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Mancuso R, Fattorelli N, Martinez-Muriana A, Davis E, Wolfs L, Van Den Daele J, Geric I, Premereur J, Polanco P, Bijnens B, Preman P, Serneels L, Poovathingal S, Balusu S, Verfaillie C, Fiers M, De Strooper B. Xenografted human microglia display diverse transcriptomic states in response to Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid-β pathology. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:886-900. [PMID: 38539015 PMCID: PMC11089003 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are central players in Alzheimer's disease pathology but analyzing microglial states in human brain samples is challenging due to genetic diversity, postmortem delay and admixture of pathologies. To circumvent these issues, here we generated 138,577 single-cell expression profiles of human stem cell-derived microglia xenotransplanted in the brain of the AppNL-G-F model of amyloid pathology and wild-type controls. Xenografted human microglia adopt a disease-associated profile similar to that seen in mouse microglia, but display a more pronounced human leukocyte antigen or HLA state, likely related to antigen presentation in response to amyloid plaques. The human microglial response also involves a pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine cytokine response microglia or CRM response to oligomeric Aβ oligomers. Genetic deletion of TREM2 or APOE as well as APOE polymorphisms and TREM2R47H expression in the transplanted microglia modulate these responses differentially. The expression of other Alzheimer's disease risk genes is differentially regulated across the distinct cell states elicited in response to amyloid pathology. Thus, we have identified multiple transcriptomic cell states adopted by human microglia in a multipronged response to Alzheimer's disease-related pathology, which should be taken into account in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Mancuso
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nicola Fattorelli
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Martinez-Muriana
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emma Davis
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leen Wolfs
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Van Den Daele
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivana Geric
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessie Premereur
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Polanco
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Baukje Bijnens
- Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pranav Preman
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Serneels
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suresh Poovathingal
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sriram Balusu
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Fiers
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK.
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Vandermeulen L, Geric I, Fumagalli L, Kreir M, Lu A, Nonneman A, Premereur J, Wolfs L, Policarpo R, Fattorelli N, De Bondt A, Van Den Wyngaert I, Asselbergh B, Fiers M, De Strooper B, d'Ydewalle C, Mancuso R. Regulation of human microglial gene expression and function via RNAase-H active antisense oligonucleotides in vivo in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:37. [PMID: 38654375 PMCID: PMC11040766 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play important roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and neurodegeneration. The discovery of genetic variants in genes predominately or exclusively expressed in myeloid cells, such as Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), as the strongest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) highlights the importance of microglial biology in the brain. The sequence, structure and function of several microglial proteins are poorly conserved across species, which has hampered the development of strategies aiming to modulate the expression of specific microglial genes. One way to target APOE and TREM2 is to modulate their expression using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). METHODS In this study, we identified, produced, and tested novel, selective and potent ASOs for human APOE and TREM2. We used a combination of in vitro iPSC-microglia models, as well as microglial xenotransplanted mice to provide proof of activity in human microglial in vivo. RESULTS We proved their efficacy in human iPSC microglia in vitro, as well as their pharmacological activity in vivo in a xenografted microglia model. We demonstrate ASOs targeting human microglia can modify their transcriptional profile and their response to amyloid-β plaques in vivo in a model of AD. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first proof-of-concept that human microglial can be modulated using ASOs in a dose-dependent manner to manipulate microglia phenotypes and response to neurodegeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Vandermeulen
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ivana Geric
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- MIND Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Kreir
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ashley Lu
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Annelies Nonneman
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jessie Premereur
- MIND Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leen Wolfs
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Rafaela Policarpo
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Nicola Fattorelli
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - An De Bondt
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van Den Wyngaert
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Neuromics Support Facility, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mark Fiers
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Constantin d'Ydewalle
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
- MIND Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Haq I, Ngo JC, Roy N, Pan RL, Nawsheen N, Chiu R, Zhang Y, Fujita M, Soni RK, Wu X, Bennett DA, Menon V, Olah M, Sher F. An integrated toolkit for human microglia functional genomics. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:104. [PMID: 38600587 PMCID: PMC11005142 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play vital roles in brain development, and disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Human iPSC-derived microglia (iMG) provide a promising model to study these processes. However, existing iMG generation protocols face challenges, such as prolonged differentiation time, lack of detailed characterization, and limited gene function investigation via CRISPR-Cas9. METHODS Our integrated toolkit for in-vitro microglia functional genomics optimizes iPSC differentiation into iMG through a streamlined two-step, 20-day process, producing iMG with a normal karyotype. We confirmed the iMG's authenticity and quality through single-cell RNA sequencing, chromatin accessibility profiles (ATAC-Seq), proteomics and functional tests. The toolkit also incorporates a drug-dependent CRISPR-ON/OFF system for temporally controlled gene expression. Further, we facilitate the use of multi-omic data by providing online searchable platform that compares new iMG profiles to human primary microglia: https://sherlab.shinyapps.io/IPSC-derived-Microglia/ . RESULTS Our method generates iMG that closely align with human primary microglia in terms of transcriptomic, proteomic, and chromatin accessibility profiles. Functionally, these iMG exhibit Ca2 + transients, cytokine driven migration, immune responses to inflammatory signals, and active phagocytosis of CNS related substrates including synaptosomes, amyloid beta and myelin. Significantly, the toolkit facilitates repeated iMG harvesting, essential for large-scale experiments like CRISPR-Cas9 screens. The standalone ATAC-Seq profiles of our iMG closely resemble primary microglia, positioning them as ideal tools to study AD-associated single nucleotide variants (SNV) especially in the genome regulatory regions. CONCLUSIONS Our advanced two-step protocol rapidly and efficiently produces authentic iMG. With features like the CRISPR-ON/OFF system and a comprehensive multi-omic data platform, our toolkit equips researchers for robust microglial functional genomic studies. By facilitating detailed SNV investigation and offering a sustainable cell harvest mechanism, the toolkit heralds significant progress in neurodegenerative disease drug research and therapeutic advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imdadul Haq
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason C Ngo
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nainika Roy
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard L Pan
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadiya Nawsheen
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Chiu
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroimmunology Core, Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ya Zhang
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroimmunology Core, Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Masashi Fujita
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajesh K Soni
- Proteomics Core, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuebing Wu
- Department of Medicine, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marta Olah
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Falak Sher
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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de Gea P, Benkeder S, Bouvet P, Aimard M, Chounlamountri N, Honnorat J, Do LD, Meissirel C. VEGF controls microglial phagocytic response to amyloid-β. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1264402. [PMID: 38162003 PMCID: PMC10757340 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1264402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are well known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), due to the impaired clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein. In AD, Aβ accumulates in the brain parenchyma as soluble oligomers and protofibrils, and its aggregation process further give rise to amyloid plaques. Compelling evidence now indicate that Aβ oligomers (Aβo) are the most toxic forms responsible for neuronal and synaptic alterations. Recently, we showed that the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) counteracts Aβo-induced synaptic alterations and that a peptide derived from VEGF is able to inhibit Aβ aggregation process. Moreover, VEGF has been reported to promote microglial chemotaxis to Aβ brain deposits. We therefore investigated whether VEGF could influence microglial phagocytic response to Aβ, using in vitro and ex vivo models of amyloid accumulation. We report here that VEGF increases Aβo phagocytosis by microglial cells and further characterized the molecular basis of the VEGF effect. VEGF is able to control α-secretase activity in microglial cells, resulting in the increased cleavage of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a major microglial Aβ receptor. Consistently, the soluble form sTREM2 also increases Aβo phagocytosis by microglial cells. Taken together, these findings propose VEGF as a new regulator of Aβ clearance and suggest its potential role in rescuing compromised microglial function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscille de Gea
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Benkeder
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Bouvet
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Aimard
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Naura Chounlamountri
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Le Duy Do
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- French Reference Center for Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Claire Meissirel
- Laboratory MeLIS, Institut Neuromyogène, Synaptopathies and Autoantibodies, INSERM U1314, CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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5
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Li Y, Xu H, Wang H, Yang K, Luan J, Wang S. TREM2: Potential therapeutic targeting of microglia for Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115218. [PMID: 37517293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, resulting in the loss of cognitive ability and memory. However, there is no specific treatment to mechanistically inhibit the progression of Alzheimer's disease, and most drugs only provide symptom relief and do not fundamentally reverse AD. Current studies show that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is predominantly expressed in microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in microglia proliferation, survival, migration and phagocytosis. The current academic view suggests that TREM2 and its ligands have CNS protective effects in AD. Specifically, TREM2 acts by regulating the function of microglia and promoting the clearance of neuronal toxic substances and abnormal proteins by microglia. In addition, TREM2 is also involved in regulating inflammatory response and cell signaling pathways, affecting the immune response and regulatory role of microglia. Although the relationship between TREM2 and Alzheimer's disease has been extensively studied, its specific mechanism of action is not fully understood. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research of TREM2, including its regulation of the inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and phagocytosis in microglia of CNS in AD, and to explore the potential application prospects as well as limitations of targeting TREM2 for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueran Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating age-related neurodegenerative condition. Unbiased genetic studies have implicated a central role for microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, in AD pathogenesis. On-going efforts are clarifying the biology underlying these associations and the microglial pathways that are dysfunctional in AD. Several genetic risk factors converge to decrease the function of activating microglial receptors and increase the function of inhibitory receptors, resulting in a seemingly dampened microglial phenotype in AD. Moreover, many of these microglial proteins that are genetically associated with AD appear to interact and share pathways or regulatory mechanisms, presenting several points of convergence that may be strategic targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we review some of these studies and their implications for microglial participation in AD pathogenesis.
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7
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Wang C, Liu J, Li W. 'Off the shelf' immunotherapies: Generation and application of pluripotent stem cell-derived immune cells. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13425. [PMID: 36855955 PMCID: PMC10068955 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, great strides have been made toward the development of immune cell-based therapies in the treatment of refractory malignancies. Primary T cells and NK cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors have achieved tremendous clinical success especially in patients with leukaemia and lymphoma. However, the autologous origin of these effector cells means that a single batch of laboriously engineered cells treats only a certain patient, leading to high cost, ununiform product quality, and risk of delay in treatment, and therefore results in restricted accessibility of these therapies to the overwhelming majority of the patients. Addressing these tricky obstacles calls for the development of universal immune cell products that can be provided 'off the shelf' in a large amount. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), owing to their unique capacity of self-renewal and the potential of multi-lineage differentiation, offer an unlimited cell source to generate uniform and scalable engineered immune cells. This review discusses the major advances in the development of PSC-derived immune cell differentiation approaches and their therapeutic potential in treating both hematologic malignancies and solid tumours. We also consider the potency of PSC-derived immune cells as an alternative therapeutic strategy for other diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, fibrosis, infections, et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Bejing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Bejing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Bejing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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8
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Microglia-containing human brain organoids for the study of brain development and pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:96-107. [PMID: 36474001 PMCID: PMC9734443 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system, playing critical roles in brain development and homeostasis. Increasing evidence has implicated microglia dysfunction in the pathogenesis of various brain disorders ranging from psychiatric disorders to neurodegenerative diseases. Using a human cell-based model to illuminate the functional mechanisms of microglia will promote pathological studies and drug development. The recently developed microglia-containing human brain organoids (MC-HBOs), in-vitro three-dimensional cell cultures that recapitulate key features of the human brain, have provided a new avenue to model brain development and pathology. However, MC-HBOs generated from different methods differ in the origin, proportion, and fidelity of microglia within the organoids, and may have produced inconsistent results. To help researchers to develop a robust and reproducible model that recapitulates in-vivo signatures of human microglia to study brain development and pathology, this review summarized the current methods used to generate MC-HBOs and provided opinions on the use of MC-HBOs for disease modeling and functional studies.
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Washer SJ, Perez-Alcantara M, Chen Y, Steer J, James WS, Trynka G, Bassett AR, Cowley SA. Single-cell transcriptomics defines an improved, validated monoculture protocol for differentiation of human iPSC to microglia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19454. [PMID: 36376339 PMCID: PMC9663826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing genetic evidence for the role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and motor neuron disease. Therefore, there is a need to generate authentic in vitro models to study human microglial physiology. Various methods have been developed using human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) to generate microglia, however, systematic approaches to identify which media components are actually essential for functional microglia are mostly lacking. Here, we systematically assess medium components, coatings, and growth factors required for iPSC differentiation to microglia. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, qPCR, and functional assays, with validation across two labs, we have identified several medium components from previous protocols that are redundant and do not contribute to microglial identity. We provide an optimised, defined medium which produces both transcriptionally and functionally relevant microglia for modelling microglial physiology in neuroinflammation and for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J Washer
- James and Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK. .,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Marta Perez-Alcantara
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yixi Chen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Juliette Steer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - William S James
- James and Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Gosia Trynka
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew R Bassett
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- James and Lillian Martin Centre for Stem Cell Research, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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10
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Yasuno F, Watanabe A, Kimura Y, Yamauchi Y, Ogata A, Ikenuma H, Abe J, Minami H, Nihashi T, Yokoi K, Hattori S, Shimoda N, Kasuga K, Ikeuchi T, Takeda A, Sakurai T, Ito K, Kato T. Estimation of blood-based biomarkers of glial activation related to neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100549. [PMID: 36388135 PMCID: PMC9650015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is a well-known feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and a blood-based test for estimating the levels of neuroinflammation would be expected. In this study, we examined and validated a model using blood-based biomarkers to predict the level of glial activation due to neuroinflammation, as estimated by 11C-DPA-713 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Methods We included 15 patients with AD and 10 cognitively normal (CN) subjects. Stepwise backward deletion multiple regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of the TSPO-binding potential (BPND) estimated by PET imaging. The independent variables were age, sex, diagnosis, apolipoprotein E4 positivity, body mass index and the serum concentration of blood-based biomarkers, including monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), fractalkine, chitinase 3-like protein-1 (CHI3L1), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and clusterin. Results Sex, diagnosis, and serum concentrations of MCP1 and sTREM2 were determined as predictors of TSPO-BPND in the Braak1-3 area. The serum concentrations of MCP1 and sTREM2 correlated positively with TSPO-BPND. In a leave one out (LOO) cross-validation (CV) analysis, the model gave a LOO CV R2 of 0.424, which indicated that this model can account for approximately 42.4% of the variance of brain TSPO-BPND. Conclusions We found that the model including serum MCP-1 and sTREM2 concentration and covariates of sex and diagnosis was the best for predicting brain TSPO-BPND. The detection of neuroinflammation in AD patients by blood-based biomarkers should be a sensitive and useful tool for making an early diagnosis and monitoring disease progression and treatment effectiveness.
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11
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Boucher T, Liang S, Brown AM. Advancing basic and translational research to deepen understanding of the molecular immune-mediated mechanisms regulating long-term persistence of HIV-1 in microglia in the adult human brain. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1223-1231. [PMID: 35612272 PMCID: PMC9613482 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0422-620r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the diversity microglia (MG) type and function in the rodent and human brain has advanced significantly in the last few years. Nevertheless, we have known for 40 years that MG, monocytes, and macrophages in the brain play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of the HIV-1 in all tissues. HIV enters and spreads in the brain early, long before the initiation of antiviral therapy. As a result, many people with HIV continue to experience neurologic and neuropsychiatric comorbid conditions collectively known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HIV pathogenic sequelae in the CNS pose a challenge for cure strategies. Detailed understanding at a mechanistic level of how low-level and latent HIV-1 infection in MG negatively impacts neuroglial function has remained somewhat elusive. Direct rigorous in vivo experimental validation that the virus can integrate into MG and assume a latent but reactivatable state has remained constrained. However, there is much excitement that human in vitro models for MG can now help close the gap. This review will provide a brief background to place the role of MG in the ongoing neurologic complications of HIV infection of the CNS, then focus on the use and refinement of human postmitotic monocyte-derived MG-like cells and how they are being applied to advance research on HIV persistence and proinflammatory signaling in the CNS. Critically, an understanding of myeloid plasticity and heterogeneity and rigorous attention to all aspects of cell handling is essential for reproducibility. Summary Sentence: This review focuses on human postmitotic monocyte-derived microglia-like cells as tools to advance research on HIV persistence and neuroinflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boucher
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Shijun Liang
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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12
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Li C, Ren J, Zhang M, Wang H, Yi F, Wu J, Tang Y. The heterogeneity of microglial activation and its epigenetic and non-coding RNA regulations in the immunopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:511. [PMID: 36066650 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain and play a central role in the development and surveillance of the nervous system. Extensive gliosis is a common pathological feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. Microglia can respond to multiple inflammatory insults and later transform into different phenotypes, such as pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, thereby exerting different functions. In recent years, an increasing number of studies based on both traditional bulk sequencing and novel single-cell/nuclear sequencing and multi-omics analysis, have shown that microglial phenotypes are highly heterogeneous and dynamic, depending on the severity and stage of the disease as well as the particular inflammatory milieu. Thus, redirecting microglial activation to beneficial and neuroprotective phenotypes promises to halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. To this end, an increasing number of studies have focused on unraveling heterogeneous microglial phenotypes and their underlying molecular mechanisms, including those due to epigenetic and non-coding RNA modulations. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic mechanisms in the form of DNA and histone modifications, as well as the general non-coding RNA regulations that modulate microglial activation during immunopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and discuss promising research approaches in the microglial era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Li
- Aging Research Center, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Aging Research Center, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Huakun Wang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Yi
- Aging Research Center, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Junjiao Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- The Biobank of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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13
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Long HZ, Zhou ZW, Cheng Y, Luo HY, Li FJ, Xu SG, Gao LC. The Role of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease From the Perspective of Immune Inflammation and Iron Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:888989. [PMID: 35847685 PMCID: PMC9284275 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.888989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of senile dementia, includes the complex pathogenesis of abnormal deposition of amyloid beta-protein (Aβ), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and neuroimmune inflammatory. The neurodegenerative process of AD triggers microglial activation, and the overactivation of microglia produces a large number of neuroimmune inflammatory factors. Microglia dysfunction can lead to disturbances in iron metabolism and enhance iron-induced neuronal degeneration in AD, while elevated iron levels in brain areas affect microglia phenotype and function. In this manuscript, we firstly discuss the role of microglia in AD and then introduce the role of microglia in the immune-inflammatory pathology of AD. Their role in AD iron homeostasis is emphasized. Recent studies on microglia and ferroptosis in AD are also reviewed. It will help readers better understand the role of microglia in iron metabolism in AD, and provides a basis for better regulation of iron metabolism disorders in AD and the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Long
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuo-Guo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Li-Chen Gao
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Chen Gao,
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14
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Connor SM, Rashid M, Ryan KJ, Patel K, Boyd JD, Smith J, Elyaman W, Bennett DA, Bradshaw EM. GW5074 Increases Microglial Phagocytic Activities: Potential Therapeutic Direction for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:894601. [PMID: 35677758 PMCID: PMC9169965 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.894601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the brain by clearing debris and are suggested to be inefficient in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no disease-modifying drug. Besides pathological approaches, unbiased evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene network analysis implicate genes expressed in microglia that reduce phagocytic ability as susceptibility genes for AD. Thus, a central feature toward AD therapy is to increase the microglial phagocytic activities while maintaining synaptic integrity. Here, we developed a robust unbiased high content screening assay to identify potential therapeutics which can reduce the amyloid-beta (Aβ1-42) load by increasing microglial uptake ability. Our screen identified the small-molecule GW5074, an inhibitor of c-RAF, a serine/threonine kinase, which significantly increased the Aβ1-42 clearance activities in human monocyte-derived microglia-like (MDMi) cells, a microglia culture model that recapitulates many genetic and phenotypic aspects of human microglia. Notably, GW5074 was previously reported to be neuroprotective for cerebellar granule cells and cortical neurons. We found that GW5074 significantly increased the expression of key AD-associated microglial molecules known to modulate phagocytosis: TYROBP, SIRPβ1, and TREM2. Our results demonstrated that GW5074 is a potential therapeutic for AD, by targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Connor
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katie J. Ryan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kruti Patel
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Justin D. Boyd
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration at the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer Smith
- The Institute of Chemistry and Cell Biology (ICCB)-Longwood Screening Facility, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York, NY, United States
| | - David A. Bennett
- Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Bradshaw
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Barak M, Fedorova V, Pospisilova V, Raska J, Vochyanova S, Sedmik J, Hribkova H, Klimova H, Vanova T, Bohaciakova D. Human iPSC-Derived Neural Models for Studying Alzheimer's Disease: from Neural Stem Cells to Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:792-820. [PMID: 35107767 PMCID: PMC8930932 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely used to study mechanisms of human neural development, disease modeling, and drug discovery in vitro. Especially in the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where this treatment is lacking, tremendous effort has been put into the investigation of molecular mechanisms behind this disease using induced pluripotent stem cell-based models. Numerous of these studies have found either novel regulatory mechanisms that could be exploited to develop relevant drugs for AD treatment or have already tested small molecules on in vitro cultures, directly demonstrating their effect on amelioration of AD-associated pathology. This review thus summarizes currently used differentiation strategies of induced pluripotent stem cells towards neuronal and glial cell types and cerebral organoids and their utilization in modeling AD and potential drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Barak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Fedorova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Vochyanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Klimova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Faculty Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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16
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Policarpo R, d’Ydewalle C. Missing lnc(RNAs) in Alzheimer's Disease? Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:39. [PMID: 35052379 PMCID: PMC8774680 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ongoing demographic shift towards increasingly elderly populations, it is estimated that approximately 150 million people will live with Alzheimer's disease (AD) by 2050. By then, AD will be one of the most burdensome diseases of this and potentially next centuries. Although its exact etiology remains elusive, both environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in the mechanisms underlying AD neuropathology. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified genetic variants associated with AD susceptibility in more than 40 different genomic loci. Most of these disease-associated variants reside in non-coding regions of the genome. In recent years, it has become clear that functionally active transcripts arise from these non-coding loci. One type of non-coding transcript, referred to as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), gained significant attention due to their multiple roles in neurodevelopment, brain homeostasis, aging, and their dysregulation or dysfunction in neurological diseases including in AD. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding genetic variations, expression profiles, as well as potential functions, diagnostic or therapeutic roles of lncRNAs in AD. We postulate that lncRNAs may represent the missing link in AD pathology and that unraveling their role may open avenues to better AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Policarpo
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Constantin d’Ydewalle
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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17
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Gene Editing in Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derived Organoids. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8130828. [PMID: 34887928 PMCID: PMC8651378 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8130828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid rise in gene-editing technology, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and their derived organoids have increasingly broader and practical applications in regenerative medicine. Gene-editing technologies, from large-scale nucleic acid endonucleases to CRISPR, have ignited a global research and development boom with significant implications in regenerative medicine. The development of regenerative medicine technologies, regardless of whether it is PSCs or gene editing, is consistently met with controversy. Are the tools for rewriting the code of life a boon to humanity or a Pandora's box? These technologies raise concerns regarding ethical issues, unexpected mutations, viral infection, etc. These concerns remain even as new treatments emerge. However, the potential negatives cannot obscure the virtues of PSC gene editing, which have, and will continue to, benefit mankind at an unprecedented rate. Here, we briefly introduce current gene-editing technology and its application in PSCs and their derived organoids, while addressing ethical concerns and safety risks and discussing the latest progress in PSC gene editing. Gene editing in PSCs creates visualized in vitro models, providing opportunities for examining mechanisms of known and unknown mutations and offering new possibilities for the treatment of cancer, genetic diseases, and other serious or refractory disorders. From model construction to treatment exploration, the important role of PSCs combined with gene editing in basic and clinical medicine studies is illustrated. The applications, characteristics, and existing challenges are summarized in combination with our lab experiences in this field in an effort to help gene-editing technology better serve humans in a regulated manner. Current preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated initial safety and efficacy of PSC gene editing; however, for better application in clinical settings, additional investigation is warranted.
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18
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Blanchard JW, Victor MB, Tsai LH. Dissecting the complexities of Alzheimer disease with in vitro models of the human brain. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 18:25-39. [PMID: 34750588 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent type of dementia. It is marked by severe memory loss and cognitive decline, and currently has limited effective treatment options. Although individuals with AD have common neuropathological hallmarks, emerging data suggest that the disease has a complex polygenic aetiology, and more than 25 genetic loci have been linked to an elevated risk of AD and dementia. Nevertheless, our ability to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie genetic susceptibility to AD, and its progression and severity, remains limited. Here, we discuss ongoing efforts to leverage genomic data from patients using cellular reprogramming technologies to recapitulate complex brain systems and build in vitro discovery platforms. Much attention has already been given to methodologies to derive major brain cell types from pluripotent stem cells. We therefore focus on technologies that combine multiple cell types to recreate anatomical and physiological properties of human brain tissue in vitro. We discuss the advances in the field for modelling four domains that have come into view as key contributors to the pathogenesis of AD: the blood-brain barrier, myelination, neuroinflammation and neuronal circuits. We also highlight opportunities for the field to further interrogate the complex genetic and environmental factors of AD using in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W Blanchard
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matheus B Victor
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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PLCγ2 regulates TREM2 signalling and integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of human iPSC-derived macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19842. [PMID: 34615897 PMCID: PMC8494732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetic studies have linked rare coding variants in microglial genes, such as TREM2, and more recently PLCG2 to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. The P522R variant in PLCG2 has been shown to confer protection for AD and to result in a subtle increase in enzymatic activity. PLCγ2 is a key component of intracellular signal transduction networks and induces Ca2+ signals downstream of many myeloid cell surface receptors, including TREM2. To explore the relationship between PLCγ2 and TREM2 and the role of PLCγ2 in regulating immune cell function, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)- derived macrophages from isogenic lines with homozygous PLCG2 knockout (Ko). Stimulating TREM2 signalling using a polyclonal antibody revealed a complete lack of calcium flux and IP1 accumulation in PLCγ2 Ko cells, demonstrating a non-redundant role of PLCγ2 in calcium release downstream of TREM2. Loss of PLCγ2 led to broad changes in expression of several macrophage surface markers and phenotype, including reduced phagocytic activity and survival, while LPS-induced secretion of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 was unaffected. We identified additional deficits in PLCγ2- deficient cells that compromised cellular adhesion and migration. Thus, PLCγ2 is key in enabling divergent cellular functions and might be a promising target to increase beneficial microglial functions.
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Takata K, Ginhoux F, Shimohama S. Roles of microglia in Alzheimer's disease and impact of new findings on microglial heterogeneity as a target for therapeutic intervention. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114754. [PMID: 34480881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are specialized macrophages that reside within the central nervous system and play key roles in brain immunity, development and homeostasis. Recent studies also revealed functions of microglia in neuroprotection and neuroinflammation, leading to the discovery that microglia are involved in several brain pathologies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the beneficial and detrimental actions of this intriguing cell population can be challenging to dissect: the advent of single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptomic technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the heterogeneity of multiple cell types and is now being applied to the study of microglia in health and disease. Here, we review recent findings on microglial biology, focusing on insights from single cell transcriptomic studies and the heterogeneity that they reveal, and consider the impact of these findings on our understanding of AD. We also discuss how microglia might represent a next-generation therapeutic target for treatment of AD and other neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Takata
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth/Duke-NUS, Academic Medical Centre, The Academia, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Shun Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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21
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Blood-Based Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: A Central Role for Periphery? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091525. [PMID: 34573867 PMCID: PMC8464786 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation represents a central feature in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The resident innate immune cells of the brain are the principal players in neuroinflammation, and their activation leads to a defensive response aimed at promoting β-amyloid (Aβ) clearance. However, it is now widely accepted that the peripheral immune system—by virtue of a dysfunctional blood–brain barrier (BBB)—is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD; microglial and astrocytic activation leads to the release of chemokines able to recruit peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS); at the same time, cytokines released by peripheral cells are able to cross the BBB and act upon glial cells, modifying their phenotype. To successfully fight this neurodegenerative disorder, accurate and sensitive biomarkers are required to be used for implementing an early diagnosis, monitoring the disease progression and treatment effectiveness. Interestingly, as a result of the bidirectional communication between the brain and the periphery, the blood compartment ends up reflecting several pathological changes occurring in the AD brain and can represent an accessible source for such biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview on some of the most promising peripheral biomarkers of neuroinflammation, discussing their pathogenic role in AD.
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22
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Zhang Y, Cui D. Evolving Models and Tools for Microglial Studies in the Central Nervous System. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1218-1233. [PMID: 34106404 PMCID: PMC8353053 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play multiple roles in such processes as brain development, homeostasis, and pathology. Due to their diverse mechanisms of functions, the complex sub-classifications, and the large differences between different species, especially compared with humans, very different or even opposite conclusions can be drawn from studies with different research models. The choice of appropriate research models and the associated tools are thus key ingredients of studies on microglia. Mice are the most commonly used animal models. In this review, we summarize in vitro and in vivo models of mouse and human-derived microglial research models, including microglial cell lines, primary microglia, induced microglia-like cells, transgenic mice, human-mouse chimeric models, and microglial replacement models. We also summarize recent developments in novel single-cell and in vivo imaging technologies. We hope our review can serve as an efficient reference for the future study of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China.
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23
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Zhang PF, Hu H, Tan L, Yu JT. Microglia Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3388-3404. [PMID: 33713018 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have become an extremely important link in the prevention and treatment of AD. Because of the occult onset, the diagnosis and treatment of AD based on clinical symptoms are increasingly challenged by current severe situations. Therefore, molecular diagnosis models based on early AD pathological markers have received more attention. Among the possible pathological mechanisms, microglia which are necessary for normal brain function are highly expected and have been continuously studied in various models. Several AD biomarkers already exist, but currently there is a paucity of specific and sensitive microglia biomarkers which can accurately measure preclinical AD. Bringing microglia biomarkers into the molecular diagnostic system which is based on fluid and neuroimaging will play an important role in future scientific research and clinical practice. Furthermore, developing novel, more specific, and sensitive microglia biomarkers will make it possible to pharmaceutically target chemical pathways that preserve beneficial microglial functions in response to AD pathology. This review discusses microglia biomarkers in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Chen SW, Hung YS, Fuh JL, Chen NJ, Chu YS, Chen SC, Fann MJ, Wong YH. Efficient conversion of human induced pluripotent stem cells into microglia by defined transcription factors. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1363-1380. [PMID: 33836143 PMCID: PMC8185376 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, play critical roles in brain physiology and pathology. We report a novel approach that produces, within 10 days, the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into microglia (iMG) by forced expression of both SPI1 and CEBPA. High-level expression of the main microglial markers and the purity of the iMG cells were confirmed by RT-qPCR, immunostaining, and flow cytometry analyses. Whole-transcriptome analysis demonstrated that these iMGs resemble human fetal/adult microglia but not human monocytes. Moreover, these iMGs exhibited appropriate physiological functions, including various inflammatory responses, ADP/ATP-evoked migration, and phagocytic ability. When co-cultured with hiPSC-derived neurons, the iMGs respond and migrate toward injured neurons. This study has established a protocol for the rapid conversion of hiPSCs into functional iMGs, which should facilitate functional studies of human microglia using different disease models and also help with drug discovery. Efficient generation of human iMGs from iPSCs by forced expression of SPI1 and CEBPA The transcriptome profile of iMGs resembles that of human primary microglia The iMG cells possess appropriate physiological functioning An iN-iMG co-culture model is established for studying neuron-microglia interactions
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Chen
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC); Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Sheng Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC); Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Nien-Jung Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yeh-Shiu Chu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Shu-Cian Chen
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Ming-Ji Fann
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC); Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Hui Wong
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC); Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC).
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25
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Wurm J, Konttinen H, Andressen C, Malm T, Spittau B. Microglia Development and Maturation and Its Implications for Induction of Microglia-Like Cells from Human iPSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063088. [PMID: 33803024 PMCID: PMC8002593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system and play critical roles during the development, homeostasis, and pathologies of the brain. Originated from yolk sac erythromyeloid progenitors, microglia immigrate into the embryonic brain parenchyma to undergo final postnatal differentiation and maturation driven by distinct chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. Among them, TGFβ1 is an important regulator of microglial functions, mediating homeostasis, anti-inflammation, and triggering the expression of microglial homeostatic signature genes. Since microglia studies are mainly based on rodent cells and the isolation of homeostatic microglia from human tissue is challenging, human-induced pluripotent stem cells have been successfully differentiated into microglia-like cells recently. However, employed differentiation protocols strongly vary regarding used cytokines and growth factors, culture conditions, time span, and cell yield. Moreover, the incomplete differentiation of human microglia can hamper the similarity to primary human microglia and dramatically influence the outcome of follow-up studies with these differentiated cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms driving rodent microglia differentiation in vivo, further compares published differentiation protocols, and highlights the potential of TGFβ as an essential maturation factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wurm
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Henna Konttinen
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Christian Andressen
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.W.); (C.A.)
| | - Tarja Malm
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.K.); (T.M.)
| | - Björn Spittau
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.W.); (C.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-521-10686512
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26
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Schwartzentruber J, Cooper S, Liu JZ, Barrio-Hernandez I, Bello E, Kumasaka N, Young AMH, Franklin RJM, Johnson T, Estrada K, Gaffney DJ, Beltrao P, Bassett A. Genome-wide meta-analysis, fine-mapping and integrative prioritization implicate new Alzheimer's disease risk genes. Nat Genet 2021; 53:392-402. [PMID: 33589840 PMCID: PMC7610386 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have discovered numerous genomic loci associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD); yet the causal genes and variants are incompletely identified. We performed an updated genome-wide AD meta-analysis, which identified 37 risk loci, including new associations near CCDC6, TSPAN14, NCK2 and SPRED2. Using three SNP-level fine-mapping methods, we identified 21 SNPs with >50% probability each of being causally involved in AD risk and others strongly suggested by functional annotation. We followed this with colocalization analyses across 109 gene expression quantitative trait loci datasets and prioritization of genes by using protein interaction networks and tissue-specific expression. Combining this information into a quantitative score, we found that evidence converged on likely causal genes, including the above four genes, and those at previously discovered AD loci, including BIN1, APH1B, PTK2B, PILRA and CASS4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Schwartzentruber
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sarah Cooper
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Inigo Barrio-Hernandez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erica Bello
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Adam M H Young
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Toby Johnson
- Target Sciences-R&D, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Daniel J Gaffney
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Genomics Plc, Oxford, UK
| | - Pedro Beltrao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Bassett
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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27
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Loss of NPC1 enhances phagocytic uptake and impairs lipid trafficking in microglia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1158. [PMID: 33627648 PMCID: PMC7904859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease is a rare neurodegenerative disorder mainly caused by mutations in NPC1, resulting in abnormal late endosomal/lysosomal lipid storage. Although microgliosis is a prominent pathological feature, direct consequences of NPC1 loss on microglial function remain not fully characterized. We discovered pathological proteomic signatures and phenotypes in NPC1-deficient murine models and demonstrate a cell autonomous function of NPC1 in microglia. Loss of NPC1 triggers enhanced phagocytic uptake and impaired myelin turnover in microglia that precede neuronal death. Npc1−/− microglia feature a striking accumulation of multivesicular bodies and impaired trafficking of lipids to lysosomes while lysosomal degradation function remains preserved. Molecular and functional defects were also detected in blood-derived macrophages of NPC patients that provide a potential tool for monitoring disease. Our study underscores an essential cell autonomous role for NPC1 in immune cells and implies microglial therapeutic potential. Niemann-Pick type C disease is a rare childhood neurodegenerative disorder predominantly caused by mutations in NPC1, resulting in abnormal late endosomal and lysosomal defects. Here the authors show that NPC1 disruption largely impairs microglial function.
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28
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TREM2, microglia, and Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 195:111438. [PMID: 33516818 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been suggested to play a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, as revealed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Since then, rapidly increasing literature related to TREM2 has focused on elucidating its role in AD pathology. In this review, we summarize our understanding of TREM2 biology, explore TREM2 functions in microglia, address the multiple mechanisms of TREM2 in AD, and raise key questions for further investigations to elucidate the detailed roles and molecular mechanisms of TREM2 in microglial responses. A major breakthrough in our understanding of TREM2 is based on our hypothesis suggesting that TREM2 may act as a multifaceted player in microglial functions in AD brain homeostasis. We conclude that TREM2 can not only influence microglial functions in amyloid and tau pathologies but also participate in inflammatory responses and metabolism, acting alone or with other molecules, such as apolipoprotein E (APOE). This review provides novel insight into the broad role of TREM2 in microglial function in AD and enables us to develop new strategies aimed at the immune system to treat AD pathogenesis.
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29
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Fattorelli N, Martinez-Muriana A, Wolfs L, Geric I, De Strooper B, Mancuso R. Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted into mouse brain to study human disease. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1013-1033. [PMID: 33424025 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are critically involved in complex neurological disorders with a strong genetic component, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Although mouse microglia can recapitulate aspects of human microglia physiology, they do not fully capture the human genetic aspects of disease and do not reproduce all human cell states. Primary cultures of human microglia or microglia derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are difficult to maintain in brain-relevant cell states in vitro. Here we describe MIGRATE (microglia in vitro generation refined for advanced transplantation experiments, which provides a combined in vitro differentiation and in vivo xenotransplantation protocol to study human microglia in the context of the mouse brain. This article details an accurate, step-by-step workflow that includes in vitro microglia differentiation from human PSCs, transplantation into the mouse brain and quantitative analysis of engraftment. Compared to current differentiation and xenotransplantation protocols, we present an optimized, faster and more efficient approach that yields up to 80% chimerism. To quantitatively assess engraftment efficiency by flow cytometry, access to specialized flow cytometry is required. Alternatively, the percentage of chimerism can be estimated by standard immunohistochemical analysis. The MIGRATE protocol takes ~40 d to complete, from culturing PSCs to engraftment efficiency assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fattorelli
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Martinez-Muriana
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Wolfs
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivana Geric
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Renzo Mancuso
- Centre for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Neurosciences and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Microglia and Inflammation in Neurological Disorders (MIND) Lab, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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30
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Weng Y, Wang H, Li L, Feng Y, Xu S, Wang Z. Trem2 mediated Syk-dependent ROS amplification is essential for osteoclastogenesis in periodontitis microenvironment. Redox Biol 2020; 40:101849. [PMID: 33486152 PMCID: PMC7823053 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is the sixth most prevalent diseases around the globe, which is closely related to many systemic diseases and affects general health. As the leading cause of tooth loss, periodontitis is characterized by irreversible alveolar bone loss and activated osteoclastogenic process, which might be closely related to the activated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in osteoclasts. Here, we demonstrated triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) as a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis with the regulation of intracellular ROS signals in periodontitis. In the present study, the expression of Trem2 was significantly upregulated in human alveolar bones diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, as assessed by RNA-seq. In the mice model of periodontitis, the alveolar bone resorption was impeded in the presence of the conditional knockout of Trem2 in osteoclasts. Furthermore, we identified Trem2/DAP12/Syk-dependent cascade as a vital intracellular signaling for the amplification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals in osteoclastogenesis, while the accumulation of soluble Aβ42 oligomers (Aβo) in periodontitis microenvironment further strengthened the signals and enhanced osteoclastogenesis through direct interactions with Trem2. Collectively, Trem2 mediated ROS signal amplification cascade was crucial in the process of osteoclastogenesis in periodontitis, suggesting the potential of Trem2 as a target for the prevention and treatment of bone destruction in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuteng Weng
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Haicheng Wang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhuizhi Feng
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyu Xu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuolin Wang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Franklin H, Clarke BE, Patani R. Astrocytes and microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from human in vitro models. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101973. [PMID: 33309801 PMCID: PMC8052192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia key fulfil homeostatic and immune functions in the CNS. Dysfunction of these cell types is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding cellular autonomy and early pathogenic changes is a key goal. New human iPSC models will inform on disease mechanisms and therapy development.
Both astrocytes and microglia fulfil homeostatic and immune functions in the healthy CNS. Dysfunction of these cell types have been implicated in the pathomechanisms of several neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the cellular autonomy and early pathological changes in these cell types may inform drug screening and therapy development. While animal models and post-mortem tissue have been invaluable in understanding disease processes, the advent of human in vitro models provides a unique insight into disease biology as a manipulable model system obtained directly from patients. Here, we discuss the different human in vitro models of astrocytes and microglia and outline the phenotypes that have been recapitulated in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Franklin
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Benjamin E Clarke
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rickie Patani
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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32
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Hedegaard A, Stodolak S, James WS, Cowley SA. Honing the Double-Edged Sword: Improving Human iPSC-Microglia Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:614972. [PMID: 33363548 PMCID: PMC7753623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (hiPSC) models are a valuable new tool for research into neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is now recognized as a key process in neurodegenerative disease and aging, and microglia are central players in this. A plethora of hiPSC-derived microglial models have been published recently to explore neuroinflammation, ranging from monoculture through to xenotransplantation. However, combining physiological relevance, reproducibility, and scalability into one model is still a challenge. We examine key features of the in vitro microglial environment, especially media composition, extracellular matrix, and co-culture, to identify areas for improvement in current hiPSC-microglia models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sally A. Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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33
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Lewcock JW, Schlepckow K, Di Paolo G, Tahirovic S, Monroe KM, Haass C. Emerging Microglia Biology Defines Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuron 2020; 108:801-821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Hall-Roberts H, Agarwal D, Obst J, Smith TB, Monzón-Sandoval J, Di Daniel E, Webber C, James WS, Mead E, Davis JB, Cowley SA. TREM2 Alzheimer's variant R47H causes similar transcriptional dysregulation to knockout, yet only subtle functional phenotypes in human iPSC-derived macrophages. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:151. [PMID: 33198789 PMCID: PMC7667762 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TREM2 is a microglial cell surface receptor, with risk mutations linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), including R47H. TREM2 signalling via SYK aids phagocytosis, chemotaxis, survival, and changes to microglial activation state. In AD mouse models, knockout (KO) of TREM2 impairs microglial clustering around amyloid and prevents microglial activation. The R47H mutation is proposed to reduce TREM2 ligand binding. We investigated cell phenotypes of the R47H mutant and TREM2 KO in a model of human microglia, and compared their transcriptional signatures, to determine the mechanism by which R47H TREM2 disrupts function. METHODS We generated human microglia-like iPSC-macrophages (pMac) from isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines, with homozygous R47H mutation or TREM2 knockout (KO). We firstly validated the effect of the R47H mutant on TREM2 surface and subcellular localization in pMac. To assess microglial phenotypic function, we measured phagocytosis of dead neurons, cell morphology, directed migration, survival, and LPS-induced inflammation. We performed bulk RNA-seq, comparing significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs; p < 0.05) between the R47H and KO versus WT, and bioinformatically predicted potential upstream regulators of TREM2-mediated gene expression. RESULTS R47H modified surface expression and shedding of TREM2, but did not impair TREM2-mediated signalling, or gross phenotypes that were dysregulated in the TREM2 KO (phagocytosis, motility, survival). However, altered gene expression in the R47H TREM2 pMac overlapped by 90% with the TREM2 KO and was characterised by dysregulation of genes involved with immunity, proliferation, activation, chemotaxis, and adhesion. Downregulated mediators of ECM adhesion included the vitronectin receptor αVβ3, and consequently, R47H TREM2 pMac adhered weakly to vitronectin compared with WT pMac. To counteract these transcriptional defects, we investigated TGFβ1, as a candidate upstream regulator. TGFβ1 failed to rescue vitronectin adhesion of pMac, although it improved αVβ3 expression. CONCLUSIONS The R47H mutation is not sufficient to cause gross phenotypic defects of human pMac under standard culture conditions. However, overlapping transcriptional defects with TREM2 KO supports the hypothesised partial loss-of-function effects of the R47H mutation. Furthermore, transcriptomics can guide us to more subtle phenotypic defects in the R47H cells, such as reduced cell adhesion, and can be used to predict targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Hall-Roberts
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Devika Agarwal
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS UK
| | - Juliane Obst
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Thomas B. Smith
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | | | - Elena Di Daniel
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Caleb Webber
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - William S. James
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE UK
| | - Emma Mead
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - John B. Davis
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Sally A. Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE UK
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Riemens RJM, Kenis G, van den Beucken T. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells as a model for studying sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 175:107318. [PMID: 32977028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has the potential to accelerate scientific research for Alzheimer's disease (AD). iPSCs are therefore increasingly considered for AD modeling and drug development. Nevertheless, most of the work conducted so far has mainly focused on iPSC models from patients with familial AD (fAD), while actually sporadic AD (sAD) is more prevalent and represents over 90% of the AD cases in the population. The development of more sAD models is therefore key for studying this multifactorial disorder. In fact, probing the unique genomes of sAD patients and their interaction with AD-associated environmental factors could contribute to a better understanding of this disease. However, initial iPSC-based models for sAD have shown a high degree of variability and inconsistencies in terms of AD hallmarks. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies that have been conducted for sAD so far. In addition, we critically assess important sources of variability related to the model in addition to those that might be explained by the heterogeneous nature of sAD. These considerations might aid in developing more consistent iPSC models of sAD, which could help in developing a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J M Riemens
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilian University, Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Graduate School MHeNS (School for Mental Health and Neuroscience), allocated with the Faculty Health Medicine and Life Sciences of Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - G Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Graduate School MHeNS (School for Mental Health and Neuroscience), allocated with the Faculty Health Medicine and Life Sciences of Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T van den Beucken
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Graduate School GROW (Research School for Oncology and Developmental Biology), allocated with the Faculty Health Medicine and Life Sciences of Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Garcia-Leon JA, Caceres-Palomo L, Sanchez-Mejias E, Mejias-Ortega M, Nuñez-Diaz C, Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ, Sanchez-Varo R, Davila JC, Vitorica J, Gutierrez A. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells as a Relevant Platform for Drug Screening in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186867. [PMID: 32962164 PMCID: PMC7558359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular amyloid-beta deposition and intraneuronal Tau-laden neurofibrillary tangles are prime features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathology of AD is very complex and still not fully understood, since different neural cell types are involved in the disease. Although neuronal function is clearly deteriorated in AD patients, recently, an increasing number of evidences have pointed towards glial cell dysfunction as one of the main causative phenomena implicated in AD pathogenesis. The complex disease pathology together with the lack of reliable disease models have precluded the development of effective therapies able to counteract disease progression. The discovery and implementation of human pluripotent stem cell technology represents an important opportunity in this field, as this system allows the generation of patient-derived cells to be used for disease modeling and therapeutic target identification and as a platform to be employed in drug discovery programs. In this review, we discuss the current studies using human pluripotent stem cells focused on AD, providing convincing evidences that this system is an excellent opportunity to advance in the comprehension of AD pathology, which will be translated to the development of the still missing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Garcia-Leon
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (E.S.-M.); (M.M.-O.); (C.N.-D.); (J.J.F.-V.); (R.S.-V.); (J.C.D.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.A.G.-L.); (A.G.); Tel.: +34-952131935 (J.A.G.-L.); +34-952133344 (A.G.)
| | - Laura Caceres-Palomo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (E.S.-M.); (M.M.-O.); (C.N.-D.); (J.J.F.-V.); (R.S.-V.); (J.C.D.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (E.S.-M.); (M.M.-O.); (C.N.-D.); (J.J.F.-V.); (R.S.-V.); (J.C.D.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marina Mejias-Ortega
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (E.S.-M.); (M.M.-O.); (C.N.-D.); (J.J.F.-V.); (R.S.-V.); (J.C.D.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (E.S.-M.); (M.M.-O.); (C.N.-D.); (J.J.F.-V.); (R.S.-V.); (J.C.D.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Jose Fernandez-Valenzuela
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (E.S.-M.); (M.M.-O.); (C.N.-D.); (J.J.F.-V.); (R.S.-V.); (J.C.D.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (E.S.-M.); (M.M.-O.); (C.N.-D.); (J.J.F.-V.); (R.S.-V.); (J.C.D.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jose Carlos Davila
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (E.S.-M.); (M.M.-O.); (C.N.-D.); (J.J.F.-V.); (R.S.-V.); (J.C.D.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (E.S.-M.); (M.M.-O.); (C.N.-D.); (J.J.F.-V.); (R.S.-V.); (J.C.D.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.A.G.-L.); (A.G.); Tel.: +34-952131935 (J.A.G.-L.); +34-952133344 (A.G.)
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Quarta A, Meese T, Pieters Z, Van Breedam E, Le Blon D, Van Broeckhoven J, Hendrix S, Goossens H, Hens N, Berneman Z, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Ponsaerts P. Murine induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuroimmune cell culture models emphasize opposite immune-effector functions of interleukin 13-primed microglia and macrophages in terms of neuroimmune toxicity. Glia 2020; 69:326-345. [PMID: 32865285 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular models of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia and macrophages are an emerging toolbox to investigate neuroinflammation in vitro. We previously demonstrated that murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages display phenotypical activation properties highly comparable to microglia and macrophages in vivo. Here we extended the characterization of iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages with the analysis of their transcriptome profile. Next, these cellular models were employed to evaluate neuroimmune toxicity in vitro and to investigate the immune-modulatory properties of interleukin 13 (IL13), a cytokine known for its ability to protect against neuroinflammation-induced pathology by modulating microglia and macrophage activation. iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages, in co-culture with astrocyte-committed neural stem cells (NSC), were (pre)treated with IL13 and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon γ (IFNγ), to assess how IL13 modulates their inflammatory response. Additionally, the use of luciferase-expressing NSC (Luc-NSC) allowed real-time monitoring of immune-mediated neurotoxicity. Despite the known anti-inflammatory properties of IL13, iPSC-microglia primed with IL13 before LPS + IFNγ stimulation significantly increased NO secretion. This was associated with a marked reduction of the luminescence signal produced by Luc-NSC. Interestingly, we observed that IL13 signaling has a divergent functional outcome in microglia as compared to macrophages, as for the latter no major alterations in NO release and Luc-NSC viability were observed upon IL13 (pre)treatment. Finally, the striking IL13-induced upregulation of NO secretion by microglia under pro-inflammatory conditions was confirmed in vivo, where intracerebral delivery of IL13 increased inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression. Concluding, we applied iPSC-derived neuroimmune cell culture models to identify distinct neuroimmune (toxicity) responses of microglia and macrophages to IL13-based immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Meese
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zoë Pieters
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elise Van Breedam
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Debbie Le Blon
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Miron VE, Priller J. Investigating Microglia in Health and Disease: Challenges and Opportunities. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:785-793. [PMID: 32736967 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages implicated in central nervous system (CNS) development, homeostasis, and response to injury. Recent advances in transcriptomics, multiplex protein expression analysis, and experimental depletion of microglia have cemented their importance. However, it is still unclear which models are best suited to investigate microglia and explore their function in human disease. Here, we discuss issues regarding off-targeting during experimental manipulation, and differences and similarities between human and rodent microglia. With new developments in transgenic lines and human-rodent chimeras, we anticipate that in coming years, a clearer picture of microglia function in health and disease will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique E Miron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, Berlin, Germany; UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Martins S, Müller-Schiffmann A, Erichsen L, Bohndorf M, Wruck W, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, Korth C, Adjaye J. IPSC-Derived Neuronal Cultures Carrying the Alzheimer's Disease Associated TREM2 R47H Variant Enables the Construction of an Aβ-Induced Gene Regulatory Network. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124516. [PMID: 32630447 PMCID: PMC7350255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes associated with immune response and inflammation have been identified as genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer´s disease (LOAD). The rare R47H variant within triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been shown to increase the risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 2–3-fold. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a model of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) using lymphoblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients carrying the TREM2 R47H mutation, as well as from control individuals without dementia. All iPSCs efficiently differentiated into mature neuronal cultures, however AD neuronal cultures showed a distinct gene expression profile. Furthermore, manipulation of the iPSC-derived neuronal cultures with an Aβ-S8C dimer highlighted metabolic pathways, phagosome and immune response as the most perturbed pathways in AD neuronal cultures. Through the construction of an Aβ-induced gene regulatory network, we were able to identify an Aβ signature linked to protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which emphasized ER-stress, as a potential causal role in LOAD. Overall, this study has shown that our AD-iPSC based model can be used for in-depth studies to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of LOAD and provides new opportunities for screening of potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Martins
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Andreas Müller-Schiffmann
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (C.K.)
| | - Lars Erichsen
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Martina Bohndorf
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB-Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.S.); (C.V.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB-Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium; (K.S.); (C.V.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 20610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (C.K.)
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.M.); (L.E.); (M.B.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Marmolejo-Garza A, de Pádua VP, Eggen B, Boddeke E, Dolga AM. Microglia alterations in neurodegenerative diseases and their modeling with human induced pluripotent stem cell and other platforms. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 190:101805. [PMID: 32335273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike neurons and glial cells, which derive from ectoderm, microglia migrate early during embryo development from the yolk-sac, a mesodermal-derived structure. Microglia regulate synaptic pruning during development and induce or modulate inflammation during aging and chronic diseases. Microglia are sensitive to brain injuries and threats, altering their phenotype and function to adopt a so-called immune-activated state in response to any perceived threat to the CNS integrity. Here, we present a short overview on the role of microglia in human neurodegenerative diseases and provide an update on the current model systems to study microglia, including cell lines, iPSC-derived microglia with an emphasis in their transcriptomic profile and integration into 3D brain organoids. We present various strategies to model and study their role in neurodegeneration providing a relevant platform for the development of novel and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica María Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area-School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Garza
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vítor Passos de Pádua
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Neurology Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bart Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, section Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sims R, Hill M, Williams J. The multiplex model of the genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:311-322. [PMID: 32112059 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0599-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genes play a strong role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with late-onset AD showing heritability of 58-79% and early-onset AD showing over 90%. Genetic association provides a robust platform to build our understanding of the etiology of this complex disease. Over 50 loci are now implicated for AD, suggesting that AD is a disease of multiple components, as supported by pathway analyses (immunity, endocytosis, cholesterol transport, ubiquitination, amyloid-β and tau processing). Over 50% of late-onset AD heritability has been captured, allowing researchers to calculate the accumulation of AD genetic risk through polygenic risk scores. A polygenic risk score predicts disease with up to 90% accuracy and is an exciting tool in our research armory that could allow selection of those with high polygenic risk scores for clinical trials and precision medicine. It could also allow cellular modelling of the combined risk. Here we propose the multiplex model as a new perspective from which to understand AD. The multiplex model reflects the combination of some, or all, of these model components (genetic and environmental), in a tissue-specific manner, to trigger or sustain a disease cascade, which ultimately results in the cell and synaptic loss observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sims
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew Hill
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julie Williams
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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42
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Klimmt J, Dannert A, Paquet D. Neurodegeneration in a dish: advancing human stem-cell-based models of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 61:96-104. [PMID: 32112992 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem-cell-based models enable investigation of pathomechanisms in disease-relevant human brain cell types and therefore offer great potential for mechanistic and translational studies on neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). While current AD models allow analysis of early disease phenotypes including Aβ accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation, they still fail to fully recapitulate later hallmarks such as protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. This impedes the identification of pathomechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. We discuss strategies to overcome these drawbacks and optimize physiological properties and translational potential of iPSC-based models by improving culture formats, increasing cellular diversity, applying genome editing, and implementing maturation and ageing paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Klimmt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Dannert
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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43
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Hashemiaghdam A, Mroczek M. Microglia heterogeneity and neurodegeneration: The emerging paradigm of the role of immunity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 341:577185. [PMID: 32045774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia type affecting nearly 44 million people worldwide. Recent findings point to microglia as a significant contributor to neural development, neuroinflammation, and degeneration. Dysregulated immunoactivity in AD has been broadly studied, and current research on animal models enabled us to identify a new cluster of microglia (disease-associated microglia) alongside previously detected glial populations (e.g., plaque-associated microglia, dark microglia, Human Alzheimer's microglia) associated with neuroinflammation and with macrophagic activity. These distinct populations of glia show a spatial distribution within plaques with unique imaging features and distinct gene expression profile. Novel genetic approaches using single-nuclei RNA sequencing (sn-RNA seq) allowed researchers to identify gene expression profiles from fixed human samples. Recent studies, exposing transcriptomic clusters of disease-related cells and analyzing sequenced RNA from sorted myeloid cells, seem to confirm the hypothesis of the central role of glia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. These discoveries may shed light on the effects of microglial activation and differences in gene expression profiles, furthering research towards the development of a cell-specific therapy. In this review, we examine recent studies that guide us towards recognizing the role of diverse populations of glial cells and their possible heterogeneous functional states in the pathogenesis of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Mroczek
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Hasselmann J, Blurton-Jones M. Human iPSC-derived microglia: A growing toolset to study the brain's innate immune cells. Glia 2020; 68:721-739. [PMID: 31926038 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the generation of microglia from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided exciting new approaches to examine and decipher the biology of microglia. As these techniques continue to evolve to encompass more complex in situ and in vivo paradigms, so too have they begun to yield novel scientific insight into the genetics and function of human microglia. As such, researchers now have access to a toolset comprised of three unique "flavors" of iPSC-derived microglia: in vitro microglia (iMGs), organoid microglia (oMGs), and xenotransplanted microglia (xMGs). The goal of this review is to discuss the variety of research applications that each of these techniques enables and to highlight recent discoveries that these methods have begun to uncover. By presenting the research paradigms in which each model has been successful, as well as the key benefits and limitations of each approach, it is our hope that this review will help interested researchers to incorporate these techniques into their studies, collectively advancing our understanding of human microglia biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hasselmann
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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45
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Speicher AM, Wiendl H, Meuth SG, Pawlowski M. Generating microglia from human pluripotent stem cells: novel in vitro models for the study of neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:46. [PMID: 31856864 PMCID: PMC6921408 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an essential role for central nervous system (CNS) development and homeostasis and have been implicated in the onset, progression, and clearance of numerous diseases affecting the CNS. Previous in vitro research on human microglia was restricted to post-mortem brain tissue-derived microglia, with limited availability and lack of scalability. Recently, the first protocols for the generation of microglia from human pluripotent stem cells have become available, thus enabling the implementation of powerful platforms for disease modeling, drug testing, and studies on cell transplantation. Here we give a detailed and comprehensive overview of the protocols available for generating microglia from human pluripotent stem cells, highlighting the advantages, drawbacks, and operability and placing them into the context of current knowledge of human embryonic development. We review novel insights into microglia biology and the role of microglia in neurological diseases as drawn from the new methods and provide an outlook for future lines of research involving human pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Speicher
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Pawlowski
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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46
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Raikwar SP, Kikkeri NS, Sakuru R, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Premkumar K, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Next Generation Precision Medicine: CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:608-641. [PMID: 31011884 PMCID: PMC8211357 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in the field of molecular neurobiology especially neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, the highly complex molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. As a result, the development of the next generation neurotherapeutics has experienced a considerable lag phase. Recent advancements in the field of genome editing offer a new template for dissecting the precise molecular pathways underlying the complex neurodegenerative disorders. We believe that the innovative genome and transcriptome editing strategies offer an excellent opportunity to decipher novel therapeutic targets, develop novel neurodegenerative disease models, develop neuroimaging modalities, develop next-generation diagnostics as well as develop patient-specific precision-targeted personalized therapies to effectively treat neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Frontotemporal dementia etc. Here, we review the latest developments in the field of CRISPR-mediated genome editing and provide unbiased futuristic insights regarding its translational potential to improve the treatment outcomes and minimize financial burden. However, despite significant advancements, we would caution the scientific community that since the CRISPR field is still evolving, currently we do not know the full spectrum of CRISPR-mediated side effects. In the wake of the recent news regarding CRISPR-edited human babies being born in China, we urge the scientific community to maintain high scientific and ethical standards and utilize CRISPR for developing in vitro disease in a dish model, in vivo testing in nonhuman primates and lower vertebrates and for the development of neurotherapeutics for the currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nidhi S Kikkeri
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ragha Sakuru
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Keerthivaas Premkumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Quarta A, Le Blon D, D'aes T, Pieters Z, Hamzei Taj S, Miró-Mur F, Luyckx E, Van Breedam E, Daans J, Goossens H, Dewilde S, Hens N, Pasque V, Planas AM, Hoehn M, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P. Murine iPSC-derived microglia and macrophage cell culture models recapitulate distinct phenotypical and functional properties of classical and alternative neuro-immune polarisation. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:406-421. [PMID: 31525508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment and validation of reliable induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived in vitro models to study microglia and monocyte/macrophage immune function holds great potential for fundamental and translational neuro-immunology research. In this study, we first demonstrate that ramified CX3CR1+ iPSC-microglia (cultured within a neural environment) and round-shaped CX3CR1- iPSC-macrophages can easily be differentiated from newly established murine CX3CR1eGFP/+CCR2RFP/+ iPSC lines. Furthermore, we show that obtained murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages are distinct cell populations, even though iPSC-macrophages may upregulate CX3CR1 expression when cultured within a neural environment. Next, we characterized the phenotypical and functional properties of murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages following classical and alternative immune polarisation. While iPSC-macrophages could easily be triggered to adopt a classically-activated or alternatively-activated phenotype following, respectively, lipopolysaccharide + interferon γ or interleukin 13 (IL13) stimulation, iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophages cultured within a neural environment displayed a more moderate activation profile as characterised by the absence of MHCII expression upon classical immune polarisation and the absence of Ym1 expression upon alternative immune polarisation. Finally, extending our preceding in vivo studies, this striking phenotypical divergence was also observed for resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes within highly inflammatory cortical lesions in CX3CR1eGFP/+CCR2RFP/+ mice subjected to middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) stroke and following IL13-mediated therapeutic intervention thereon. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the applied murine iPSC-microglia and iPSC-macrophage culture models are able to recapitulate in vivo microglia and monocyte/macrophage ontogeny and corresponding phenotypical/functional properties upon classical and alternative immune polarisation, and therefore represent a valuable in vitro platform to further study and modulate microglia and (infiltrating) monocyte immune responses under neuro-inflammatory conditions within a neural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Debbie Le Blon
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine D'aes
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zoë Pieters
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Somayyeh Hamzei Taj
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesc Miró-Mur
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evi Luyckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elise Van Breedam
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Dewilde
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research and Modelling Infectious Diseases, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent Pasque
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna M Planas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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48
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Mancuso R, Van Den Daele J, Fattorelli N, Wolfs L, Balusu S, Burton O, Liston A, Sierksma A, Fourne Y, Poovathingal S, Arranz-Mendiguren A, Sala Frigerio C, Claes C, Serneels L, Theys T, Perry VH, Verfaillie C, Fiers M, De Strooper B. Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted in mouse brain to study human disease. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:2111-2116. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lue LF, Beach TG, Walker DG. Alzheimer's Disease Research Using Human Microglia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080838. [PMID: 31387311 PMCID: PMC6721636 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have mostly investigated microglia, the brain-resident macrophages. This review focused on human microglia obtained at rapid autopsies. Studies employing methods to isolate and culture human brain microglia in high purity for experimental studies were discussed. These methods were employed to isolate human microglia for investigation of a number of features of neuroinflammation, including activation phenotypes, neurotoxicity, responses to abnormal aggregated proteins such as amyloid beta, phagocytosis, and the effects of aging and disease on microglia cellular properties. In recent years, interest in human microglia and neuroinflammation has been renewed due to the identification of inflammation-related AD genetic risk factors, in particular the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2. Because of the difficulties in developing effective treatments for AD, there has been a general need for greater understanding of the functions of microglia in normal and AD brains. While most experimental studies on neuroinflammation have employed rodent microglia, this review considered the role of human microglia in experimental studies. This review focused on the development of in vitro methodology for the culture of postmortem human microglia and the key findings obtained from experimental studies with these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA.
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 84027, USA.
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 84027, USA
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520, Japan
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50
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Modulation of Innate Immunity by Amyloidogenic Peptides. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:762-780. [PMID: 31320280 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid formation contributes to the development of progressive metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, while also serving functional roles in host defense. Emerging evidence suggests that as amyloidogenic peptides populate distinct aggregation states, they interact with different combinations of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to direct the phenotype and function of tissue-resident and infiltrating innate immune cells. We review recent evidence of innate immunomodulation by distinct forms of amyloidogenic peptides produced by mammals (humans, non-human primates), bacteria, and fungi, as well as the corresponding cell-surface and intracellular PRRs in these interactions, in human and mouse models. Our emerging understanding of peptide aggregate-innate immune cell interactions, and the factors regulating the balance between amyloid function and pathogenicity, might aid the development of anti-amyloid and immunomodulating therapies.
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