Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2047-2067. [PMID: 22051327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.063]

Nutraceuticals in the management of autonomic function and related disorders: A comprehensive review

Nutraceuticals have been described as phytocomplexes when derived from foods of plant origin or a pool of secondary metabolites when derived from foods of animal origin, which are concentrated and administered in an appropriate form and can promote beneficial health effects in the prevention/treatment of diseases. Considering that pharmaceutical medications can cause side effects, there is a growing interest in using nutraceuticals as an adjuvant therapeutic tool for several disorders involving autonomic dysfunction, such as obesity, atherosclerosis and other cardiometabolic diseases. This review summarizes and discusses the evidence from the literature on the effects of various nutraceuticals on autonomic control, addressing the gut microbiota modulation, production of secondary metabolites from bioactive compounds, and improvement of physical and chemical properties of cell membranes. Additionally, the safety of nutraceuticals and prospects are discussed. Probiotics, resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, nitrate, inositol, L-carnosine, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are among the nutraceuticals most studied to improve autonomic dysfunction in experimental animal models and clinical trials. Further human studies are needed to elucidate the effects of nutraceuticals formulated of multitarget compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action, which could benefit conditions involving autonomic dysfunction.

Impact of omega-3 fatty acids on hypertriglyceridemia, lipidomics, and gut microbiome in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

Fish oil (FO), a mixture of omega-3 fatty acids mainly comprising docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has been recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertriglyceridemia. However, its effects on lipidomic profiles and gut microbiota and the factors influencing triglyceride (TG) reduction remain unclear.

METHODS

We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 309 Chinese patients with T2D with hypertriglyceridemia (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03120299). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either 4 g FO or corn oil for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was changes in serum TGs and the lipidomic profile, and the secondary outcome included changes in the gut microbiome and other metabolic variables.

FINDINGS

The FO group had significantly better TG reduction (mean [95% confidence interval (CI)]: -1.51 [-2.01, -1.01] mmol/L) compared to the corn oil group (-0.66 [-1.15, -0.16] mmol/L, p = 0.02). FO significantly altered the serum lipid profile by reducing low-unsaturated TG species and increasing those containing DHA or EPA. FO had minor effects on gut microbiota, while baseline microbial features predicted the TG response to FO better than phenotypic or lipidomic features, potentially mediated by specific lipid metabolites. A total of 9 lipid metabolites significantly mediated the link between 4 baseline microbial variables and the TG response to FO supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate differential impacts of omega-3 fatty acids on lipidomic and microbial profiles in T2D and highlight the importance of baseline gut microbiota characteristics in predicting the TG-lowering efficacy of FO.

FUNDING

This study was funded by the National Nature Science Foundation.

Functional Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Reduction: A Concise Review

Functional lipids are dietary substances that may have an impact on human health by lowering the risk of chronic illnesses and enhancing the quality of life. Numerous functional lipids have been reported to have potential health benefits in the prevention, management, and treatment of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. However, there is still insufficient and contradictory information in the literature about their effectiveness and associated mechanisms of action. The objective of this review, therefore, is to evaluate available literature regarding these functional lipids and their health benefits. Various studies have been conducted to understand the links between functional lipids and the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Recent studies on phytosterols have reported that CLA, medium-chain triglycerides, and omega-3 and 6 fatty acids have positive effects on human health. Also, eicosanoids, which are the metabolites of these fatty acids, are produced in relation to the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and may modulate disease conditions. These functional lipids are available either in dietary or supplement forms and have been proven to be efficient, accessible, and inexpensive to be included in the diet. However, further research is required to properly elucidate the dosages, dietary intake, effectiveness, and their mechanisms of action in addition to the development of valid disease biomarkers and long-term effects in humans.

Alterations of the Fatty Acid Profile and the Expression of Genes Related to FA Metabolism in Cirrhotic Liver Tissue

In addition to direct damage to hepatocytes, long-term ethanol consumption leads to lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis, as well as to the dysregulation of lipid metabolism. The final step in various liver diseases is cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to compare the FA (fatty acids) profile and expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism in cirrhotic liver tissue and normal liver tissue. Exploring the changes in the FA profile and expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism in cirrhotic liver tissue reveals a molecular landscape that goes beyond the surface of traditional liver function assessments. Understanding the shifts in gene expression and fatty acid composition in liver tissue opens avenues for interventions that may aid in the treatment of cirrhosis in the future.

Associations of fish oil with cardiovascular disease events: results from the Taiwan longitudinal study in aging

BACKGROUND

The effectiveness of fish oil in preventing cardiovascular events is still debating. Some studies indicate a correlation between the use of fish oil supplements and reduced mortality or decreased incidence of stroke. However, other studies show no significant association between fish oil intake and stroke prevention, indicating an ongoing debate. This study aimed at exploring which subjects may benefit more from fish oil supplementation.

METHODS

This study utilized the data obtained through face-to-face interview from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study in Aging (TLSA). A total of 3,652 participants were included from the 2003 baseline data, after excluding patients with pre-existing ischemic heart disease or stroke. Participants were divided into two groups based on whether taking fish oil supplement or not. Participants were followed until 2015, estimating and comparing the all-cause mortality and cumulative incidence rate of stroke between both groups.

RESULTS

The results of the 12-year longitudinal study showed that the cumulative incidence rate of stroke in the fish oil supplementation group was 5.7%, compared to 7.7% in the non-supplemented group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the crude hazard ratio for stroke was significantly lower in the fish oil supplementation group (HR = 0.686;95% CI 0.476-0.987). However, after adjusting potential confounders, the adjusted risk of stroke was lower only for the diabetic patients supplemented with fish oil (aHR = 0.123; 95% CI 0.016-0.930) compared to non-diabetic patients (aHR = 0.917; 95% CI 0.616-1.364).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that there is an association between fish oil supplementation and a lower cumulative incidence rate of subsequent stroke among diabetic patients.

Plant Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Lower Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Individuals with a Low Intake of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids

BACKGROUND

Omega-3 fatty acids derived from seafood acids may influence cardiac arrhythmogenesis, whereas the role of the major plant-derived omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), on atrial fibrillation (AF) is largely unknown.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to investigate the association between ALA intake and risk of incident AF overall and in subjects with a low intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids.

METHODS

We followed a total of 54,260 middle-aged men and women enrolled into the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort for development of AF using nationwide registries. Intake of ALA was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and modeled as a restricted cubic spline. Statistical analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS

We identified a total of 4902 incident AF events during a median of 16.9 y of follow-up. In multivariable analyses, we observed indications of a statistically nonsignificant inverse association between ALA intake and risk of AF up to an ALA intake of 2.5 g/d, whereas no appreciable association was found for higher intakes of ALA. A statistically significant dose-dependent negative association was found between ALA intake and risk of AF in individuals consuming < 250 mg marine omega-3 fatty acids daily, whereas no association was found in those with a higher intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids.

CONCLUSIONS

Intake of ALA was associated with a lower risk of AF in individuals consuming a low intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids. This finding is novel and warrants further investigation.

Fish oil supplementation modifies the associations between genetically predicted and observed concentrations of blood lipids: a cross-sectional gene-diet interaction study in UK Biobank

BACKGROUND

Dyslipidemia is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although habitual intake of fish oil is associated with cardioprotective effects through triglyceride reduction, the interactions of fish oil with the genetic predisposition to dysregulated lipids remain elusive.

OBJECTIVES

We examined whether fish oil supplementation modifies the association between genetically predicted and observed concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides.

METHODS

A total of 441,985 participants with complete genetic and phenotypic data from the UK Biobank were included. Polygenic scores (PGS) of the 4 lipids were calculated in participants of diverse ancestries. For each lipid, multivariable linear regression models were used to assess if fish oil supplementation modified the association between PGS and the observed circulating concentration, with adjustment for relevant covariates.

RESULTS

Fish oil supplementation attenuates the associations between genetically predicted and observed circulating concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides while accentuating the corresponding association for HDL cholesterol among 424,090 participants of European ancestry. Consistent significant findings were obtained using PGS calculated based on multiple genome-wide association studies or alternative PGS methods. For triglycerides, each standard deviation (SD) increment in PGS is associated with 0.254 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.248, 0.259] SD increase in the observed concentration among European-ancestry participants who reported fish oil usage. In contrast, a stronger association was observed in nonusers (0.267; 95% CI: 0.263, 0.270). Consistently, we showed that fish oil significantly attenuates the association between genetically predicted and observed concentrations of triglycerides in African-ancestry participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Fish oil supplementation attenuates the association between genetically predicted and observed circulating concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides while accentuating the corresponding association for HDL cholesterol in individuals of European ancestry. Further research is needed to understand the clinical implications of these findings.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid Rescues Cav1.2-L-Type Ca2+ Channel Decline Caused by Saturated Fatty Acids via Both Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4-Dependent and -Independent Pathways in Cardiomyocytes

Dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) exerts antiarrhythmic effects, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the possible beneficial actions of EPA on saturated fatty acid-induced changes in the L-type Ca2+ channel in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were cultured with an oleic acid/palmitic acid mixture (OAPA) in the presence or absence of EPA. Beating rate reduction in cardiomyocytes caused by OAPA were reversed by EPA. EPA also retrieved a reduction in Cav1.2 L-type Ca2+ current, mRNA, and protein caused by OAPA. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed a distinct downregulation of the Cav1.2 channel caused by OAPA with a concomitant decrease in the phosphorylated component of a transcription factor adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) in the nucleus, which were rescued by EPA. A free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) agonist TUG-891 reversed expression of Cav1.2 and CREB mRNA caused by OAPA, whereas an FFAR4 antagonist AH-7614 abolished the effects of EPA. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation caused by OAPA decreased Cav1.2 and CREB mRNA expressions, which was reversed by an ROS scavenger. Our data suggest that EPA rescues cellular Cav1.2-Ca2+ channel decline caused by OAPA lipotoxicity and oxidative stresses via both free fatty acid receptor 4-dependent and -independent pathways.

Nutraceutical prospects of genetically engineered cyanobacteria- technological updates and significance

Genetically engineered cyanobacterial strains that have improved growth rate, biomass productivity, and metabolite productivity could be a better option for sustainable bio-metabolite production. The global demand for biobased metabolites with nutraceuticals and health benefits has increased due to their safety and plausible therapeutic and nutritional utility. Cyanobacteria are solar-powered green cellular factories that can be genetically tuned to produce metabolites with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical benefits. The present review discusses biotechnological endeavors for producing bioprospective compounds from genetically engineered cyanobacteria and discusses the challenges and troubleshooting faced during metabolite production. This review explores the cyanobacterial versatility, the use of engineered strains, and the techno-economic challenges associated with scaling up metabolite production from cyanobacteria. Challenges to produce cyanobacterial bioactive compounds with remarkable nutraceutical values have been discussed. Additionally, this review also summarises the challenges and future prospects of metabolite production from genetically engineered cyanobacteria as a sustainable approach.

Lipids and Fatty Acid Composition Reveal Differences between Durum Wheat Landraces and Modern Cultivars

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) landraces, traditional local varieties representing an intermediate stage in domestication, are gaining attention due to their high genetic variability and performance in challenging environments. While major kernel metabolites have been examined, limited research has been conducted on minor bioactive components like lipids, despite their nutritional benefits. To address this, we analyzed twenty-two tetraploid accessions, comprising modern elite cultivars and landraces, to (i) verify if the selection process for yield-related traits carried out during the Green Revolution has influenced lipid amount and composition; (ii) uncover the extent of lipid compositional variability, giving evidence that lipid fingerprinting effectively identifies evolutionary signatures; and (iii) identify genotypes interesting for breeding programs to improve yield and nutrition. Interestingly, total fat did not correlate with kernel weight, indicating lipid composition as a promising trait for selection. Tri- and di-acylglycerol were the major lipid components along with free fatty acids, and their relative content varied significantly among genotypes. In particular, landraces belonging to T. turanicum and carthlicum ecotypes differed significantly in total lipid and fatty acid profiles. Our findings provide evidence that landraces can be a genetically relevant source of lipid variability, with potential to be exploited for improving wheat nutritional quality.

Association between circulating levels of unsaturated fatty acids and risk for prediabetes in the NHANES 2003-2004 and 2011-2012

AIMS

This study aimed to investigate the association between serum levels of common and uncommon unsaturated fatty acids and prediabetes risk.

METHODS

Data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2003-2004 and 2011-2012. Weighted proportional and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association of serum PUFAs and MUFAs with prediabetes risk after adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULTS

A total of 3575 individuals were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of PUFAs EPA (20:5 n3) and GLA (18:3 n6) were associated with increased prediabetes risk (EPA (20:5 n3): OR = 1.878, 95% CI: 1.177-2.996, Ptrend = 0.002; GLA (18:3 n6): 1.702, 95% CI: 1.140-2.541, Ptrend = 0.016). The MUFAs PA (16:1 n7) and EA (20:1 n9) were associated with the risk of prediabetes (OR in quintile5: PA (16:1 n7): 1.780, 95% CI: 1.056-3.001, Ptrend = 0.003; EA (20:1 n9): 0.587, 95% CI: 0.347-0.994, Ptrend = 0.010). Moreover, nonlinear analysis revealed that serum levels of EPA (20:5 n3) and EA (20:1 n-9) were nonlinearly associated with prediabetes risk.

CONCLUSION

Some serum n-3 PUFAs are positively associated with prediabetes, several serum n-6 PUFAs are inversely associated with prediabetes. Regulating individual serum USFA levels may help prevent prediabetes, thereby providing evidence for clinical and nutritional practices.

Effect of Meal-Timing on the Association of Unsaturated Fatty Acids with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality among Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study with 10-Year Follow-Up

BACKGROUND

Conflicting results have been reported on the association of dietary unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) with longevity and cardiovascular health. Most previous studies have focused only on the amount of UFAs consumed, not the timing of intake.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study used data from 30,136 adults aged 18 years and older. Intakes of UFAs by meal time and types were assessed by a 24-h dietary recall for two days. The covariate-adjusted survey-weighted Cox proportional hazards models were performed to evaluate the associations of dietary total unsaturated fatty acid (TUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intakes throughout the day and three meals with mortality.

RESULTS

During a median of 10.0 years of follow-up, 4510 total deaths occurred. All-cause mortality decreased with increasing intakes at dinner of TUFA (HR: 0.87 [0.77-0.98]), PUFA (HR: 0.81 [0.73-0.91]), and MUFA (HR: 0.88 [0.77-0.99]). With an increased intake of PUFA at dinner, CVD mortality showed a decreasing trend. However, the inverted L-shaped non-linear trend in all-cause mortality was found with increasing intake at breakfast of TUFA (HR: 1.35 [1.17-1.57], Q3 vs. Q1), PUFA (HR: 1.30 [1.13-1.50]), and MUFA (HR: 1.28 [1.13-1.45]). Meanwhile, increased breakfast intake of UFAs was associated with increased CVD and heart disease mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Meal timing influences the association of UFAs with all-cause and CVD-related mortality.

n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Are Associated with Stable Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Highly Trained Athletes

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between levels of n-3 essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and stable nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in the plasma of athletes.

METHODS

Highly trained cross-country skiers (males, n = 39) were examined. The fatty acid profile of the total plasma lipids was determined by gas chromatography. The plasma NO level was studied by a colorimetric method via reaction with Griess reagent.

RESULTS

A widespread deficiency of essential n-3 PUFAs in the plasma of athletes (more than 80% of the subjects) was demonstrated in association with an imbalance in the levels of nitrates (NO3) and nitrites (NO2). A lower value of n-3 linolenic acid in the plasma (0.21 mol/%) was associated with a NO3 level below the normal range (n-3 C18:3 and NO3 Rs = 0.461; p = 0.003). Higher levels of n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (0.8 mol/%) were associated with a concentration of NO2 above the normal value (n-3 C20:5 and NO2 Rs = 0.449; p = 0.004).

CONCLUSION

For the first time, the participation of essential n-3 PUFAs in the nitrite-nitrate pathway of NO synthesis in highly trained skiers was demonstrated.

Attitude to food supplement use: a survey promoted by the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology

Food supplements are defined as foodstuffs the purpose of which is to supplement the normal diet and which are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, often referred to as nutraceuticals, may exert benefit to the human body. Their use is increasing worldwide, including Europe and in Italy. However, some doctors are skeptical about their effectiveness and safety. This reluctance may depend on poor knowledge of the mechanisms of action and clinical evidence in literature. The Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP) promoted the institution of an ad hoc Committee. The first initiative performed by this Committee was the administration of a questionnaire to the members of SIAIP.The results of this survey provided interesting results. Most pediatricians know the food supplement concept but frequently need help understanding the mechanisms of action. Most prescribe food supplements, mainly for preventing infections or enhancing immune defense. In addition, they prefer to use food supplements as cycles or add-on therapy. Finally, most participants like to attend events on this issue and contribute to new evidence through trials.In conclusion, this survey underscores the relevance of food supplement issues and attests to interest in this topic. However, there is a need to provide information and promote studies on this matter.

Protection effect of lutein-loaded Pickering emulsion prepared via ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction conjugates on dry age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prominent cause of vision loss among the elderly, and the treatment options for dry AMD (dAMD) are severely limited. Lutein has a favorable effect on the treatment of dAMD. Algae oil, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is considered an effective intervention for eye diseases. In this study, casein-mannose conjugates were prepared to form algal oil-in-water Pickering emulsions by ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction. As the ultrasound time increased from 0 to 25 min, the droplet size decreased to 648.2 ± 21.18 nm, which substantially improved the stability of the Pickering emulsions. The retention of lutein in the Pickering emulsions under ultrasonic treatment for 20 min was significantly improved under different conditions. The simulated gastrointestinal digestion revealed that ultrasound-assisted Pickering emulsions are an effective method for improving the bioaccessibility of lutein (19.76%-53.34%). In vivo studies elucidated that the lutein-loaded Pickering emulsions could effectively alleviate retinal thinning induced by sodium iodate (NaIO3) in mice with dAMD. Mechanistically, lutein-loaded Pickering emulsions significantly reduced oxidative stress by decreasing the MDA level, increasing the SOD production, and reducing the retinal ROS production. These findings explored the protective effects of lutein-loaded Pickering emulsions on dAMD and offered promising prospects for the nutritional intervention of dAMD.

Nutritional effect on lipoproteins and their subfractions in patients with Psoriatic Arthritis: a 12-week randomized trial-the DIETA trial

INTRODUCTION

Patients with psoriatic arthritis have some lipid metabolism changes and higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases, regardless of traditional risk factors, suggesting that chronic inflammation itself plays a central role concerning the atherosclerosis. However, there is a lack of information regarding atherogenic pattern and lipoprotein subfractions burden in these individuals.

AIM

To evaluate the HDL and LDL-cholesterol plasmatic levels and their subfractions after a nutritional intervention in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

METHODS

This was a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a 12-week nutritional intervention. PsA patients were randomly assigned to 1-Placebo: 1 g of soybean oil daily, no dietetic intervention; 2-Diet + Supplementation: an individualized diet, supplemented with 604 mg of omega-3 fatty acids, three times a day; and 3-Diet + Placebo: individualized diet + 1 g of soybean oil. The LDL subfractions were classified as non-atherogenic (NAth), atherogenic (Ath) or highly atherogenic (HAth), whereas the HDL subfractions were classified as small, medium, or large particles, according to the current recommendation based on lipoproteins electrophoresis.

RESULTS

A total of 91 patients were included in the study. About 62% of patients (n = 56) had an Ath or HAth profile and the main risk factors associated were male gender, longer skin disease duration and higher BMI. Thirty-two patients (35%) had a high-risk lipoprotein profile despite having LDL plasmatic levels below 100 mg/dL. The 12-week nutritional intervention did not alter the LDL subfractions. However, there were significant improvement of HDL subfractions.

CONCLUSION

Recognizing the pro-atherogenic subfractions LDL pattern could be a relevant strategy for identifying PsA patients with higher cardiovascular risk, regardless total LDL plasmatic levels and disease activity. In addition, a short-term nutritional intervention based on supervised and individualized diet added to omega-3 fatty acids changed positively the HDLLARGE subfractions, while LDLLARGE subfraction was improved in hypercholesterolemic individuals.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov identifier: NCT03142503 ( http://www.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov/ ).

Dietary supplementations to mitigate the cardiopulmonary effects of air pollution toxicity: A systematic review of clinical trials

BACKGROUND

There is a consistent association between exposure to air pollution and elevated rates of cardiopulmonary illnesses. As public health activities emphasize the paramount need to reduce exposure, it is crucial to examine strategies like the antioxidant diet that could potentially protect individuals who are unavoidably exposed.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to March 31, 2023, for clinical trials assessing dietary supplements against cardiovascular (blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, brachial artery diameter, flow-mediated dilation, and lipid profile) or pulmonary outcomes (pulmonary function and airway inflammation) attributed to air pollution exposure.

RESULTS

After reviewing 4681 records, 18 studies were included. There were contradictory findings on the effects of fish oil and olive oil supplementations on cardiovascular outcomes. Although with limited evidence, fish oil offered protection against pulmonary dysfunction induced by pollutants. Most studies on vitamin C did not find protective cardiovascular effects; however, the combination of vitamin C and E offered protective effects against pulmonary dysfunction but showed conflicting results for cardiovascular outcomes. Other supplements like sulforaphane, L-arginine, n-acetylcysteine, and B vitamins showed potential beneficial effects but need further research due to the limited number of existing trials.

CONCLUSIONS

Although more research is needed to determine the efficacy and optimal dose of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant dietary supplements against air pollution toxicity, this low-cost preventative strategy has the potential to offer protection against outcomes of air pollution exposure.

Management of Coronary Vulnerable Plaque With Medical Therapy or Local Preventive Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) often result from the rupture or erosion of high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques (ie, vulnerable plaques). Advances in intracoronary imaging such as intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, or near-infrared spectroscopy have improved the identification of vulnerable plaques, characterized by large plaque burden, small minimal luminal area, thin fibrous cap, and large lipid content. Although pharmacology, including lipid-lowering agents, and intensive risk-factor control are pivotal for management of vulnerable plaques and secondary prevention, recurrent events tend to accrue despite intensive pharmacotherapy. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that local preventive percutaneous coronary intervention may passivate these vulnerable plaques, preventing the occurrence of plaque-related ACS. However, solid evidence is lacking on its use for treatment of non-flow-limiting vulnerable plaques. As such, the optimal management of vulnerable plaques has not been established. Herein, we have reviewed the diagnosis and management of vulnerable plaques, focusing on systematic pharmacology and focal treatments.

Oily fish reduces the risk of acne by lowering fasting insulin levels: A Mendelian randomization study

Meat intake, particularly from oily fish, has been associated with various chronic diseases. However, its relationship with acne has always been controversial. Therefore, we have adopted Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between different types of meat intake and acne. The exposure and outcome datasets for this study were obtained from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) Open GWAS project. Seven datasets on meat intake were included, which consisted of non-oily fish, oily fish, lamb/mutton, poultry, pork, beef, and processed meat. The main methods used for MR analysis were inverse variance weighted, weighted median, and MR-egger. To ensure the accuracy of the results, heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) analyses were conducted. Additionally, an analysis of four risk factors (fasting insulin, insulin resistance, total testosterone level, and estradiol level) was performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms linking statistically significant meat intake to acne. Oily fish intake was found to be a protective factor for acne (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.10-0.49, p < .001), and it was also observed that oily fish intake can reduce the level of fasting insulin by the IVW method (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81-0.98, p = .02). No causal relationship was identified between other types of meat intake and acne. The intake of oily fish reduces the risk of acne by lowering fasting insulin levels.

Regular use of fish oil supplements and course of cardiovascular diseases: prospective cohort study

Objective

To examine the effects of fish oil supplements on the clinical course of cardiovascular disease, from a healthy state to atrial fibrillation, major adverse cardiovascular events, and subsequently death.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

UK Biobank study, 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2010, with follow-up to 31 March 2021 (median follow-up 11.9 years).

Participants

415 737 participants, aged 40-69 years, enrolled in the UK Biobank study.

Main outcome measures

Incident cases of atrial fibrillation, major adverse cardiovascular events, and death, identified by linkage to hospital inpatient records and death registries. Role of fish oil supplements in different progressive stages of cardiovascular diseases, from healthy status (primary stage), to atrial fibrillation (secondary stage), major adverse cardiovascular events (tertiary stage), and death (end stage).

Results

Among 415 737 participants free of cardiovascular diseases, 18 367 patients with incident atrial fibrillation, 22 636 with major adverse cardiovascular events, and 22 140 deaths during follow-up were identified. Regular use of fish oil supplements had different roles in the transitions from healthy status to atrial fibrillation, to major adverse cardiovascular events, and then to death. For people without cardiovascular disease, hazard ratios were 1.13 (95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.17) for the transition from healthy status to atrial fibrillation and 1.05 (1.00 to 1.11) from healthy status to stroke. For participants with a diagnosis of a known cardiovascular disease, regular use of fish oil supplements was beneficial for transitions from atrial fibrillation to major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 0.92, 0.87 to 0.98), atrial fibrillation to myocardial infarction (0.85, 0.76 to 0.96), and heart failure to death (0.91, 0.84 to 0.99).

Conclusions

Regular use of fish oil supplements might be a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and stroke among the general population but could be beneficial for progression of cardiovascular disease from atrial fibrillation to major adverse cardiovascular events, and from atrial fibrillation to death. Further studies are needed to determine the precise mechanisms for the development and prognosis of cardiovascular disease events with regular use of fish oil supplements.

Research trends in lipid-lowering therapies for coronary heart disease combined with hyperlipidemia: a bibliometric study and visual analysis

Background

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a significant global health and economic challenge, with atherosclerosis being a primary cause. Over the past 40 years, substantial research has been conducted into the prevention and reversal of atherosclerosis, resulting in the development of lipid-lowering agents such as statins and fibrates. Despite the extensive literature and formulation of numerous therapeutic guidelines in this domain, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the current research landscape and trends has not been performed. This study aimed to elucidate the evolution and milestones of research into lipid-lowering treatments for coronary heart disease (CHD) in conjunction with hyperlipidemia through bibliometric analysis, offering insights into future directions for treatment strategies.

Methods

This study examined publications from 1986 to 2023 retrieved from the Web of Science database (Core Collection). Utilizing tools such as VOSviewer, Pajek, and CiteSpace, we analyzed publication and citation numbers, H-indexes, contributions by countries and institutions, authorship, journal sources, and keyword usage to uncover research trajectories and areas of focus.

Results

Our analysis of 587 publications revealed a recent surge in research output, particularly post-2003. The American Journal of Cardiology published the highest number of studies, with 40 articles, whereas Circulation received the highest number of citations (6,266). Key contributors included the United States, Japan, and China, with the United States leading in citation numbers and the H-index. Harvard University and Leiden University emerged as pivotal institutions, and Professors J. Wouter Jukema and Robert P. Giugliano were identified as leading experts. Keyword analysis disclosed five thematic clusters, indicating a shift in research towards new drug combinations and strategies, signaling future research directions.

Conclusion

The last 4 decades have seen a notable rise in publications on lipid-lowering therapies for CHD and hyperlipidemia, with the United States retaining world-leading status. The increase in international collaboration aids the shift towards research into innovative lipid-lowering agents and therapeutic approaches. PCSK9 inhibitors and innovative combination therapies, including antisense oligonucleotides and angiopoietin-like protein 3 inhibitors, provide avenues for future research, intending to maximize the safety and efficacy of treatment approaches.

ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status Testing in Humans: A Narrative Review of Commercially Available Options

There is an increasing body of evidence supporting a link between low intakes of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and numerous diseases and health conditions. However, few people are achieving the levels of fish/seafood or eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intake recommended in national and international guidelines. Knowledge of a person's ω-3 LCPUFA status will benefit the interpretation of research results and could be expected to lead to an increased effort to increase intake. Dietary intake survey methods are often used as a surrogate for measuring ω-3 PUFA tissue status and its impact on health and functional outcomes. However, because individuals vary widely in their ability to digest and absorb ω-3 PUFA, analytical testing of biological samples is desirable to accurately evaluate ω-3 PUFA status. Adipose tissue is the reference biospecimen for measuring tissue fatty acids, but less-invasive methods, such as measurements in whole blood or its components (e.g., plasma, serum, red blood cell membranes) or breast milk are often used. Numerous commercial laboratories provide fatty acid testing of blood and breast milk samples by different methods and present their results in a variety of reports such as a full fatty acid profile, ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid profiles, fatty acid ratios, as well as the Omega-3 Index, the Holman Omega-3 Test, OmegaScore, and OmegaCheck, among others. This narrative review provides information about the different ways to measure ω-3 LCPUFA status (including both dietary assessments and selected commercially available analytical tests of blood and breast milk samples) and discusses evidence linking increased ω-3 LCPUFA intake or status to improved health, focusing on cardiovascular, neurological, pregnancy, and eye health, in support of recommendations to increase ω-3 LCPUFA intake and testing.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in REGARDS

We examined associations between lipidomic profiles and incident ischemic stroke in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort. Plasma lipids (n = 195) were measured from baseline blood samples, and lipids were consolidated into underlying factors using exploratory factor analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test associations between lipid factors and incident stroke, linear regressions to determine associations between dietary intake and lipid factors, and the inverse odds ratio weighting (IORW) approach to test mediation. The study followed participants over a median (IQR) of 7 (3.4-11) years, and the case-cohort substudy included 1075 incident ischemic stroke and 968 non-stroke participants. One lipid factor, enriched for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid), was inversely associated with stroke risk in a base model (HR = 0.84; 95%CI 0.79-0.90; P = 8.33 × 10-8) and fully adjusted model (HR = 0.88; 95%CI 0.83-0.94; P = 2.79 × 10-4). This factor was associated with a healthy diet pattern (β = 0.21; 95%CI 0.12-0.30; P = 2.06 × 10-6), specifically with fish intake (β = 1.96; 95%CI 0.95-2.96; P = 1.36 × 10-4). DHA was a mediator between fish intake and incident ischemic stroke (30% P = 5.78 × 10-3). Taken together, DHA-containing plasma lipids were inversely associated with incident ischemic stroke and mediated the relationship between fish intake and stroke risk.

Coronary slow flow and angiography-derived index of microcirculatory resistance as prognostic predictors in patients with angina and normal coronary arteries: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

This study aims to investigate prognostic implications of coronary slow flow (CSF) and angiography-derived index of microcirculatory resistance (caIMR) in patients with angina and normal coronary arteries.

METHODS

A total of 582 patients were enrolled with angiographically normal coronary arteries. caIMR was calculated using a commercial software. Patients were followed up for a median of 45 months. The primary endpoint was defined as major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) comprising death, myocardial infarction and readmission for angina or heart failure.

RESULTS

CSF was diagnosed when TIMI grade 2 flow presented in at least one coronary artery. Multivariate analysis indicated TIMI-flow-based determination of CSF was not significantly associated with MACEs [hazard ratio (HR): 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87-5.31; p = 0.099), while caIMR >42 (HR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.02-6.32; p = 0.047) were independent predictors of MACEs. Incorporation of caIMR improved the area under the curve from 0.587 to 0.642.

CONCLUSIONS

caIMR was an independent prognostic factor of long-term cardiovascular events in patients with CSF. Evaluation of caIMR improved the risk stratification of patients with angiographically-normal coronary arteries.

Comparison of Body Characteristics, Carotenoid Composition, and Nutritional Quality of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) with Different Hepatopancreas Redness

In this study, we investigated the body characteristics, carotenoid composition, and nutritional quality of Eriocheir sinensis with different hepatopancreas redness (a*). We distributed the crabs into two groups based on the hepatopancreas a* values and compared their body characteristics, chroma, carotenoid composition, and protein, lipid, total sugar, amino acid, and fatty acid content via paired t-test. The results revealed that the relationships between hepatopancreas a* values and crab quality are sex specific. In female crabs, the differences in nutritional characteristics were evident mainly in the hepatopancreases and ovaries. In the redder hepatopancreases, the content of zeaxanthin and β-carotene increased, and the levels of C22:6n3 and C20:5n3 decreased (p < 0.05). In the ovaries, the content of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, β-carotene, umami, and sweet amino acids were lower in the redder hepatopancreas crabs (p < 0.05). In male crabs, there were positive relationships between hepatopancreas a* and amino acid and fatty acid content. The content of leucine, arginine, and total umami amino acids in muscles and of unsaturated fatty acids and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in hepatopancreases and testicles increased with increasing hepatopancreas a* values (p < 0.05). Therefore, the redder the hepatopancreas, the higher the nutritional quality of male crabs.

Eggs and a Fiber-Rich Diet Are Beneficially Associated with Lipid Levels in Framingham Offspring Study Adults

Background

For many years, United States' dietary policy recommended limiting egg intake to no more than 3/wk in the belief that restricting dietary cholesterol would lower plasma cholesterol levels and thereby reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The evidence supporting these recommendations is controversial.

Objectives

To examine the impact of eggs, a major contributor to dietary cholesterol intake, on lipid levels and to determine whether these egg effects are modified by other healthy dietary factors in adults.

Methods

Males and females aged 30-64 y with available 3-d diet record data, without cardiovascular disease and not taking lipid- or glucose-lowering medications in the prospective Framingham Offspring cohort were included (n = 1852). Analysis of covariance models were used to compare mean follow-up lipid levels adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and dietary factors. Cox proportional hazard's models were used to estimate risk for elevated lipid levels.

Results

Consuming ≥5 eggs/wk was not adversely associated with lipid outcomes. Among men, consuming ≥5 (compared with <0.5) eggs/wk was associated with an 8.6 mg/dL lower total cholesterol level and a 5.9 mg/dL lower LDL cholesterol level, as well as lower triglycerides. Overall, higher egg intake combined with higher dietary fiber (compared with lower intakes of both) was associated with the lowest total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol-to-HDL cholesterol ratio. Finally, diets with higher (compared with lower) egg intakes in combination with higher total fish or fiber intakes, respectively, were associated with lower risks of developing elevated (>160 mg/dL) LDL cholesterol levels (hazard ratio: 0.61; 95% confidence interval: 0.44, 0.84; and HR: 0.70; 95% confidence interval: 0.49, 0.98, respectively).

Conclusions

Higher egg intakes were beneficially associated with serum lipids among healthy adults, particularly those who consumed more fish and dietary fiber.

Association of seafood consumption with cardiovascular disease among adults in Qingdao, China

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The relationship between seafood consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is controversial, and studies have not considered competing risk events. Our study examined the association between a full range of seafood consumption and CVD incidence and mortality based on the Qingdao Diabetes Prevention Program.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We followed up 5285 participants without CVD at baseline until December 31, 2021. CVD cases and deaths were identified through record linkage with the Qingdao CVD Surveillance System and the Qingdao Death Surveillance System, respectively. Information on seafood consumption was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. We used the Cox proportional hazard model and the competing risk model to evaluate the association between all types of seafood consumption and CVD incidence and mortality. During a median follow-up of 11.4 years, 122 CVD cases and 75 deaths occurred. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared with nonconsumers, seafood consumption of 300-500 and > 500 g/week was associated with a lower risk of CVD incidence [hazards ratio and 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.54 (0.29-0.99) and 0.49 (0.26-0.91), respectively]. However, seafood consumption of >500 g/week had a significantly lower risk of CVD mortality [subdistribution hazard ratio and 95 % CI: 0.40 (0.17-0.95)], but it was insignificant in other groups.

CONCLUSION

Seafood consumption of 300-500 g/week and >500 g/week was associated with a lower CVD incidence and mortality. Our findings provide evidence of the recommendations of the 2022 Dietary Guidelines for Chinese residents and may guide the promotion of strategies for CVD prevention.

Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on the prognosis of coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AIMS

To evaluate whether omega-3 fatty acids (ɷ-3 FAs) supplementation can improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD).

DATA SYNTHESIS

Five electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of ɷ-3 FAs on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CAD. The language was restricted to English. The risk ratio was pooled. Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate whether study-level variables might act as effect modifiers. A total of 12 studies involving 29913 patients were included. ɷ-3 FAs had no effects on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) (RR, 0.93; 95 % CI: 0.85 to 1.01, P = 0.09). While ɷ-3 FAs reduced the incidences of all-cause death (RR, 0.90; 95 % CI: 0.83 to 0.97, P = 0.005), cardiovascular death (RR, 0.82; 95 % CI: 0.75 to 0.90, P < 0.0001), myocardial infarction (RR, 0.77; 95 % CI: 0.68 to 0.86, P < 0.0001), revascularization (RR, 0.80; 95 % CI: 0.69 to 0.93, P = 0.003), sudden cardiac death (RR, 0.67; 95 % CI: 0.52 to 0.86, P = 0.002) and hospitalization for heart failure or unstable angina pectoris (RR, 0.75; 95 % CI: 0.58 to 0.97, P = 0.03) in CAD. It did not statistically reduce the risk of stroke (RR, 0.96; 95 % CI: 0.77 to 1.21, P = 0.76). The favorable effects of ɷ-3 FAs on MACEs were significant in subgroups of intervention with EPA and baseline triglyceride ≥1.7 mmol/L.

CONCLUSION

ɷ-3 FAs supplementation, especially EPA, appears to be an effective adjunct therapy for improving the prognosis of CAD.

REGISTRATION NUMBER

PROSPERO CRD42022311237.

Effects of diets containing fish oils or fish oil concentrates with high cetoleic acid content on the circulating cholesterol concentration in rodents. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Hypercholesterolaemia is a major risk factor for CVD. Fish intake is associated with lower risk of CVD, whereas supplementation with n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) has little effect on the cholesterol concentration. We therefore investigated if cetoleic acid (CA), a long-chain MUFA (LC-MUFA) found especially in pelagic fish species, could lower the circulating total cholesterol (TC) concentration in rodents. A systematic literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, structured around the population (rodents), intervention (CA-rich fish oils or concentrates), comparator (diets not containing CA) and the primary outcome (circulating TC). Articles were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE's tool. A meta-analysis was conducted in Review Manager v. 5.4.1 (the Cochrane Collaboration) to determine the effectiveness of consuming diets containing CA-rich fish oils or concentrates on the circulating TC concentration. Twelve articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, with data from 288 rodents. Consumption of CA-rich fish oils and concentrates resulted in a significantly lower circulating TC concentration relative to comparator groups (mean difference -0·65 mmol/l, 95 % CI (-0·93, -0·37), P < 0·00001), with high statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 87 %). The risk of bias is unclear since few of the entries in the SYRCLE's tool were addressed. To conclude, intake of CA-rich fish oils and concentrates prevents high cholesterol concentration in rodents and should be further investigated as functional dietary ingredients or supplements to reduce the risk for developing CVD in humans.

Dyslipidemia and its associated factors among community adults located in Shangcheng district, Zhejiang province

Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent and an important modifiable risk factor of cardiovascular disease in China. However, there is little information on the dyslipidemia in Shangcheng district, eastern China. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of dyslipidemia among community adults in this area. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 1 to November 30, 2020. The study utilized a multi-stage probability sampling method to enroll permanent residents (those who have resided in this region for 6 months or more) who were 18 years old or above. Firstly, five streets were selected randomly, and then two communities were randomly selected from each of the chosen streets, finally, systematic sampling at the household level was conducted. All participants were interviewed by trained investigators and underwent anthropometric and biochemical measurements using standard criteria. LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) and multivariate binary logistic regression were employed to identify the factors associated with dyslipidemia. In total, 3153 participants were enrolled into this study, resulting in a response rate of 93.28%. 33 subjects were excluded because of incomplete data. Finally, 3120 participants with a mean age of 55.26 (SD = 17.97) years were included into analysis. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 35.96%. 21 variables were screened to multivariate binary logistic regression through the implementation of LASSO method. The multivariate binary logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals aged 40-49 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.197, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.445-3.341], 50-59 (aOR = 3.213, 95% CI 2.121-4.868), 60-69 (aOR = 4.777, 95% CI 3.169-7.201), and 70 and above (aOR = 5.067, 95% CI 3.301-7.777), with an educational level of junior middle school (aOR = 1.503, 95% CI 1.013-2.229), with an educational level of senior middle school (aOR = 1.731, 95% CI 1.25-2.397), with an educational level of under graduate and above (aOR = 2.125, 95% CI 1.46-3.095), without hypertension (aOR = 0.627, 95% CI 0.517-0.76), without diabetes (aOR = 0.625, 95% CI 0.498-0.785), obesity (aOR = 1.887, 95% CI 1.13-3.154), frequent smoking (aOR = 1.727, 95% CI 1.293-2.308), frequent drinking (aOR = 0.738, 95% CI 0.556-0.981), without family history of CVD (aOR = 0.505, 95% CI 0.342-0.744), and daily seafood intakes between 42.87 and 71.43 g (aOR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.05-1.634) were significantly associated with dyslipidemia. Gender-stratified analyses showed that aged 70 and above (aOR = 2.127, 95% CI 1.195-3.785), without hypertension (aOR = 0.643, 95% CI 0.484-0.854), without diabetes (aOR = 0.603, 95% CI 0.436-0.834), without CVD (aOR = 0.494, 95% CI 0.309-0.791), without stroke (aOR = 1.767, 95% CI 1.036-3.012), frequent smoking (aOR = 1.951, 95% CI 1.415-2.691), former smoking (aOR = 1.703, 95% CI 1.16-2.502) were significantly associated with dyslipidemia in male. Aged 40-49 (aOR = 3.51, 95% CI 1.789-6.887), 50-59 (aOR = 7.03, 95% CI 3.584-13.791), 60-69 (aOR = 15.728, 95% CI 8.005-30.9), and 70 and above (aOR = 12.929, 95% CI 6.449-25.921), with an educational level of senior middle school (aOR = 1.926, 95% CI 1.288-2.881), with an educational level of under graduate and above (aOR = 2.91, 95% CI 1.75-4.837), without hypertension (aOR = 0.592, 95% CI 0.45-0.779), without diabetes (aOR = 0.619, 95% CI 0.443-0.865), without family history of CVD (aOR = 0.429, 95% CI 0.251-0.733), without family history of cancer (aOR = 0.542, 95% CI 0.316-0.929), daily vegetables intakes between 251 and 500 g (aOR = 0.734, 95% CI 0.545-0.99), daily seafood intakes between 42.87 and 71.43 g (aOR = 1.421, 95% CI 1.04-1.942) were significantly associated with dyslipidemia in female. In the age-stratified analyses, it was found that without hypertension (aOR = 0.522, 95% CI 0.375-0.727) or diabetes (aOR = 0.445, 95% CI 0.267-0.744), obesity (aOR = 2.956, 95% CI 1.258-6.942), frequent smoking (aOR = 1.826, 95% CI 1.196-2.787), showed a significant association with dyslipidemia in individuals aged younger than 60 years. Female (aOR = 1.764, 95% CI 1.316-2.366), with an educational level of junior middle school (aOR = 1.793, 95% CI 1.169-2.749), with an educational level of senior middle school (aOR = 2.002, 95% CI 1.406-2.849), with an educational level of under graduate and above (aOR = 2.849, 95% CI 1.791-4.532), without hypertension (aOR = 0.604, 95% CI 0.477-0.764), without diabetes (aOR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.486-0.818), without CVD (aOR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.473-0.921), frequent smoking (aOR = 1.513, 95% CI 1.02-2.245), former smoking (aOR = 1.647, 95% CI 1.089-2.491), without family history of CVD (aOR = 0.406, 95% CI 0.239-0.692), daily seafood intakes between 42.87 and 71.43 g (aOR = 1.376, 95% CI 1.018-1.859) were significantly associated with dyslipidemia among participants aged 60 and above. Dyslipidemia is a prevalent condition observed among adults residing in Shangcheng district. Risk factors such as gender, age, education, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, obesity, smoking, drinking, family history of cardiovascular disease, family history of cancer, daily vegetables intakes, daily seafood intakes were associated with dyslipidemia and varied across population of different gender and age groups. Enhancing education and promoting self-awareness regarding the necessity of behavior modification and regular medication intake would be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of dyslipidemia among adults in the Shangcheng district.

Association of total and different food-derived advanced glycation end-products with risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality

Background: advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), formed through a series of non-enzymatic reactions, can promote inflammation and oxidative stress. Their accumulation in the body has been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. However, the association of total AGEs and AGEs from different food sources with risks of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality is still unknown. Methods: we conducted a prospective cohort study of a nationally representative sample of 22 124 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994) and NHANES 2003-2006. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was utilized to calculate total and different food-derived AGE intake. Associations between various dietary AGE scores and the risk of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality were assessed by weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results: over a median follow-up period of 27.1 years, we found that in the general population, AGE scores of both baked foods and meat were risk factors for all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. Specially, higher AGE scores in total and those derived from 10 of the 13 food groups were statistically associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality. Egg-, fruit-, and vegetable-derived AGE scores were positively correlated with the risk of cancer mortality. Additionally, there were positive multiplicative and additive interactions between smoking and meat-derived AGE scores on all-cause mortality. Conclusions: high amounts of AGE consumption is associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality, and meat and baked food-derived AGEs were positively linked to all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortalities. Adherence to unhealthy lifestyles, such as smoking, may increase mortality from leading causes in individuals with AGE-enriched diet habits.

Effects of omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Uncertainty exists about the link between omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and mortality in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) patients, and no meta-analyses summarize the relationship between these various types of PUFAs and ASCVD. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO and Cochrane Library up to November 30, 2022 were searched for prospective randomized controlled studies investigating the relationships among omega-3, omega-6, and PUFA intake and mortality and cardiovascular events in ASCVD patients. This study has been registered at PROSPERO (No. CRD42023407566). Results: This meta-analysis included 21 publications from 17 studies involving 40 861 participants published between 1965 and 2022. In ASCVD patients, omega-3 may lower all-cause mortality (RR: 0.90, 95% CI [0.83, 0.98], I2 = 8%), CVD mortality (RR: 0.82, 95% CI [0.73, 0.91], I2 = 34%) and CVD events (RR: 0.90, 95% CI [0.86, 0.93], I2 = 79%). Subgroup analyses showed that EPA or EPA ethyl ester supplementation reduced CVD events, while the mixture of EPA and DHA had no significant impact. Long-chain omega-3 consumption of 1.0-4.0 g per d reduced death risk by 3.5% for each 1 g per d increase. Omega-6 and PUFA had no significant effect on mortality or CVD events, with low-quality evidence and significant heterogeneity. Conclusions: omega-3 intake is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and CVD events in ASCVD patients, while omega-6 or total PUFA intake showed no significant association. Increasing the omega-3 intake by 1 g per d resulted in a 3.5% decrease in the risk of death. These findings support the recommendation of supplements with omega-3 fatty acids for the secondary prevention of ASCVD.

Comparison of fish oil supplements and corn oil effects on serum lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of fish oil supplements compared to corn oil on serum lipid profiles by performing a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

METHODS

Online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched until 30 December 2022. Pooled effect sizes were reported as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The Cochrane Collaboration's risk-of-bias tool was utilized to evaluate the quality of the studies. Lipid parameters, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), were assessed in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Overall, 16 eligible trials were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results revealed that the fish oil supplements significantly reduced TG (WMD: - 25.50 mg/dl, 95% CI: - 42.44, - 8.57, P = 0.000) levels compared to corn oil. Also, in this study, fish oil supplements had a positive and significant effect on HDL (WMD: 2.54 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.55, 4.52). There were no significant changes in TC and LDL.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings showed the effects of fish oil supplements on reducing TG and increasing HDL-c compared to corn oil. Further larger and well-designed RCTs are required to confirm these data.

Lipid metabolism reprogramming in cardiac fibrosis

Cardiac fibrosis is a critical pathophysiological process that occurs with diverse types of cardiac injury. Lipids are the most important bioenergy substrates for maintaining optimal heart performance and act as second messengers to transduce signals within cardiac cells. However, lipid metabolism reprogramming is a double-edged sword in the regulation of cardiomyocyte homeostasis and heart function. Moreover, lipids can exert diverse effects on cardiac fibrosis through different signaling pathways. In this review, we provide a brief overview of aberrant cardiac lipid metabolism and recent progress in pharmacological research targeting lipid metabolism alterations in cardiac fibrosis.

A review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and potential uses of Portulaca oleracea L

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Portulaca oleracea L. (PO), popularly known as purslane, has been documented in ethnopharmacology in various countries and regions. Traditional application records indicated that PO might be used extensively to treat the common cold, dysentery, urinary tract infections, coughing, eye infections, skin problems, gynecological diseases, and pediatric illnesses.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This paper includes a systematic review of the traditional usage, phytochemicals, pharmacological activity, and potential uses of PO to provide an overview of the research for further exploitation of PO resources.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This article uses "Portulaca oleracea L." and "purslane" as the keywords and collects relevant information on PO from different databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, Science Direct, ACS, Wiley, CNKI, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, and ancient meteria medica.

RESULTS

PO is a member of the Portulacaceae family and is grown worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that purslane has the effect of improving eyesight, eliminating evil qi, quenching thirst, purgation, diuresis, hemostasis, regulating qi, promoting hair growth, detoxifying, and avoiding epidemic qi. Recent phytochemical investigations have shown that PO is a rich source of flavonoids, homoisoflavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, esters, lignans, terpenoids, catecholamines, sterols, and cerebrosides. The purslane extracts or compounds have exhibited numerous biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, renoprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, metabolic, muscle relaxant, anti-asthmatic and anti-osteoporosis properties. The significant omega-3 fatty acids, vital amino acids, minerals, and vitamins found in purslane also provide nutritional benefits. Purslane as a food/feed additive in the food industry and animal husbandry has caused concern. Its global wide distribution and tolerance to abiotic stress characteristics make it in the future sustainable development of agriculture a certain position.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on traditional usage, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activity, PO is a potential medicinal and edible plant with diverse pharmacological effects. Due to purslane's various advantages, it may have vast application potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries and animal husbandry.

Fatty Acids in the Eggs of Red King Crabs from the Barents Sea

The red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus, was introduced into the Barents Sea where, after a period of 30 years of adaptation, it has established a new population. This population has been commercially exploited over the past two decades, supporting profitable fisheries in both Russia and Norway. Biochemical studies aimed at assessing fatty acid profiles have been conducted, focusing primarily on the edible parts of red king crabs. Only recently have by-products been included in this research. Capture of female red king crabs is prohibited in Russia but is allowed in Norway. The fatty acids of the egg masses carried by these females have not yet been studied. To fill this knowledge gap, we assayed the fatty acid composition of eggs using gas-liquid chromatography. Our results showed a predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids, while the concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were similar. Multivariate comparisons showed no significant differences in fatty acid profiles in terms of egg developmental stage (nauplius vs. metanauplius), habitat conditions (soft vs. hard bottoms), female size class, or number of autotomized limbs. However, individual comparisons showed some differences in fatty acids, the most important being the lower content of docosahexaenoic acid in eggs at the metanauplius stage compared to eggs at the nauplius stage, which is likely due to its essential role in the development of red king crab embryos. The total fatty acid content (53.94 mg g-1) was 2-87 times higher in eggs than in other red king crab tissues, confirming the critical role that fatty acids play in maintaining physiological processes during vitellogenesis. The high content of essential fatty acids and an optimal omega-3-to-omega-6 ratio (4.9) suggest that red king crab eggs are a good product for a healthy diet and a valuable source for extracting essential fatty acids.

Omega-3 supplementation and outcomes of heart failure: A systematic review of clinical trials

BACKGROUNDS

Omega-3 supplements are endorsed for heart failure (HF) patients to reduce hospitalizations and mortality, offering anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective benefits.

METHODS

A comprehensive search was conducted in various databases until November 2022. Eligible studies included clinical trials on patients with HF. Data extraction covered study details, omega-3 specifics, outcomes, and limitations. The JADAD scale was used to assess the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials.

RESULTS

The review process involved 572 records from database searches, resulting in 19 studies after eliminating duplicates and screening. These studies assessed the impact of omega-3 on various clinical outcomes, such as mortality, hospitalization, cardiac function, and quality of life. Studied duration varied from weeks to years. Omega-3 supplementation demonstrated potential benefits such as improved heart function, reduced inflammation, and decreased risk of cardiovascular events.

CONCLUSION

Omega-3 supplementation could benefit heart disease treatment, potentially reducing therapy duration and improving outcomes. Starting omega-3 supplementation for HF patients seems favorable.

Dietary Macronutrient Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Many epidemiological studies have evaluated the intake of macronutrients and the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, current evidence is conflicting and warrants further investigation. Therefore, we carried out an umbrella review to examine and quantify the potential dose-response association of dietary macronutrient intake with CVD morbidity and mortality. Prospective cohort studies from PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL were reviewed, which reported associations of macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) with all-cause, CVD, cancer mortality, or CVD events. Multivariable relative risks (RR) were pooled, and heterogeneity was assessed. The results of 124 prospective cohort studies were included in the systematic review and 101 in the meta-analysis. During the follow-up period from 2.2 to 30 years, 506,086 deaths and 79,585 CVD events occurred among 5,107,821 participants. High total protein intake was associated with low CVD morbidity (RR 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.82-0.94), while high total carbohydrate intake was associated with high CVD morbidity (1.08, 1.02-1.13). For fats, a high intake of total fat was associated with a decreased all-cause mortality risk (0.92, 0.85-0.99). Saturated fatty acid intake was only associated with cancer mortality (1.10, 1.06-1.14); Both monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake was associated with all-cause mortality (MUFA: 0.92, 0.86-0.98; PUFA: 0.91, 0.86-0.96). This meta-analysis supports that protein intake is associated with a decreased risk of CVD morbidity, while carbohydrate intake is associated with an increased risk of CVD morbidity. High total fat intake is associated with a low risk of all-cause mortality, and this effect was different in an analysis stratified by the type of fat.

Bioactive Exploration in Functional Foods: Unlocking Nature's Treasures

BACKGROUND

Functional foods offer an appealing way to improve health and prevent chronic diseases, and this subject has received much attention lately. They are effective in preventing chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, according to research.

OBJECTIVE

This work presents an in-depth analysis of functional foods, covering key challenges from a scientific, legal, and commercial perspective.

METHODS

Multiple databases were searched to find studies on functional foods included in the systematic literature review. Various aspects of functional foods, from their classification, impact on human wellness, effectiveness in inhibiting chronic diseases, the regulatory environment, global market trends, and industry challenges, are all clarified in this thorough review.

RESULTS

This study aims to enhance understanding and establish a pathway for functional foods to be acknowledged as valid choices in the field of dietary supplements. It provides a thorough investigation of bioactive compounds present in functional foods, including but not limited to polyphenols, carotenoids, omega fatty acids, prebiotics, probiotics, and dietary fiber, along with an overview of their potential to mitigate chronic illnesses. We engage in an in-depth exploration of regulatory frameworks, shed light on groundbreaking research advancements, and meticulously examine strategies for commercialization and the variety of global challenges that accompany them. Establishing scientific consensus, navigating complex regulatory processes, dealing with skeptical consumers, and rising levels of competition are all problems that need to be solved in this field.

CONCLUSION

The field of functional foods can advance further, promoting better public health outcomes, by deeply comprehending and addressing these complex dimensions.

Inhibitory effect of microRNA-21 on pathways and mechanisms involved in cardiac fibrosis development

Cardiac fibrosis is a pivotal cardiovascular disease (CVD) process and represents a notable health concern worldwide. While the complex mechanisms underlying CVD have been widely investigated, recent research has highlighted microRNA-21's (miR-21) role in cardiac fibrosis pathogenesis. In this narrative review, we explore the molecular interactions, focusing on the role of miR-21 in contributing to cardiac fibrosis. Various signaling pathways, such as the RAAS, TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1, ERK, PI3K-Akt, and PTEN pathways, besides dysregulation in fibroblast activity, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of MMPs cause cardiac fibrosis. Besides, miR-21 in growth factor secretion, apoptosis, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition play crucial roles. miR-21 capacity regulatory function presents promising insights for cardiac fibrosis. Moreover, this review discusses numerous approaches to control miR-21 expression, including antisense oligonucleotides, anti-miR-21 compounds, and Notch signaling modulation, all novel methods of cardiac fibrosis inhibition. In summary, this narrative review aims to assess the molecular mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and its essential miR-21 function.

Natural supplements in antiphospholipid syndrome: A case for further study

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombotic events and/or pregnancy complications in the presence of persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Although long-term anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists is considered standard of care, there is an unmet need for safe therapeutics as primary thromboprophylaxis or adjuncts to standard of care in APS. APS is driven by oxidative stress, procoagulant, proinflammatory and angiogenic pathways. For these reasons there has been an increased interest into the investigation of antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of natural supplements in APS. The objective of this review is to summarize the mechanistic, epidemiologic and clinical evidence behind the use of natural supplements in APS, with a specific focus on vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, gingerol, and isoquercetin. This review should serve as a compelling argument for the future study of natural supplements in APS.

Habitual fish consumption and healthy lifestyle behaviours may be associated with higher total serum bilirubin level and anti-inflammatory activity: a cross-sectional study

Habitual fish consumption and a healthy lifestyle are associated with lower atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk. Mildly elevated bilirubin, an end product of Hb metabolism, may be associated with anti-inflammatory effects, suppressing ASCVD risk. No data exist on the relationship between fish consumption, total serum bilirubin (TSB) and inflammation in clinical settings. We conducted a cross-sectional study between April 2019 and March 2020 in a cohort of 8292 participants (average age, 46·7 (sd 12·9) years and 58·9 % men) with no history of ASCVD and TSB concentrations < 2·0 mg/dl. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed Hb concentrations were a solid positive determinant of TSB concentrations (β = 0·302, P< 0·0001). Fish consumption (β = 0·025, P= 0·019) and aerobic exercise (β = 0·021, P= 0·043) were statistically weak but significantly positive determinants of TSB concentrations. Cigarette smoking negatively affected TSB concentrations (β = −0·104, P< 0·0001). Moreover, with increasing fish consumption, the proportion of participants with a habit of cigarette smoking decreased, and that of participants who engaged in aerobic exercises increased (P< 0·0001 for both). Furthermore, as TSB concentrations increased, the leukocyte counts and C-reactive protein concentrations decreased (P< 0·0001 for both). In conclusion, despite the lesser relevance given to TSB concentrations than Hb concentrations, higher fish consumption and healthier lifestyle behaviours related to fish consumption habits may be additively or synergistically associated with higher TSB concentrations and anti-inflammatory activity, leading to attenuated ASCVD risk. Further investigations are needed to clarify the causal relationships between these factors.

Metabolic patterns of sweat-extracellular vesicles during exercise and recovery states using clinical grade patches

Background: Metabolite-based sensors are attractive and highly valued for monitoring physiological parameters during rest and/or during physical activities. Owing to their molecular composition consisting of nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become acknowledged as a novel tool for disease diagnosis. However, the evidence for sweat related EVs delivering information of physical and recovery states remains to be addressed. Methods: Taking advantage of our recently published methodology allowing the enrichment and isolation of sweat EVs from clinical patches, we investigated the metabolic load of sweat EVs in healthy participants exposed to exercise test or recovery condition. -Ten healthy volunteers (-three females and -seven males) were recruited to participate in this study. During exercise test and recovery condition, clinical patches were attached to participants' skin, on their back. Following exercise test or recovery condition, the patches were carefully removed and proceed for sweat EVs isolation. To explore the metabolic composition of sweat EVs, a targeted global metabolomics profiling of 41 metabolites was performed. Results: Our results identified seventeen metabolites in sweat EVs. These are associated with amino acids, glutamate, glutathione, fatty acids, creatine, and glycolysis pathways. Furthermore, when comparing the metabolites' levels in sweat EVs isolated during exercise to the metabolite levels in sweat EVs collected after recovery, our findings revealed a distinct metabolic profiling of sweat EVs. Furthermore, the level of these metabolites, mainly myristate, may reflect an inverse correlation with blood glucose, heart rate, and respiratory rate levels. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that sweat EVs can be purified using routinely used clinical patches during physical activity, setting the foundations for larger-scale clinical cohort work. Furthermore, the metabolites identified in sweat EVs also offer a realistic means to identify relevant sport performance biomarkers. This study thus provides proof-of-concept towards a novel methodology that will focus on the use of sweat EVs and their metabolic composition as a non-invasive approach for developing the next-generation of sport wearable sensors.

Remodeling of lipid landscape in high fat fed very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase null mice favors pro-arrhythmic polyunsaturated fatty acids and their downstream metabolites

Very-long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) catalyzes the initial step of mitochondrial long chain (LC) fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO). Inherited VLCAD deficiency (VLCADD) predisposes to neonatal arrhythmias whose pathophysiology is still not understood. We hypothesized that VLCADD results in global disruption of cardiac complex lipid homeostasis, which may set conditions predisposing to arrhythmia. To test this, we assessed the cardiac lipidome and related molecular markers in seven-month-old VLCAD-/- mice, which mimic to some extent the human cardiac phenotype. Mice were sacrificed in the fed or fasted state after receiving for two weeks a chow or a high-fat diet (HFD), the latter condition being known to worsen symptoms in human VLCADD. Compared to their littermate counterparts, HFD/fasted VLCAD-/- mouse hearts displayed the following lipid alterations: (1) Lower LC, but higher VLC-acylcarnitines accumulation, (2) higher levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents in glycerophospholipids (GPLs), as well as (3) corresponding changes in pro-arrhythmogenic AA-derived isoprostanes and thromboxane B2 (higher), and anti-arrythmogenic DHA-derived neuroprostanes (lower). These changes were associated with remodeling in the expression of gene or protein markers of (1) GPLs remodeling: higher calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 and lysophosphatidylcholine-acyltransferase 2, (2) calcium handling perturbations, and (3) endoplasmic reticulum stress. Altogether, these results highlight global lipid dyshomeostasis beyond FAO in VLCAD-/- mouse hearts, which may set conditions predisposing the hearts to calcium mishandling and endoplasmic reticulum stress and thereby may contribute to the pathogenesis of arrhythmias in VLCADD in mice as well as in humans.

Eicosanoid and eicosanoid-related inflammatory mediators and exercise intolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Systemic inflammation has been implicated in the pathobiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Here, we examine the association of upstream mediators of inflammation as ascertained by fatty-acid derived eicosanoid and eicosanoid-related metabolites with HFpEF status and exercise manifestations of HFpEF. Among 510 participants with chronic dyspnea and preserved LVEF who underwent invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing, we find that 70 of 890 eicosanoid and related metabolites are associated with HFpEF status, including 17 named and 53 putative eicosanoids (FDR q-value < 0.1). Prostaglandin (15R-PGF2α, 11ß-dhk-PGF2α) and linoleic acid derivatives (12,13 EpOME) are associated with greater odds of HFpEF, while epoxides (8(9)-EpETE), docosanoids (13,14-DiHDPA), and oxylipins (12-OPDA) are associated with lower odds of HFpEF. Among 70 metabolites, 18 are associated with future development of heart failure in the community. Pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoid and related metabolites may contribute to the pathogenesis of HFpEF and serve as potential targets for intervention.

Variability in the Clinical Effects of the Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA in Cardiovascular Disease-Possible Causes and Future Considerations

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation. n-3 PUFAs act by replacing pro-inflammatory fatty acid types in cell membranes and plasma lipids, by regulating transcription factor activity, and by inducing epigenetic changes. EPA and DHA regulate cellular function through shared and differential molecular mechanisms. Large clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs have reported conflicting findings, causing confusion among the public and health professionals. In this review, we discuss important factors leading to these inconsistencies, in the context of atherosclerosis, including clinical study design and the differential effects of EPA and DHA on cell function. We propose steps to improve clinical and basic experimental study design in order to improve supplement composition optimization. Finally, we propose that understanding the factors underlying the poor response to n-3 PUFAs, and the development of molecular biomarkers for predicting response may help towards a more personalized treatment.

Effects of Pig Dietary n-6/n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ratio and Gender on Carcass Traits, Fatty Acid Profiles, Nutritional Indices of Lipid Depots and Oxidative Stability of Meat in Medium-Heavy Pigs

The effects of different dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratios and gender on key carcass traits, as well as the nutritional and technological quality of lipids in medium-heavy pig tissues have been poorly studied. To investigate the subject, 24 Large White, barrows and gilts, evenly divided into two groups of 12, were fed from 80 kg of live-weight (LW) until slaughter at 150 kg LW, either a high (9.7:1) (HPR) or low (1.4:1) (LPR) dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. On individual samples of longissimus thoracis muscle (LTM), subcutaneous (SF) and perirenal (PF) adipose tissues (ATs), the fatty acid (FA) composition was determined by gas chromatography, and lipid nutritional indices (LNIs) were calculated. The oxidative stability of meat was evaluated by determining the malondialdehyde content on raw and cooked (24 h postmortem) and refrigerated (8 days postmortem) LTM samples. The carcass traits did not vary between genders and diets. The LPR group showed a higher n-3 PUFA level and a lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in all the tissues examined and better LNI, especially in the ATs. Diet did not affect the oxidative stability of meat. Gender did not influence the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, while barrows showed improvements in some LNI in ATs. Reducing the n-6/n-3 ratio in the diet of growing-finishing medium-heavy pigs improved the FA profile in all tissues and most LNI in ATs without impairing the oxidative stability of meat.

Health burden of unbalanced fatty acids intake from 1990 to 2019: A global analysis

BACKGROUND

Unbalanced fatty acids intake is associated with a range of health outcomes; however, the impact on human health remains unclear globally. We aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of the health effect of unbalanced fatty acids intake on a global scale.

METHODS

We analyzed the trends of summary exposure value (SEV) and the attributable burden of unbalanced fatty acids intake, including diet low in polyunsaturated fatty acids (low PUFAs), diet low in seafood omega-3 fatty acids (low seafood-(ω-3)-PUFAs), and diet high in trans fatty acids (high TFAs) from 1990 to 2019 using data from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

FINDINGS

The global fatty acids intake was far from the optimal level. High-income North America had the highest SEV of diet of high TFAs, while less-developed regions located in Saharan Africa had the highest SEVs of low PUFAs and low seafood-(ω-3)-PUFAs. The attributable burden was unequally distributed to less-developed regions. Males had lower SEVs but higher attributable burden than females and this gender gap was particularly pronounced before the age of 59. The young population had a higher SEV of diet of low PUFAs, comparable SEV of low seafood-(ω-3)-PUFAs but lower SEV of high TFAs than the elderly population.

CONCLUSIONS

This study underpinned the high prevalence of unbalanced fatty acids intake worldwide and provided evidence-based guidance for identifying at-risk populations and developing effective strategies to improve fatty acids intake in the future.

FUNDING

The study was funded by Shanxi Province "136" Revitalization Medical Project Construction Funds and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.

Exploring Benefits and Barriers of Plant-Based Diets: Health, Environmental Impact, Food Accessibility and Acceptability

Unhealthy dietary patterns are directly linked to the current Global Syndemic consisting of non-communicable diseases, undernutrition and climate change. The dietary shift towards healthier and more sustainable plant-based diets is essential. However, plant-based diets have wide intra differences; varying from vegan diets that totally exclude meat and animal products to traditional ones such as the Mediterranean diet and the new Nordic diet. It is acknowledged that plant-based diets may contribute simultaneously to improving population health as well as to decreasing the environmental impact of food systems. Evidence from cohort and randomized-controlled trials suggests that plant-based dietary patterns have beneficial effects on bodyweight control, cardiovascular health and diabetes prevention and treatment. On the other hand, micronutrient requirements may not be met, if some plant-based diets are not well-planned. Additionally, studies showed that lower consumption of meat and animal products results in lower environmental impacts. Consequently, plant-based diets could be a key factor to increase diet sustainability. This narrative review addresses the advantages of adherence to plant-based diets on human and planetary health considering strains and barriers to achieve this dietary transition, including cultural acceptability and affordability factors. Finally, potential intervention and policy recommendations are proposed, focusing on the update of current national food-based dietary guidelines.

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) kernel oil bodies recovered by aqueous extraction for utilization as ingredient in food emulsions: Exploration of their microstructure, composition and the effects of homogenization, pH, and salt ions on their physical stability

Natural oil-in-water emulsions containing plant oil bodies (OBs), also called oleosomes, rich in health-promoting omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFA) are of increasing interest for food applications. In this study, we focused on walnut kernel OBs (WK-OBs) and explored their microstructure, composition and physical stability in ionic environments as well as the impact of homogenization. A green process involving aqueous extraction by grinding of WK allowed the co-extraction of OBs and proteins, and centrifugation was used to recover the WK-OBs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed the spherical shape of WK-OBs with an oil core envelopped by a layer of phospholipids (0.16 % of lipids) and embedded proteins. Their mean diameter was 5.1 ± 0.3 µm. The WK-OBs contained 70.1 % PUFA with 57.8 % ω6 linoleic acid and 12.3 % ω3 α-linolenic acid representing 68 % and 11.6 % of the total fatty acids in the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerols (TAG), respectively. Trilinolein was the main TAG (23.1 %). The WK-OBs also contained sterols (1223 ± 33 mg/kg lipids; 86 % β-sitosterol), carotenoids (0.62 ± 0.01 mg/kg lipids; 49.2 % β-carotene), and tocopherols (322.7 ± 7.7 mg/kg lipids; 89 % γ-tocopherol), confirming their interest as health-promoting ingredients. The decrease in the size of WK-OBs under high-pressure homogenization avoided phase separation upon storage. The anionic WK-OB surface at neutral pH was affected by stressful ionic environments (pH, NaCl, CaCl2), that induced aggregation of WK-OBs and decreased the physical stability of the emulsions. Emulsions containing WK-OBs are promising to diversify the market of the ω3-rich plant-based food products and beverages.