1
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Tanaka K, Chen M, Prendergast A, Zhuang Z, Nasiri A, Joshi D, Hintzen J, Chung M, Kumar A, Mani A, Koleske A, Crawford J, Nicoli S, Schwartz MA. Latrophilin-2 mediates fluid shear stress mechanotransduction at endothelial junctions. EMBO J 2024; 43:3175-3191. [PMID: 38886581 PMCID: PMC11294477 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell responses to fluid shear stress from blood flow are crucial for vascular development, function, and disease. A complex of PECAM-1, VE-cadherin, VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), and Plexin D1 located at cell-cell junctions mediates many of these events. However, available evidence suggests that another mechanosensor upstream of PECAM-1 initiates signaling. Hypothesizing that GPCR and Gα proteins may serve this role, we performed siRNA screening of Gα subunits and found that Gαi2 and Gαq/11 are required for activation of the junctional complex. We then developed a new activation assay, which showed that these G proteins are activated by flow. We next mapped the Gα residues required for activation and developed an affinity purification method that used this information to identify latrophilin-2 (Lphn2/ADGRL2) as the upstream GPCR. Latrophilin-2 is required for all PECAM-1 downstream events tested. In both mice and zebrafish, latrophilin-2 is required for flow-dependent angiogenesis and artery remodeling. Furthermore, endothelial-specific knockout demonstrates that latrophilin plays a role in flow-dependent artery remodeling. Human genetic data reveal a correlation between the latrophilin-2-encoding Adgrl2 gene and cardiovascular disease. Together, these results define a pathway that connects latrophilin-dependent G protein activation to subsequent endothelial signaling, vascular physiology, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Tanaka
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Minghao Chen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Andrew Prendergast
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Zhenwu Zhuang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ali Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Divyesh Joshi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jared Hintzen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Minhwan Chung
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Arya Mani
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Anthony Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stefania Nicoli
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Huynh NPT, Osipovitch M, Foti R, Bates J, Mansky B, Cano JC, Benraiss A, Zhao C, Lu QR, Goldman SA. Shared patterns of glial transcriptional dysregulation link Huntington's disease and schizophrenia. Brain 2024:awae166. [PMID: 39028640 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease and juvenile-onset schizophrenia have long been regarded as distinct disorders. However, both manifest cell-intrinsic abnormalities in glial differentiation, with resultant astrocytic dysfunction and hypomyelination. To assess whether a common mechanism might underlie the similar glial pathology of these otherwise disparate conditions, we used comparative correlation network approaches to analyse RNA-sequencing data from human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) produced from disease-derived pluripotent stem cells. We identified gene sets preserved between Huntington's disease and schizophrenia hGPCs yet distinct from normal controls that included 174 highly connected genes in the shared disease-associated network, focusing on genes involved in synaptic signalling. These synaptic genes were largely suppressed in both schizophrenia and Huntington's disease hGPCs, and gene regulatory network analysis identified a core set of upstream regulators of this network, of which OLIG2 and TCF7L2 were prominent. Among their downstream targets, ADGRL3, a modulator of glutamatergic synapses, was notably suppressed in both schizophrenia and Huntington's disease hGPCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing confirmed that OLIG2 and TCF7L2 each bound to the regulatory region of ADGRL3, whose expression was then rescued by lentiviral overexpression of these transcription factors. These data suggest that the disease-associated suppression of OLIG2 and TCF7L2-dependent transcription of glutamate signalling regulators may impair glial receptivity to neuronal glutamate. The consequent loss of activity-dependent mobilization of hGPCs may yield deficient oligodendrocyte production, and hence the hypomyelination noted in these disorders, as well as the disrupted astrocytic differentiation and attendant synaptic dysfunction associated with each. Together, these data highlight the importance of convergent glial molecular pathology in both the pathogenesis and phenotypic similarities of two otherwise unrelated disorders, Huntington's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen P T Huynh
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mikhail Osipovitch
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rossana Foti
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janna Bates
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Benjamin Mansky
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jose C Cano
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Abdellatif Benraiss
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Chuntao Zhao
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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3
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Tanaka K, Chen M, Prendergast A, Zhuang Z, Nasiri A, Joshi D, Hintzen J, Chung M, Kumar A, Mani A, Koleske A, Crawford J, Nicoli S, Schwartz MA. Latrophilin-2 mediates fluid shear stress mechanotransduction at endothelial junctions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.13.598386. [PMID: 38915515 PMCID: PMC11195282 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.13.598386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cell responses to fluid shear stress from blood flow are crucial for vascular development, function and disease. A complex of PECAM-1, VE-cadherin, VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) and PlexinD1 located at cell-cell junctions mediates many of these events. But available evidence suggests that another mechanosensor upstream of PECAM-1 initiates signaling. Hypothesizing that GPCR and Gα proteins may serve this role, we performed siRNA screening of Gα subunits and found that Gαi2 and Gαq/11 are required for activation of the junctional complex. We then developed a new activation assay, which showed that these G proteins are activated by flow. We next mapped the Gα residues required for activation and developed an affinity purification method that used this information to identify latrophilin-2 (Lphn-2/ADGRL2) as the upstream GPCR. Latrophilin-2 is required for all PECAM-1 downstream events tested. In both mice and zebrafish, latrophilin-2 is required for flow-dependent angiogenesis and artery remodeling. Furthermore, endothelial specific knockout demonstrates that latrophilin plays a role in flow-dependent artery remodeling. Human genetic data reveal a correlation between the latrophilin-2-encoding Adgrl2 gene and cardiovascular disease. Together, these results define a pathway that connects latrophilin-dependent G protein activation to subsequent endothelial signaling, vascular physiology and disease.
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4
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Verpoort B, de Wit J. Cell Adhesion Molecule Signaling at the Synapse: Beyond the Scaffold. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041501. [PMID: 38316556 PMCID: PMC11065171 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Synapses are specialized intercellular junctions connecting pre- and postsynaptic neurons into functional neural circuits. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) constitute key players in synapse development that engage in homo- or heterophilic interactions across the synaptic cleft. Decades of research have identified numerous synaptic CAMs, mapped their trans-synaptic interactions, and determined their role in orchestrating synaptic connectivity. However, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms that translate trans-synaptic adhesion into the assembly of pre- and postsynaptic compartments. Here, we provide an overview of the intracellular signaling pathways that are engaged by synaptic CAMs and highlight outstanding issues to be addressed in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Verpoort
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Dietzsch AN, Al-Hasani H, Altschmied J, Bottermann K, Brendler J, Haendeler J, Horn S, Kaczmarek I, Körner A, Krause K, Landgraf K, Le Duc D, Lehmann L, Lehr S, Pick S, Ricken A, Schnorr R, Schulz A, Strnadová M, Velluva A, Zabri H, Schöneberg T, Thor D, Prömel S. Dysfunction of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor latrophilin 1 (ADGRL1/LPHN1) increases the risk of obesity. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:103. [PMID: 38664368 PMCID: PMC11045723 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the diseases with severe health consequences and rapidly increasing worldwide prevalence. Understanding the complex network of food intake and energy balance regulation is an essential prerequisite for pharmacological intervention with obesity. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the main modulators of metabolism and energy balance. They, for instance, regulate appetite and satiety in certain hypothalamic neurons, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism and hormone secretion from adipocytes. Mutations in some GPCRs, such as the melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R), have been associated with early-onset obesity. Here, we identified the adhesion GPCR latrophilin 1 (ADGRL1/LPHN1) as a member of the regulating network governing food intake and the maintenance of energy balance. Deficiency of the highly conserved receptor in mice results in increased food consumption and severe obesity, accompanied by dysregulation of glucose homeostasis. Consistently, we identified a partially inactivating mutation in human ADGRL1/LPHN1 in a patient suffering from obesity. Therefore, we propose that LPHN1 dysfunction is a risk factor for obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Nguyen Dietzsch
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Altschmied
- Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARID), Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Bottermann
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARID), Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Brendler
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Judith Haendeler
- Cardiovascular Degeneration, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CARID), Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Horn
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabell Kaczmarek
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- Center for Pediatric Research, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Department of Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diana Le Duc
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Lehmann
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pick
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Ricken
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rene Schnorr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina Strnadová
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Akhil Velluva
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heba Zabri
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Simone Prömel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Kordon SP, Cechova K, Bandekar SJ, Leon K, Dutka P, Siffer G, Kossiakoff AA, Vafabakhsh R, Araç D. Structural analysis and conformational dynamics of a holo-adhesion GPCR reveal interplay between extracellular and transmembrane domains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.25.581807. [PMID: 38464178 PMCID: PMC10925191 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.25.581807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptors (aGPCRs) are key cell-adhesion molecules involved in numerous physiological functions. aGPCRs have large multi-domain extracellular regions (ECR) containing a conserved GAIN domain that precedes their seven-pass transmembrane domain (7TM). Ligand binding and mechanical force applied on the ECR regulate receptor function. However, how the ECR communicates with the 7TM remains elusive, because the relative orientation and dynamics of the ECR and 7TM within a holoreceptor is unclear. Here, we describe the cryo-EM reconstruction of an aGPCR, Latrophilin3/ADGRL3, and reveal that the GAIN domain adopts a parallel orientation to the membrane and has constrained movement. Single-molecule FRET experiments unveil three slow-exchanging FRET states of the ECR relative to the 7TM within the holoreceptor. GAIN-targeted antibodies, and cancer-associated mutations at the GAIN-7TM interface, alter FRET states, cryo-EM conformations, and receptor signaling. Altogether, this data demonstrates conformational and functional coupling between the ECR and 7TM, suggesting an ECR-mediated mechanism of aGPCR activation.
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7
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Varney MJ, Benovic JL. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Receptor Kinases in Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:267-299. [PMID: 38351071 PMCID: PMC10877731 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus has emerged as a major global health concern that has accelerated in recent years due to poor diet and lifestyle. Afflicted individuals have high blood glucose levels that stem from the inability of the pancreas to make enough insulin to meet demand. Although medication can help to maintain normal blood glucose levels in individuals with chronic disease, many of these medicines are outdated, have severe side effects, and often become less efficacious over time, necessitating the need for insulin therapy. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many physiologic processes, including blood glucose levels. In pancreatic β cells, GPCRs regulate β-cell growth, apoptosis, and insulin secretion, which are all critical in maintaining sufficient β-cell mass and insulin output to ensure euglycemia. In recent years, new insights into the signaling of incretin receptors and other GPCRs have underscored the potential of these receptors as desirable targets in the treatment of diabetes. The signaling of these receptors is modulated by GPCR kinases (GRKs) that phosphorylate agonist-activated GPCRs, marking the receptor for arrestin binding and internalization. Interestingly, genome-wide association studies using diabetic patient cohorts link the GRKs and arrestins with T2D. Moreover, recent reports show that GRKs and arrestins expressed in the β cell serve a critical role in the regulation of β-cell function, including β-cell growth and insulin secretion in both GPCR-dependent and -independent pathways. In this review, we describe recent insights into GPCR signaling and the importance of GRK function in modulating β-cell physiology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pancreatic β cells contain a diverse array of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have been shown to improve β-cell function and survival, yet only a handful have been successfully targeted in the treatment of diabetes. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of β-cell GPCR pharmacology and regulation by GPCR kinases while also highlighting the necessity of investigating islet-enriched GPCRs that have largely been unexplored to unveil novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Chhabra KH, Bathina S, Faniyan TS, Samuel DJ, Raza MU, de Souza Cordeiro LM, Viana Di Prisco G, Atwood BK, Robles J, Bainbridge L, Davis A. ADGRL1 is a glucose receptor involved in mediating energy and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 2024; 67:170-189. [PMID: 37712955 PMCID: PMC10709246 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The brain is a major consumer of glucose as an energy source and regulates systemic glucose as well as energy balance. Although glucose transporters such as GLUT2 and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) are known to regulate glucose homeostasis and metabolism, the identity of a receptor that binds glucose to activate glucose signalling pathways in the brain is unknown. In this study, we aimed to discover a glucose receptor in the mouse hypothalamus. METHODS Here we used a high molecular mass glucose-biotin polymer to enrich glucose-bound mouse hypothalamic neurons through cell-based affinity chromatography. We then subjected the enriched neurons to proteomic analyses and identified adhesion G-protein coupled receptor 1 (ADGRL1) as a top candidate for a glucose receptor. We validated glucose-ADGRL1 interactions using CHO cells stably expressing human ADGRL1 and ligand-receptor binding assays. We generated and determined the phenotype of global Adgrl1-knockout mice and hypothalamus-specific Adgrl1-deficient mice. We measured the variables related to glucose and energy homeostasis in these mice. We also generated an Adgrl1Cre mouse model to investigate the role of ADGRL1 in sensing glucose using electrophysiology. RESULTS Adgrl1 is highly expressed in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) in mice. Lack of Adgrl1 in the VMH in mice caused fasting hyperinsulinaemia, enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin resistance. In addition, the Adgrl1-deficient mice had impaired feeding responses to glucose and fasting coupled with abnormal glucose sensing and decreased physical activity before development of obesity and hyperglycaemia. In female mice, ovariectomy was necessary to reveal the contribution of ADGRL1 to energy and glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Altogether, our findings demonstrate that ADGRL1 binds glucose and is involved in energy as well as glucose homeostasis in a sex-dependent manner. Targeting ADGRL1 may introduce a new class of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavaljit H Chhabra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Siresha Bathina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tumininu S Faniyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dennis J Samuel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Ummear Raza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Leticia Maria de Souza Cordeiro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gonzalo Viana Di Prisco
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brady K Atwood
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jorge Robles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Bainbridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Autumn Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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9
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Zhong BL, Lee CE, Vachharajani VT, Bauer MS, Südhof TC, Dunn AR. Piconewton Forces Mediate GAIN Domain Dissociation of the Latrophilin-3 Adhesion GPCR. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9187-9194. [PMID: 37831891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Latrophilins are adhesion G-protein coupled receptors (aGPCRs) that control excitatory synapse formation. Most aGPCRs, including latrophilins, are autoproteolytically cleaved at their GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain, but the two resulting fragments remain noncovalently associated on the cell surface. Force-mediated dissociation of the fragments is thought to activate G-protein signaling, but how this mechanosensitivity arises is poorly understood. Here, we use magnetic tweezer assays to show that physiologically relevant forces in the 1-10 pN range lead to dissociation of the latrophilin-3 GAIN domain on the seconds-to-minutes time scale, compared to days in the absence of force. In addition, we find that the GAIN domain undergoes large changes in length in response to increasing mechanical load. These data are consistent with a model in which a force-sensitive equilibrium between compact and extended GAIN domain states precedes dissociation, suggesting a mechanism by which latrophilins and other aGPCRs may mediate mechanically induced signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christina E Lee
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vipul T Vachharajani
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Magnus S Bauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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10
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Bui DLH, Roach A, Li J, Bandekar SJ, Orput E, Raghavan R, Araç D, Sando RC. The adhesion GPCRs CELSR1-3 and LPHN3 engage G proteins via distinct activation mechanisms. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112552. [PMID: 37224017 PMCID: PMC10592476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a large GPCR class that direct diverse fundamental biological processes. One prominent mechanism for aGPCR agonism involves autoproteolytic cleavage, which generates an activating, membrane-proximal tethered agonist (TA). How universal this mechanism is for all aGPCRs is unclear. Here, we investigate G protein induction principles of aGPCRs using mammalian latrophilin 3 (LPHN3) and cadherin EGF LAG-repeat 7-transmembrane receptors 1-3 (CELSR1-3), members of two aGPCR families conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. LPHNs and CELSRs mediate fundamental aspects of brain development, yet CELSR signaling mechanisms are unknown. We find that CELSR1 and CELSR3 are cleavage deficient, while CELSR2 is efficiently cleaved. Despite differential autoproteolysis, CELSR1-3 all engage GαS, and CELSR1 or CELSR3 TA point mutants retain GαS coupling activity. CELSR2 autoproteolysis enhances GαS coupling, yet acute TA exposure alone is insufficient. These studies support that aGPCRs signal via multiple paradigms and provide insights into CELSR biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Lan Huong Bui
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Andrew Roach
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jingxian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sumit J Bandekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elizabeth Orput
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Ritika Raghavan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard C Sando
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
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11
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Huong Bui DL, Roach A, Li J, Bandekar SJ, Orput E, Raghavan R, Araç D, Sando R. The adhesion GPCRs CELSR1-3 and LPHN3 engage G proteins via distinct activation mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.02.535287. [PMID: 37066404 PMCID: PMC10103989 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.02.535287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are a large GPCR class that direct diverse fundamental biological processes. One prominent mechanism for aGPCR agonism involves autoproteolytic cleavage, which generates an activating, membrane-proximal tethered agonist (TA). How universal this mechanism is for all aGPCRs is unclear. Here, we investigate G protein induction principles of aGPCRs using mammalian LPHN3 and CELSR1-3, members of two aGPCR families conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. LPHNs and CELSRs mediate fundamental aspects of brain development, yet CELSR signaling mechanisms are unknown. We found that CELSR1 and CELSR3 are cleavage-deficient, while CELSR2 is efficiently cleaved. Despite differential autoproteolysis, CELSR1-3 all engage GαS, and CELSR1 or CELSR3 TA point mutants retain GαS coupling activity. CELSR2 autoproteolysis enhances GαS coupling, yet acute TA exposure alone is insufficient. These studies support that aGPCRs signal via multiple paradigms and provide insights into CELSR biological function.
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12
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Pederick DT, Perry-Hauser NA, Meng H, He Z, Javitch JA, Luo L. Context-dependent requirement of G protein coupling for Latrophilin-2 in target selection of hippocampal axons. eLife 2023; 12:e83529. [PMID: 36939320 PMCID: PMC10118387 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of neural circuits requires extensive interactions of cell-surface proteins to guide axons to their correct target neurons. Trans-cellular interactions of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor latrophilin-2 (Lphn2) with its partner teneurin-3 instruct the precise assembly of hippocampal networks by reciprocal repulsion. Lphn2 acts as a repulsive receptor in distal CA1 neurons to direct their axons to the proximal subiculum, and as a repulsive ligand in the proximal subiculum to direct proximal CA1 axons to the distal subiculum. It remains unclear if Lphn2-mediated intracellular signaling is required for its role in either context. Here, we show that Lphn2 couples to Gα12/13 in heterologous cells; this coupling is increased by constitutive exposure of the tethered agonist. Specific mutations of Lphn2's tethered agonist region disrupt its G protein coupling and autoproteolytic cleavage, whereas mutating the autoproteolytic cleavage site alone prevents cleavage but preserves a functional tethered agonist. Using an in vivo misexpression assay, we demonstrate that wild-type Lphn2 misdirects proximal CA1 axons to the proximal subiculum and that Lphn2 tethered agonist activity is required for its role as a repulsive receptor in axons. By contrast, neither tethered agonist activity nor autoproteolysis were necessary for Lphn2's role as a repulsive ligand in the subiculum target neurons. Thus, tethered agonist activity is required for Lphn2-mediated neural circuit assembly in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Pederick
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Nicole A Perry-Hauser
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Huyan Meng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsNew YorkUnited States
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric InstituteNew YorkUnited States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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13
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Isoform- and ligand-specific modulation of the adhesion GPCR ADGRL3/Latrophilin3 by a synthetic binder. Nat Commun 2023; 14:635. [PMID: 36746957 PMCID: PMC9902482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are cell-surface proteins with large extracellular regions that bind to multiple ligands to regulate key biological functions including neurodevelopment and organogenesis. Modulating a single function of a specific aGPCR isoform while affecting no other function and no other receptor is not trivial. Here, we engineered an antibody, termed LK30, that binds to the extracellular region of the aGPCR ADGRL3, and specifically acts as an agonist for ADGRL3 but not for its isoform, ADGRL1. The LK30/ADGRL3 complex structure revealed that the LK30 binding site on ADGRL3 overlaps with the binding site for an ADGRL3 ligand - teneurin. In cellular-adhesion assays, LK30 specifically broke the trans-cellular interaction of ADGRL3 with teneurin, but not with another ADGRL3 ligand - FLRT3. Our work provides proof of concept for the modulation of isoform- and ligand-specific aGPCR functions using unique tools, and thus establishes a foundation for the development of fine-tuned aGPCR-targeted therapeutics.
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Zhong BL, Lee CE, Vachharajani VT, Südhof TC, Dunn AR. Piconewton forces mediate GAIN domain dissociation of the latrophilin-3 adhesion GPCR. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523854. [PMID: 36711622 PMCID: PMC9882233 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Latrophilins are adhesion G-protein coupled receptors (aGPCRs) that control excitatory synapse formation. aGPCRs, including latrophilins, are autoproteolytically cleaved at their GPCR-Autoproteolysis Inducing (GAIN) domain, but the two resulting fragments remain associated on the cell surface. It is thought that force-mediated dissociation of the fragments exposes a peptide that activates G-protein signaling of aGPCRs, but whether GAIN domain dissociation can occur on biologically relevant timescales and at physiological forces is unknown. Here, we show using magnetic tweezers that physiological forces dramatically accelerate the dissociation of the latrophilin-3 GAIN domain. Forces in the 1-10 pN range were sufficient to dissociate the GAIN domain on a seconds-to-minutes timescale, and the GAIN domain fragments reversibly reassociated after dissociation. Thus, mechanical force may be a key driver of latrophilin signaling during synapse formation, suggesting a physiological mechanism by which aGPCRs may mediate mechanically-induced signal transduction.
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15
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Perry-Hauser NA, VanDyck MW, Lee KH, Shi L, Javitch JA. Disentangling autoproteolytic cleavage from tethered agonist-dependent activation of the adhesion receptor ADGRL3. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102594. [PMID: 36244455 PMCID: PMC9674912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor latrophilin 3 (ADGRL3), a cell adhesion molecule highly expressed in the central nervous system, acts in synapse formation through trans interactions with its ligands. It is largely unknown if these interactions serve a purely adhesive function or can modulate G protein signaling. To assess how different structural elements of ADGRL3 (e.g., the adhesive domains, autoproteolytic cleavage site, or tethered agonist (TA)) impact receptor function, we require constructs that disrupt specific receptor features without impacting others. While we showed previously that mutating conserved Phe and Met residues in the TA of ADGRL3-C-terminal fragment (CTF), a CTF truncated to the G protein-coupled receptor proteolysis site, abolishes receptor-mediated G protein activation, we now find that autoproteolytic cleavage is disrupted in the full-length version of this construct. To identify a construct that disrupts TA-dependent activity without impacting proteolysis, we explored other mutations in the TA. We found that mutating the sixth and seventh residues of the TA, Leu and Met, to Ala impaired activity in a serum response element activity assay for both full-length and CTF constructs. We confirmed this activity loss results from impaired G protein coupling using an assay that acutely exposes the TA through controlled proteolysis. The ADGRL3 mutant expresses normally at the cell surface, and immunoblotting shows that it undergoes normal autoproteolysis. Thus, we found a construct that disrupts tethered agonism while retaining autoproteolytic cleavage, providing a tool to disentangle these functions in vivo. Our approach and specific findings are likely to be broadly applicable to other adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Perry-Hauser
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Max W VanDyck
- Department of Biochemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
| | - Kuo Hao Lee
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA.
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16
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Liebscher I, Cevheroğlu O, Hsiao CC, Maia AF, Schihada H, Scholz N, Soave M, Spiess K, Trajković K, Kosloff M, Prömel S. A guide to adhesion GPCR research. FEBS J 2022; 289:7610-7630. [PMID: 34729908 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a class of structurally and functionally highly intriguing cell surface receptors with essential functions in health and disease. Thus, they display a vastly unexploited pharmacological potential. Our current understanding of the physiological functions and signaling mechanisms of aGPCRs form the basis for elucidating further molecular aspects. Combining these with novel tools and methodologies from different fields tailored for studying these unusual receptors yields a powerful potential for pushing aGPCR research from singular approaches toward building up an in-depth knowledge that will facilitate its translation to applied science. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on aGPCRs in respect to structure-function relations, physiology, and clinical aspects, as well as the latest advances in the field. We highlight the upcoming most pressing topics in aGPCR research and identify strategies to tackle them. Furthermore, we discuss approaches how to promote, stimulate, and translate research on aGPCRs 'from bench to bedside' in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Liebscher
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | | | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André F Maia
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Hannes Schihada
- C3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarina Trajković
- Biology of Robustness Group, Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Split, Croatia
| | - Mickey Kosloff
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Simone Prömel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Hogg DW, Reid AL, Dodsworth TL, Chen Y, Reid RM, Xu M, Husic M, Biga PR, Slee A, Buck LT, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Locke M, Lovejoy DA. Skeletal muscle metabolism and contraction performance regulation by teneurin C-terminal-associated peptide-1. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1031264. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1031264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regulation is responsible for voluntary muscular movement in vertebrates. The genes of two essential proteins, teneurins and latrophilins (LPHN), evolving in ancestors of multicellular animals form a ligand-receptor pair, and are now shown to be required for skeletal muscle function. Teneurins possess a bioactive peptide, termed the teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP) that interacts with the LPHNs to regulate skeletal muscle contractility strength and fatigue by an insulin-independent glucose importation mechanism in rats. CRISPR-based knockouts and siRNA-associated knockdowns of LPHN-1 and-3 in the C2C12 mouse skeletal cell line shows that TCAP stimulates an LPHN-dependent cytosolic Ca2+ signal transduction cascade to increase energy metabolism and enhance skeletal muscle function via increases in type-1 oxidative fiber formation and reduce the fatigue response. Thus, the teneurin/TCAP-LPHN system is presented as a novel mechanism that regulates the energy requirements and performance of skeletal muscle.
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18
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Bridges JP, Safina C, Pirard B, Brown K, Filuta A, Panchanathan R, Bouhelal R, Reymann N, Patel S, Seuwen K, Miller WE, Ludwig MG. Regulation of pulmonary surfactant by the adhesion GPCR GPR116/ADGRF5 requires a tethered agonist-mediated activation mechanism. eLife 2022; 11:69061. [PMID: 36073784 PMCID: PMC9489211 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic details of the tethered agonist mode of activation for the adhesion GPCR ADGRF5/GPR116 have not been completely deciphered. We set out to investigate the physiological importance of autocatalytic cleavage upstream of the agonistic peptide sequence, an event necessary for NTF displacement and subsequent receptor activation. To examine this hypothesis, we characterized tethered agonist-mediated activation of GPR116 in vitro and in vivo. A knock-in mouse expressing a non-cleavable GPR116 mutant phenocopies the pulmonary phenotype of GPR116 knock-out mice, demonstrating that tethered agonist-mediated receptor activation is indispensable for function in vivo. Using site-directed mutagenesis and species-swapping approaches, we identified key conserved amino acids for GPR116 activation in the tethered agonist sequence and in extracellular loops 2/3 (ECL2/3). We further highlight residues in transmembrane 7 (TM7) that mediate stronger signaling in mouse versus human GPR116 and recapitulate these findings in a model supporting tethered agonist:ECL2 interactions for GPR116 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Caterina Safina
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Pirard
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kari Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Alyssa Filuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Ravichandran Panchanathan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Rochdi Bouhelal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Reymann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sejal Patel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Cambridge, United States
| | - Klaus Seuwen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
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ADGRL1 haploinsufficiency causes a variable spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans and alters synaptic activity and behavior in a mouse model. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1436-1457. [PMID: 35907405 PMCID: PMC9388395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ADGRL1 (latrophilin 1), a well-characterized adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, has been implicated in synaptic development, maturation, and activity. However, the role of ADGRL1 in human disease has been elusive. Here, we describe ten individuals with variable neurodevelopmental features including developmental delay, intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorders, and epilepsy, all heterozygous for variants in ADGRL1. In vitro, human ADGRL1 variants expressed in neuroblastoma cells showed faulty ligand-induced regulation of intracellular Ca2+ influx, consistent with haploinsufficiency. In vivo, Adgrl1 was knocked out in mice and studied on two genetic backgrounds. On a non-permissive background, mice carrying a heterozygous Adgrl1 null allele exhibited neurological and developmental abnormalities, while homozygous mice were non-viable. On a permissive background, knockout animals were also born at sub-Mendelian ratios, but many Adgrl1 null mice survived gestation and reached adulthood. Adgrl1-/- mice demonstrated stereotypic behaviors, sexual dysfunction, bimodal extremes of locomotion, augmented startle reflex, and attenuated pre-pulse inhibition, which responded to risperidone. Ex vivo synaptic preparations displayed increased spontaneous exocytosis of dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate, but Adgrl1-/- neurons formed synapses in vitro poorly. Overall, our findings demonstrate that ADGRL1 haploinsufficiency leads to consistent developmental, neurological, and behavioral abnormalities in mice and humans.
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Lei P, Wang H, Yu L, Xu C, Sun H, Lyu Y, Li L, Zhang DL. A correlation study of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors as potential therapeutic targets in Uterine Corpus Endometrial cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Mutations of polycystin-1 (PC1) are the major cause (85% of cases) of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which is the fourth leading cause of kidney failure. PC1 is thought to function as an atypical G protein-coupled receptor, yet the mechanism by which PC1 regulates G-protein signaling remains poorly understood. A significant portion of ADPKD mutations of PC1 encode a protein with defects in maturation or reduced function that may be amenable to functional rescue. In this work, we have combined complementary biochemical and cellular assay experiments and accelerated molecular simulations, which revealed an allosteric transduction pathway in activation of the PC1 C-terminal fragment. Our findings will facilitate future rational drug design efforts targeting the PC1 signaling function. Polycystin-1 (PC1) is an important unusual G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with 11 transmembrane domains, and its mutations account for 85% of cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). PC1 shares multiple characteristics with Adhesion GPCRs. These include a GPCR proteolysis site that autocatalytically divides these proteins into extracellular, N-terminal, and membrane-embedded, C-terminal fragments (CTF), and a tethered agonist (TA) within the N-terminal stalk of the CTF that is suggested to activate signaling. However, the mechanism by which a TA can activate PC1 is not known. Here, we have combined functional cellular signaling experiments of PC1 CTF expression constructs encoding wild type, stalkless, and three different ADPKD stalk variants with all-atom Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations to investigate TA-mediated signaling activation. Correlations of residue motions and free-energy profiles calculated from the GaMD simulations correlated with the differential signaling abilities of wild type and stalk variants of PC1 CTF. They suggested an allosteric mechanism involving residue interactions connecting the stalk, Tetragonal Opening for Polycystins (TOP) domain, and putative pore loop in TA-mediated activation of PC1 CTF. Key interacting residues such as N3074–S3585 and R3848–E4078 predicted from the GaMD simulations were validated by mutagenesis experiments. Together, these complementary analyses have provided insights into a TA-mediated activation mechanism of PC1 CTF signaling, which will be important for future rational drug design targeting PC1.
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22
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Dodsworth TL, Lovejoy DA. Role of Teneurin C-Terminal Associated Peptides (TCAP) on Intercellular Adhesion and Communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:868541. [PMID: 35585927 PMCID: PMC9108700 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.868541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAP) are encoded by the terminal exon of all metazoan teneurin genes. Evidence supports the liberation of a soluble TCAP peptide either by proteolytic cleavage from the mature transmembrane teneurin protein or by a separately transcribed mRNA. Synthetic versions of TCAP, based on its genomic structure, are efficacious at regulating intercellular communication by promoting neurite outgrowth and increasing dendritic spine density in vitro and in vivo in rodent models. This is achieved through cytoskeletal re-arrangement and metabolic upregulation. The putative receptors for TCAPs are the latrophilin (LPHN) family of adhesion G-protein coupled receptors, which facilitate TCAP’s actions through G-proteins associated with cAMP and calcium-regulating signalling pathways. The teneurin/TCAP and latrophilin genes are phylogenetically ancient, likely serving primitive functions in cell adhesion and energy regulation which have been since adapted for a more complex role in synaptogenesis in vertebrate nervous systems.
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23
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Bueschbell B, Manga P, Schiedel AC. The Many Faces of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143, an Atypical Intracellular Receptor. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:873777. [PMID: 35495622 PMCID: PMC9039016 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.873777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs transform extracellular stimuli into a physiological response by activating an intracellular signaling cascade initiated via binding to G proteins. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) hold the potential to pave the way for development of new, innovative therapeutic strategies. In this review we will introduce G protein-coupled receptor 143 (GPR143), an enigmatic receptor in terms of classification within the GPCR superfamily and localization. GPR143 has not been assigned to any of the GPCR families due to the lack of common structural motifs. Hence we will describe the most important motifs of classes A and B and compare them to the protein sequence of GPR143. While a precise function for the receptor has yet to be determined, the protein is expressed abundantly in pigment producing cells. Many GPR143 mutations cause X-linked Ocular Albinism Type 1 (OA1, Nettleship-Falls OA), which results in hypopigmentation of the eyes and loss of visual acuity due to disrupted visual system development and function. In pigment cells of the skin, loss of functional GPR143 results in abnormally large melanosomes (organelles in which pigment is produced). Studies have shown that the receptor is localized internally, including at the melanosomal membrane, where it may function to regulate melanosome size and/or facilitate protein trafficking to the melanosome through the endolysosomal system. Numerous additional roles have been proposed for GPR143 in determining cancer predisposition, regulation of blood pressure, development of macular degeneration and signaling in the brain, which we will briefly describe as well as potential ligands that have been identified. Furthermore, GPR143 is a promiscuous receptor that has been shown to interact with multiple other melanosomal proteins and GPCRs, which strongly suggests that this orphan receptor is likely involved in many different physiological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bueschbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anke C. Schiedel,
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Zhang Q, Zhang J, Ye J, Li X, Liu H, Ma X, Wang C, He K, Zhang W, Yuan J, Zhao Y, Xu H, Liu Q. Nuclear speckle specific hnRNP D-like prevents age- and AD-related cognitive decline by modulating RNA splicing. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:66. [PMID: 34551807 PMCID: PMC8456587 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant alternative splicing plays critical role in aging and age-related diseases. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) reportedly regulate RNA splicing process. Whether and how hnRNPs contribute to age-related neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), remain elusive. METHODS Immunoblotting and immunostaining were performed to determine expression patterns and cellular/subcellular localization of the long isoform of hnRNP D-like (L-DL), which is a hnRNP family member, in mouse hippocampus. Downregulation of L-DL in WT mice was achieved by AAV-mediated shRNA delivery, followed by memory-related behavioural tests. L-DL interactome was analysed by affinity-precipitation and mass spectrometry. Alternative RNA splicing was measured by RNA-seq and analyzed by bioinformatics-based approaches. Downregulation and upregulation of L-DL in APP/PS1 mice were performed using AAV-mediated transduction. RESULTS We show that L-DL is specifically localized to nuclear speckles. L-DL levels are decreased in the hippocampus of aged mouse brains and downregulation of L-DL impairs cognition in mice. L-DL serves as a structural component to recruit other speckle proteins, and regulates cytoskeleton- and synapse-related gene expression by altering RNA splicing. Mechanistically, these splicing changes are modulated via L-DL-mediated interaction of SF3B3, a core component of U2 snRNP, and U2AF65, a U2 spliceosome protein that guides U2 snRNP's binding to RNA. In addition, L-DL levels are decreased in APP/PS1 mouse brains. While downregulation of L-DL deteriorates memory deficits and overexpression of L-DL improves cognitive function in AD mice, by regulating the alternative splicing and expression of synaptic gene CAMKV. CONCLUSIONS Our findings define a molecular mechanism by which hnRNP L-DL regulates alternative RNA splicing, and establish a direct role for L-DL in AD-related synaptic dysfunction and memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jin Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongda Liu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Keqiang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Ji Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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25
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Rosa M, Noel T, Harris M, Ladds G. Emerging roles of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1695-1709. [PMID: 34282836 PMCID: PMC8421042 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) form a sub-group within the GPCR superfamily. Their distinctive structure contains an abnormally large N-terminal, extracellular region with a GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain. In most aGPCRs, the GAIN domain constitutively cleaves the receptor into two fragments. This process is often required for aGPCR signalling. Over the last two decades, much research has focussed on aGPCR-ligand interactions, in an attempt to deorphanize the family. Most ligands have been found to bind to regions N-terminal to the GAIN domain. These receptors may bind a variety of ligands, ranging across membrane-bound proteins and extracellular matrix components. Recent advancements have revealed a conserved method of aGPCR activation involving a tethered ligand within the GAIN domain. Evidence for this comes from increased activity in receptor mutants exposing the tethered ligand. As a result, G protein-coupling partners of aGPCRs have been more extensively characterised, making use of their tethered ligand to create constitutively active mutants. This has led to demonstrations of aGPCR function in, for example, neurodevelopment and tumour growth. However, questions remain around the ligands that may bind many aGPCRs, how this binding is translated into changes in the GAIN domain, and the exact mechanism of aGPCR activation following GAIN domain conformational changes. This review aims to examine the current knowledge around aGPCR activation, including ligand binding sites, the mechanism of GAIN domain-mediated receptor activation and how aGPCR transmembrane domains may relate to activation. Other aspects of aGPCR signalling will be touched upon, such as downstream effectors and physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Timothy Noel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, U.K
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26
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Conserved residues in the extracellular loop 2 regulate Stachel-mediated activation of ADGRG2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14060. [PMID: 34234254 PMCID: PMC8263569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage and dissociation of a large N-terminal fragment and the consequent unmasking of a short sequence (Stachel) remaining on the N-terminus have been proposed as mechanisms of activation of some members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) family. However, the identity of residues that play a role in the activation of aGPCRs by the cognate Stachel remains largely unknown. Protein sequence alignments revealed a conserved stretch of residues in the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) of all 33 members of the aGPCR family. ADGRG2, an orphan aGPCR, plays a major role in male fertility, Ewing sarcoma cell proliferation, and parathyroid cell function. We used ADGRG2 as a model aGPCR and generated mutants of the conserved residues in the ECL2 via site-directed mutagenesis. We show that tryptophan and isoleucine in the ECL2 are essential for receptor stability and surface expression in the HEK293 cells. By adjusting the receptor surface expression levels, we show that mutation of these residues of ECL2 ablates the Stachel-mediated activation of multiple signaling pathways of ADGRG2. This study provides a novel understanding of the role of the ECL2 in Stachel-mediated signaling and degradation of ADGRG2, which may lay the foundation for the rational design of therapeutics to target aGPCRs.
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27
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Sando R, Südhof TC. Latrophilin GPCR signaling mediates synapse formation. eLife 2021; 10:e65717. [PMID: 33646123 PMCID: PMC7954527 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuit assembly in the brain requires precise establishment of synaptic connections, but the mechanisms of synapse assembly remain incompletely understood. Latrophilins are postsynaptic adhesion-GPCRs that engage in trans-synaptic complexes with presynaptic teneurins and FLRTs. In mouse CA1-region neurons, Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 are essential for formation of entorhinal-cortex-derived and Schaffer-collateral-derived synapses, respectively. However, it is unknown whether latrophilins function as GPCRs in synapse formation. Here, we show that Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 exhibit constitutive GPCR activity that increases cAMP levels, which was blocked by a mutation interfering with G-protein and arrestin interactions of GPCRs. The same mutation impaired the ability of Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 to rescue the synapse-loss phenotype in Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 knockout neurons in vivo. Our results suggest that Latrophilin-2 and Latrophilin-3 require GPCR signaling in synapse formation, indicating that latrophilins promote synapse formation in the hippocampus by activating a classical GPCR-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sando
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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28
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Mathiasen S, Palmisano T, Perry NA, Stoveken HM, Vizurraga A, McEwen DP, Okashah N, Langenhan T, Inoue A, Lambert NA, Tall GG, Javitch JA. G12/13 is activated by acute tethered agonist exposure in the adhesion GPCR ADGRL3. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1343-1350. [PMID: 32778842 PMCID: PMC7990041 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) latrophilin 3 (ADGRL3) has been associated with increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use in human genetic studies. Knockdown in multiple species leads to hyperlocomotion and altered dopamine signaling. Thus, ADGRL3 is a potential target for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders that involve dopamine dysfunction, but its basic signaling properties are poorly understood. Identification of adhesion GPCR signaling partners has been limited by a lack of tools to acutely activate these receptors in living cells. Here, we design a novel acute activation strategy to characterize ADGRL3 signaling by engineering a receptor construct in which we could trigger acute activation enzymatically. Using this assay, we found that ADGRL3 signals through G12/G13 and Gq, with G12/13 the most robustly activated. Gα12/13 is a new player in ADGRL3 biology, opening up unexplored roles for ADGRL3 in the brain. Our methodological advancements should be broadly useful in adhesion GPCR research.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/agonists
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/chemistry
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/metabolism
- Animals
- Arrestin/chemistry
- Arrestin/genetics
- Arrestin/metabolism
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Engineering
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, G12-G13/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/chemistry
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/chemistry
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Mathiasen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiago Palmisano
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole A Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah M Stoveken
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alex Vizurraga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dyke P McEwen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Najeah Okashah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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Maser RL, Calvet JP. Adhesion GPCRs as a paradigm for understanding polycystin-1 G protein regulation. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109637. [PMID: 32305667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycystin-1, whose mutation is the most frequent cause of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, is an extremely large and multi-faceted membrane protein whose primary or proximal cyst-preventing function remains undetermined. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that modulation of cellular signaling by heterotrimeric G proteins is a critical function of polycystin-1. The presence of a cis-autocatalyzed, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) proteolytic cleavage site, or GPS, in its extracellular N-terminal domain immediately preceding the first transmembrane domain is one of the notable conserved features of the polycystin-1-like protein family, and also of the family of cell adhesion GPCRs. Adhesion GPCRs are one of five families within the GPCR superfamily and are distinguished by a large N-terminal extracellular region consisting of multiple adhesion modules with a GPS-containing GAIN domain and bimodal functions in cell adhesion and signal transduction. Recent advances from studies of adhesion GPCRs provide a new paradigm for unraveling the mechanisms by which polycystin-1-associated G protein signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. This review highlights the structural and functional features shared by polycystin-1 and the adhesion GPCRs and discusses the implications of such similarities for our further understanding of the functions of this complicated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Maser
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
| | - James P Calvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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30
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Röthe J, Thor D, Winkler J, Knierim AB, Binder C, Huth S, Kraft R, Rothemund S, Schöneberg T, Prömel S. Involvement of the Adhesion GPCRs Latrophilins in the Regulation of Insulin Release. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1573-1584.e5. [PMID: 30726739 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells is a highly complex and tightly regulated process. Its dysregulation is one characteristic of type 2 diabetes, and thus, an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms controlling insulin secretion is essential for rational therapeutic intervention. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been established as major regulators of insulin exocytosis. Recent studies also suggest the involvement of adhesion GPCRs, a non-prototypical class of GPCRs. Here, we identify latrophilins, which belong to the class of adhesion GPCRs, to be highly expressed in different cell types of pancreatic islets. In vitro and ex vivo analyses show that distinct splice variants of the latrophilin LPHN3/ADGRL3 decrease insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells by reducing intracellular cyclic AMP levels via the Gi-mediated pathway. Our data highlight the key role of LPHN3 in modulating insulin secretion and its potential as therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Röthe
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jana Winkler
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander B Knierim
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Binder
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Huth
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Rothemund
- Core Unit Peptide Technologies, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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31
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Gad AA, Balenga N. The Emerging Role of Adhesion GPCRs in Cancer. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:29-42. [PMID: 32259086 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression, function, and mutation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling partners, G proteins, have been well documented in many forms of cancer. These cell surface receptors and their endogenous ligands are implicated in all aspects of cancer including proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) form the second largest family of GPCRs, most of which are orphan receptors with unknown physiological functions. This is mainly due to our limited insight into their structure, natural ligands, signaling pathways, and tissue expression profiles. Nevertheless, recent studies show that aGPCRs play important roles in cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, processes that are dysregulated in cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that aGPCRs are implicated in migration, proliferation, and survival of tumor cells. We here review the role of aGPCRs in the five most common types of cancer (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and gastric) and emphasize the importance of further translational studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanoub A Gad
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Division of General & Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States.,Molecular and Structural Biology program at University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 20201, United States
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32
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Dunn HA, Orlandi C, Martemyanov KA. Beyond the Ligand: Extracellular and Transcellular G Protein-Coupled Receptor Complexes in Physiology and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:503-519. [PMID: 31515243 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain one of the most successful targets of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. GPCR research has predominantly focused on the characterization of the intracellular interactome's contribution to GPCR function and pharmacology. However, emerging evidence uncovers a new dimension in the biology of GPCRs involving their extracellular and transcellular interactions that critically impact GPCR function and pharmacology. The seminal examples include a variety of adhesion GPCRs, such as ADGRLs/latrophilins, ADGRBs/brain angiogenesis inhibitors, ADGRG1/GPR56, ADGRG6/GPR126, ADGRE5/CD97, and ADGRC3/CELSR3. However, recent advances have indicated that class C GPCRs that contain large extracellular domains, including group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8), γ-aminobutyric acid receptors, and orphans GPR158 and GPR179, can also participate in this form of transcellular regulation. In this review, we will focus on a variety of identified extracellular and transcellular GPCR-interacting partners, including teneurins, neurexins, integrins, fibronectin leucine-rich transmembranes, contactin-6, neuroligin, laminins, collagens, major prion protein, amyloid precursor protein, complement C1q-likes, stabilin-2, pikachurin, dystroglycan, complement decay-accelerating factor CD55, cluster of differentiation CD36 and CD90, extracellular leucine-rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 1, and leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like domain and transmembrane domains. We provide an account on the diversity of extracellular and transcellular GPCR complexes and their contribution to key cellular and physiologic processes, including cell migration, axon guidance, cellular and synaptic adhesion, and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss models and mechanisms by which extracellular GPCR assemblies may regulate communication at cellular junctions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to be the prominent focus of pharmacological intervention for a variety of human pathologies. Although the majority of GPCR research has focused on the intracellular interactome, recent advancements have identified an extracellular dimension of GPCR modulation that alters accepted pharmacological principles of GPCRs. Herein, we describe known endogenous allosteric modulators acting on GPCRs both in cis and in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
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33
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Morgan RK, Anderson GR, Araç D, Aust G, Balenga N, Boucard A, Bridges JP, Engel FB, Formstone CJ, Glitsch MD, Gray RS, Hall RA, Hsiao CC, Kim HY, Knierim AB, Kusuluri DK, Leon K, Liebscher I, Piao X, Prömel S, Scholz N, Srivastava S, Thor D, Tolias KF, Ushkaryov YA, Vallon M, Van Meir EG, Vanhollebeke B, Wolfrum U, Wright KM, Monk KR, Mogha A. The expanding functional roles and signaling mechanisms of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:5-25. [PMID: 31168816 PMCID: PMC7891679 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the second largest family of GPCRs (33 members in humans). Adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) are defined by a large extracellular N-terminal region that is linked to a C-terminal seven transmembrane (7TM) domain via a GPCR-autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain containing a GPCR proteolytic site (GPS). Most aGPCRs undergo autoproteolysis at the GPS motif, but the cleaved fragments stay closely associated, with the N-terminal fragment (NTF) bound to the 7TM of the C-terminal fragment (CTF). The NTFs of most aGPCRs contain domains known to be involved in cell-cell adhesion, while the CTFs are involved in classical G protein signaling, as well as other intracellular signaling. In this workshop report, we review the most recent findings on the biology, signaling mechanisms, and physiological functions of aGPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory K. Morgan
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Garret R. Anderson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California – Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Program in Molecular and Structural Biology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antony Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, México
| | - James P. Bridges
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Perinatal Institute, Section of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Felix B. Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Caroline J. Formstone
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Guys Campus, Kings College London, London, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College Lane Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Maike D. Glitsch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas
| | - Randy A. Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Alexander B. Knierim
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Deva Krupakar Kusuluri
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katherine Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ines Liebscher
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Newborn Brain Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Mario Vallon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Erwin G. Van Meir
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kevin M. Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kelly R. Monk
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Amit Mogha
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Rahman MA, Manser C, Benlaouer O, Suckling J, Blackburn JK, Silva JP, Ushkaryov YA. C-terminal phosphorylation of latrophilin-1/ADGRL1 affects the interaction between its fragments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:122-143. [PMID: 31553068 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilin-1 is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor that mediates the effect of α-latrotoxin, causing massive release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals and endocrine cells. Autoproteolysis cleaves latrophilin-1 into two parts: the extracellular N-terminal fragment (NTF) and the heptahelical C-terminal fragment (CTF). NTF and CTF can exist as independent proteins in the plasma membrane, but α-latrotoxin binding to NTF induces their association and G protein-mediated signaling. We demonstrate here that CTF in synapses is phosphorylated on multiple sites. Phosphorylated CTF has a high affinity for NTF and copurifies with it on affinity columns and sucrose density gradients. Dephosphorylated CTF has a lower affinity for NTF and can behave as a separate protein. α-Latrotoxin (and possibly other ligands of latrophilin-1) binds both to the NTF-CTF complex and receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase σ, bringing them together. This leads to CTF dephosphorylation and facilitates CTF release from the complex. We propose that ligand-dependent phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of latrophilin-1 could affect the interaction between its fragments and functions as a G protein-coupled receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Manser
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ouafa Benlaouer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Suckling
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - John-Paul Silva
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri A Ushkaryov
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
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35
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Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:869-884. [PMID: 31462748 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) - one of the five main families in the GPCR superfamily - have several atypical characteristics, including large, multi-domain N termini and a highly conserved region that can be autoproteolytically cleaved. Although GPCRs overall have well-established pharmacological tractability, currently no therapies that target any of the 33 members of the aGPCR family are either approved or in clinical trials. However, human genetics and preclinical research have strengthened the links between aGPCRs and disease in recent years. This, together with a greater understanding of their functional complexity, has led to growing interest in aGPCRs as drug targets. A framework for prioritizing aGPCR targets and supporting approaches to develop aGPCR modulators could therefore be valuable in harnessing the untapped therapeutic potential of this family. With this in mind, here we discuss the unique opportunities and challenges for drug discovery in modulating aGPCR functions, including target identification, target validation, assay development and safety considerations, using ADGRG1 as an illustrative example.
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36
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Moreno-Salinas AL, Avila-Zozaya M, Ugalde-Silva P, Hernández-Guzmán DA, Missirlis F, Boucard AA. Latrophilins: A Neuro-Centric View of an Evolutionary Conserved Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Subfamily. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:700. [PMID: 31354411 PMCID: PMC6629964 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors latrophilins have been in the limelight for more than 20 years since their discovery as calcium-independent receptors for α-latrotoxin, a spider venom toxin with potent activity directed at neurotransmitter release from a variety of synapse types. Latrophilins are highly expressed in the nervous system. Although a substantial amount of studies has been conducted to describe the role of latrophilins in the toxin-mediated action, the recent identification of endogenous ligands for these receptors helped confirm their function as mediators of adhesion events. Here we hypothesize a role for latrophilins in inter-neuronal contacts and the formation of neuronal networks and we review the most recent information on their role in neurons. We explore molecular, cellular and behavioral aspects related to latrophilin adhesion function in mice, zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including autism spectrum, bipolar, attention deficit and hyperactivity and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Moreno-Salinas
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Avila-Zozaya
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Ugalde-Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David A. Hernández-Guzmán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antony A. Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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37
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Wu V, Yeerna H, Nohata N, Chiou J, Harismendy O, Raimondi F, Inoue A, Russell RB, Tamayo P, Gutkind JS. Illuminating the Onco-GPCRome: Novel G protein-coupled receptor-driven oncocrine networks and targets for cancer immunotherapy. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11062-11086. [PMID: 31171722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.005601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest gene family of cell membrane-associated molecules mediating signal transmission, and their involvement in key physiological functions is well-established. The ability of GPCRs to regulate a vast array of fundamental biological processes, such as cardiovascular functions, immune responses, hormone and enzyme release from endocrine and exocrine glands, neurotransmission, and sensory perception (e.g. vision, odor, and taste), is largely due to the diversity of these receptors and the layers of their downstream signaling circuits. Dysregulated expression and aberrant functions of GPCRs have been linked to some of the most prevalent human diseases, which renders GPCRs one of the top targets for pharmaceutical drug development. However, the study of the role of GPCRs in tumor biology has only just begun to make headway. Recent studies have shown that GPCRs can contribute to the many facets of tumorigenesis, including proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, therapy resistance, and immune evasion. Indeed, GPCRs are widely dysregulated in cancer and yet are underexploited in oncology. We present here a comprehensive analysis of GPCR gene expression, copy number variation, and mutational signatures in 33 cancer types. We also highlight the emerging role of GPCRs as part of oncocrine networks promoting tumor growth, dissemination, and immune evasion, and we stress the potential benefits of targeting GPCRs and their signaling circuits in the new era of precision medicine and cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Huwate Yeerna
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nijiro Nohata
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Joshua Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093.,Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Robert B Russell
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
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Ushkaryov YA, Lelianova V, Vysokov NV. Catching Latrophilin With Lasso: A Universal Mechanism for Axonal Attraction and Synapse Formation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:257. [PMID: 30967757 PMCID: PMC6438917 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Latrophilin-1 (LPHN1) was isolated as the main high-affinity receptor for α-latrotoxin from black widow spider venom, a powerful presynaptic secretagogue. As an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, LPHN1 is cleaved into two fragments, which can behave independently on the cell surface, but re-associate upon binding the toxin. This triggers intracellular signaling that involves the Gαq/phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate cascade and an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, leading to vesicular exocytosis. Using affinity chromatography on LPHN1, we isolated its endogenous ligand, teneurin-2/Lasso. Both LPHN1 and Ten2/Lasso are expressed early in development and are enriched in neurons. LPHN1 primarily resides in axons, growth cones and presynaptic terminals, while Lasso largely localizes on dendrites. LPHN1 and Ten2/Lasso form a trans-synaptic receptor pair that has both structural and signaling functions. However, Lasso is proteolytically cleaved at multiple sites and its extracellular domain is partially released into the intercellular space, especially during neuronal development, suggesting that soluble Lasso has additional functions. We discovered that the soluble fragment of Lasso can diffuse away and bind to LPHN1 on axonal growth cones, triggering its redistribution on the cell surface and intracellular signaling which leads to local exocytosis. This causes axons to turn in the direction of spatio-temporal Lasso gradients, while LPHN1 knockout blocks this effect. These results suggest that the LPHN1-Ten2/Lasso pair can participate in long- and short-distance axonal guidance and synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Ushkaryov
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Lelianova
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
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Schöneberg T, Prömel S. Latrophilins and Teneurins in Invertebrates: No Love for Each Other? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:154. [PMID: 30914910 PMCID: PMC6422961 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transsynaptic connections enabling cell–cell adhesion and cellular communication are a vital part of synapse formation, maintenance and function. A recently discovered interaction between the Adhesion GPCRs Latrophilins and the type II single transmembrane proteins Teneurins at mammalian synapses is vital for synapse formation and dendrite branching. While the understanding of the effects and the molecular interplay of this Latrophilin-Teneurin partnership is not entirely understood, its significance is highlighted by behavioral and neurological phenotypes in various animal models. As both groups of molecules, Latrophilins and Teneurins, are generally highly conserved, have overlapping expression and often similar functions across phyla, it can be speculated that this interaction, which has been proven essential in mammalian systems, also occurs in invertebrates to control shaping of synapses. Knowledge of the generality of this interaction is especially of interest due to its possible involvement in neuropathologies. Further, several invertebrates serve as model organisms for addressing various neurobiological research questions. So far, an interaction of Latrophilins and Teneurins has not been observed in invertebrates, but our knowledge on both groups of molecules is by far not complete. In this review, we give an overview on existing experimental evidence arguing for as well as against a potential Latrophilin-Teneurin interaction beyond mammals. By combining these insights with evolutionary aspects on each of the interaction partners we provide and discuss a comprehensive picture on the functions of both molecules in invertebrates and the likeliness of an evolutionary conservation of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schöneberg
- Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Folts CJ, Giera S, Li T, Piao X. Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:278-293. [PMID: 30871735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) consists of 33 members in humans. Although the majority are orphan receptors with unknown functions, many reports have demonstrated critical functions for some members of this family in organogenesis, neurodevelopment, myelination, angiogenesis, and cancer progression. Importantly, mutations in several aGPCRs have been linked to human diseases. The crystal structure of a shared protein domain, the GPCR Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain, has enabled the discovery of a common signaling mechanism - a tethered agonist - for this class of receptors. A series of recent reports has shed new light on their biological functions and disease relevance. This review focuses on these recent advances in our understanding of aGPCR biology in the nervous system and the untapped potential of aGPCRs as novel therapeutic targets for neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Folts
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Current address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Stefanie Giera
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Current address: Sanofi S.A., 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Tao Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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41
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Arimont M, van der Woude M, Leurs R, Vischer HF, de Graaf C, Nijmeijer S. Identification of Key Structural Motifs Involved in 7 Transmembrane Signaling of Adhesion GPCRs. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van der Woude
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F. Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Nijmeijer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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