana FJ, Volkova O, Szczepanski CR, Zenerino A, Montreuil O, Godeau RP, Kuzhir P, Godeau G. Investigation on dung beetle's (Heliocopris Hope, 1838) chitosan valorisation for hydrogel 3D printing. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 199:172-180. [PMID: 34971640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biopolymers and their derivatives are materials with increasing interest for industry and especially for sustainable engineering development. Among such kind of materials, carbohydrate polymer like highly deacetylated chitin (chitosan) is widely used for a wide range of applications, including material and biomedical developments. The majority of industrially produced chitosan is based on chitin extracted from crustacean exoskeleton. However, with increase of interest on this material, chitosan's production will rapidly become insufficient and other species should be investigated as new sources of chitosan. In the present work, we focus on the preparation of chitosan from giant dung beetles (Genus Heliocopris, Hope, 1838). This genus was chosen to show the possibility to take animals that develop and leave near dejection and valuate them for material applications. This work includes all the chitosan extraction procedures, chitosan characterisation IR, SEM, NMR, ash content, and deacetylation degree. Finally, the prepared carbohydrate polymer is used to form hydrogel. The prepared gel has been characterised and used for 3D printing, to show the compatibility of extracted chitosan with biomaterial application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Freddy Jocelyne Andrianandrasana
- Université Côte d'Azur, IMREDD, 06200 Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 INPHYNI, Parc Valrose Nice, 06108, France
| | - Olga Volkova
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 INPHYNI, Parc Valrose Nice, 06108, France
| | - Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Olivier Montreuil
- UMR 7179 MNHN/CNRS, MECADEV, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Entomologie, CP 50, 45 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - René-Paul Godeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, IMREDD, 06200 Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 INPHYNI, Parc Valrose Nice, 06108, France
| | - Pavel Kuzhir
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 INPHYNI, Parc Valrose Nice, 06108, France
| | - Guilhem Godeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, IMREDD, 06200 Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7010 INPHYNI, Parc Valrose Nice, 06108, France.
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Tissera WMJCM, Rathnayake SI, Abeyrathne EDNS, Nam KC. An improved extraction and purification method for obtaining high-quality chitin and chitosan from blue swimmer ( Portunus pelagicus) crab shell waste. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1645-1655. [PMID: 34925940 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-01002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Portunus pelagicus shell waste is highly accumulated in seafood processing factories and has low commercial applications. The objective of this study was to modify and develop a scale-up, simple, and high-yielding chemical method for extraction and purification of chitin and chitosan from P. pelagicus shell waste. The developed method included a new "pretreatment" process using acetic acid followed by chemical treatments at each purification step. The final product was characterized by XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. Control chitin and chitosan were produced using a pre-described method for comparison. Yields of crude chitin, chitosan, and purified chitosan were 32.52 ± 0.68%, 26.28 ± 0.47%, and 21.78 ± 0.34% respectively whereas in the control chitin and chitosan the yields were 20.34 ± 0.72% and 13.79 ± 0.93% respectively (p < 0.05). Better physicochemical and functional properties were recorded in the developed method (p < 0.05). Hence the developed methodology can be scaled up and used in industrial applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-021-01002-x.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edirisinghe Dewage Nalaka Sandun Abeyrathne
- Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000 Sri Lanka.,Department of Animal Science & Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Korea
| | - Ki-Chang Nam
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Korea
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Nurfikari A, de Boer W. Chitin Determination in Residual Streams Derived From Insect Production by LC-ECD and LC-MS/MS Methods. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.795694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a biopolymer present in fungi and arthropods, is a compound of interest for various applications, such as in the agricultural and medical fields. With the recently growing interest in the development of insect farming, the availability of chitin-containing residual streams, particularly the molting skins (exuviae), is expected to increase in the near future. For application purposes, accurate quantification of chitin in these insect sources is essential. Previous studies on chitin extraction and quantification often overlooked the purity of the extracted chitin, making the outcomes inconsistent and prone to overestimation. The present study aims to determine chitin content in the exuviae of three insect species mass-reared worldwide: black soldier fly (BSF), mealworm, and house cricket. Chitin was chemically extracted using acid and alkali treatments to remove minerals and proteins. The purity of extracted chitin was evaluated by hydrolyzing the chitin into glucosamine, followed by quantitative determination of the latter using two liquid chromatography methods: electrochemical detection (ECD) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Both methods proved accurate and precise, without the need for labor-intensive derivatization steps. Pearson's correlation and Bland-Altman plots showed that the glucosamine determination results obtained by the two methods were comparable, and there is no consistent bias of one approach vs. the other. The chitin content in extracted residues ranged between 7.9 and 18.5%, with the highest amount found in BSF puparium. In summary, the study demonstrated that (1) the residual streams of the insect farming industry have a great potential for utilization as an alternative chitin source, and (2) both LC-ECD and LC-MS/MS are reliable for the quantitative determination of glucosamine in insect chitin.
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A review on source-specific chemistry, functionality, and applications of chitin and chitosan. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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39
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Rasweefali M, Sabu S, Sunooj K, Sasidharan A, Xavier KM. Consequences of chemical deacetylation on physicochemical, structural and functional characteristics of chitosan extracted from deep-sea mud shrimp. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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Lagat MK, Were S, Ndwigah F, Kemboi VJ, Kipkoech C, Tanga CM. Antimicrobial Activity of Chemically and Biologically Treated Chitosan Prepared from Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Pupal Shell Waste. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122417. [PMID: 34946019 PMCID: PMC8706517 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of chitin and chitosan has been widely documented. However, very little research attention has focused on chitin and chitosan extracted from black soldier fly pupal exuviae, which are abundantly present as byproducts from insect-farming enterprises. This study presents the first comparative analysis of chemical and biological extraction of chitin and chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae. The antibacterial activity of chitosan was also evaluated. For chemical extraction, demineralization and deproteinization were carried out using 1 M hydrochloric acid at 100 °C for 2 h and 1 M NaOH for 4 h at 100 °C, respectively. Biological chitin extraction was carried out by protease-producing bacteria and lactic-acid-producing bacteria for protein and mineral removal, respectively. The extracted chitin was converted to chitosan via deacetylation using 40% NaOH for 8 h at 100 °C. Chitin characterization was done using FTIR spectroscopy, while the antimicrobial properties were determined using the disc diffusion method. Chemical and biological extraction gave a chitin yield of 10.18% and 11.85%, respectively. A maximum chitosan yield of 6.58% was achieved via chemical treatment. From the FTIR results, biological and chemical chitin showed characteristic chitin peaks at 1650 and 1550 cm−1—wavenumbers corresponding to amide I stretching and amide II bending, respectively. There was significant growth inhibition for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans when subjected to 2.5 and 5% concentrations of chitosan. Our findings demonstrate that chitosan from BSF pupal exuviae could be a promising and novel therapeutic agent for drug development against resistant strains of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevin Kiprotich Lagat
- Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, Kenya; (M.K.L.); (S.W.); (F.N.); (V.J.K.)
| | - Samuel Were
- Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, Kenya; (M.K.L.); (S.W.); (F.N.); (V.J.K.)
| | - Francis Ndwigah
- Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, Kenya; (M.K.L.); (S.W.); (F.N.); (V.J.K.)
| | - Violah Jepkogei Kemboi
- Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, Kenya; (M.K.L.); (S.W.); (F.N.); (V.J.K.)
| | - Carolyne Kipkoech
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-02000, Kenya
- Correspondence:
| | - Chrysantus Mbi Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya;
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Errico S, Spagnoletta A, Verardi A, Moliterni S, Dimatteo S, Sangiorgio P. Tenebrio molitor as a source of interesting natural compounds, their recovery processes, biological effects, and safety aspects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:148-197. [PMID: 34773434 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, it is urgent to produce in larger quantities and more sustainably to reduce the gap between food supply and demand. In a circular bioeconomy vision, insects receive great attention as a sustainable alternative to satisfy food and nutritional needs. Among all insects, Tenebrio molitor (TM) is the first insect approved by the European Food Safety Authority as a novel food in specific conditions and uses, testifying its growing relevance and potential. This review holistically presents the possible role of TM in the sustainable and circular solution to the growing needs for food and nutrients. We analyze all high value-added products obtained from TM (powders and extracts, oils and fatty acids, proteins and peptides, and chitin and chitosan), their recovery processes (evaluating the best ones in technical and environmental terms), their nutritional and economical values, and their biological effects. Safety aspects are also mentioned. TM potential is undoubted, but some aspects still need to be discussed, including the health effects of substances and microorganisms in its body, the optimal production conditions (that affect product quality and safety), and TM capacity to convert by-products into new products. Environmental, economic, social, and market feasibility studies are also required to analyze the new value chains. Finally, to unlock the enormous potential of edible insects as a source of nutritious and sustainable food, it will be necessary to overcome the cultural, psychological, and regulatory barriers still present in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Errico
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Anna Spagnoletta
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Alessandra Verardi
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Stefania Moliterni
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Salvatore Dimatteo
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Paola Sangiorgio
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Department of Sustainability, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
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42
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Kaczmarek MB, Struszczyk-Swita K, Xiao M, Szczęsna-Antczak M, Antczak T, Gierszewska M, Steinbüchel A, Daroch M. Polycistronic Expression System for Pichia pastoris Composed of Chitino- and Chitosanolytic Enzymes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:710922. [PMID: 34490223 PMCID: PMC8418187 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.710922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers. Due to its recalcitrant nature and insolubility in accessible solvents, it is often considered waste and not a bioresource. The products of chitin modification such as chitosan and chitooligosaccharides are highly sought, but their preparation is a challenging process, typically performed with thermochemical methods that lack specificities and generate hazardous waste. Enzymatic treatment is a promising alternative to these methods, but the preparation of multiple biocatalysts is costly. In this manuscript, we biochemically characterised chitin deacetylases of Mucor circinelloides IBT-83 and utilised one of them for the construction of the first eukaryotic, polycistronic expression system employing self-processing 2A sequences. The three chitin-processing enzymes; chitin deacetylase of M. circinelloides IBT-83, chitinase from Thermomyces lanuginosus, and chitosanase from Aspergillus fumigatus were expressed under the control of the same promoter in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and characterised for their synergistic action towards their respective substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal B Kaczmarek
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Meng Xiao
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Tadeusz Antczak
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gierszewska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM), International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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Formulation of Insect Chitosan Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles with Propolis Extract as Potent Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Composites. INT J POLYM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5578032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds are frequently influenced with microbial infections and inflammation, which need innovative agents for disputing them. Chitosan (Csn) was extracted from larvae of BSF “black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens” and ethanolic propolis extract (Pro) was employed for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), using facile biogenic protocol. The BSF-Csn was acquired with a yield of 1.56%, 91.3% deacetylation degree, and 88.600 Dalton molecular weight. The Ag-NPs were effectually biosynthesized using Pro, with a mean diameter of 8.73 nm and zeta potential of -21.34 mV. The antimicrobial activities assessment of insect Csn, Pro, synthesized Ag-NPs with Pro, and their composite against skin pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans) revealed the elevated efficiency of the individual agents and the superior action of their composite (Csn/Pro/Ag-NPs), with 26.3 and 23.4 mm inhibition zones and inhibitory concentrations of 35.0 and 45.0 μg/mL from the composite toward S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively, which exceeded the actions of commercial antibiotics. The treatment of rat’s wounds with this composite promisingly led to faster healing of wounds and absence of inflammation and infection signs. The powerful actions of Csn/Pro/Ag-NPs as antimicrobial and wound healing composite strongly advocate their applications for skin protection, disinfection, and regeneration.
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44
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Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan from Two Commonly Reared Edible Cricket Species, and Its Application as a Hypolipidemic and Antimicrobial Agent. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-derived chitin and chitosan have gained interest as alternative sources to that derived from crustaceans; however, little information is available on chitin from the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and tropical banded cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus), two cricket species commonly reared in the United States for human consumption. In this study, chitin was successfully isolated and purified from these two cricket species; using FTIR, chitins were found to be in alpha-crystalline form. Cricket chitosan was produced from both species with varying degrees of deacetylation (DDA) by varying alkaline conversion duration. G. sigillatus chitosan was larger (524 kDa) than A. domesticus chitosan (344 kDa). Both cricket chitosans showed similar (p > 0.05) lipid-binding capacity to that of shrimp chitosan. Both chitosans were as effective at inhibiting microbial growth of surrogate foodborne pathogens as the commercial shrimp chitosan. At a concentration of 0.50 mg/mL cricket chitosan, approximately 100% of Listeria innocua growth was inhibited, due to a contribution of both chitosan and the solvent-acetic acid. At the same concentration, growth of Escherichia coli was inhibited 90% by both cricket chitosan samples with ~80% DDA, where a decrease in the DDA led to decreased antimicrobial activity. However, varying the DDA had no effect on chitosan’s lipid-binding capacity. As more edible insects become a normalized protein source in our diet, the use of by-products, such as chitin and chitosan, derived from insect protein processing, show promising applications for the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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45
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Ssekatawa K, Byarugaba DK, Wampande EM, Moja TN, Nxumalo E, Maaza M, Sackey J, Ejobi F, Kirabira JB. Isolation and characterization of chitosan from Ugandan edible mushrooms, Nile perch scales and banana weevils for biomedical applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4116. [PMID: 33602952 PMCID: PMC7892825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Of recent, immense attention has been given to chitosan in the biomedical field due to its valuable biochemical and physiological properties. Traditionally, the chief source of chitosan is chitin from crab and shrimp shells. Chitin is also an important component of fish scales, insects and fungal cell walls. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize chitosan from locally available material for potential use in the biomedical field. Chitosan ash and nitrogen contents ranged from 1.55 to 3.5% and 6.6 to 7.0% respectively. Molecular weight varied from 291 to 348KDa. FTIR spectra revealed high degree of similarity between locally isolated chitosan and commercial chitosan with DD ranging from 77.8 to 79.1%. XRD patterns exhibited peaks at 2θ values of 19.5° for both mushroom and banana weevil chitosan while Nile perch scales chitosan registered 3 peaks at 2θ angles of 12.3°, 20.1° and 21.3° comparable to the established commercial chitosan XRD pattern. Locally isolated chitosan exhibited antimicrobial activity at a very high concentration. Ash content, moisture content, DD, FTIR spectra and XRD patterns revealed that chitosan isolated from locally available materials has physiochemical properties comparable to conventional chitosan and therefore it can be used in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ssekatawa
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Biomedical Science, Kampala International University-Western Campus, P. O. Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Denis K Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eddie M Wampande
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tlou N Moja
- University of South Africa-Florida, Campus Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Edward Nxumalo
- University of South Africa-Florida, Campus Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa
| | - Malik Maaza
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Old Faure Road, Somerset West, 7129, South Africa
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juliet Sackey
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Old Faure Road, Somerset West, 7129, South Africa
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa (UNISA), Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Francis Ejobi
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Baptist Kirabira
- African Center of Excellence in Materials, Product Development and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Preparation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Chitosan Film from Periplaneta americana. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010053. [PMID: 33440634 PMCID: PMC7827457 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is a kind of insect distributed worldwide. Commonly, it is considered as a pest. However, nowadays, it has been developed as a potential resource of protein, lipid, and antibacterial peptide. Besides, it also contains chitin, which could be used to produce chitosan by deacetylation. Chitosan is a valuable biomaterial containing amino groups, and has been applied in various fields. However, the researches focusing on the applications of P. americana chitosan are rare, which might hinder the exploration of the value of P. americana. In this paper, we prepared and characterized the chitosan film from P. americana. The performances relating to food packaging of the obtained film were also examined. As the results showed, P. americana chitosan film could resist UV light effectively. It could also keep scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals in 8 h, proving its ability of antioxidant. In addition, it exhibited antibacterial activity by resisting the growth of Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli. The results showed that P. americana chitosan film could work as a potential food packaging material, which implicated the value of P. americana chitosan and provided a new clue for the exploration of the value of more insects, especially pests. Abstract Among different insects, the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) has been bred in industrial scale successfully as a potential resource of protein, lipid, and antibacterial peptide. However, the application of its chitosan has not been studied widely, which has hindered the sufficient utilization of P. americana. In this paper, the chitosan from P. americana was separated, characterized, and processed into film (PaCSF) to examine its potential of being applied in food packaging. As the results of different characterizations showed, PaCSF was similar to shrimp chitosan film (SCSF). However, concerning the performances relating to food packaging, the two chitosan films were different. PaCSF contained more water (42.82%) than SCSF did, resulting in its larger thickness (0.08 mm). PaCSF could resist UV light more effectively than SCSF did. Concerning antioxidant activity, the DPPH radical scavenging ability of PaCSF increased linearly with time passing, reaching 72.46% after 8 h, which was better than that of SCSF. The antibacterial activity assay exhibited that PaCSF resisted the growth of Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli more effectively than SCSF did. The results implied that P. americana chitosan could be a potential raw material for food packaging, providing a new way to develop P. americana.
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47
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Honeybee chitosan-melanin complex: isolation and investigation of antimicrobial activity. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.06.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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48
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Marmier T, Szczepanski CR, Candet C, Zenerino A, Godeau RP, Godeau G. Investigation on Mecynorhina torquata Drury, 1782 (Coleoptera, Cetoniidae, Goliathini) cuticle: Surface properties, chitin and chitosan extraction. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1164-1173. [PMID: 32702421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Naturally derived polymers, such as cellulose or chitin, are materials with increasing interest for a sustainable future. Considering the pollution associated with plastics recycling, natural and fully biocompatible materials like cellulose and chitin are becoming increasingly more relevant for sustainable engineering applications. Chitin and highly deacetylated chitin (chitosan) are already implemented in a wide range of materials applications, especially in biomedical fields. One interesting aspect of chitin is that the majority of industrially produced chitin is extracted from shrimp exoskeleton. However, other arthropods can also be investigated as a source of chitin. In this work, we focus on the extraction of chitin and preparation of chitosan from a beetle specie: Mecynorhina torquata. This includes characterization of the native Mecynorhina torquata surfaces and all intermediate surfaces throughout the chitosan extraction procedure. The final product, prepared chitosan, is also characterized using IR, SEM, ash content, and deacetylation degree. In addition, spectacular iridescent surfaces of Mecynorhina torquata are highlighted at the intermediate steps during chitin extraction. Finally, as proof of concept, the isolated chitosan is used to form hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Marmier
- Université Côte d'Azur, INPHYNI, UMR 7010, 06000 Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, IMREDD, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Caroline R Szczepanski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | | - René-Paul Godeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, INPHYNI, UMR 7010, 06000 Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, IMREDD, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Guilhem Godeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, INPHYNI, UMR 7010, 06000 Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, IMREDD, 06200 Nice, France.
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Characteristics of chitin extracted from black soldier fly in different life stages. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:3206-3214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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50
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Peng W, Ma NL, Zhang D, Zhou Q, Yue X, Khoo SC, Yang H, Guan R, Chen H, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wei Z, Suo C, Peng Y, Yang Y, Lam SS, Sonne C. A review of historical and recent locust outbreaks: Links to global warming, food security and mitigation strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110046. [PMID: 32841638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Locusts differ from ordinary grasshoppers in their ability to swarm over long distances and are among the oldest migratory pests. The ecology and biology of locusts make them among the most devastating pests worldwide and hence the calls for actions to prevent the next outbreaks. The most destructive of all locust species is the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria). Here, we review the current locust epidemic 2020 outbreak and its causes and prevention including the green technologies that may provide a reference for future directions of locust control and food security. Massive locust outbreaks threaten the terrestrial environments and crop production in around 100 countries of which Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya are the most affected. Six large locust outbreaks are reported for the period from 1912 to 1989 all being closely related to long-term droughts and warm winters coupled with occurrence of high precipitation in spring and summer. The outbreaks in East Africa, India and Pakistan are the most pronounced with locusts migrating more than 150 km/day during which the locusts consume food equivalent to their own body weight on a daily basis. The plague heavily affects the agricultural sectors, which is the foundation of national economies and social stability. Global warming is likely the main cause of locust plague outbreak in recent decades driving egg spawning of up to 2-400,000 eggs per square meter. Biological control techniques such as microorganisms, insects and birds help to reduce the outbreaks while reducing ecosystem and agricultural impacts. In addition, green technologies such as light and sound stimulation seem to work, however, these are challenging and need further technological development incorporating remote sensing and modelling before they are applicable on large-scales. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the 2020 locust outbreak is the worst in 70 years probably triggered by climate change, hurricanes and heavy rain and has affected a total of 70,000 ha in Somalia and Ethiopia. There is a need for shifting towards soybean, rape, and watermelon which seems to help to prevent locust outbreaks and obtain food security. Furthermore, locusts have a very high protein content and is an excellent protein source for meat production and as an alternative human protein source, which should be used to mitigate food security. In addition, forestation of arable land improves local climate conditions towards less precipitation and lower temperatures while simultaneously attracting a larger number of birds thereby increasing the locust predation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaochen Yue
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shing Ching Khoo
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Han Yang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ruirui Guan
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huiling Chen
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yacheng Wang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zihan Wei
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chaofan Suo
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yuhao Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yafeng Yang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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