1
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Moncaut N. Streamlining mouse genome editing by integrating AAV repair template delivery and CRISPR-Cas electroporation. Lab Anim (NY) 2024; 53:115-116. [PMID: 38600182 PMCID: PMC11068566 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-024-01363-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Moncaut
- Genome Editing and Mouse Models, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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2
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Nagano H, Mizuno N, Sato H, Mizutani E, Yanagida A, Kano M, Kasai M, Yamamoto H, Watanabe M, Suchy F, Masaki H, Nakauchi H. Skin graft with dermis and appendages generated in vivo by cell competition. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3366. [PMID: 38684678 PMCID: PMC11058811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autologous skin grafting is a standard treatment for skin defects such as burns. No artificial skin substitutes are functionally equivalent to autologous skin grafts. The cultured epidermis lacks the dermis and does not engraft deep wounds. Although reconstituted skin, which consists of cultured epidermal cells on a synthetic dermal substitute, can engraft deep wounds, it requires the wound bed to be well-vascularized and lacks skin appendages. In this study, we successfully generate complete skin grafts with pluripotent stem cell-derived epidermis with appendages on p63 knockout embryos' dermis. Donor pluripotent stem cell-derived keratinocytes encroach the embryos' dermis by eliminating p63 knockout keratinocytes based on cell-extracellular matrix adhesion mediated cell competition. Although the chimeric skin contains allogenic dermis, it is engraftable as long as autologous grafts. Furthermore, we could generate semi-humanized skin segments by human keratinocytes injection into the amnionic cavity of p63 knockout mice embryos. Niche encroachment opens the possibility of human skin graft production in livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Nagano
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Naoaki Mizuno
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
- Department of Experimental Animal Model for Human Disease, Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Eiji Mizutani
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Mariko Kasai
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamamoto
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Motoo Watanabe
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Fabian Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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3
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Gao M, He Y, Zhu X, Peng W, Zhou Y, Deng Y, Liao G, Ni W, Li Y, Gao J, Bu H, Yang J, Yang G, Yang Y, Bao J. One-step in vivo gene knock-out in porcine embryos using recombinant adeno-associated viruses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1376936. [PMID: 38559814 PMCID: PMC10978582 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1376936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gene-edited pigs have become prominent models for studying human disease mechanisms, gene therapy, and xenotransplantation. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology is a widely employed tool for generating gene-edited pigs. Nevertheless, delivering CRISPR/Cas9 to pre-implantation embryos has traditionally posed challenges due to its reliance on intricate micromanipulation equipment and specialized techniques, resulting in high costs and time-consuming procedures. This study aims to introduce a novel one-step approach for generating genetically modified pigs by transducing CRISPR/Cas9 components into pre-implantation porcine embryos through oviductal injection of recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV). Methods: We first used rAAV-1, rAAV-6, rAAV-8, rAAV-9 expressing EGFP to screen for rAAV serotypes that efficiently target porcine embryos, and then, to achieve efficient expression of CRISPR/Cas9 in vivo for a short period, we packaged sgRNAs targeting the GHR genes to self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV), and Cas9 proteins to single-stranded adeno-associated virus (ssAAV). The efficiency of porcine embryos -based editing was then validated in vitro. The feasibility of this one-step method to produce gene-edited pigs using rAAV-CRISPR/Cas9 oviductal injection into sows within 24 h of conception was then validated. Results: Our research firstly establishes the efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 to pig zygotes, both in vivo and in vitro, using rAAV6. Successful gene editing in pigs was achieved through oviductal injection of rAAV-CRISPR/Cas9. Conclusion: This method circumvents the intricate procedures involved in in vitro embryo manipulation and embryo transfers, providing a straightforward and cost-effective approach for the production of gene-edited pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Gao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - YuTing He
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - XingLong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - WanLiu Peng
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - YanYan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangneng Liao
- Experimental Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Ni
- Security Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Toxicological Inspection, Sichuan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular, Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Experimental Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Bao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Duddy G, Courtis K, Horwood J, Olsen J, Horsler H, Hodgson T, Varsani-Brown S, Abdullah A, Denti L, Lane H, Delaqua F, Janzen J, Strom M, Rosewell I, Crawley K, Davies B. Donor template delivery by recombinant adeno-associated virus for the production of knock-in mice. BMC Biol 2024; 22:26. [PMID: 38302906 PMCID: PMC10836013 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of recombinant adeno-associated virus to transduce preimplantation mouse embryos has led to the use of this delivery method for the production of genetically altered knock-in mice via CRISPR-Cas9. The potential exists for this method to simplify the production and extend the types of alleles that can be generated directly in the zygote, obviating the need for manipulations of the mouse genome via the embryonic stem cell route. RESULTS We present the production data from a total of 13 genetically altered knock-in mouse models generated using CRISPR-Cas9 electroporation of zygotes and delivery of donor repair templates via transduction with recombinant adeno-associated virus. We explore the efficiency of gene targeting at a total of 12 independent genetic loci and explore the effects of allele complexity and introduce strategies for efficient identification of founder animals. In addition, we investigate the reliability of germline transmission of the engineered allele from founder mice generated using this methodology. By comparing our production data against genetically altered knock-in mice generated via gene targeting in embryonic stem cells and their microinjection into blastocysts, we assess the animal cost of the two methods. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that recombinant adeno-associated virus transduction of zygotes provides a robust and effective delivery route for donor templates for the production of knock-in mice, across a range of insertion sizes (0.9-4.7 kb). We find that the animal cost of this method is considerably less than generating knock-in models via embryonic stem cells and thus constitutes a considerable 3Rs reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Duddy
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Jessica Olsen
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Helen Horsler
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tina Hodgson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Laura Denti
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Hollie Lane
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Fabio Delaqua
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Julia Janzen
- Transnetyx Inc, 8110 Cordova Rd. Suite 119, Cordova, TN, 38016, USA
| | - Molly Strom
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ian Rosewell
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Benjamin Davies
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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5
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Bruter AV, Varlamova EA, Okulova YD, Tatarskiy VV, Silaeva YY, Filatov MA. Genetically modified mice as a tool for the study of human diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:135. [PMID: 38236499 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Modeling a human disease is an essential part of biomedical research. The recent advances in the field of molecular genetics made it possible to obtain genetically modified animals for the study of various diseases. Not only monogenic disorders but also chromosomal and multifactorial disorders can be mimicked in lab animals due to genetic modification. Even human infectious diseases can be studied in genetically modified animals. An animal model of a disease enables the tracking of its pathogenesis and, more importantly, to test new therapies. In the first part of this paper, we review the most common DNA modification technologies and provide key ideas on specific technology choices according to the task at hand. In the second part, we focus on the application of genetically modified mice in studying human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Ekaterina A Varlamova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Yulia D Okulova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Victor V Tatarskiy
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Yulia Y Silaeva
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Maxim A Filatov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334.
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6
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Nagae M, Yamada K, Enomoto Y, Kometani M, Tsuchida H, Panthee A, Nonogaki M, Matsunaga N, Takizawa M, Matsuzaki S, Hirabayashi M, Inoue N, Tsukamura H, Uenoyama Y. Conditional Oprk1-dependent Kiss1 deletion in kisspeptin neurons caused estrogen-dependent LH pulse disruption and LH surge attenuation in female rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20495. [PMID: 37993510 PMCID: PMC10665460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse and surge are considered to be generated by arcuate kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin A (KNDy) neurons and anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) kisspeptin neurons, respectively, in female rodents. The majority of KNDy and AVPV kisspeptin neurons express κ-opioid receptors (KORs, encoded by Oprk1) in female rodents. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a conditional Oprk1-dependent Kiss1 deletion in kisspeptin neurons on the luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse/surge and fertility using Kiss1-floxed/Oprk1-Cre rats, in which Kiss1 was deleted in cells expressing or once expressed the Oprk1/Cre. The Kiss1-floxed/Oprk1-Cre female rats, with Kiss1 deleted in a majority of KNDy neurons, showed normal puberty while having a one-day longer estrous cycle and fewer pups than Kiss1-floxed controls. Notably, ovariectomized (OVX) Kiss1-floxed/Oprk1-Cre rats showed profound disruption of LH pulses in the presence of a diestrous level of estrogen but showed apparent LH pulses without estrogen treatment. Furthermore, Kiss1-floxed/Oprk1-Cre rats, with Kiss1 deleted in approximately half of AVPV kisspeptin neurons, showed a lower peak of the estrogen-induced LH surge than controls. These results suggest that arcuate and AVPV kisspeptin neurons expressing or having expressed Oprk1 have a role in maintaining normal GnRH pulse and surge generation, the normal length of the estrous cycle, and the normal offspring number in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Nagae
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Koki Yamada
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Enomoto
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mari Kometani
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hitomi Tsuchida
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Arvinda Panthee
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Miku Nonogaki
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Nao Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Marina Takizawa
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sena Matsuzaki
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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7
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Li S, Mereby SA, Rothstein M, Johnson MR, Brack BJ, Mallarino R. TIGER: Single-step in vivo genome editing in a non-traditional rodent. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112980. [PMID: 37573509 PMCID: PMC10528174 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents are taxonomically diverse and have evolved a variety of traits. A mechanistic understanding of such traits has remained elusive, however, largely because genome editing in non-traditional model species remains challenging. Here, using the African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio), we describe TIGER (targeted in vivo genome editing in rodents), a method that relies on a simple intraoviductal injecting technique and uses recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) as the sole vehicle to deliver reagents into pregnant females. We demonstrate that TIGER generates knockout and knockin (up to 3 kb) lines with high efficiency. Moreover, we engineer a double-cleaving repair rAAV template and find that it significantly increases knockin frequency and germline transmission rates. Lastly, we show that an oversized double-cleaving rAAV template leads to an insertion of 3.8 kb. Thus, TIGER constitutes an attractive alternative to traditional ex vivo genome-editing methods and has the potential to be extended to a broad range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Sarah A Mereby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Megan Rothstein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Matthew R Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Benjamin J Brack
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Ricardo Mallarino
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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8
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Davis DJ, McNew JF, Maresca-Fichter H, Chen K, Telugu BP, Bryda EC. Efficient DNA knock-in using AAV-mediated delivery with 2-cell embryo CRISPR-Cas9 electroporation. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1256451. [PMID: 37694158 PMCID: PMC10485772 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1256451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology have been instrumental in improving the efficiency to produce genetically modified animal models. In this study we have combined four very promising approaches to come up with a highly effective pipeline to produce knock-in mouse and rat models. The four combined methods include: AAV-mediated DNA delivery, single-stranded DNA donor templates, 2-cell embryo modification, and CRISPR-Cas ribonucleoprotein (RNP) electroporation. Using this new combined approach, we were able to produce successfully targeted knock-in rat models containing either Cre or Flp recombinase sequences with knock-in efficiencies over 90%. Furthermore, we were able to produce a knock-in mouse model containing a Cre recombinase targeted insertion with over 50% knock-in efficiency directly comparing efficiencies to other commonly used approaches. Our modified AAV-mediated DNA delivery with 2-cell embryo CRISPR-Cas9 RNP electroporation technique has proven to be highly effective for generating both knock-in mouse and knock-in rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - James F. McNew
- Comparative Medicine Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Hailey Maresca-Fichter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Bhanu P. Telugu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Bryda
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Rat Resource and Research Center, Columbia, MO, United States
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9
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Khan A, Pudhuvai B, Shrestha A, Mishra AK, Shah MP, Koul B, Dey N. CRISPR-mediated iron and folate biofortification in crops: advances and perspectives. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-31. [PMID: 37092872 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2205202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiency conditions, such as anemia, are the most prevalent global health problem due to inadequate iron and folate in dietary sources. Biofortification advancements can propel the rapid amelioration of nutritionally beneficial components in crops that are required to combat the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies on human health. To date, several strategies have been proposed to increase micronutrients in plants to improve food quality, but very few approaches have intrigued `clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats' (CRISPR) modules for the enhancement of iron and folate concentration in the edible parts of plants. In this review, we discuss two important approaches to simultaneously enhance the bioavailability of iron and folate concentrations in rice endosperms by utilizing advanced CRISPR-Cas9-based technology. This includes the 'tuning of cis-elements' and 'enhancer re-shuffling' in the regulatory components of genes that play a vital role in iron and folate biosynthesis/transportation pathways. In particular, base-editing and enhancer re-installation in native promoters of selected genes can lead to enhanced accumulation of iron and folate levels in the rice endosperm. The re-distribution of micronutrients in specific plant organs can be made possible using the above-mentioned contemporary approaches. Overall, the present review discusses the possible approaches for synchronized iron and folate biofortification through modification in regulatory gene circuits employing CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahamed Khan
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Baveesh Pudhuvai
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ankita Shrestha
- Division of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maulin P Shah
- Division of Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Enviro Technology Ltd, Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhupendra Koul
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Nrisingha Dey
- Division of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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10
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Abe T, Inoue KI, Kiyonari H. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-Assisted Knockin of Large DNA Donors by Pronuclear Microinjection During S-Phase in Mouse Zygotes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2637:181-194. [PMID: 36773147 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3016-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene cassette knockin (KI) strategy, a gene cassette is integrated into a target locus through a proper DNA repair pathway after the Cas9-induced double-strand DNA breaks; the activation of the DNA repair pathway is known to be correlated with the cell cycle. Recently, we have reported a new KI approach named SPRINT (S-phase pronuclear injection for targeting)-CRISPR, focusing on the correlation between the cell cycle and the KI efficiency in the mouse zygote microinjection. Our results suggest that the CRISPR-mediated KI with a homologous recombination-based donor vector during S-phase enhances the KI efficiency. For SPRINT-CRISPR, the uniformity of the zygotes in the cell cycle is achieved by in vitro fertilization, and the zygotes are cryopreserved until use. These reproductive techniques are necessary for efficient KI. Furthermore, Piezo-assisted microinjection has been successful in improving the survival rate of the injected embryos. In this chapter, we describe the protocols that focus on the zygote preparation and Piezo-assisted microinjection of the SPRINT-CRISPR method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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11
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A novel technique for large-fragment knock-in animal production without ex vivo handling of zygotes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2245. [PMID: 36755180 PMCID: PMC9908863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing has dramatically improved genetic modification technology. In situ electroporation called genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery (GONAD), which eliminates the need for ex vivo embryo handling, is technically the simplest method for gene transfer and can be performed in laboratories without developmental engineering expertise including micromanipulation techniques. However, the use of this method remains challenging in the case of large-fragment knock-in, such as gene expression cassettes. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) act as donor DNA for homologous recombination in infected cells, including rodent embryos. In this study, we demonstrated simultaneous electroporation of AAV donors and CRISPR/Cas9 components into embryos to create knock-in animals, and successfully generated knock-in rats carrying a gene cassette with a length of 3.0 kb using a small number of animals and in situ electroporation. These findings indicate that this technique is an efficient high-throughput strategy for producing genetically modified rodents and may be applicable to other animal species.
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12
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Fujii W. Generation of Knock-In Mouse by Genome Editing. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2637:99-109. [PMID: 36773141 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3016-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Knock-in mice are useful for evaluating endogenous gene expressions and functions in vivo. Instead of the conventional gene-targeting method using embryonic stem cells, an exogenous DNA sequence can be inserted into the target locus in the zygote using genome-editing technology. In this chapter, I describe the generation of epitope-tagged mice using engineered endonuclease and single-strand oligodeoxynucleotide through the mouse zygote as an example of how to generate a knock-in mouse by genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Fujii
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Lintott LG, Nutter LMJ. Genetic and Molecular Quality Control of Genetically Engineered Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2631:53-101. [PMID: 36995664 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2990-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice are used as avatars to understand mammalian gene function and develop therapies for human disease. During genetic modification, unintended changes can occur, and these changes may result in misassigned gene-phenotype relationships leading to incorrect or incomplete experimental interpretations. The types of unintended changes that may occur depend on the allele type being made and the genetic engineering approach used. Here we broadly categorize allele types as deletions, insertions, base changes, and transgenes derived from engineered embryonic stem (ES) cells or edited mouse embryos. However, the methods we describe can be adapted to other allele types and engineering strategies. We describe the sources and consequ ences of common unintended changes and best practices for detecting both intended and unintended changes by screening and genetic and molecular quality control (QC) of chimeras, founders, and their progeny. Employing these practices, along with careful allele design and good colony management, will increase the chance that investigations using genetically engineered mice will produce high-quality reproducible results, to enable a robust understanding of gene function, human disease etiology, and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri G Lintott
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Wefers B, Wurst W, Kühn R. Gene Editing in Mouse Zygotes Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2631:207-230. [PMID: 36995669 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2990-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of the mouse germline is a key technology in biomedical research for studying the function of genes in health and disease. Since the first knockout mouse was described in 1989, gene targeting was based on recombination of vector encoded sequences in mouse embryonic stem cell lines and their introduction into preimplantation embryos to obtain germline chimeric mice. This approach has been replaced in 2013 by the application of the RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease system, which is introduced into zygotes and directly creates targeted modifications in the mouse genome. Upon the introduction of Cas9 nuclease and guide RNAs into one-cell embryos, sequence-specific double-strand breaks are created that are highly recombinogenic and processed by DNA repair enzymes. Gene editing commonly refers to the diversity of DSB repair products that include imprecise deletions or precise sequence modifications copied from repair template molecules. Since gene editing can now be easily applied directly in mouse zygotes, it has rapidly become the standard procedure for generating genetically engineered mice. This article covers the design of guide RNAs, knockout and knockin alleles, options for donor delivery, preparation of reagents, microinjection or electroporation of zygotes, and the genotyping of pups derived from gene editing projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Wefers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Chair of Developmental Genetics, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Garza S, Paik R. CRISPR/Cas9 Endonuclease-Mediated Mouse Genome Editing of One-Cell and/or Two-Cell Embryos by Electroporation, and the Use of Rad51 to Enhance Knock-In Allele Homozygosity via Interhomolog Repair Mechanism. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2631:253-266. [PMID: 36995671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2990-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation of mouse embryos with CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease tool is a facile and efficient method to edit endogenous genome sequences for generating genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). Common genome engineering projects, such as knock-out (KO), conditional knock-out (cKO), point mutation, and small foreign DNA (<1 Kb) knock-in (KI) alleles, can be effectively accomplished with a simple electroporation procedure. The use of electroporation in sequential gene editing at the one-cell (0.7 days post-coitum (dpc)) and at two-cell (1.5 dpc) embryonic stages provides a fast and compelling protocol to safely introduce multiple gene modifications on the same chromosome by limiting chromosomal fractures. In addition, the co-electroporation of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) donor DNA with the strand exchange protein Rad51 can significantly increase the number of homozygous founders. Here we describe a comprehensive guideline for mouse embryo electroporation to generate GEMMs and the implementation of Rad51 in RNP/ssODN complex EP medium protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selika Garza
- Rodent Genome Engineering Core, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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16
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Ozawa M, Taguchi J, Katsuma K, Ishikawa-Yamauchi Y, Kikuchi M, Sakamoto R, Yamada Y, Ikawa M. Efficient simultaneous double DNA knock-in in murine embryonic stem cells by CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-mediated circular plasmid targeting for generating gene-manipulated mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21558. [PMID: 36513736 PMCID: PMC9748034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting of embryonic stem (ES) cells followed by chimera production has been conventionally used for developing gene-manipulated mice. Although direct knock-in (KI) using murine zygote via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing has been reported, ES cell targeting still has merits, e.g., high throughput work can be performed in vitro. In this study, we first compared the KI efficiency of mouse ES cells with CRISPR/Cas9 expression vector and ribonucleoprotein (RNP), and confirmed that KI efficiency was significantly increased by using RNP. Using CRISPR/Cas9 RNP and circular plasmid with homologous arms as a targeting vector, knock-in within ES cell clones could be obtained efficiently without drug selection, thus potentially shortening the vector construction or cell culture period. Moreover, by incorporating a drug-resistant cassette into the targeting vectors, double DNA KI can be simultaneously achieved at high efficiency by a single electroporation. This technique will help to facilitate the production of genetically modified mouse models that are fundamental for exploring topics related to human and mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ozawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Jumpei Taguchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Kento Katsuma
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Yu Ishikawa-Yamauchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Mio Kikuchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Reiko Sakamoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XLaboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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17
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Putman R, Ricciardi AS, Carufe KEW, Quijano E, Bahal R, Glazer PM, Saltzman WM. Nanoparticle‐mediated genome editing in single‐cell embryos via peptide nucleic acids. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10458. [DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Putman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Adele S. Ricciardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health Systems Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kelly E. W. Carufe
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Genetics Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Elias Quijano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Genetics Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Peter M. Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Genetics Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - W. Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
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18
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Krivonogova AS, Bruter AV, Makutina VA, Okulova YD, Ilchuk LA, Kubekina MV, Khamatova AY, Egorova TV, Mymrin VS, Silaeva YY, Deykin AV, Filatov MA, Isaeva AG. AAV infection of bovine embryos: Novel, simple and effective tool for genome editing. Theriogenology 2022; 193:77-86. [PMID: 36156427 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are widely used in the field of genetically modified organism production. In this work, transduction of bovine embryos by AAV was selected as a potential approach to perform genetic modifications: we have used recombinant AAV to produce GFP-positive bovine embryos. Five different AAV serotypes were used to evaluate their ability to deliver genetic material into the bovine embryos. AAV9 serotype demonstrated minimal effectiveness (38,10%) as the genetic material transfer tool. Four other serotypes of AAVs (AAV1, AAV2, AAV6 and AAV-DJ) showed very close transduction efficiency (52,94-58,33%). CD209 is a C-type lectin receptor which is presented on the surface of macrophages and dendritic cells. CD209 recognizes a broad range of pathogens in a rather nonspecific manner. Production of CD209 knock-out is relevant for better understanding of infection mechanisms. Potentially, production of such knock-out may enable animals to become resistant to various infections. We have analyzed DNA samples from 22 blastocysts obtained after in vitro culture of zygotes subjected to recombinant AAV action. We have detected that 3 of 22 analyzed blastocysts contained mosaic CD209 frameshifts. Therefore, we have demonstrated proof of principle that application of AAV as a genome editing tool is an effective method for obtaining genetically modified cattle embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Krivonogova
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Valeria A Makutina
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Yuliya D Okulova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Leonid A Ilchuk
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Marina V Kubekina
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexandra Yu Khamatova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Egorova
- Laboratory of Modeling and Gene Therapy of Hereditary Diseases, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia; Marlin Biotech LLC, Sochi, 354340, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Mymrin
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Yuliya Yu Silaeva
- Core Facility Center, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexey V Deykin
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Maxim A Filatov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Albina G Isaeva
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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19
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Salvesen HA, Byrne TJ, Whitelaw CBA, Hely FS. Simulating the Commercial Implementation of Gene-Editing for Influenza A Virus Resistance in Pigs: An Economic and Genetic Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081436. [PMID: 36011347 PMCID: PMC9407728 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of swine Influenza A Virus resistance along with genetic technologies could complement current control measures to help to improve animal welfare standards and the economic efficiency of pig production. We have created a simulation model to assess the genetic and economic implications of various gene-editing methods that could be implemented in a commercial, multi-tiered swine breeding system. Our results demonstrate the length of the gene-editing program was negatively associated with genetic progress in commercial pigs and that the time required to reach fixation of resistance alleles was reduced if the efficiency of gene-editing is greater. The simulations included the resistance conferred in a digenic model, the inclusion of genetic mosaicism in progeny, and the effects of selection accuracy. In all scenarios, the level of mosaicism had a greater effect on the time required to reach resistance allele fixation and the genetic progress of the herd than gene-editing efficiency and zygote survival. The economic analysis highlights that selection accuracy will not affect the duration of gene-editing and the investment required compared to the effects of gene-editing-associated mosaicism and the swine Influenza A Virus control strategy on farms. These modelling results provide novel insights into the economic and genetic implications of targeting two genes in a commercial pig gene-editing program and the effects of selection accuracy and mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish A. Salvesen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Timothy J. Byrne
- AbacusBio International Limited, The Roslin Innovation Centre, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C. Bruce A. Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Fiona S. Hely
- AbacusBio Limited, 442 Moray Place, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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20
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BSA-PEI Nanoparticle Mediated Efficient Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 into MDA-MB-231 Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1376-1387. [PMID: 35670994 PMCID: PMC9171472 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of bacterial-derived Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has revolutionized genome engineering and gene therapy due to its wide range of applications. One of the major challenging issues in CRISPR/Cas system is the lack of an efficient, safe, and clinically suitable delivery of the system’s components into target cells. Here, we describe the development of polyethylenimine coated-bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA-PEI NPs) for efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system in both DNA (px458 plasmid) and ribonucleoprotein (RNP) forms into MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Our data showed that synthesized BSA-PEI (BP) NPs delivered plasmid px458 at concentrations of 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35 µg/µl with efficiencies of approximately 29.7, 54.8, and 84.1% into MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. Our study demonstrated that Cas9/sgRNA RNP complex efficiently (~ 92.6%) delivered by BSA-PEI NPs into the same cells. Analysis of toxicity and biocompatibility of synthesized NPs on human red blood cells, MDA-MB-231 cells, and mice showed that the selected concentration (28 µg/µl) of BSA-PEI NPs for transfection had no remarkable toxicity effects. Thus, obtained results suggest BSA-PEI NPs as one of the most promising carrier for delivering CRISPR/Cas9 to target cells.
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21
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Direct Injection of Recombinant AAV-Containing Solution into the Oviductal Lumen of Pregnant Mice Caused In Situ Infection of Both Preimplantation Embryos and Oviductal Epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094897. [PMID: 35563284 PMCID: PMC9105285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is an efficient viral-based gene delivery tool used with many types of cells and tissues, including neuronal cells and muscles. AAV serotype 6 (AAV-6), one of numerous AAV serotypes, was recently found to efficiently transduce mouse preimplantation embryos. Furthermore, through coupling with a clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system—a modern genome editing technology—AAV-6 has been shown to effectively create a mutation at a target locus, which relies on isolation of zygotes, in vitro viral infection, and transplantation of the infected embryos to recipient females. Unfortunately, this procedure, termed “ex vivo handling of embryos”, requires considerable investment of capital, time, and effort. Direct transduction of preimplantation embryos through the introduction of AAV-6 into the oviductal lumen of pregnant females would be an ideal approach. In this study, we injected various types of recombinant AAV vectors (namely, rAAV-CAG-EGFP-1, -2, -5, and -6, each carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein [EGFP] cDNA whose expression is under the influence of a cytomegalovirus enhancer + chicken β-actin promoter) into the ampulla region of oviducts in pregnant female mice at Day 0.7 of pregnancy (corresponding to the late 1-cell stage), and EGFP-derived green fluorescence was assessed in the respective morulae. The highest levels of fluorescence were observed in rAAV-CAG-EGFP-6. The oviductal epithelium was distinctly fluorescent. The fluorescence in embryos peaked at the morula stage. Our results indicate that intra-oviductal injection of AAV-6 vectors is the most effective method for transducing zona pellucida-enclosed preimplantation embryos in situ. AAV-6 vectors could be a useful tool in the genetic manipulation of early embryos, as well as oviductal epithelial cells.
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22
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Oikawa M, Kobayashi H, Sanbo M, Mizuno N, Iwatsuki K, Takashima T, Yamauchi K, Yoshida F, Yamamoto T, Shinohara T, Nakauchi H, Kurimoto K, Hirabayashi M, Kobayashi T. Functional primordial germ cell-like cells from pluripotent stem cells in rats. Science 2022; 376:176-179. [PMID: 35389778 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro generation of germ cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can have a substantial effect on future reproductive medicine and animal breeding. A decade ago, in vitro gametogenesis was established in the mouse. However, induction of primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) to produce gametes has not been achieved in any other species. Here, we demonstrate the induction of functional PGCLCs from rat PSCs. We show that epiblast-like cells in floating aggregates form rat PGCLCs. The gonadal somatic cells support maturation and epigenetic reprogramming of the PGCLCs. When rat PGCLCs are transplanted into the seminiferous tubules of germline-less rats, functional spermatids-that is, those capable of siring viable offspring-are generated. Insights from our rat model will elucidate conserved and divergent mechanisms essential for the broad applicability of in vitro gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Oikawa
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hisato Kobayashi
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Naoaki Mizuno
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kenyu Iwatsuki
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takashima
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan.,Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamauchi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Fumika Yoshida
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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23
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Ou-Yang H, Yang SH, Chen W, Yang SH, Cidem A, Sung LY, Chen CM. Cruciform DNA Structures Act as Legible Templates for Accelerating Homologous Recombination in Transgenic Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3973. [PMID: 35409332 PMCID: PMC9000021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inverted repeat (IR) DNA sequences compose cruciform structures. Some genetic disorders are the result of genome inversion or translocation by cruciform DNA structures. The present study examined whether exogenous DNA integration into the chromosomes of transgenic animals was related to cruciform DNA structures. Large imperfect cruciform structures were frequently predicted around predestinated transgene integration sites in host genomes of microinjection-based transgenic (Tg) animals (αLA-LPH Tg goat, Akr1A1eGFP/eGFP Tg mouse, and NFκB-Luc Tg mouse) or CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing (GE) animals (αLA-AP1 GE mouse). Transgene cassettes were imperfectly matched with their predestinated sequences. According to the analyzed data, we proposed a putative model in which the flexible cruciform DNA structures acted as a legible template for DNA integration into linear DNAs or double-strand break (DSB) alleles. To demonstrate this model, artificial inverted repeat knock-in (KI) reporter plasmids were created to analyze the KI rate using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in NIH3T3 cells. Notably, the KI rate of the 5′ homologous arm inverted repeat donor plasmid (5′IR) with the ROSA gRNA group (31.5%) was significantly higher than the knock-in reporter donor plasmid (KIR) with the ROSA gRNA group (21.3%, p < 0.05). However, the KI rate of the 3′ inverted terminal repeat/inverted repeat donor plasmid (3′ITRIR) group was not different from the KIR group (23.0% vs. 22.0%). These results demonstrated that the legibility of the sequence with the cruciform DNA existing in the transgene promoted homologous recombination (HR) with a higher KI rate. Our findings suggest that flexible cruciform DNAs folded by IR sequences improve the legibility and accelerate DNA 3′-overhang integration into the host genome via homologous recombination machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ou-Yang
- Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (H.O.-Y.); (S.-H.Y.); (A.C.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Hsuan Yang
- Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (H.O.-Y.); (S.-H.Y.); (A.C.)
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 515, Taiwan
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Abdulkadir Cidem
- Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (H.O.-Y.); (S.-H.Y.); (A.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum 25250, Turkey
| | - Li-Ying Sung
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (H.O.-Y.); (S.-H.Y.); (A.C.)
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Rong-Hsing Translational Medicine Research Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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24
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Oikawa M, Nagae M, Mizuno N, Iwatsuki K, Yoshida F, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H, Nakauchi H, Hirabayashi M, Kobayashi T. Generation of Tfap2c-T2A-tdTomato knock-in reporter rats via adeno-associated virus-mediated efficient gene targeting. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:129-132. [PMID: 35170139 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gene editing in mammalian zygotes enables us to generate genetically modified animals rapidly and efficiently. In this study, we compare multiple gene targeting strategies in rat zygotes by generating a novel knock-in reporter rat line to visualize the expression pattern of transcription factor AP-2 gamma (Tfap2c). The targeting vector is designed to replace the stop codon of Tfap2c with T2A-tdTomato sequence. We show that the combination of electroporation-mediated transduction of CRISPR/Cas9 components with adeno-associated virus-mediated transduction of the targeting vector is the most efficient in generating the targeted rat line. The Tfap2c-T2A-tdTomato fluorescence reflects the endogenous expression pattern of Tfap2c in preimplantation embryo, germline, placenta, and forebrain during rat embryo development. The reporter line generated here will be a reliable resource for identifying and purifying Tfap2c expressing cells in rats, and the gene targeting strategy we used can be widely applied for generating desired animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Oikawa
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nagae
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoaki Mizuno
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenyu Iwatsuki
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Fumika Yoshida
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
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25
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Sato M, Nakamura S, Inada E, Takabayashi S. Recent Advances in the Production of Genome-Edited Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052548. [PMID: 35269691 PMCID: PMC8910656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat is an important animal model for understanding gene function and developing human disease models. Knocking out a gene function in rats was difficult until recently, when a series of genome editing (GE) technologies, including zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the type II bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) systems were successfully applied for gene modification (as exemplified by gene-specific knockout and knock-in) in the endogenous target genes of various organisms including rats. Owing to its simple application for gene modification and its ease of use, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is now commonly used worldwide. The most important aspect of this process is the selection of the method used to deliver GE components to rat embryos. In earlier stages, the microinjection (MI) of GE components into the cytoplasm and/or nuclei of a zygote was frequently employed. However, this method is associated with the use of an expensive manipulator system, the skills required to operate it, and the egg transfer (ET) of MI-treated embryos to recipient females for further development. In vitro electroporation (EP) of zygotes is next recognized as a simple and rapid method to introduce GE components to produce GE animals. Furthermore, in vitro transduction of rat embryos with adeno-associated viruses is potentially effective for obtaining GE rats. However, these two approaches also require ET. The use of gene-engineered embryonic stem cells or spermatogonial stem cells appears to be of interest to obtain GE rats; however, the procedure itself is difficult and laborious. Genome-editing via oviductal nucleic acids delivery (GONAD) (or improved GONAD (i-GONAD)) is a novel method allowing for the in situ production of GE zygotes existing within the oviductal lumen. This can be performed by the simple intraoviductal injection of GE components and subsequent in vivo EP toward the injected oviducts and does not require ET. In this review, we describe the development of various approaches for producing GE rats together with an assessment of their technical advantages and limitations, and present new GE-related technologies and current achievements using those rats in relation to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.T.); Tel.: +81-3-3416-0181 (M.S.); +81-53-435-2001 (S.T.)
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan;
| | - Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Shuji Takabayashi
- Laboratory Animal Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.T.); Tel.: +81-3-3416-0181 (M.S.); +81-53-435-2001 (S.T.)
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26
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Blanc-Sylvestre N, Bouchard P, Chaussain C, Bardet C. Pre-Clinical Models in Implant Dentistry: Past, Present, Future. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1538. [PMID: 34829765 PMCID: PMC8615291 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research seeks to generate experimental results for translation to clinical settings. In order to improve the transition from bench to bedside, researchers must draw justifiable conclusions based on data from an appropriate model. Animal testing, as a prerequisite to human clinical exposure, is performed in a range of species, from laboratory mice to larger animals (such as dogs or non-human primates). Minipigs appear to be the animal of choice for studying bone surgery around intraoral dental implants. Dog models, well-known in the field of dental implant research, tend now to be used for studies conducted under compromised oral conditions (biofilm). Regarding small animal models, research studies mostly use rodents, with interest in rabbit models declining. Mouse models remain a reference for genetic studies. On the other hand, over the last decade, scientific advances and government guidelines have led to the replacement, reduction, and refinement of the use of all animal models in dental implant research. In new development strategies, some in vivo experiments are being progressively replaced by in vitro or biomaterial approaches. In this review, we summarize the key information on the animal models currently available for dental implant research and highlight (i) the pros and cons of each type, (ii) new levels of decisional procedures regarding study objectives, and (iii) the outlook for animal research, discussing possible non-animal options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blanc-Sylvestre
- Université de Paris, Institut des Maladies Musculo-Squelettiques, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies Laboratory URP2496 and FHU-DDS-Net, Dental School, and Plateforme d’Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), 92120 Montrouge, France; (N.B.-S.); (P.B.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP, Department of Periodontology, Rothschild Hospital, European Postgraduate in Periodontology and Implantology, Université de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bouchard
- Université de Paris, Institut des Maladies Musculo-Squelettiques, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies Laboratory URP2496 and FHU-DDS-Net, Dental School, and Plateforme d’Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), 92120 Montrouge, France; (N.B.-S.); (P.B.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP, Department of Periodontology, Rothschild Hospital, European Postgraduate in Periodontology and Implantology, Université de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Université de Paris, Institut des Maladies Musculo-Squelettiques, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies Laboratory URP2496 and FHU-DDS-Net, Dental School, and Plateforme d’Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), 92120 Montrouge, France; (N.B.-S.); (P.B.); (C.C.)
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Dental Medicine Department, Bretonneau Hospital, GHN-Université de Paris, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Claire Bardet
- Université de Paris, Institut des Maladies Musculo-Squelettiques, Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies Laboratory URP2496 and FHU-DDS-Net, Dental School, and Plateforme d’Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), 92120 Montrouge, France; (N.B.-S.); (P.B.); (C.C.)
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27
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Kühn R. Genome engineering in rodents - status quo and perspectives. Lab Anim 2021; 56:83-87. [PMID: 34674587 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211051842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in 2013 has revolutionized experimental genetics in mice and rats. This commentary gives an overview on the use of CRISPR either for gene editing in the germline or for editing and beyond editing in somatic cells. Future perspectives are opened by emerging CRISPR technologies that could enable genome engineering at larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kühn
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Germany
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28
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Miura K, Ogura A, Kobatake K, Honda H, Kaminuma O. Progress of genome editing technology and developmental biology useful for radiation research. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:i53-i63. [PMID: 33978171 PMCID: PMC8114227 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Following the development of genome editing technology, it has become more feasible to create genetically modified animals such as knockout (KO), knock-in, and point-mutated animals. The genome-edited animals are useful to investigate the roles of various functional genes in many fields of biological science including radiation research. Nevertheless, some researchers may experience difficulty in generating genome-edited animals, probably due to the requirement for equipment and techniques for embryo manipulation and handling. Furthermore, after obtaining F0 generation, genome-edited animals generally need to be expanded and maintained for analyzing the target gene function. To investigate genes essential for normal birth and growth, the generation of conditional KO (cKO) animals in which a tissue- or stage-specific gene mutation can be introduced is often required. Here, we describe the basic principle and application of genome editing technology including zinc-finger nuclease, transcription-activator-like effector nuclease, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein (Cas) systems. Recently advanced developmental biology methods have enabled application of the technology, especially CRISPR/Cas, to zygotes, leading to the prompt production of genome-edited animals. For pre-implantation embryos, genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery has been developed as an embryo manipulation- or handling-free method. Examining the gene function at F0 generation is becoming possible by employing triple-target CRISPR technology. This technology, in combination with a blastocyst complementation method enables investigation of even birth- and growth-responsible genes without establishing cKO strains. We hope that this review is helpful for understanding and expanding genome editing-related technology and for progressing radiation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Miura
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kohei Kobatake
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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Clark JF, Dinsmore CJ, Soriano P. A most formidable arsenal: genetic technologies for building a better mouse. Genes Dev 2021; 34:1256-1286. [PMID: 33004485 PMCID: PMC7528699 DOI: 10.1101/gad.342089.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Clark et al. summarize the history of mice in genetic studies and the development of classic approaches to genome modification, and how they have been used and improved in recent years. They also discuss the recent surge of nuclease-mediated techniques and how they are changing the field of mouse genetics. The mouse is one of the most widely used model organisms for genetic study. The tools available to alter the mouse genome have developed over the preceding decades from forward screens to gene targeting in stem cells to the recent influx of CRISPR approaches. In this review, we first consider the history of mice in genetic study, the development of classic approaches to genome modification, and how such approaches have been used and improved in recent years. We then turn to the recent surge of nuclease-mediated techniques and how they are changing the field of mouse genetics. Finally, we survey common classes of alleles used in mice and discuss how they might be engineered using different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Clark
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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30
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Chenouard V, Remy S, Tesson L, Ménoret S, Ouisse LH, Cherifi Y, Anegon I. Advances in Genome Editing and Application to the Generation of Genetically Modified Rat Models. Front Genet 2021; 12:615491. [PMID: 33959146 PMCID: PMC8093876 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.615491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat has been extensively used as a small animal model. Many genetically engineered rat models have emerged in the last two decades, and the advent of gene-specific nucleases has accelerated their generation in recent years. This review covers the techniques and advances used to generate genetically engineered rat lines and their application to the development of rat models more broadly, such as conditional knockouts and reporter gene strains. In addition, genome-editing techniques that remain to be explored in the rat are discussed. The review also focuses more particularly on two areas in which extensive work has been done: human genetic diseases and immune system analysis. Models are thoroughly described in these two areas and highlight the competitive advantages of rat models over available corresponding mouse versions. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of the advantages and potential of rat models for addressing specific scientific questions and to characterize the best genome-engineering tools for developing new projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Chenouard
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- genOway, Lyon, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Ménoret
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Ignacio Anegon
- CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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31
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Lin JC, Van Eenennaam AL. Electroporation-Mediated Genome Editing of Livestock Zygotes. Front Genet 2021; 12:648482. [PMID: 33927751 PMCID: PMC8078910 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.648482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of genome editing reagents into mammalian zygotes has traditionally been accomplished by cytoplasmic or pronuclear microinjection. This time-consuming procedure requires expensive equipment and a high level of skill. Electroporation of zygotes offers a simplified and more streamlined approach to transfect mammalian zygotes. There are a number of studies examining the parameters used in electroporation of mouse and rat zygotes. Here, we review the electroporation conditions, timing, and success rates that have been reported for mice and rats, in addition to the few reports about livestock zygotes, specifically pigs and cattle. The introduction of editing reagents at, or soon after, fertilization can help reduce the rate of mosaicism, the presence of two of more genotypes in the cells of an individual; as can the introduction of nuclease proteins rather than mRNA encoding nucleases. Mosaicism is particularly problematic in large livestock species with long generation intervals as it can take years to obtain non-mosaic, homozygous offspring through breeding. Gene knockouts accomplished via the non-homologous end joining pathway have been more widely reported and successfully accomplished using electroporation than have gene knock-ins. Delivering large DNA plasmids into the zygote is hindered by the zona pellucida (ZP), and the majority of gene knock-ins accomplished by electroporation have been using short single stranded DNA (ssDNA) repair templates, typically less than 1 kb. The most promising approach to deliver larger donor repair templates of up to 4.9 kb along with genome editing reagents into zygotes, without using cytoplasmic injection, is to use recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) in combination with electroporation. However, similar to other methods used to deliver clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR) genome-editing reagents, this approach is also associated with high levels of mosaicism. Recent developments complementing germline ablated individuals with edited germline-competent cells offer an approach to avoid mosaicism in the germline of genome edited founder lines. Even with electroporation-mediated delivery of genome editing reagents to mammalian zygotes, there remain additional chokepoints in the genome editing pipeline that currently hinder the scalable production of non-mosaic genome edited livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Abstract
Genetically modified animals, especially rodents, are widely used in biomedical research. However, non-rodent models are required for efficient translational medicine and preclinical studies. Owing to the similarity in the physiological traits of pigs and humans, genetically modified pigs may be a valuable resource for biomedical research. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using genetically modified somatic cells has been the primary method for the generation of genetically modified pigs. However, site-specific gene modification in porcine cells is inefficient and requires laborious and time-consuming processes. Recent improvements in gene-editing systems, such as zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system, represent major advances. The efficient introduction of site-specific modifications into cells via gene editors dramatically reduces the effort and time required to generate genetically modified pigs. Furthermore, gene editors enable direct gene modification during embryogenesis, bypassing the SCNT procedure. The application of gene editors has progressively expanded, and a range of strategies is now available for porcine gene engineering. This review provides an overview of approaches for the generation of genetically modified pigs using gene editors, and highlights the current trends, as well as the limitations, of gene editing in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tanihara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Maki Hirata
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
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Hao L, Pu X, Song J. Introduction of mutations in plants with prime editing. Methods 2021; 194:83-93. [PMID: 33774158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) system has had a revolutionary impact on plant biology. However, this system and further developed base editing are limited by their inherent imperfection. Prime editing, a just arrival technology based on CRISPR/Cas, can directly and precisely edit a specified DNA site without double strand breaks and donor DNA by integrating an engineered reverse transcriptase (RT) with a catalytically impaired Cas9 endonuclease and introducing genetic information into prime editing guide RNA (pegRNA). In addition, it has a wider range of editing types than base editing and can install all types of editing theoretically. Prime editing was originally developed in mammalian cells and has recently been applied to plants. Here, we describe the origin of prime editing and compare it with traditional CRISPR/Cas9 and base editing; then, we exemplify it in plants, including strategies and methods. Accordingly, we generate the overall procedures of prime editing to provide instructions for its application. Furthermore, we summarize its improvements in the approach, such as optimizing the length of a primer binding site and RT template, as well as pursuing an optimal nicking site in the unedited sequence. Finally, we discuss the potential impact on domestication and improvement of agricultural crops, sustainable utilization of medicinal plants, cultivation of varieties of horticultural plants, and revelation of the genetic code, in order to offer a reference for the further study and development of prime editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hao
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangdong Pu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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Park JE, Sasaki E. Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Genetic Manipulation in the Common Marmoset. ILAR J 2021; 61:286-303. [PMID: 33693670 PMCID: PMC8918153 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic modification of nonhuman primate (NHP) zygotes is a useful method for the development of NHP models of human diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of assisted reproductive and genetic manipulation techniques in NHP, providing the basis for the generation of genetically modified NHP disease models. In this study, we review assisted reproductive techniques, including ovarian stimulation, in vitro maturation of oocytes, in vitro fertilization, embryo culture, embryo transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection protocols in marmosets. Furthermore, we review genetic manipulation techniques, including transgenic strategies, target gene knock-out and knock-in using gene editing protocols, and newly developed gene-editing approaches that may potentially impact the production of genetically manipulated NHP models. We further discuss the progress of assisted reproductive and genetic manipulation techniques in NHP; future prospects on genetically modified NHP models for biomedical research are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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One-Step Generation of Multiple Gene-Edited Pigs by Electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 System into Zygotes to Reduce Xenoantigen Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052249. [PMID: 33668187 PMCID: PMC7956194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenoantigens cause hyperacute rejection and limit the success of interspecific xenografts. Therefore, genes involved in xenoantigen biosynthesis, such as GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2, are key targets to improve the outcomes of xenotransplantation. In this study, we introduced a CRISPR/Cas9 system simultaneously targeting GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 into in vitro-fertilized zygotes using electroporation for the one-step generation of multiple gene-edited pigs without xenoantigens. First, we optimized the combination of guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting GGTA1 and CMAH with respect to gene editing efficiency in zygotes, and transferred electroporated embryos with the optimized gRNAs and Cas9 into recipient gilts. Next, we optimized the Cas9 protein concentration with respect to the gene editing efficiency when GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 were targeted simultaneously, and generated gene-edited pigs using the optimized conditions. We achieved the one-step generation of GGTA1/CMAH double-edited pigs and GGTA1/CMAH/B4GALNT2 triple-edited pigs. Immunohistological analyses demonstrated the downregulation of xenoantigens; however, these multiple gene-edited pigs were genetic mosaics that failed to knock out some xenoantigens. Although mosaicism should be resolved, the electroporation technique could become a primary method for the one-step generation of multiple gene modifications in pigs aimed at improving pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
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Nishimura T, Suchy FP, Bhadury J, Igarashi KJ, Charlesworth CT, Nakauchi H. Generation of Functional Organs Using a Cell-Competitive Niche in Intra- and Inter-species Rodent Chimeras. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:141-149.e3. [PMID: 33373620 PMCID: PMC8025673 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies organ generation via blastocyst complementation has succeeded in rodents, but not yet in evolutionally more distant species. Early developmental arrest hinders the formation of highly chimeric fetuses. We demonstrate that the deletion of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (Igf1r) in mouse embryos creates a permissive "cell-competitive niche" in several organs, significantly augmenting both mouse intraspecies and mouse/rat interspecies donor chimerism that continuously increases from embryonic day 11 onward, sometimes even taking over entire organs within intraspecies chimeras. Since Igf1r deletion allows the evasion of early developmental arrest, interspecies fetuses with high levels of organ chimerism can be generated via blastocyst complementation. This observation should facilitate donor cell contribution to host tissues, resulting in whole-organ generation via blastocyst complementation across wide evolutionary distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Nishimura
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fabian P Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joydeep Bhadury
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kyomi J Igarashi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carsten T Charlesworth
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Anzai T, Hara H, Chanthra N, Sadahiro T, Ieda M, Hanazono Y, Uosaki H. Generation of Efficient Knock-in Mouse and Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR-Cas9. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2320:247-259. [PMID: 34302663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1484-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A knock-in can generate fluorescent or Cre-reporter under the control of an endogenous promoter. It also generates knock-out or tagged-protein with fluorescent protein and short tags for tracking and purification. Recent advances in genome editing with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) significantly increased the efficiencies of making knock-in cells. Here we describe the detailed protocols of generating knock-in mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) by electroporation and lipofection, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Anzai
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hara
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Animal Resource Laboratory, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nawin Chanthra
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Taketaro Sadahiro
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hanazono
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
- Translational Research Laboratory, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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Nishizono H, Yasuda R, Laviv T. Methodologies and Challenges for CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing of the Mammalian Brain. Front Genome Ed 2020; 2:602970. [PMID: 34713226 PMCID: PMC8525404 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.602970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glia are highly polarized cells with extensive subcellular structures extending over large distances from their cell bodies. Previous research has revealed elaborate protein signaling complexes localized within intracellular compartments. Thus, exploring the function and the localization of endogenous proteins is vital to understanding the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the synapse, cellular, and circuit function. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing techniques have allowed researchers to rapidly develop transgenic animal models and perform single-cell level genome editing in the mammalian brain. Here, we introduce and comprehensively review the latest techniques for genome-editing in whole animals using fertilized eggs and methods for gene editing in specific neuronal populations in the adult or developing mammalian brain. Finally, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, as well as the challenges that lie ahead to advance the generation of methodologies for genome editing in the brain using the current CRISPR/Cas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Nishizono
- Department of Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Department of Neuronal Signal Transduction, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, United States
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Gu B. Light up the embryos: knock-in reporter generation for mouse developmental biology. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200055. [PMID: 33029220 PMCID: PMC7534580 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental biology seeks to understand the sophisticated regulated process through which a single cell – a fertilized egg – generates a highly organized organism. The most effective way to reveal the nature of these processes is to follow single cells and cell lineages in real-time. Recent advances in imaging equipment, fluorescent tags and computational tools have made long term multi-color imaging of cells and embryos possible. However, there is still one major challenging for achieving live imaging of mammalian embryos- the generation of embryos carrying reporters that recapitulate the endogenous expression pattern of marker genes. Recent developments of genome editing technology played important roles in enabling efficient generation of reporter mouse models. This mini review discusses recent developments of technologies for efficiently generate knock-in reporter mice and the application of these models in live imaging development. With these developments, we are starting to realize the long-sought promises of realtime analysis of mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
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40
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Lee JY, Jang YJ, Bae JH, Lee YH, Bae HS, Kim S, Park SG, Koo OJ, Yeom SC. Efficient and specific generation of knockout mice using Campylobacter jejuni CRISPR/Cas9 system. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 22:100752. [PMID: 32258440 PMCID: PMC7118303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR/Cas9 (SpCas9) system is now widely utilized to generate genome engineered mice; however, some studies raised issues related to off-target mutations with this system. Herein, we utilized the Campylobacter jejuni Cas9 (CjCas9) system to generate knockout mice. We designed sgRNAs targeting mouse Tyr or Foxn1 and microinjected into zygotes along with CjCas9 mRNA. We obtained newborn mice from the microinjected embryos and confirmed that 50% (Tyr) and 38.5% (Foxn1) of the newborn mice have biallelic mutation on the intended target sequences, indicating efficient genome targeting by CjCas9. In addition, we analyzed off-target mutations in founder mutant mice by targeted deep sequencing and whole genome sequencing. Both analyses revealed no off-target mutations at potential off-target sites predicted in silico and no unexpected random mutations in analyzed founder animals. In conclusion, the CjCas9 system can be utilized to generate genome edited mice in a precise manner. Generate genetically engineered mice using the Campylobacter jejuni Cas9 (CjCas9) system. CjCas9 showed reasonably high biallelic InDel mutation rate (up to 50%) in newborn mice. CjCas9 system showed relatively higher specificity compared to SpCas9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Toolgen Inc, Gasan Digital-Ro, Geumcheon, 08594, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Jang
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Bae
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hoo Lee
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sook Bae
- Toolgen Inc, Gasan Digital-Ro, Geumcheon, 08594, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoong Kim
- Toolgen Inc, Gasan Digital-Ro, Geumcheon, 08594, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Gi Park
- TheragenEtex Bio Institute, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Jae Koo
- Toolgen Inc, Gasan Digital-Ro, Geumcheon, 08594, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Cheong Yeom
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Kangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea
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Sato M, Takabayashi S, Akasaka E, Nakamura S. Recent Advances and Future Perspectives of In Vivo Targeted Delivery of Genome-Editing Reagents to Germ Cells, Embryos, and Fetuses in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040799. [PMID: 32225003 PMCID: PMC7226049 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) systems that occur in nature as microbial adaptive immune systems are considered an important tool in assessing the function of genes of interest in various biological systems. Thus, development of efficient and simple methods to produce genome-edited (GE) animals would accelerate research in this field. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was initially employed in early embryos, utilizing classical gene delivery methods such as microinjection or electroporation, which required ex vivo handling of zygotes before transfer to recipients. Recently, novel in vivo methods such as genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery (GONAD), improved GONAD (i-GONAD), or transplacental gene delivery for acquiring genome-edited fetuses (TPGD-GEF), which facilitate easy embryo manipulation, have been established. Studies utilizing these techniques employed pregnant female mice for direct introduction of the genome-editing components into the oviduct or were dependent on delivery via tail-vein injection. In mice, embryogenesis occurs within the oviducts and the uterus, which often hampers the genetic manipulation of embryos, especially those at early postimplantation stages (days 6 to 8), owing to a thick surrounding layer of tissue called decidua. In this review, we have surveyed the recent achievements in the production of GE mice and have outlined the advantages and disadvantages of the process. We have also referred to the past achievements in gene delivery to early postimplantation stage embryos and germ cells such as primordial germ cells and spermatogonial stem cells, which will benefit relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5246
| | - Shuji Takabayashi
- Laboratory Animal Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Eri Akasaka
- Section of Gene Expression Regulation, Frontier Science Research Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan;
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan;
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Romeo C, Chen SH, Goulding E, Van Gorder L, Schwartz M, Walker M, Scott G, Scappini E, Ray M, Martin NP. AAV diffuses across zona pellucida for effortless gene delivery to fertilized eggs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:85-90. [PMID: 32197836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery to fertilized eggs is often the first step in creation of transgenic animals, CRISPR knock-out, or early developmental studies. The zona pellucida, a hardened glycoprotein matrix surrounding the mammalian fertilized eggs, often complicates gene delivery by forming a barrier against transfection reagents and viruses. High efficiency techniques to perforate or penetrate the zona allow for access and gene delivery to fertilized eggs. However, these techniques often rely on highly skilled technologists, are costly, and require specialized equipment for micromanipulation, laser perforation, or electroporation. Here, we report that adenoassociated viruses (AAVs) with serotypes 1 or DJ can efficiently diffuse across the zona to deliver genes without any manipulations to fertilized eggs. We observe lowered rates of embryo development after treatment of embryos with all AAV serotypes. However, we were able to reduce adverse effects on embryo development by exposing embryos to AAVs at later stages of in vitro development. AAVs have low immune response and do not incorporate into their host chromosomes to cause insertional mutations. Hence, AAVs can serve as a highly effective tool for transient delivery of genes to fertilized mammalian eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Romeo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA
| | - Eugenia Goulding
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA
| | - Lucas Van Gorder
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA
| | - Maura Schwartz
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA
| | - Mitzie Walker
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA
| | - Gregory Scott
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA
| | - Erica Scappini
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA
| | - Manas Ray
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA
| | - Negin P Martin
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, N.C, 27709, USA.
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Lanigan TM, Kopera HC, Saunders TL. Principles of Genetic Engineering. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E291. [PMID: 32164255 PMCID: PMC7140808 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering is the use of molecular biology technology to modify DNA sequence(s) in genomes, using a variety of approaches. For example, homologous recombination can be used to target specific sequences in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell genomes or other cultured cells, but it is cumbersome, poorly efficient, and relies on drug positive/negative selection in cell culture for success. Other routinely applied methods include random integration of DNA after direct transfection (microinjection), transposon-mediated DNA insertion, or DNA insertion mediated by viral vectors for the production of transgenic mice and rats. Random integration of DNA occurs more frequently than homologous recombination, but has numerous drawbacks, despite its efficiency. The most elegant and effective method is technology based on guided endonucleases, because these can target specific DNA sequences. Since the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR/Cas9 technology, endonuclease-mediated gene targeting has become the most widely applied method to engineer genomes, supplanting the use of zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and meganucleases. Future improvements in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing may be achieved by increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair. Here, we describe principles of genetic engineering and detail: (1) how common elements of current technologies include the need for a chromosome break to occur, (2) the use of specific and sensitive genotyping assays to detect altered genomes, and (3) delivery modalities that impact characterization of gene modifications. In summary, while some principles of genetic engineering remain steadfast, others change as technologies are ever-evolving and continue to revolutionize research in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Lanigan
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huira C. Kopera
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Sequential i-GONAD: An Improved In Vivo Technique for CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genetic Manipulations in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030546. [PMID: 32110989 PMCID: PMC7140409 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved genome-editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery (i-GONAD) is a technique capable of inducing genomic changes in preimplantation embryos (zygotes) present within the oviduct of a pregnant female. i-GONAD involves intraoviductal injection of a solution containing genome-editing components via a glass micropipette under a dissecting microscope, followed by in vivo electroporation using tweezer-type electrodes. i-GONAD does not involve ex vivo handling of embryos (isolation of zygotes, microinjection or electroporation of zygotes, and egg transfer of the treated embryos to the oviducts of a recipient female), which is required for in vitro genome-editing of zygotes. i-GONAD enables the generation of indels, knock-in (KI) of ~ 1 kb sequence of interest, and large deletion at a target locus. i-GONAD is usually performed on Day 0.7 of pregnancy, which corresponds to the late zygote stage. During the initial development of this technique, we performed i-GONAD on Days 1.4–1.5 (corresponding to the 2-cell stage). Theoretically, this means that at least two GONAD steps (on Day 0.7 and Day 1.4–1.5) must be performed. If this is practically demonstrated, it provides additional options for various clustered regularly interspaced palindrome repeats (CRISPR)/Caspase 9 (Cas9)-based genetic manipulations. For example, it is usually difficult to induce two independent indels at the target sites, which are located very close to each other, by simultaneous transfection of two guide RNAs and Cas9 protein. However, the sequential induction of indels at a target site may be possible when repeated i-GONAD is performed on different days. Furthermore, simultaneous introduction of two mutated lox sites (to which Cre recombinase bind) for making a floxed allele is reported to be difficult, as it often causes deletion of a sequence between the two gRNA target sites. However, differential KI of lox sites may be possible when repeated i-GONAD is performed on different days. In this study, we performed proof-of-principle experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach called “sequential i-GONAD (si-GONAD).”
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Embryo-Based Large Fragment Knock-in in Mammals: Why, How and What's Next. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020140. [PMID: 32013077 PMCID: PMC7073597 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endonuclease-mediated genome editing technologies, most notably CRISPR/Cas9, have revolutionized animal genetics by allowing for precise genome editing directly through embryo manipulations. As endonuclease-mediated model generation became commonplace, large fragment knock-in remained one of the most challenging types of genetic modification. Due to their unique value in biological and biomedical research, however, a diverse range of technological innovations have been developed to achieve efficient large fragment knock-in in mammalian animal model generation, with a particular focus on mice. Here, we first discuss some examples that illustrate the importance of large fragment knock-in animal models and then detail a subset of the recent technological advancements that have allowed for efficient large fragment knock-in. Finally, we envision the future development of even larger fragment knock-ins performed in even larger animal models, the next step in expanding the potential of large fragment knock-in in animal models.
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Wang D, Niu Y, Ren L, Kang Y, Tai PWL, Si C, Mendonca CA, Ma H, Gao G, Ji W. Gene Delivery to Nonhuman Primate Preimplantation Embryos Using Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900440. [PMID: 31728271 PMCID: PMC6839749 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of genome editing tools to mammalian zygotes has revolutionized animal modeling. However, the mechanical delivery method to introduce genes and proteins to zygotes remains a challenge for some animal species that are important in biomedical research. Here, an approach to achieve gene delivery and genome editing in nonhuman primate embryos is presented by infecting zygotes with recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs). Together with previous reports from the authors of this paper and others, this approach is potentially applicable to a broad range of mammals. In addition to genome editing and animal modeling, this rAAV-based method can facilitate gene function studies in early-stage embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy CenterUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological SystemsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
| | - Yuyu Niu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina
| | - Lingzhi Ren
- Horae Gene Therapy CenterUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
| | - Yu Kang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina
| | - Phillip W. L. Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy CenterUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological SystemsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
| | - Chenyang Si
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina
| | - Craig A. Mendonca
- Horae Gene Therapy CenterUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Horae Gene Therapy CenterUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy CenterUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological SystemsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases ResearchUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMA01605USA
| | - Weizhi Ji
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine ResearchInstitute of Primate Translational MedicineKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina
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Efficient derivation of knock-out and knock-in rats using embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11571. [PMID: 31399630 PMCID: PMC6689013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats are effective model animals and have contributed to the development of human medicine and basic research. However, the application of reproductive engineering techniques to rats is not as advanced compared with mice, and genome editing in rats has not been achieved using embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization (IVF). In this study, we conducted superovulation, IVF, and knock out and knock in using IVF rat embryos. We found that superovulation effectively occurred in the synchronized oestrus cycle and with anti-inhibin antiserum treatment in immature rats, including the Brown Norway rat, which is a very difficult rat strain to superovulate. Next, we collected superovulated oocytes under anaesthesia, and offspring derived from IVF embryos were obtained from all of the rat strains that we examined. When the tyrosinase gene was targeted by electroporation in these embryos, both alleles were disrupted with 100% efficiency. Furthermore, we conducted long DNA fragment knock in using adeno-associated virus and found that the knock-in litter was obtained with high efficiency (33.3–47.4%). Thus, in this study, we developed methods to allow the simple and efficient production of model rats.
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Mizuno N, Mizutani E, Sato H, Kasai M, Nakauchi H, Yamaguchi T. CRISPR/Cas9 + AAV-mediated Intra-embryonic Gene Knocking in Mice. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3295. [PMID: 33654808 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-embryo genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 has enabled rapid generation of gene knockout animals. However, large fragment knock-in directly into embryos' genome is still difficult, especially without microinjection of donor DNA. Viral vectors are good transporters of knock-in donor DNA for cell lines, but seemed unsuitable for pre-implantation embryos with zona pellucida, glycoprotein membrane surrounding early embryos. We found adeno-associated virus (AAV) can infect zygotes of various mammals through intact zona pellucida. AAV-mediated donor DNA delivery following Cas9 ribonucleoprotein electroporation enables large fragment knock-in without micromanipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Mizuno
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Mizutani
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kasai
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Campbell LA, Richie CT, Maggirwar NS, Harvey BK. Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complex Delivery: Methods and Applications for Neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:565-577. [PMID: 31172397 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a revolutionary gene editing technology that combines simplicity of use and efficiency of mutagenesis. As this technology progresses toward human therapies, valid concerns including off-target mutations and immunogenicity must be addressed. One approach to address these issues is to minimize the presence of the CRISPR/Cas9 components by maintaining a tighter temporal control of Cas9 endonuclease and reducing the time period of activity. This has been achieved to some degree by delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 system via pre-formed Cas9 + gRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. In this review, we first discuss the molecular modifications that can be made using CRISPR/Cas9 and provide an overview of current methods for delivering Cas9 RNP complexes both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude with examples of how Cas9 RNP delivery may be used to target neuroinflammatory processes, namely in regard to viral infections of the central nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases. We propose that Cas9 RNP delivery is a viable approach when considering the CRISPR/Cas9 system for both experimentation and the treatment of disease. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Campbell
- Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Suite 200, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Christopher T Richie
- Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Suite 200, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Nishad S Maggirwar
- Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Suite 200, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Suite 200, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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