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Antonio J, Evans C, Ferrando AA, Stout JR, Antonio B, Cinteo H, Harty P, Arent SM, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Kerksick CM, Pereira F, Gonzalez D, Kreider RB. Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2341903. [PMID: 38626029 PMCID: PMC11022925 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2341903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation often refers to increasing the intake of this particular macronutrient through dietary supplements in the form of powders, ready-to-drink shakes, and bars. The primary purpose of protein supplementation is to augment dietary protein intake, aiding individuals in meeting their protein requirements, especially when it may be challenging to do so through regular food (i.e. chicken, beef, fish, pork, etc.) sources alone. A large body of evidence shows that protein has an important role in exercising and sedentary individuals. A PubMed search of "protein and exercise performance" reveals thousands of publications. Despite the considerable volume of evidence, it is somewhat surprising that several persistent questions and misconceptions about protein exist. The following are addressed: 1) Is protein harmful to your kidneys? 2) Does consuming "excess" protein increase fat mass? 3) Can dietary protein have a harmful effect on bone health? 4) Can vegans and vegetarians consume enough protein to support training adaptations? 5) Is cheese or peanut butter a good protein source? 6) Does consuming meat (i.e., animal protein) cause unfavorable health outcomes? 7) Do you need protein if you are not physically active? 8) Do you need to consume protein ≤ 1 hour following resistance training sessions to create an anabolic environment in skeletal muscle? 9) Do endurance athletes need additional protein? 10) Does one need protein supplements to meet the daily requirements of exercise-trained individuals? 11) Is there a limit to how much protein one can consume in a single meal? To address these questions, we have conducted a thorough scientific assessment of the literature concerning protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Harry Cinteo
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Harty
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, Canada
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Flavia Pereira
- Keiser University, Exercise and Sport Science, West Palm Beach Flagship Campus, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
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McIntosh MC, Ruple BA, Kontos NJ, Mattingly ML, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. The effects of a sugar-free amino acid-containing electrolyte beverage on 5-kilometer performance, blood electrolytes, and post-exercise cramping versus a conventional carbohydrate-electrolyte sports beverage and water. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2296888. [PMID: 38131124 PMCID: PMC10763896 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2296888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a multi-ingredient, low calorie dietary supplement (MIDS, XTEND® Healthy Hydration) on 5-kilometer (5-km) time trial performance and blood electrolyte concentrations compared to a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (CE, GATORADE® Thirst Quencher) and distilled water (W). METHODS During visit 1 (V1), participants (10 men and 10 women, 20-35 years old, BMI ≤ 29 kg/m2, recreationally active) reported to the laboratory whereby the following tests were performed: i) height and weight measurements, ii) body composition analysis, iii) treadmill testing to measure maximal aerobic capacity, and iv) 5-km time trial familiarization. The second visit (V2) was one week after V1 in the morning (0600 - 0900) and participants arrived 12-14 h fasted (no food or drink). The first battery of assessments (V2-T1) included nude body mass, urine specific gravity (USG), a profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire, and the completion of a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire to quantify cramping. Then heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), total body hydration (via bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy [BIS]) were examined. Finally, a measurement of blood markers via finger stick was performed. Participants consumed a randomized beverage (16 fl. oz. of MIDS, 16 fl. oz. of W, or 16 fl. oz. of CE) within 3 min followed by a 45-min rest. Following the rest period, a second battery (V2-T2) was performed whereby participants' USG was assessed and they completed the POMS and VAS questionnaires, and HR, BP, and blood markers were measured. The participants then performed a 5-km treadmill time trial. Immediately following the 5-km time trial, participants completed a third testing battery (V2-T3) that began with blood markers, HR and BP assessments, followed by nude body weight assessment, and the POMS and VAS questionnaires. After 60 min, a fourth battery (V2-T4) was performed that included HR, BP, and blood markers. After sitting quietly for another 60 min a fifth battery assessment was performed (V2-T5) that included participants' USG, POMS and VAS questionnaires, HR, BP, blood markers, and total body hydration. Visits 3 (V3) and 4 (V4) followed the same protocol except a different randomized drink (16 oz. of CE, MIDS, or W) was consumed; all of which were separated by approximately one week. RESULTS No differences occurred between conditions for 5-km time trial completion, indirect calorimetry outcomes during 5-km time trials, USG, or nude mass measurements (p > 0.05 for all relevant statistical tests). However, blood potassium and the sodium/potassium ratio displayed significant interactions (p < 0.05), and post hoc testing indicated these values were better maintained in the MIDS versus other conditions. Post-exercise cramp prevalence was greater in the CE (p < 0.05) and trended higher with W (p = 0.083) compared to the MIDS condition. Post-exercise cramp severity was also elevated with the W and CE beverages (p < 0.05) but not the MIDS (p = 0.211). CONCLUSIONS The MIDS did not affect 5-km time trial performance but exhibited favorable effects on blood electrolyte and post-exercise self-reporting cramp outcomes compared to the CE and W drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason C. McIntosh
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Bradley A. Ruple
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Kontos
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Madison L. Mattingly
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Roberts
- Nutrabolt Applied and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Auburn University, School of Kinesiology, Auburn, AL, USA
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Singleton KM, Jagim AR, McAllister-Deitrick J, Daou M, Kerksick CM. Differences in perceived energy and macronutrient requirements across divisions in NCAA athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2365307. [PMID: 38860870 PMCID: PMC11168329 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2365307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports nutrition is an impactful component to sports performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the sports nutrition knowledge of National Collegiate Athletic Association collegiate athletes and assess self-reported perceived requirements for energy and macronutrient intake. A secondary aim was to evaluate the awareness of physical and emotional perceptions associated with mindful eating. METHODS Participants included NCAA Division I (DI, n = 45), II (DII, n = 31), and III (DIII, n = 47) athletes. Athletes completed a validated questionnaire designed to assess sports nutrition knowledge and were asked questions about their perceived dietary energy and macronutrient requirements. Daily energy intake values were calculated using a recommended relative energy intake value of 40, 50, and 60 kcal/kg/day for low, moderate, and high activity levels, respectively. Carbohydrate recommendations were calculated using 4, 6, and 8 g/kg/day, protein recommendations were calculated using relative intakes of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 g/kg/day, and fat recommendations were calculated from a relative percentage of total predicted daily energy requirements, equating to 15, 25, and 30% of daily energy. Additionally, athletes completed a questionnaire to assess mindfulness regarding eating habits. RESULTS Overall, athletes answered 45.5 ± 13.5% of questions correctly on the nutrition questionnaire with significant differences observed between male (48.6 ± 13.6%) and female athletes (43.6 ± 13.2%; p = 0.044), as well as significant differences observed between DI athlete scores (38.8 ± 14.1%) and DII athletes (47.7 ± 11.4%; p = 0.002), and DI athletes and DIII athletes (51.71 ± 11.83%; p = <0.001). All athletes significantly (p < 0.001) underestimated daily energy intake requirements (female, 2,112 ± 575 kcal/day; male, 3,283 ± 538 kcal/day). The mindfulness eating habits total score was significantly higher in male athletes (65.1 ± 6.5) compared to female athletes (60.9 ± 9.5; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Division I, II, and III collegiate athletes have poor sports nutrition knowledge, with Division I athletes having exhibited lower scores compared to Division II and III athletes on the sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Athletes from all levels of collegiate sports underestimated their energy and macronutrient requirements. Differences in mindful eating habits among female and male athletes were also evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Michelle Singleton
- Department of Kinesiology, Conway Medical Center College of Health & Human Performance, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Jamie McAllister-Deitrick
- Department of Kinesiology, Conway Medical Center College of Health & Human Performance, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Marcos Daou
- Department of Kinesiology, Conway Medical Center College of Health & Human Performance, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO, USA
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Molina-López J, Florea D, Gamarra-Morales Y, Herrera-Quintana L, Vázquez-Lorente H, Hogstrand C, Planells E. Zinc transporters expression profile in professional handball players supplemented with zinc. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 85:127473. [PMID: 38795413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zinc (Zn) deficiency has been described not only on general human health but also within the sports context -as negatively affecting performance-. Thus, Zn status assessment is of great interest for athletes, especially in order to correct deficiency states of this mineral. OBJECTIVE The overall objective of this work was to assess Zn status in professional handball players during the competitive period (through plasma levels, dietary intake and gene expression of the Zn transporters), as well as to determine the effect of Zn supplementation. METHODS A total of twenty-two participants were recruited, -twelve belonged to the Control Group (CG) and ten male handball players comprised the experimental group (ATH-G)-, being monitored over a 2-month period with 2 evaluation moments: baseline (i.e., initial conditions) and follow-up (i.e., after 8 weeks of training and competition). Zn intake, plasma Zn levels, and gene expression of Zn transporters were obtained. RESULTS Plasma Zn levels were higher in ATH-G than in CG at the end of Zn intervention (p ≤ 0.010). Moreover, differences in the gene expression profile of Zn transporters were observed in ATH-G -with the down-regulation of several Zn transporters-, compared to the CG at baseline (p ≤ 0.05). Likewise, differences in the Zn transporters expression were observed in ATH-G at 8 weeks (all, p ≤ 0.001) -with ZnT2, ZnT5, ZIP3, ZIP5, ZIP11, ZIP13 and ZIP14 transporters being up-regulated-. CONCLUSION Handball players seemed to have different nutritional needs for Zn, with differences in the gene expression of Zn transporters compared to controls. Zn intervention in our athletes may have influenced the expression of Zn transporters, indicating a potential increase in Zn transporters expression to mobilize Zn at the cellular level at 8 weeks of Zn intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Molina-López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva 21007, Spain
| | - Daniela Florea
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS, London EC1 V2PD, United Kingdom
| | - Yenifer Gamarra-Morales
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Lourdes Herrera-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Metal Metabolism Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Planells
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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Dobrowolski H, Kopczyńska K, Kazimierczak R, Rembiałkowska E, Włodarek D. Organic Food in Athletes Diet-Narrative Review of Alternative Products in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2024; 16:2347. [PMID: 39064790 PMCID: PMC11279679 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Athletes are characterized by special nutritional needs. Meeting their dietary needs associated with intensive exercise is a prerequisite for effective training and success in sports competitions. Hence, it is important to supply key performance nutrients, such as macronutrients, antioxidants, calcium, vitamin D, or iron, in adequate quantities. The increased need for these nutrients makes it necessary to look for food products on the market that more fully cover these needs. Such products may include organic foods. According to research, they have unique properties and are richer in selected nutrients, such as antioxidants. Hence, the aim of this review was to analyze the available literature as to whether organic foods have the potential to more fully cover the increased nutritional requirements of athletes for selected nutrients compared to conventionally produced foods. A narrative review of current literature was carried out. As the analysis showed, organic foods are characterized by a higher content of antioxidant bioactive compounds, a higher content of n-3 fatty acids, a better n:3/n:6 ratio, and a more optimal amino acid composition, which may result in an appropriate dietary ration design for athletes. In conclusion, organic food appears to be an interesting alternative to meet the special nutritional needs of professional and amateur athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Dobrowolski
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Okopowa 59 Str., 01-043 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kopczyńska
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (R.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Renata Kazimierczak
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (R.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Ewa Rembiałkowska
- Department of Functional and Organic Food, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (R.K.); (E.R.)
| | - Dariusz Włodarek
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159c Str., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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Perna S, Doria C, Trezza A, Tucci M, Martini D, Del Bo' C, Bianchi E, Borrelli M, Vinelli V, Leone A, Mambrini S, Bertoli S, Cè E, Battezzati A, Porrini M, Esposito F, Riso P. Effect of acute meal and long-term intake of a Mediterranean Diet providing different amounts of carbohydrates on physical performance and biomarkers in non-professional strength athletes. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39028137 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2024.2379823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The study aims to evaluate the effect of an acute meal and long-term intake of Mediterranean Diet (MD) on different parameters such as strength, physical performance, body composition and blood markers in a group of non-professional athletes who practice a strength activity. Thirteen volunteers completed two 8-week dietary interventions in a randomised, cross-over design. Also an acute study was performed. Subjects received a MD High in carbohydrates, characterised by at least five portions of pasta/week and an average 55-60% of daily energy derived from carbohydrates, versus an MD reduced in carbohydrates, with less than two portions of pasta/week and an average of 40-45% of daily energy provided by carbohydrates. Mainly, data did not show significant differences for the parameters analysed, except for Elbow Flexor maximum voluntary contraction (p = .039). Results enlighten that increasing total carbohydrates intake, as typically in the MD, does not negatively affect physical performance, body composition and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perna
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Christian Doria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Trezza
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tucci
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Martini
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristian Del Bo'
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ellis Bianchi
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Borrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Vinelli
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mambrini
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Raleigh C, Madigan S, Sinnott-O'Connor C, Sale C, Norton C, Carson BP. Prevalence of reducing carbohydrate intake and fasted training in elite endurance athletes and association with bone injury. Eur J Sport Sci 2024. [PMID: 39030803 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
There are conflicting reports both within the lay media and scientific literature regarding the use and benefit of dietary practices that aim to reduce CHO intake in endurance athletes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intentional reduction of CHO intake and fasted training in elite endurance-based athletes using a semi-quantitative questionnaire. Bone is a nutritionally modulated tissue; therefore, this study also aimed to explore if these dietary practices are potentially associated with bone injury incidence. The reported reduction of CHO intake was prevalent (28%) with the primary motivation being maintenance or manipulation of body composition. However, discrepancies in athletes' awareness of CHO intake were identified providing a potential avenue of intervention especially within applied practice. The use of fasted training was more prevalent (38%) with athletes using this practice for both body composition manipulation and promoting a desired adaptive response. Forty-four per cent of participants had suffered a radiographically confirmed bone injury at some point in their career. There was no association between reduction in CHO intake and bone injury incidence; however, the incidence of bone injury was 1.61 times higher in those who currently use fasted training compared to those who have never used it or who have used it in the past. Although a direct causal link between these dietary practices and the incidence of bone injury cannot be drawn, it provides robust justification for future investigations of the potential mechanisms that could explain this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Raleigh
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, Sport Ireland Campus, Abbottstown, Dublin
| | - Sharon Madigan
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, Sport Ireland Campus, Abbottstown, Dublin
| | | | - Craig Sale
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine Norton
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Brian P Carson
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Zare M, Shateri Z, Shakeri M, Nouri M, Zare S, Sarbakhsh P, Eftekhari MH, Gargari BP. The association between diet quality indices and oxidative stress biomarkers in male footballers and healthy active controls. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:195. [PMID: 39010209 PMCID: PMC11251251 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06858-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was the association between the relationship between Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and the urinary levels of F2alpha-isoprostane (F2a-IP) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was investigated as indicators of oxidative stress. RESULTS Based on HEI (low, moderate, and good), the diet quality of both groups was classified as moderate. In all participants, HEI (β=-0.29; P = 0.04) and DQI-I (β=-0.46; P = 0.005) were inversely associated with 8-OHdG. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between HEI (mean β=-3.53; P = 0.04) and DQI-I (mean β=-5.53; P = 0.004) with F2a-IP. The quality of the footballers' diet was higher than that of the control group. Following a high-quality diet, which is rich in antioxidants, is likely to effectively reduce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Zare
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zainab Shateri
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Shakeri
- Endoocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sahar Zare
- Nursing Department, Eghlid Branch, Islamic Azad University, Eghlid, Iran
| | - Parvin Sarbakhsh
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Eftekhari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Goldman DM, Warbeck CB, Karlsen MC. Protein and Leucine Requirements for Maximal Muscular Development and Athletic Performance Are Achieved with Completely Plant-Based Diets Modeled to Meet Energy Needs in Adult Male Rugby Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:186. [PMID: 39058077 PMCID: PMC11281145 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rugby athletes consume large amounts of animal protein in accordance with conventional dietary guidance to increase muscle mass and strength. This misaligns with national dietary guidelines, which suggest limiting meat consumption for chronic disease prevention. The ability of completely plant-based diets to satisfy the nutritional needs of rugby players has not been explored. This study scaled nutrient data from a large population consuming completely plant-based diets with limited supplemental protein to meet the calorie requirements of adult male rugby athletes to assess whether protein and leucine recommendations for muscular development and athletic performance would be achieved. Calorie requirements were estimated from research that employed the doubly labeled water method, and dietary data from the Adventist Health Study-2 were scaled to this level. The modeled protein level was 1.68 g/kg/day, which meets recommendations for maximal gains in muscle mass, strength, and athletic performance. The modeled leucine level was 2.9 g/meal for four daily meals, which exceeds the threshold proposed to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis in young men. These results indicate that consuming large portions of completely plant-based meals can satisfy protein and leucine requirements for maximal muscular development and athletic performance in adult male rugby athletes while aligning with public health recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Goldman
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Research and Development, Metabite Inc., New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Cassandra B. Warbeck
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Micaela C. Karlsen
- Department of Research, American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, MO 63006, USA;
- Departments of Applied Nutrition and Global Public Health, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
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10
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Li G, Li Z, Liu J. Amino acids regulating skeletal muscle metabolism: mechanisms of action, physical training dosage recommendations and adverse effects. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:41. [PMID: 38956658 PMCID: PMC11220999 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining skeletal muscle mass is important for improving muscle strength and function. Hence, maximizing lean body mass (LBM) is the primary goal for both elite athletes and fitness enthusiasts. The use of amino acids as dietary supplements is widespread among athletes and physically active individuals. Extensive literature analysis reveals that branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), creatine, glutamine and β-alanine may be beneficial in regulating skeletal muscle metabolism, enhancing LBM and mitigating exercise-induced muscle damage. This review details the mechanisms of these amino acids, offering insights into their efficacy as supplements. Recommended dosage and potential side effects are then outlined to aid athletes in making informed choices and safeguard their health. Lastly, limitations within the current literature are addressed, highlighting opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Li
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal university, No. 5268, Renmin Street, Changchun city, Jilin province, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Li
- Gaomi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gaomi city, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi Liu
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal university, No. 5268, Renmin Street, Changchun city, Jilin province, 130024, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Ørtenblad N, Zachariassen M, Nielsen J, Gejl KD. Substrate utilization and durability during prolonged intermittent exercise in elite road cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2193-2205. [PMID: 38441690 PMCID: PMC11199313 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of prolonged intermittent cycling exercise on peak power output (PPO) and 6-min time-trial (6 min-TT) performance in elite and professional road cyclists. Moreover, the study aimed to determine whether changes in performance in the fatigued state could be predicted from substrate utilization during exercise and laboratory measures obtained in a fresh state. METHODS Twelve cyclists (age: 23 years [21;25]; body mass: 71.5 kg [66.7;76.8]; height: 181 cm [178;185]; V ˙ O2peak: 73.6 ml kg-1 min-1 [71.2;76.0]) completed a graded submaximal cycling test to determine lactate threshold (LT1), gross efficiency (GE), and maximal fat oxidation (MFO) as well as power output during a maximal 6 min-TT (MPO6 min) in a fresh condition. On a separate day, the cyclists completed a 4-h intermittent cycling protocol with a high CHO intake (100 g h-1). Substrate utilization and PPO was measured hourly during the protocol, which was followed by another 6 min-TT. RESULTS MPO6 min and PPO was reduced by 10% [4;15] and 6% [0;6], respectively, after the cycling protocol. These reductions were accompanied by reductions in the anaerobic energy contribution and V ˙ O2peak, whereas the average V ˙ O2 during the 6 min-TT was unchanged. Correlation analyses showed no strong associations between reductions in MPO6 min and PPO and laboratory measures (i.e., LT1, GE, MFO, V ˙ O2peak) obtained in the fresh condition. Additionally, fat oxidation rates during the cycling protocol were not related to changes in neither PPO nor MPO6 min. CONCLUSION PPO and MPO6 min were reduced following prolonged intermittent cycling, but the magnitude of these reductions could not be predicted from laboratory measures obtained in the fresh condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Magnus Zachariassen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kasper Degn Gejl
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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12
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Ayaz A, Zaman W, Radák Z, Gu Y. Green strength: The role of micronutrients in plant-based diets for athletic performance enhancement. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32803. [PMID: 38975163 PMCID: PMC11225853 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the correlation between plant-based diets and athletic performance, with a specific emphasis on the vital aspect of optimizing micronutrients for athletes. In light of the increasing prevalence of plant-based nutrition among athletes due to its perceived advantages in terms of health, ethics, and the environment, this study investigates the ability of these diets to satisfy the demanding nutritional requirements essential for achieving optimal performance and facilitating recovery. The article emphasizes the significance of essential micronutrients such as iron, vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin D, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids and also addressing the challenges with their absorption and bioavailability from plant sources. The review consolidates existing scientific knowledge to propose strategies for improving micronutrient consumption, comparing the effects of supplements against whole foods, and highlighting the significance of enhancing bioavailability. The proposal supports the implementation of personalized meal planning, with the assistance of sports nutritionists or dietitians, and is substantiated by case studies showcasing the success of plant-based athletes. Future research directions examine the long-term effects of plant-based diets on micronutrient status and athletic performance, as well as developing nutritional trends and technology. The review concludes that plant-based diets can meet athletes' nutritional demands and improve peak performance while aligning with personal and ethical values with strategic planning and professional guidance. This study intends to help athletes, coaches, and nutritionists understand plant-based nutrition for enhanced athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ayaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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13
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Singh RG, Guérin-Deremaux L, Lefranc-Millot C, Perreau C, Crowley DC, Lewis ED, Evans M, Moulin M. Efficacy of Pea Protein Supplementation in Combination with a Resistance Training Program on Muscle Performance in a Sedentary Adult Population: A Randomized, Comparator-Controlled, Parallel Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:2017. [PMID: 38999765 PMCID: PMC11243455 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal-sourced whey protein (WPr) is the most popular protein supplement among consumers and has been shown to improve muscle mass and strength. However, due to allergies, dietary restrictions/personal choices, and growing demand, alternative protein sources are warranted. Sedentary adults were randomized to pea protein (PPr) or WPr in combination with a weekly resistance training program for 84 days. Changes in whole-body muscle strength (WBMS) including handgrip, lower body, and upper body strength, body composition, and product perception were assessed. The safety outcomes included adverse events, vital signs, clinical chemistry, and hematology. There were no significant differences in the change in WBMS, muscle mass, or product perception and likability scores between the PPr and WPr groups. The participants supplemented with PPr had a 16.1% improvement in WBMS following 84 days of supplementation (p = 0.01), while those taking WPr had an improvement of 11.1% (p = 0.06). Both study products were safe and well-tolerated in the enrolled population. Eighty-four days of PPr supplementation resulted in improvements in strength and muscle mass comparable to WPr when combined with a resistance training program in a population of healthy sedentary adults. PPr may be considered as a viable alternative to animal-sourced WPr without sacrificing muscular gains and product enjoyment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Malkanthi Evans
- KGK Science Inc., London, ON N6B 3L1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Marc Moulin
- KGK Science Inc., London, ON N6B 3L1, Canada
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14
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Lazić A, Stanković D, Trajković N, Cadenas-Sanchez C. Effects of HIIT Interventions on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Glycemic Parameters in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02059-4. [PMID: 38904921 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) face impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic control, increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a promising exercise modality with potential benefits for both aspects in this population. OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to investigate the effects of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM. The secondary aim was to examine the most effective HIIT protocol for cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in patients with T1DM. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Two major electronic databases (Web of Science and PubMed) were searched up to February 2024. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Randomized and non-randomized trials involving adult patients with T1DM, free of complications and other diseases examining the effects of HIIT (HIIT pre vs. post; HIIT vs. control group or HIIT vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT)) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters were included. RESULTS A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed a significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness following HIIT interventions (pre vs. post) in patients with T1DM (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.16 to 1, p = 0.01). Furthermore, HIIT (pre vs. post) was associated with significant improvements in 24-h mean glucose control (SMD = - 0.44, 95% CI = - 0.81 to - 0.06, p = 0.02), but the results (pre vs. post) failed to identify significant improvements in fasting glucose (SMD = - 0.26, 95% CI = - 0.78 to 0.24, p = 0.3) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values (SMD = - 0.28, 95% CI = - 0.61 to 0.05, p = 0.1). However, in comparison with a control group, HIIT showed significantly favorable effects on HbA1C (SMD = - 0.74, 95% CI = - 1.35 to - 0.14, p = 0.02). Finally, the meta-regression analysis did not find any moderating effect of any HIIT characteristics (i.e., intervention duration, session duration, work time, rest time, number of bouts, and intensity) on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters. CONCLUSION Our systematic review and meta-analysis show that T1DM patients who performed a HIIT intervention significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced their 24-h mean glucose levels, but not their HbA1C and fasting glucose. These findings support the application of HIIT interventions in T1DM patients. However, the guidelines for the most effective protocol remain unclear; hence, future studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lazić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Dušan Stanković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada; CIBEROBN, ISCIII, Granada, Spain.
- Stanford University, Department of Cardiology, Stanford; Veterans Affair Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.
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15
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Goldman DM, Warbeck CB, Karlsen MC. Protein Requirements for Maximal Muscle Mass and Athletic Performance Are Achieved with Completely Plant-Based Diets Scaled to Meet Energy Needs: A Modeling Study in Professional American Football Players. Nutrients 2024; 16:1903. [PMID: 38931258 PMCID: PMC11206900 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
American football players consume large quantities of animal-sourced protein in adherence with traditional recommendations to maximize muscle development and athletic performance. This contrasts with dietary guidelines, which recommend reducing meat intake and increasing consumption of plant-based foods to promote health and reduce the risk of chronic disease. The capacity of completely plant-based diets to meet the nutritional needs of American football players has not been studied. This modeling study scaled dietary data from a large cohort following completely plant-based diets to meet the energy requirements of professional American football players to determine whether protein, leucine, and micronutrient needs for physical performance and health were met. The Cunningham equation was used to estimate calorie requirements. Nutrient intakes from the Adventist Health Study 2 were then scaled to this calorie level. Protein values ranged from 1.6-2.2 g/kg/day and leucine values ranged from 3.8-4.1 g/meal at each of four daily meals, therefore meeting and exceeding levels theorized to maximize muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle protein synthesis, respectively. Plant-based diets scaled to meet the energy needs of professional American football players satisfied protein, leucine, and micronutrient requirements for muscle development and athletic performance. These findings suggest that completely plant-based diets could bridge the gap between dietary recommendations for chronic disease prevention and athletic performance in American football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Goldman
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Research and Development, Metabite Inc., New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Cassandra B. Warbeck
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Micaela C. Karlsen
- Department of Research, American College of Lifestyle Medicine, Chesterfield, MO 63006, USA;
- Departments of Applied Nutrition and Global Public Health, Adjunct Faculty, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
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16
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Valido E, Capossela S, Glisic M, Hertig-Godeschalk A, Bertolo A, Stucki G, Flueck JL, Stoyanov J. Gut microbiome and inflammation among athletes in wheelchair in a crossover randomized pilot trial of probiotic and prebiotic interventions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12838. [PMID: 38834634 PMCID: PMC11150429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Disorders related to gut health are a significant cause of morbidity among athletes in wheelchair. This pilot feasibility trial aims to investigate whether probiotics compared to prebiotics can improve inflammatory status and gut microbiome composition in elite athletes in wheelchair. We conducted a 12-week, randomized, cross-over controlled trial involving 14 elite Swiss athletes in wheelchair. Participants were given a multispecies-multistrain probiotic or prebiotic (oat bran) daily for 4 weeks (Clinical trials.gov NCT04659408 09/12/2020). This was followed by a 4-week washout and then crossed over. Thirty inflammatory markers were assessed using bead-based multiplex immunoassays (LegendPlex) from serum samples. The gut microbiome was characterized via 16S rRNA sequencing of stool DNA samples. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear mixed-effect models (LMM). At baseline, most athletes (10/14) exhibited low levels of inflammation which associated with higher gut microbiome alpha diversity indices compared to those with high inflammation levels. The use of probiotic had higher decrease in 25 (83%) inflammatory markers measured compared to prebiotic use. Probiotic has the potential in lowering inflammation status and improving the gut microbiome diversity. The future trial should focus on having sufficient sample sizes, population with higher inflammation status, longer intervention exposure and use of differential abundance analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra Valido
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland.
| | | | - Marija Glisic
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessandro Bertolo
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Bern, Bern Inselspital, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerold Stucki
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, 6003, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Joelle Leonie Flueck
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Jivko Stoyanov
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207, Nottwil, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Nath S, Bhattacharya S, Golla VB, Kumar R. Effect of Social Media on Diet, Lifestyle, and Performance of Athletes: A Review of Current Evidence. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:240-250. [PMID: 38460051 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Social media (SM) plays an important role in providing diet and health advice to athletes, but it also carries with it a risk of credibility in the information sought for and received. The objective of this review is to assess the knowledge gap on how SM influences dietary and lifestyle practices in athletes. RECENT FINDINGS For this, relevant literature was searched in three leading databases with appropriate keywords, which were subjected to proper scrutiny that led to inclusion of 22 articles (original research papers, reviews, viewpoints, and commentaries). The current era of digitalization has seen an over-reliance on internet and SM for nutrition and lifestyle advice for an athlete. SM has become a powerful tool in athlete's choice of food, nutrition information, healthy living, and performance, with merits and demerits. Their role in choosing dietary supplements and particular food types (e.g., ketogenic diet), body image, self-esteem and eating disorders, and in lifestyle and performance are discussed. SM should be used with caution and should not be used alone as a source of information for nutrition related pieces of advise by athletes. Any food type and supplements trending in SM should be discussed with a sports nutritionist before consumption. SM influencers having a big follower base may not always be disseminating the right knowledge on food and nutrition, thus caution should be exercised. For optimal benefit to the athlete, SM information should be in alignment with recommendations provided by sports nutrition and coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Nath
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, 814152, Jharkhand, India.
| | | | - Vani Bhushanam Golla
- Department of Sports Nutrition, National Center for Sports, Science and Research, Sports Authority of India, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India
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18
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King A, Kwan K, Jukic I, Zinn C, Helms E. Fueling for and recovering from resistance training: The periworkout nutrition practices of competitive powerlifters. Nutrition 2024; 122:112389. [PMID: 38428220 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nutrient timing is a concept that emphasizes the intentional ingestion of whole or fortified foods, and dietary supplements, to adequately fuel for, and recover from, acute and chronic exercise. The nutrition strategies used by powerlifters around training sessions have not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. This study explored the self-reported periworkout (before, during, and after) nutrition practices of competitive powerlifters, including what, why, and information source that informed practice, with comparison to current sport nutrition guidelines. METHODS Actively competing male (n = 240) and female (n = 65) powerlifters completed a cross-sectional online survey of self-reported periworkout nutrition practices in the pre-, intra-, and postexercise periods, fasted training, and supplementation. Data are presented as the number (n) and percentage (%) of all powerlifters practicing a given strategy followed by a % of responses reporting various practices or beliefs within this strategy. Categorical subgroups (sex, age, and weight class; and competitive caliber) were analyzed with a chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and denoted where significant (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Most powerlifters reported paying specific attention to nutrition practices in the pre-exercise period (n = 261; 85.6%) by ingesting more carbohydrate (CHO) rich foods (n = 234; 89.6%) for the purpose of assisting in training performance (n = 222; 85.1%). Most powerlifters reported intraexercise nutrition strategies (n = 211; 69.2%), of which most included ingesting more CHO rich foods (n = 159; 74.5%) for the purpose of feeling less hungry and/or boosting energy levels during training (n = 129; 61.1%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to postexercise nutrition (n = 244; 80%), by ingesting more protein rich foods (n = 182; 74.6%) for the purpose of recovering better for the whole day (n = 152; 62.3%) and enhancing the benefits of training (n = 149; 61.1%). Most powerlifters did not complete training sessions in the fasted state (n = 262; 85.9%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to supplementation before training (n = 237; 77.7%), of which preworkout formulas (n = 137; 57.8%), energy drinks (n = 101; 42.6%), creatine (n = 88; 37.1%), and caffeine pills (n = 70; 29.5%) were most reported. Supplementation was used to assist in training performance (n = 197; 83.1%) and increase wakefulness/alertness (n = 183; 77.2%). Males reported more often than females that they informed multiple elements of their nutrition practices with the information they read or watched somewhere (P = 0.002-0.012). CONCLUSION The periworkout nutrition practices used by competitive powerlifters followed current sport nutrition guidelines, by using CHO sources to fuel for training and ensuring the provision of protein postexercise. Competitive powerlifters may wish to exert caution with supplementation, as there is a risk of harm or inadvertent doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew King
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Kedric Kwan
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Caryn Zinn
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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19
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Zamboni F, Ferrari P, Cazzoletti L, Setti A, Bertoldo F, Dalle Carbonare LG, Danese E, Tardivo S, Crisafulli E, Ferrari M. Bone Mineral Density in Mountain, Road Cyclists and Untrained Controls: Exercise, Diet and Hormones. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:423-430. [PMID: 37540285 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2242417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine (LSBMD) and the femoral neck (FBMD) in male road cyclists (RC n = 39), mountain cyclists (MC n = 30) and controls (C n = 27) and to determine the factors associated with BMD in the same group of participants. Methods: BMD, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured using DXA. Calcium intake (Cal), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and energy availability (EA) were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Samples for circulating hormones were also obtained. VO2max was estimated by a cycloergometric test. Results: After adjustment for body mass, in cyclists LSBMD (RC 0.98 ± 0.12; MC 0.98 ± 0.10 g/cm2) was significantly lower than in C (1.11 ± 0.10; p < .001), while FBMD resulted in no significant difference in cyclists compared to C (p = 0.213). EA (kcal/FFM/day) was different in cyclists and in C (p < .05). In C, EEE and EA were positively associated with LSBMD (R = 0.561, R = 0.656, respectively, p < .01), whereas only EA was associated with FBMD (R = 0.554, p < .05); a positive association between EA and FBMD was found in MC (R = 0.464, p < .05). A negative relationship between VO2max and LSBMD in RC (R = -0.418, p < .05) and a positive one between EEE and LSBMD in MC were found (R = 0.605, p < .001). CaI, free testosterone and cortisol were unrelated to BMD. Conclusion: Both the RC and MC had lower LSBMD than C, whereas no difference was found between the two groups of cyclists. The factors associated with BMD are manifold, vary in relation to the measurement site and are likely different in RC, MC and C.
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20
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Safa G, Hemmatinafar M, Nemati J, Imanian B, Suzuki K. Effect of Off-Season Iron Supplementation on Aerobic Capacity of Female Handball Player: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:103767. [PMID: 38868615 PMCID: PMC11167267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.103767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Iron supplementation, especially in female athletes, is 1 of the influential factors in aerobic capacity, and its deficiency can lead to significant problems related to reduced aerobic capacity. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of 3 wk of iron supplementation on the aerobic capacity of female handball players. Methods In this randomized, double-blinded, and placebo control trial, 14 elite handball players (age: 21.6 ± 5.68 y; height: 169.5 ± 4.9 cm; weight: 62.2 ± 9.25 kg; body mass index (in kg/m2): 21.5 ± 2.9) randomly divided into 2 supplement groups (receiving a 100 mg/d of poly-maltose tri hydroxide iron complex in the form of tablets) and the placebo group (receiving a tablet containing 100 mg/d starch which is the same color and shape as iron tablets). The supplementation protocol was performed for 3 wk during the off-season. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), amounts of carbon dioxide at the first ventilatory threshold, amounts of carbon dioxide at the second ventilatory threshold, time to exhaustion (TTE), pulmonary ventilation (VE), ventilatory equivalents for oxygen, amounts of oxygen at the first ventilatory threshold, amounts of oxygen at the second ventilatory threshold, time to reach first ventilatory threshold, end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen at the first ventilatory threshold, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the first ventilatory threshold and ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide were measured using the Bruce test and gas analyzer in 2 pretest and posttest stages. Results There were significant improvements in oxygen at the first ventilatory threshold, time to reach first ventilatory threshold, and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the first ventilatory threshold and a significant decrease in end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen at the first ventilatory threshold (P < 0.05). Also, no significant changes were found in VO2max, carbon dioxide at the first ventilatory threshold, carbon dioxide at the second ventilatory threshold, oxygen at the second ventilatory threshold, TTE, VE, ventilatory equivalents for oxygen, and ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide after 3 wk of iron supplementation (P > 0.05). Conclusions The study found that 3 wk of off-season iron supplementation positively impacted female handball players' aerobic capacity; however, it did not significantly improve their VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Safa
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hemmatinafar
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Nemati
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Babak Imanian
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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21
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Santangelo C, Verratti V, Mrakic-Sposta S, Ciampini F, Bonan S, Pignatelli P, Pietrangelo T, Pilato S, Moffa S, Fontana A, Piccinelli R, Donne CL, Lobefalo L, Beccatelli M, Rizzini PL, Seletti D, Mecca R, Beccatelli T, Bondi D. Nutritional physiology and body composition changes during a rapid ascent to high altitude. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:723-737. [PMID: 38320257 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to high altitude might cause the body to adapt with negative energy and fluid balance that compromise body composition and physical performance. In this field study involving 12 healthy adults, sex-balanced, and aged 29 ± 4 years with a body mass index of 21.6 ± 1.8 kg/m2, we investigated the effects of a 4-day trekking up to 4556 m a.s.l. on Monte Rosa (Alps, Italy). The food intake was recorded using food diaries and nutrient averages were calculated. The bio-impedance analysis was performed at low and high altitudes, and a wearable biosensor (Swemax) was used to track hydro-saline losses in two participants. Daily total energy intake was 3348 ± 386 kcal for males and 2804 ± 415 kcal for females (13%-14% protein, 35% fat, 44%-46% carbohydrates). Although there was a significant body weight loss (65.0 ± 9.3 vs. 64.2 ± 9.10 kg, p < 0.001, d = 1.398), no significant changes in body composition parameter were found but a trend in the increase of the bioelectrical phase angle in males (p = 0.059, d = -0.991). Body water percentage significantly changed (p = 0.026, η2 p = 0.440), but the absolute water did not, suggesting that the weight loss was not due to water loss. Salivary and urinary osmolality did not change. A reduction in sweat rate at higher altitudes was observed in both participants. Interestingly, salivary leptin increased (p = 0.014, η2 p = 0.510), and salivary ghrelin decreased (p = 0.036, η2 p = 0.403). Therefore, the 4-day trekking at altitude of hypoxia exposure induced changes in satiety and appetite hormones. High altitude expeditions require more specific nutritional guidance, and using multiplex analysis could help in monitoring fluid balance and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Santangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vittore Verratti
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (ICF-CNR), Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Ciampini
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sofia Bonan
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pamela Pignatelli
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Serena Pilato
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Samanta Moffa
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Raffaela Piccinelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Roma, Italy
| | - Cinzia Le Donne
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Roma, Italy
| | - Lucio Lobefalo
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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22
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Wardenaar FC, Mohr AE, Ortega-Santos CP, Nyakayiru J, Kersch-Counet C, Chan Y, Clear AM, Kurka J, Schott KD, Seltzer RGN. Explorative Characterization of GI Complaints, General Physical and Mental Wellbeing, and Gut Microbiota in Trained Recreative and Competitive Athletes with or without Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms. Nutrients 2024; 16:1712. [PMID: 38892645 PMCID: PMC11174857 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The current state of the literature lacks a clear characterization of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, gut microbiota composition, and general physical and mental wellbeing in well-trained athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize differences in self-reported symptoms, gut microbiota composition, and wellbeing (i.e., sleep quality, mood, and physical (PHQ) and mental wellbeing) between athletes with and without GI symptoms. In addition, we assessed the potential impact of a 3-week multi-ingredient fermented whey supplement in the GI complaints group, without a control group, on the gut microbiota and self-reported GI symptoms and wellbeing. A total of 50 athletes (24.7 ± 4.5 years) with GI issues (GI group at baseline, GI-B) and 21 athletes (25.4 ± 5.3 years) without GI issues (non-GI group, NGI) were included. At baseline, there was a significant difference in the total gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) score (24.1 ± 8.48 vs. 30.3 ± 8.82, p = 0.008) and a trend difference in PHQ (33.9 ± 10.7 vs. 30.3 ± 8.82, p = 0.081), but no differences (p > 0.05) were seen for other outcomes, including gut microbiota metrics, between groups. After 3-week supplementation, the GI group (GI-S) showed increased Bifidobacterium relative abundance (p < 0.05), reported a lower number of severe GI complaints (from 72% to 54%, p < 0.001), and PHQ declined (p = 0.010). In conclusion, well-trained athletes with GI complaints reported more severe GI symptoms than an athletic reference group, without showing clear differences in wellbeing or microbiota composition. Future controlled research should further investigate the impact of such multi-ingredient supplements on GI complaints and the associated changes in gut health-related markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris C. Wardenaar
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (Y.C.); (A.-M.C.); (J.K.); (K.D.S.); (R.G.N.S.)
| | - Alex E. Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (Y.C.); (A.-M.C.); (J.K.); (K.D.S.); (R.G.N.S.)
- Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Carmen P. Ortega-Santos
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Jean Nyakayiru
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (J.N.); (C.K.-C.)
| | | | - Yat Chan
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (Y.C.); (A.-M.C.); (J.K.); (K.D.S.); (R.G.N.S.)
| | - Anna-Marie Clear
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (Y.C.); (A.-M.C.); (J.K.); (K.D.S.); (R.G.N.S.)
| | - Jonathan Kurka
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (Y.C.); (A.-M.C.); (J.K.); (K.D.S.); (R.G.N.S.)
| | - Kinta D. Schott
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (Y.C.); (A.-M.C.); (J.K.); (K.D.S.); (R.G.N.S.)
| | - Ryan G. N. Seltzer
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (Y.C.); (A.-M.C.); (J.K.); (K.D.S.); (R.G.N.S.)
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23
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Matusak M, Aljabban J, Wirtz M, Agni R, Spengler E. Cholestasis Linked to Bodybuilding Supplements: Exploring the Risks of Contamination. Case Reports Hepatol 2024; 2024:5112461. [PMID: 38826497 PMCID: PMC11142851 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5112461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury resulting from herbal and dietary supplement use is increasingly common and underrecognized. We report a case of a 34-year-old male recreational bodybuilder who presented with muscle cramping, fatigue, and diffuse itching in the setting of bodybuilding supplement use. Labs showed cholestatic liver injury, and liver biopsy revealed bland cholestasis and sinusoidal dilation. He was diagnosed with anabolic-androgenic steroid-induced liver injury. He was symptomatically managed with plasmapheresis for debilitating pruritus. This case highlights drug-induced liver injury as a complication of bodybuilding supplement use containing unlabeled anabolic-androgenic steroids. Sports medicine providers should inquire on herbal and dietary supplement use and be aware of potential contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Matusak
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, USA
| | - Jihad Aljabban
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, USA
| | - Mark Wirtz
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, USA
| | - Rashmi Agni
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, USA
| | - Erin Spengler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, USA
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24
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Lak M, Bagheri R, Ghobadi H, Campbell B, Wong A, Shahrbaf A, Shariatzadeh M, Dutheil F. Timing matters? The effects of two different timing of high protein diets on body composition, muscular performance, and biochemical markers in resistance-trained males. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1397090. [PMID: 38846541 PMCID: PMC11156191 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1397090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is unclear whether resistance training in combination with different timing of protein intake might have differential effects on muscle hypertrophy, strength, and performance. Therefore, we compared the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training combined with two different high-protein diet strategies (immediately pre-and after, or 3 h pre and after exercise) in resistance-trained males. Methods Forty resistance-trained males (24 ± 4 years) performed 8 weeks of resistance training combined with 2 g kg-1 d-1 protein. Body composition, muscular performance, and biochemical markers were assessed pre and post-intervention. Results Nine participants (four from 3 h group and five from the immediate group) withdrew from the study. Therefore, 31 participants completed the study. All measures of skeletal muscle mass, Australian pull-up, and muscle strength, significantly increased post-intervention in both groups (p < 0.05). The biochemical marker urea also significantly increased from pre to post in both groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant between-group differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion High-protein diet enhances muscular performance and skeletal muscle mass in resistance-trained males, irrespective of intake time. Consequently, the total daily protein intake appears to be the primary factor in facilitating muscle growth induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghobadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bill Campbell
- Performance and Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Amin Shahrbaf
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fred Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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25
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Vardardottir B, Gudmundsdottir SL, Tryggvadottir EA, Olafsdottir AS. Patterns of energy availability and carbohydrate intake differentiate between adaptable and problematic low energy availability in female athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1390558. [PMID: 38783864 PMCID: PMC11111999 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1390558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Problematic low energy availability (EA) is the underlying culprit of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs), and its consequences have been suggested to be exacerbated when accompanied by low carbohydrate (CHO) intakes. Objectives This study compared dietary intake, nutrition status and occurrence of REDs symptoms in groups of female athletes, displaying different patterns of EA and CHO intake. Methods Female athletes (n = 41, median age 20.4 years) from various sports weighed and recorded their food intake and training for 7 consecutive days via a photo-assisted mobile application. Participants were divided into four groups based on patterns of EA and CHO intakes: sufficient to optimal EA and sufficient to optimal CHO intake (SEA + SCHO), SEA and low CHO intake (SEA + LCHO), low energy availability and SCHO (LEA + SCHO), and LEA and LCHO (LEA + LCHO). SEA patterns were characterised by EA ≥30 and LEA by EA <30 kcal/kg fat free mass, and SCHO patterns characterised by CHO intake ≥3.0 and LCHO <3.0 g/kg body weight for most of the registered days. Body composition was measured with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, resting metabolic rate with indirect calorimetry and serum blood samples were collected for evaluation of nutrition status. Behavioural risk factors and self-reported symptoms of REDs were assessed with the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short (EDE-QS), Exercise Addiction Inventory, and Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory. Results In total, 36.6% were categorised as SEA + SCHO, of which 5/16 were ball sport, 7/10 endurance, 1/7 aesthetic, 2/5 weight-class, and 0/3 weight-class athletes. Of LEA + LCHO athletes (19.5% of all), 50% came from ball sports. Aesthetic and endurance athletes reported the greatest training demands, with weekly training hours higher for aesthetic compared to ball sports (13.1 ± 5.7 vs. 6.7 ± 3.4 h, p = 0.012). Two LEA + LCHO and one SEA + LCHO athlete exceeded the EDE-QS cutoff. LEA + LCHO evaluated their sleep and energy levels as worse, and both LEA groups rated their recovery as worse compared to SEA + SCHO. Conclusion Repeated exposures to LEA and LCHO are associated with a cluster of negative implications in female athletes. In terms of nutrition strategies, sufficient EA and CHO intakes appear to be pivotal in preventing REDs.
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26
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Pai NN, Brown RC, Black KE. Risk of low energy availability and nutrition knowledge among female team sport athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:446-454. [PMID: 38305006 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition knowledge influences adequate dietary intake in athletes. Inadequate dietary intakes can result in low energy availability (LEA) which can lead to relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). To date, there is little information on the relationship between nutrition knowledge and the risk of LEA in female team sport athletes. This study investigates if general and sports nutrition knowledge are associated with the risk of LEA in female team athletes. METHODS A cross-sectional design was used. Female athletes (>16 years) who participate in team sports in New Zealand were asked to complete an online questionnaire. The LEA in Females Questionnaire and the Abridged Sport Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire were included. LEA risk and general/sports nutrition knowledge were assessed. The relationship between LEA risk and knowledge was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis Test of independent variables and χ2 tests. RESULTS Among 100 female athletes, 53% were at-risk for LEA, and 70% (N.=67) had poor nutrition knowledge. Athletes who were "at-risk" for LEA and those who were "not at-risk" for LEA did not differ statistically in terms of age (P=0.350) or BMI (P=0.576). Of those "not at risk" 54% had an A-NSK score between 50 and 60% (i.e., average knowledge), whereas 54% of the athletes who were "at risk" for LEA had poor nutrition knowledge. There was no statistical difference between the groups (P=0.273). CONCLUSIONS The poor nutrition knowledge and the high rates of those "at risk" of LEA among team sports athletes indicates the need for more nutrition education in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namratha N Pai
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Dietetics and Applied Nutrition, Welcomgroup Graduate School of Hotel Administration, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Rachel C Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katherine E Black
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand -
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27
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Šmid AN, Golja P, Hadžić V, Abazović E, Drole K, Paravlic AH. Effects of Oral Iron Supplementation on Blood Iron Status in Athletes: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2024; 54:1231-1247. [PMID: 38407751 PMCID: PMC11127818 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-01992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency in athletes is initially treated with a nutritional intervention. If negative iron balance persists, oral iron supplementation (OIS) can be used. Despite the recent proposal for a refinement of treatment strategies for iron-deficient athletes, there is no general consensus regarding the actual efficiency, dosage, or optimal regimen of OIS. OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate to what extent OIS affects blood iron parameters and physical performance in healthy adult athletes. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane were searched from inception to 2 November 2022. Articles were eligible if they satisfied the following criteria: recruited subjects were healthy, adult and physically active individuals, who used exclusively OIS, irrespective of sex and sports discipline. EXCLUSION CRITERIA simultaneous supplementation with iron and any other micronutrient(s), intravenous iron supplementation or recent exposure to altitude acclimatisation. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed with the PEDro scale, the completeness of intervention reporting with the TIDieR scale, while the GRADE scale was used for quality of evidence synthesis. The present study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO online registry (ID: CRD42022330230). RESULTS From 638 articles identified through the search, 13 studies (n = 449) were included in the quantitative synthesis. When compared to the control group, the results demonstrated that OIS increases serum ferritin (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.27, 95% CI 0.44-2.10, p = 0.006), whereas blood haemoglobin (SMD = 1.31, 95% CI - 0.29 to 2.93, p = 0.099), serum transferrin receptor concentration (SMD = - 0.74, 95% CI - 1.89 to 0.41, p = 0.133), and transferrin saturation (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI - 0.84 to 2.22, p = 0.330) remained unaltered. Following OIS, a trend of small positive effect on VO2max (SMD = 0.49, 95% CI - 0.09 to 1.07, p = 0.086) was observed in young healthy athletes. The quality of evidence for all outcomes ranged from moderate to low. CONCLUSIONS Increase in serum ferritin concentration after OIS was evident in subjects with initial pre-supplementation serum ferritin concentration ≤ 12 µg/l, while only minimal, if any effect, was observed in subjects with higher pre-supplementation serum ferritin concentration. The doses of OIS, that induced a beneficial effect on hematological parameters differed from 16 to 100 mg of elementary iron daily, over the period between 6 and 8 weeks. Shorter supplementation protocols have been shown to be ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Neža Šmid
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Golja
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedran Hadžić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ensar Abazović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Patriotske Lige 41, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Kristina Drole
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Armin H Paravlic
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ulica 22, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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28
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Werner EN, Robinson CA, Kerver JM, Pivarnik JM. Diet quality of NCAA Division I athletes assessed by the Healthy Eating Index. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:1309-1315. [PMID: 35623046 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2076102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing diet quality is an important concept for college athletes. Purpose: To evaluate dietary quality of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes. Methods: Total 94 college athletes (n= 21 male, 73 female) from 19 different varsity teams at a single university completed a 24-hour dietary recall using the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) with higher scores indicating better diet quality (range 0-100). Results: The average HEI score for the total sample was 59.2 ± 16.6 and only nine athletes achieved an HEI score ≥ 80. There were no significant differences in HEI scores between sexes, class, majors, sport played, or those who did or did not report taking previous nutrition coursework. Conclusions: The dietary quality was poor based on US dietary guidelines for the general population, which could have negative effects on health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Werner
- Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Jean M Kerver
- Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - James M Pivarnik
- Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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29
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Hulland SC, Trakman GL, Alcock RD. Adolescent athletes have better general than sports nutrition knowledge and lack awareness of supplement recommendations: a systematic literature review. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1362-1376. [PMID: 38053387 PMCID: PMC10950453 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition knowledge (NK) impacts food choices and may be improved through educational programmes. Identifying knowledge gaps related to NK among adolescent athletes may guide future nutrition education programmes. This review aimed to systematically review the level of NK in adolescent athletes based on the currently available published literature. The protocol for this review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022321765). A literature search was conducted in April 2022 using MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. The study design was not restricted, provided that a quantitative NK score was reported for adolescent athletes. Studies were limited to the English language and published between 2010 and April 2022. Studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Appraisal Checklist. Data extracted included demographics, questionnaire name, number of items, validation status and mean total and subsection NK scores. Meta-analyses were inappropriate due to the heterogeneity of NK assessment tools; therefore, results were presented narratively. Thirty-two studies that assessed NK of 4553 adolescent athletes and 574 comparison participants were included. Critical appraisal of studies resulted in neutral rating 'moderate quality' for most (n 30) studies. Studies lacked justification for sample size and often used inadequately validated questionnaires. NK scores ranged from poor (33·3 %) to excellent (90·6 %). The level of NK across studies is difficult to determine due to heterogenous questionnaires often lacking appropriate validation. NK should be assessed using tools validated in the relevant population or revalidated tools previously used for other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Hulland
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gina L. Trakman
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Essendon Football Club, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebekah D. Alcock
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Pettersson S, Kalén A, Gustafsson M, Grau S, Caspers A. Off- to in-season body composition adaptations in elite male and female endurance and power event athletics competitors: an observational study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:90. [PMID: 38649926 PMCID: PMC11034045 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring elite athletes' body composition (BC) is vital for health and optimizing performance in sports emphasizing leanness, such as athletics. This study aims to investigate and compare sex- and event-specific off-to in-season BC changes in endurance and power event athletics competitors. METHODS Elite male and female endurance athletes (> 800 m runners; n = 21) and power event athletes (sprinters, jumpers; n = 32) underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans for whole and regional lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), and density (BMD) during off-season (September-October) and in-season (April-May). Linear mixed models tested between-group off-season differences in BC, within-group off-season to in-season changes, and between-group differences in change. To assess meaningful or least significant changes (LSC) in BC, DXA precision errors were determined from two consecutive total body scans in a subsample of athletes (n = 30). RESULTS Male athletes (n = 26) gained significantly (p < 0.05) more body mass (BM; mean difference 1.5 [95% confidence interval (CI):0.5-2.4] kg), LM (843 [95% CI:-253:1459] g), and trunk LM (756 [-502:1156] g) than female athletes (n = 27). The proportion of changes in athlete's BC exceeding the LSC threshold for LM and trunk LM were 70% and 65% in males, and 48% and 26% in females. Significant (p < 0.05) within-group off-season to in-season increases in LM were found for male endurance and power athletes, and female power athletes. All groups significantly increased BMD (p < 0.05). Only male and female power athletes had significant in- to-off-season increases in BMC. 80% of all athletes who had a meaningful increase in BMC belonged to the power event group. No significant within- or between group change in FM was observed. CONCLUSIONS The present study found that male athletes gained more BM, LM and trunk LM than females. Within-group increases in regional and whole-body LM and BMC were predominantly found among power event competitors. Incorporating individual meaningful changes alongside traditional statistics provided additional insights into sex and event-group differences. Future research on elite athletic event groups should include DXA measurements closer to major outdoor-season competitions, coupled with site-specific measures (ultrasound, MRI) for better detection of subtle changes in LM and FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pettersson
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Swedish Olympic Committee, Sofiatornet, Olympiastadion, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anton Kalén
- Swedish Olympic Committee, Sofiatornet, Olympiastadion, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gustafsson
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Grau
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Clinic Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Caspers
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Tao Y, Wu W. Research hotspots and trends in the relationship between sport and nutrition: A bibliometric analysis from 2013 to 2023. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37782. [PMID: 38640278 PMCID: PMC11029929 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to summarize the research development and hot points in on the connection between sport and nutrition overall through bibliometric analysis. We collected the publications in the last 10 years (2013-2023) related to between sport and nutrition in the Web of Science database, and applied Citespace to assess the knowledge mapping. The results showed as follows that the number of manuscripts about sport and nutrition totaled 10,016, with a faster increase after 2019. The country, institution, and author with the most publications are the USA, University of California System, Burke, Louise M. In addition, the most co-cited reference is Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2016) (199). Based on a 10-year bibliometric investigation, we know the USA, the University of California System has become one of this discipline's major research forces. Research on sport and nutrition benefits from the best partnerships between industrialized nations and prominent universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Physical Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wu
- Dean of China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Bagherzadeh-Rahmani B, Marzetti E, Karami E, Campbell BI, Fakourian A, Haghighi AH, Mousavi SH, Heinrich KM, Brazzi L, Jung F, Baker JS, Patel DI. Tirzepatide and exercise training in obesity. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024:CH242134. [PMID: 38640145 DOI: 10.3233/ch-242134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of resistance training (RT) combined with aerobic training (AT) and Tirzepatide supplementation on lipid profiles, insulin resistance, anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness in prediabetic obese soldiers. METHODS 61 obese men were randomly divided into six groups: Placebo; Tirzepatide 5 mg (T5); Tirzepatide 2.5 mg (T2.5); Hypertrophy, Strength, Power-Circuit Training+Placebo (Ex+P); Hypertrophy, Strength, Power-Circuit Training+Tirzepatide 5 mg (Ex+T5); Hypertrophy, Strength, Power-Circuit Training+Tirzepatide 2.5 mg (Ex+T2.5). All training groups performed aerobic training (AT) after resistance training. Subjects trained for six weeks, three sessions per week. Before and after the intervention period, the participants were evaluated for anthropometric measures, body composition [body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and fat mass (FM)], cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), and muscle strength (chest press 1RM and leg press 1RM). Blood biochemistry evaluations included triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin level and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). To evaluate the differences between the groups, ANCOVA statistical method was used along with Bonferroni's post hoc test, and the significance level was P < 0.05. RESULTS Body weight, BMI, WC, FM, FBG, LDL-C, TC, TG and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased in Ex+P, Ex+T5 and Ex+T2.5 groups compared to Placebo, T5 and T2.5 groups. WHR significantly decreased in Ex+P, Ex+T5 and Ex+T2.5 groups compared to Placebo group. HDL-C, chest press and leg press significantly increased in Ex+P, Ex+T5 and Ex+T2.5 groups compared to Placebo, T5 and T2.5 groups. VO2max significantly increased and insulin significantly decreased in Ex+P group compared to Placebo, T5 and T2.5 groups. FM, FBG and TG were significantly decreased in both the T2.5 and T5 groups compared to Placebo group. HOMA-IR, LDL-C and TC significantly decreased in the T5 group compared to Placebo group. Also, leg press significantly increased in Ex+P group compared to all other groups. CONCLUSIONS Performing six weeks of combined resistance and aerobic training in the form of RT+AT alone is more effective than the simultaneous use of Tirzepatide on cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and modulating insulin levels. Taking Tirzepatide in doses of 5 mg and 2.5 mg in combination with exercise training did not have a significant advantage over exercise training alone. Finally, taking Tirzepatide in doses of 5 mg or 2.5 mg in combination with exercise training is not significantly superior to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Bagherzadeh-Rahmani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, UniversitÀ Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Esmail Karami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bill I Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ali Fakourian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Haghighi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Seyyed Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Luca Brazzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health; Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Darpan I Patel
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Lomazzi M. Nutrition for European Elite Fencers: A Practical Tool for Coaches and Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:1104. [PMID: 38674795 PMCID: PMC11055078 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to create a comprehensive, innovative, and pragmatic resource to guide elite fencers and coaches in making strategic nutritional choices to enhance performance and facilitate recovery. The literature review identified only 12 articles specifically addressing the topic of nutrition for fencers. Thus, the recommendations provided in this review derive also from articles dealing with similar sports, such as martial arts, and from investigations with European elite fencers and their coaches. For elite fencers, it is suggested to consume daily 7-11 g/kg of body weight (BW) of carbohydrates and 1.5-2 g/kg of BW of proteins and allocate 25% to 30% of the total energy intake to essential fats, with a specific focus on omega-3 fatty acids. The timing of meals, ideally within one hour after exertion, plays a pivotal role in restoring glycogen reserves and preventing injuries. The intake of leucine, creatine, omega-3, collagen, and vitamins C and D is proposed as a strategy for injury recovery. It is worth acknowledging that even when personalized plans are provided, implementation can be challenging, especially during competitions and training camps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lomazzi
- Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Ayaz A, Zaman W, Radák Z, Gu Y. Harmony in Motion: Unraveling the Nexus of Sports, Plant-Based Nutrition, and Antioxidants for Peak Performance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:437. [PMID: 38671884 PMCID: PMC11047508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay between plant-based nutrition, antioxidants, and their impact on athletic performance forms the cornerstone of this comprehensive review. Emphasizing the pivotal importance of dietary choices in the realm of sports, this paper sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of how stress and physical performance are interconnected through the lens of nutrition. The increasing interest among athletes in plant-based diets presents an opportunity with benefits for health, performance, and recovery. It is essential to investigate the connection between sports, plants, and antioxidants. Highlighting the impact of nutrition on recovery and well-being, this review emphasizes how antioxidants can help mitigate oxidative stress. Furthermore, it discusses the growing popularity of plant-based diets among athletes. It elaborates on the importance of antioxidants in combating radicals addressing stress levels while promoting cellular health. By identifying rich foods, it emphasizes the role of a balanced diet in ensuring sufficient intake of these beneficial compounds. Examining stress within the context of sports activities, this review provides insights into its mechanisms and its impact on athletic performance as well as recovery processes. This study explores the impact of plant-based diets on athletes including their types, potential advantages and challenges. It also addresses the drawbacks of relying on plant-based diets, concerns related to antioxidant supplementation and identifies areas where further research is needed. Furthermore, the review suggests directions for research and potential innovations in sports nutrition. Ultimately it brings together the aspects of sports, plant-based nutrition, and antioxidants to provide a perspective for athletes, researchers and practitioners. By consolidating existing knowledge, it offers insights that can pave the way for advancements in the ever-evolving field of sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ayaz
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
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Muntis FR, Crandell JL, Evenson KR, Maahs DM, Seid M, Shaikh SR, Smith-Ryan AE, Mayer-Davis E. Pre-exercise protein intake is associated with reduced time in hypoglycaemia among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1366-1375. [PMID: 38221862 PMCID: PMC10922329 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
AIM Secondary analyses were conducted from a randomized trial of an adaptive behavioural intervention to assess the relationship between protein intake (g and g/kg) consumed within 4 h before moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) bouts and glycaemia during and following MVPA bouts among adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS Adolescents (n = 112) with T1D, 14.5 (13.8, 15.7) years of age and 36.6% overweight/obese, provided measures of glycaemia using continuous glucose monitoring [percentage of time above range (>180 mg/dl), time in range (70-180 mg/dl), time below range (TBR; <70 mg/dl)], self-reported physical activity (previous day physical activity recalls), and 24 h dietary recall data at baseline and 6 months post-intervention. Mixed effects regression models adjusted for design (randomization assignment, study site), demographic, clinical, anthropometric, dietary, physical activity and timing covariates estimated the association between pre-exercise protein intake on percentage of time above range, time in range and TBR during and following MVPA. RESULTS Pre-exercise protein intakes of 10-19.9 g and >20 g were associated with an absolute reduction of -4.41% (p = .04) and -4.83% (p = .02) TBR during physical activity compared with those who did not consume protein before MVPA. Similarly, relative protein intakes of 0.125-0.249 g/kg and ≥0.25 g/kg were associated with -5.38% (p = .01) and -4.32% (p = .03) absolute reductions in TBR during physical activity. We did not observe a significant association between protein intake and measures of glycaemia following bouts of MVPA. CONCLUSIONS Among adolescents with T1D, a dose of ≥10 g or ≥0.125 g/kg of protein within 4 h before MVPA may promote reduced time in hypoglycaemia during, but not following, physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin R Muntis
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie L Crandell
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Maahs
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Seid
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Saame R Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Ponce T, Mainenti MRM, Barros T, Cahuê FLC, Fernanda Martins Dos Santos C, Piazera BKL, Salerno VP, Vaisman M. Biochemical and Hormone Markers in Firefighters: Effects of "Search, Rescue, and Survival Training" and Its Recovery. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e189-e201. [PMID: 38266224 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ponce, T, Mainenti, MRM, de Barros, T, Cahuê, FLC, Fernanda, C, Piazera, BKL, Salerno, VP, and Vaisman, M. Biochemical and hormone markers in firefighters: effects of "search, rescue, and survival training" and its recovery. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): e189-e201, 2024-This study aimed to evaluate the hormonal and biochemical responses in military firefighter cadets to a search, rescue, and survival training (SRST) course. Forty-three male volunteers participated in the SRST over 15 days consisting of intense physical effort, sleep deprivation, and a survival period with food deprivation. At 3 timepoints (baseline, SRST, and 1 week rec), subjects submitted to blood collections, body composition examinations, physical performance evaluations, and cognitive function tests. After the SRST, lower values were registered for testosterone (764.0; 565.1-895.0 to 180.6; 133.6-253.5 ng·dl -1 ) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (217; 180-238 to 116; 102-143 ng·ml -1 ). Increases were observed for cortisol (9.7; 8.2-11.7 to 18.3; 16.5-21,2 μg·dl -1 ), growth hormone (GH) (0.11; 0.06-0.20 to 2.17; 1.4-3.4 ng·ml -1 ), CP, GSSG, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase as well as the antioxidant response of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The values of gamma-glutamyl transferase were reduced. After 1 week of recovery, levels of GH, creatine kinase, GSH, and GSSG returned to baseline values ( p < 0.05). Vertical jump performance presented a regular positive correlation with testosterone (rho = 0.56 and p < 0.0001) and a strong negative correlation with cortisol (rho = -0.61 and p < 0.0001). Body fat showed a regular and positive correlation with both testosterone and IGF-1. We conclude that participation in the SRST caused significant hormonal and biochemical changes in individuals that correlated with a loss in physical performance. Importantly, the results suggest the need for longer recovery times before a return to normal military duties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Ponce
- Department of Physical Education, Dom Pedro II Military Firefighter Academy (ABMDPII), Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, Physical Education and Sports College of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (EEFD/UFRJ), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine-Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (FM-UFRJ), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | | | - Thiago Barros
- Department of Physical Education, Dom Pedro II Military Firefighter Academy (ABMDPII), Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, Physical Education and Sports College of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (EEFD/UFRJ), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luiz Cândido Cahuê
- Department of Biosciences, Physical Education and Sports College of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (EEFD/UFRJ), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camilli Fernanda Martins Dos Santos
- Department of Biosciences, Physical Education and Sports College of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (EEFD/UFRJ), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Karoline Lima Piazera
- Department of Biosciences, Physical Education and Sports College of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (EEFD/UFRJ), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Verônica P Salerno
- Department of Biosciences, Physical Education and Sports College of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (EEFD/UFRJ), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario Vaisman
- Department of Internal Medicine-Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (FM-UFRJ), State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
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Taylor KM, Castellani MP, Bartlett PM, Oliver TE, McClung HL. Development and cross-validation of a circumference-based predictive equation to estimate body fat in an active population. Obes Sci Pract 2024; 10:e747. [PMID: 38646612 PMCID: PMC11026907 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The U.S. Army uses sex-specific circumference-based prediction equations to estimate percent body fat (%BF) to evaluate adherence to body composition standards. The equations are periodically evaluated to ensure that they continue to accurately assess %BF in a diverse population. The objective of this study was to develop and validate alternative field expedient equations that may improve upon the current Army Regulation (AR) body fat (%BF) equations. Methods Body size and composition were evaluated in a representatively sampled cohort of 1904 active-duty Soldiers (1261 Males, 643 Females), using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (%BFDXA), and circumferences obtained with 3D imaging and manual measurements. Sex stratified linear prediction equations for %BF were constructed using internal cross validation with %BFDXA as the criterion measure. Prediction equations were evaluated for accuracy and precision using root mean squared error, bias, and intraclass correlations. Equations were externally validated in a convenient sample of 1073 Soldiers. Results Three new equations were developed using one to three circumference sites. The predictive values of waist, abdomen, hip circumference, weight and height were evaluated. Changing from a 3-site model to a 1-site model had minimal impact on measurements of model accuracy and performance. Male-specific equations demonstrated larger gains in accuracy, whereas female-specific equations resulted in minor improvements in accuracy compared to existing AR equations. Equations performed similarly in the second external validation cohort. Conclusions The equations developed improved upon the current AR equation while demonstrating robust and consistent results within an external population. The 1-site waist circumference-based equation utilized the abdominal measurement, which aligns with associated obesity related health outcomes. This could be used to identify individuals at risk for negative health outcomes for earlier intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Taylor
- Military Performance DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michael P. Castellani
- Military Performance DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - P. Matthew Bartlett
- Military Performance DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
| | - Tyler. E. Oliver
- Military Performance DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and EducationOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Holly L. McClung
- Military Performance DivisionUS Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMassachusettsUSA
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Delfan M, Saeidi A, Supriya R, Escobar KA, Laher I, Heinrich KM, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Zouhal H. Enhancing cardiometabolic health: unveiling the synergistic effects of high-intensity interval training with spirulina supplementation on selected adipokines, insulin resistance, and anthropometric indices in obese males. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:11. [PMID: 38454429 PMCID: PMC10921712 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the combined effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and spirulina supplementation on adipokine levels, insulin resistance, anthropometric indices, and cardiorespiratory fitness in 44 obese males (aged 25-40 years). The participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control (CG), supplement (SG), training (TG), or training plus supplement (TSG). The intervention involved daily administration of either spirulina or a placebo and HIIT three times a week for the training groups. Anthropometric indices, HOMA-IR, VO2peak, and circulating adipokines (asprosin and lipocalin2, omentin-1, irisin, and spexin) were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. Post-intervention analysis indicated differences between the CG and the three interventional groups for body weight, fat-free mass (FFM), percent body fat (%BF), HOMA-IR, and adipokine levels (p < 0.05). TG and SG participants had increased VO2peak (p < 0.05). Spirulina supplementation with HIIT increased VO2peak, omentin-1, irisin, and spexin, while causing decreases in lipocalin-2 and asprosin levels and improvements in body composition (weight, %fat), BMI, and HOMA-IR. Notably, the combination of spirulina and HIIT produced more significant changes in circulating adipokines and cardiometabolic health in obese males compared to either supplementation or HIIT alone (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the synergistic benefits of combining spirulina supplementation with HIIT, showcasing their potential in improving various health parameters and addressing obesity-related concerns in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Delfan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Rashmi Supriya
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, SPEH, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kurt A Escobar
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, St. Gallen, 9001, Switzerland.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Rennes, Santé, EA 1274, F-35000, France.
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer, 35850, France.
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Liakou CA, Fatouros IG, Poulios A, Tsatalas T, Karampina E, Karanika P, Kaloudi D, Rosvoglou A, Tsimeas P, Kamperi A, Syrou N, Gatsas A, Papanikolaou K, Draganidis D, Tsaklis P, Giakas G, Jamurtas AZ, Deli CK. Recovery kinetics following sprint training: resisted versus unresisted sprints. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:881-896. [PMID: 37776346 PMCID: PMC10879260 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the recovery kinetics of performance and exercise-induced muscle damage following different sprint-training protocols. METHODS In a crossover design, ten male and female athletes (20.6 ± 2.4 years) performed 2 × (3 × 20 m: 2 min rest) and 1× (3 × 30 m: 3 min rest) of: (a) unresisted sprints (UST), (b) resisted sprints with 10% of body mass (BM) load (RST10), (c) resisted sprints with 20% BM load (RST20), against a control trial (no-training). RESULTS Blood lactate (mmol/L) increased post-training versus pre-training in all sprint-training trials (6.7 ± 2.4 vs 1.2 ± 0.2, 5.6 ± 2.4 vs 1.3 ± 0.3, 7.3 ± 2.7 vs 1.2 ± 0.3, in UST, RST10, RST20, respectively), as did creatine kinase (U/L) 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-training (UST: 251 ± 173, 238 ± 154, 209 ± 115 vs 155 ± 9, RST10: 252 ± 134, 240 ± 83, 218 ± 103 vs 164 ± 106; RST20: 237 ± 133, 323 ± 303, 262 ± 184 vs 179 ± 106, respectively). DOMS of knee-extensors (KE) and knee-flexors (KF) increased post-training up to 72 h in all sprint-training trials versus pre-training (ranging from 1.6 ± 1.3 to 3.8 ± 2.8 vs 1.0 ± 0, respectively). Eccentric torque (N m) of the KE of the non-dominant limb, decreased 24 h post-training versus pre-training in all sprint-training trials (UST: 249 ± 49 vs 266 ± 54; RST10: 229 ± 52 vs 273 ± 72; RST20: 253 ± 6 vs 262 ± 56), as did that of the KF of the dominant limb (UST: 135 ± 29 vs 144 ± 26; RST10: 130 ± 29 vs 140 ± 25; RST20: 139 ± 33 vs 142 ± 26). 10-m sprint-time (s) increased 48 h post-training versus pre-training (1.81 ± 0.15 vs 1.77 ± 0.11), and 30-m sprint-time increased 24 h, 48 h, 72 h post-training versus pre-training (4.35 ± 0.36, 4.40 ± 0.44, 4.33 ± 0.41 vs 4.21 ± 0.34, respectively), only in RST20. CONCLUSIONS Unresisted and resisted sprint-training induces prolonged reduction of muscle strength (24 h), and sprinting performance (72 h), associated with prolonged increase of DOMS and CK (72 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Liakou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulios
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Themistoklis Tsatalas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Evangeli Karampina
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Panagiota Karanika
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Despoina Kaloudi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Anastasia Rosvoglou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsimeas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Anna Kamperi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Niki Syrou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Gatsas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papanikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Draganidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsaklis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Giannis Giakas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Chariklia K Deli
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100, Trikala, Greece.
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Lee YS, Lee DR, Lee HR, Sung JY. Nutritional knowledge, eating habits, factors affecting muscle damage, and antioxidant enzyme levels of Korean wrestlers. Phys Act Nutr 2024; 28:52-58. [PMID: 38719467 PMCID: PMC11079375 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2024.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim in this study was to investigate the diet and nutritional knowledge of elite Korean wrestlers and verify the differences in their exercise performance , muscle damage indicators, and antioxidant enzyme levels according to wrestler level. METHODS A 7-day dietary and nutrition knowledge survey was administered to 30 adult male elite wrestlers (national team: n=11; professional team: n=19). The Wingate test was conducted for 60 seconds to analyze muscle damage indicators and antioxidant levels. Blood and blood lactate concentration analyses were performed four times; the statistical significance level of all data was p<0.05. RESULTS Significant differences were found in general nutrition knowledge questionnaire (GNKQ) scores (p=0.043), diet (p=0.001), anaerobic performance (p=0.001), muscle damage indicators (p=0.026), antioxidant levels, and blood lactic acid concentrations (30 min after exercise, p=0.007; 90 min after exercise, p=0.038) between the national and the professional groups. CONCLUSION To the findings confirm the relationship between the differences in diet, nutrition, and motor function for wrestlers of different expertise levels. In a follow-up, a comprehensive study on nutrition knowledge, athlete training , and weight loss is needed that considers a wider scope of subjects and analyzes additional variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Seok Lee
- Gyeonggu Middle School, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ryul Lee
- Korea Coach Association for Strength & Conditioning, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Rok Lee
- Korea Coach Association for Strength & Conditioning, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Sung
- Institute of Human Convergence Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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41
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Siddiqui SA, Bhowmik S, Afreen M, Ucak İ, Ikram A, Gerini F, Mehdizadeh M, Ayivi RD, Castro-Muñoz R. Bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers' behavior towards rabbit, beef, chicken, turkey, and lamb meat: A comparative review. Nutrition 2024; 119:112305. [PMID: 38199031 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In bodybuilders' diets, protein plays a crucial role in supporting muscle growth and repairing damaged muscle tissue. These individuals meet their protein needs by combining dietary sources with supplements. Animal-based proteins are often preferred over plant-based proteins because they are believed to better support muscle protein synthesis. This review explores the meat consumption patterns of bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers, focusing on rabbit, beef, chicken, turkey, and lamb. We describe and compare the types of meat bodybuilders commonly consume and provide an overview of protein supplements, including meat-based options, plant-based alternatives, and whey-based products. Our aim is to gain insight into the dietary preferences of bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers, considering their nutritional requirements and the potential effect on the meat industry. We conducted an extensive search across various databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. We found that individual choices vary based on factors such as attitudes, trust, taste, texture, nutritional content, ethical considerations, and cultural influences. Nutritional factors, including protein content, amino acid profiles, and fat levels, significantly influence the preferences of bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers. However, it is crucial to maintain a balance by incorporating other essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals to ensure a complete and balanced diet. The findings from this review can inform strategies and product development initiatives tailored to the needs of bodybuilders and discerning meat enthusiasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Biotechnology and Sustainability, Straubing, Germany; German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Maliha Afreen
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Animal Production and Technologies Department, Niğde, Turkey
| | - İlknur Ucak
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Animal Production and Technologies Department, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Ali Ikram
- University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Francesca Gerini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohammad Mehdizadeh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Raphael D Ayivi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA; Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, 80 - 233, Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland.
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González-Lamuño D, Morencos C, Arrieta FJ, Venegas E, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA, Couce ML, Aldámiz-Echevarría L. Supplementation for Performance and Health in Patients with Phenylketonuria: An Exercise-Based Approach to Improving Dietary Adherence. Nutrients 2024; 16:639. [PMID: 38474766 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Supplementation is crucial for improving performance and health in phenylketonuria (PKU) patients, who face dietary challenges. Proteins are vital for athletes, supporting muscle growth, minimizing catabolism, and aiding muscle repair and glycogen replenishment post-exercise. However, PKU individuals must limit phenylalanine (Phe) intake, requiring supplementation with Phe-free amino acids or glycomacropeptides. Tailored to meet nutritional needs, these substitutes lack Phe but fulfill protein requirements. Due to limited supplement availability, athletes with PKU may need higher protein intake. Various factors affect tolerated Phe levels, including supplement quantity and age. Adhering to supplement regimens optimizes performance and addresses PKU challenges. Strategically-timed protein substitutes can safely enhance muscle synthesis and sports performance. Individualized intake is essential for optimal outcomes, recognizing proteins' multifaceted role. Here, we explore protein substitute supplementation in PKU patients within the context of physical activity, considering limited evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo González-Lamuño
- University Hospital "Marqués de Valdecilla", Universidad de Cantabria and Research Institute Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39008 Santander, Spain
- Exercise and Health in Special Population Spanish Research Net (EXERNET), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Asociación Española para el Estudio de los Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo (AECOM)-AECOM&Sociedad, 28221 Majadahonda, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Arrieta
- Asociación Española para el Estudio de los Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo (AECOM)-AECOM&Sociedad, 28221 Majadahonda, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas
- Asociación Española para el Estudio de los Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo (AECOM)-AECOM&Sociedad, 28221 Majadahonda, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- Exercise and Health in Special Population Spanish Research Net (EXERNET), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- EXER-GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, FCSD, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001 Huesca, Spain
| | - José Antonio Casajús
- Exercise and Health in Special Population Spanish Research Net (EXERNET), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- EXER-GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, FCSD, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001 Huesca, Spain
| | - Maria Luz Couce
- Asociación Española para el Estudio de los Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo (AECOM)-AECOM&Sociedad, 28221 Majadahonda, Spain
- Unit for Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Disorders, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luís Aldámiz-Echevarría
- Asociación Española para el Estudio de los Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo (AECOM)-AECOM&Sociedad, 28221 Majadahonda, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Pires FO, Pinheiro FA, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Veras K, de Matos ECT, Rodacki ALF, Ugrinowitsch C. Carbohydrate mouth rinse failed to reduce central fatigue, lower perceived exertion, and improve performance during incremental exercise. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1329074. [PMID: 38445204 PMCID: PMC10912157 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1329074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined if carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse may reduce central fatigue and perceived exertion, thus improving maximal incremental test (MIT) performance. Nine recreational cyclists warmed up for 6 min before rinsing a carbohydrate (CHO) or placebo (PLA) solution in their mouth for 10 s in a double-blind, counterbalanced manner. Thereafter, they performed the MIT (25 W·min-1 increases until exhaustion) while cardiopulmonary and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) responses were obtained. Pre- to post-MIT alterations in voluntary activation (VA) and peak twitch torque (Tw) were determined. Time-to-exhaustion (p = 0.24), peak power output (PPO; p = 0.45), and V̇O2MAX (p = 0.60) were comparable between conditions. Neither treatment main effect nor time-treatment interaction effect were observed in the first and second ventilatory threshold when expressed as absolute or relative V̇O2 (p = 0.78 and p = 0.96, respectively) and power output (p = 0.28 and p = 0.45, respectively) values, although with moderate-to-large effect sizes. RPE increased similarly throughout the tests and was comparable at the ventilatory thresholds (p = 0.56). Despite the time main effect revealing an MIT-induced central and peripheral fatigue as indicated by the reduced VA and Tw, CHO mouth rinse was ineffective in attenuating both fatigues. Hence, rinsing the mouth with CHO was ineffective in reducing central fatigue, lowering RPE, and improving MIT performance expressed as PPO and time-to-exhaustion. However, moderate-to-large effect sizes in power output values at VT1 and VT2 may suggest some beneficial CHO mouth rinse effects on these MIT outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio O. Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano A. Pinheiro
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katherine Veras
- Department of Nutrition, University of Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - André L. F. Rodacki
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, United States
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Białek-Dratwa A, Krzywak Z, Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Velecký J, Cirocki A, Grajek M, Kowalski O. Comparison of Nutrition among Female Floorball Players of Extra-Class Teams from Poland and the Czech Republic during the Preparation Period for the League Season. Nutrients 2024; 16:544. [PMID: 38398869 PMCID: PMC10893303 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the frequency of food intake and to compare the consumption of female extramural players training floorball in Poland and the Czech Republic during the preparation period for the league season. In total, 43 players training floorball in senior clubs participated in the study, including 21 from the Polish and 22 from the Czech clubs. The research tool was based on the standardised questionnaire for the Examination of Eating Behaviours and Opinions on Food and Nutrition (QEB). The study also analysed body composition using the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) method, and the research tool was a TANITA MC-780 S MA body composition analyser (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The Polish women's floorball players had lower results in body fat percentage (FM) and muscle mass (MM) than the Czech team. The mean FM in the players of the Polish team was 18.6% ± 5.4, and the mean MM was 45.8 kg ± 4.2. In the Czech team players, these figures were 19.8% ± 5.4 and 47.8 kg ± 4.2. Despite the similar value of mean BMI in both teams, the highest BMI in the case of female athletes from Poland (17.7), indicating underweight, and the highest BMI in female athletes from the Czech Republic (26.9), indicating overweight, were significant. The study showed differences in both body composition analysis and dietary patterns of the Czech and Polish players. The Czech women's floorball players had a higher muscle mass and body fat percentage than Polish floorball players. Furthermore, differences in diet were observed among the players of the Czech team compared to the players of the Polish team. The Czech women's floorball players consumed a slightly higher amount of healthier products, such as whole-grain products. The Polish players took in more meat, processed products and fruit juices. This study is one of the first to assess the nutrition of those involved in floorball. There is a need for further research that focuses on the specifics of the discipline, the exercise capacity of the players and points during the season that require nutritional support. This knowledge would help develop effective nutritional strategies and plan and implement appropriate nutrition education for this group of athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Zuzanna Krzywak
- SUS Travel Jedynka Trzebiatów, ul.Kamieniecka 16, 72-320 Trzebiatów, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jiří Velecký
- 1. SC Tempish Vitkovice (Ostrava), 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Artur Cirocki
- SUS Travel Jedynka Trzebiatów, ul.Kamieniecka 16, 72-320 Trzebiatów, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grajek
- Department of Public Health, Department of Public Health Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Oskar Kowalski
- Department of Human Nutrition, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
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45
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Scanlon S, Norton C. Investigating Nutrition and Hydration Knowledge and Practice among a Cohort of Age-Grade Rugby Union Players. Nutrients 2024; 16:533. [PMID: 38398857 PMCID: PMC10891571 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimal athletic performance relies on meeting specific nutritional requirements, encompassing adequate calorie intake, macronutrient intake, and hydration. Misinformation or misconceptions about these necessities are prevalent among young athletes. This study investigated nutrition and hydration knowledge and practices among 28 male rugby union players aged 16 to 17, participating in Munster Rugby's 2023 Summer Age-Grade Development Programme, specifically the U18's Schools Squad. The Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire assessed nutrition knowledge, while the Hydration Assessment Questionnaire evaluated hydration knowledge. Urinalysis for hydration status utilised urine specific gravity measurements pre-exercise on five separate days (1.018 ± 0.008 Usg). Dietary intake was recorded using a 3-day estimated food intake record on the Libro App, analysed with Nutritics software(Version 9.50). Suboptimal nutrition knowledge (49.6 ± 8.2%) and dietary practices were observed, with incongruent nutrient intakes compared to recommendations for adolescent athletes. While superior hydration knowledge (79.0 (77.3, 83.6) %) was evident, pre-exercise urine specific gravity readings indicated significant variation (p < 0.001) and signs of dehydration (USG > 1.020 Usg). No statistically significant correlations were found between knowledge and practices. The study highlights suboptimal nutrition and hydration knowledge and practices in youth athletes, suggesting the need for tailored support and educational interventions to enhance their overall health and performance. Further investigation into barriers and facilitators to dietary adherence is recommended for more effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Scanlon
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Catherine Norton
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Sport & Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Inaba H, Hoshino F, Edama M, Omori G. Snack and Nutrient Intake Status of Top-Level Female University Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:468. [PMID: 38391843 PMCID: PMC10888294 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ensuring proper energy, nutrient intake, and sleep is vital for athlete health and competitiveness. Despite previous studies investigating the nutrient intake among top-level collegiate female athletes in Japan, the status of snack consumption remains unclear. This study addressed this gap by surveying 70 top-level female university athletes. The survey included a self-administered diet history questionnaire, a qualitative food intake frequency survey, and a survey on snack and dietary supplement use. The results revealed a low frequency of snack intake (2.1 ± 2.3 days/week), with 55.7% of athletes reporting snack consumption. The energy intake in the snack-intake group was significantly higher than that in the without-snack-intake group (31.5 ± 10.0 vs. 26.6 ± 9.92 kcal/kg of BM, p = 0.047). Similarly, carbohydrate intake was significantly higher in the snack-intake group than in the without-snack-intake group (4.84 ± 1.71 vs. 3.96 ± 1.65 g/kg of BM/day, p = 0.035). However, neither group reached the recommended value of 5-8 g/kg of BM/day during the medium training period. Overall, this study emphasizes inadequate energy intake even among athletes with a high snack intake frequency, highlighting the necessity to enhance overall food consumption and underscoring the importance of nutritional education for incorporating appropriate complementary meals to improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Inaba
- Athlete Support Research Center, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Fumi Hoshino
- Athlete Support Research Center, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Mutsuaki Edama
- Athlete Support Research Center, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Go Omori
- Athlete Support Research Center, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
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47
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Schulze A, Busse M. Sports Diet and Oral Health in Athletes: A Comprehensive Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:319. [PMID: 38399605 PMCID: PMC10890155 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Food and fluid supply is fundamental for optimal athletic performance but can also be a risk factor for caries, dental erosion, and periodontal diseases, which in turn can impair athletic performance. Many studies have reported a high prevalence of oral diseases in elite athletes, notably dental caries 20-84%, dental erosion 42-59%, gingivitis 58-77%, and periodontal disease 15-41%, caused by frequent consumption of sugars/carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fats, or deficient protein intake. There are three possible major reasons for poor oral health in athletes which are addressed in this review: oxidative stress, sports diet, and oral hygiene. This update particularly summarizes potential sports nutritional effects on athletes' dental health. Overall, sports diet appropriately applied to deliver benefits for performance associated with oral hygiene requirements is necessary to ensure athletes' health. The overall aim is to help athletes, dentists, and nutritionists understand the tangled connections between sports diet, oral health, and oral healthcare to develop mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of dental diseases due to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antina Schulze
- General Outpatient Clinic of Sports Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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48
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Oliveira TM, Ferreira TJ, Franca PAP, da Cruz RR, Bara-Filho MG, Cahuê FLC, Valente AP, Pierucci APTR. A Decrease in Branched-Chain Amino Acids after a Competitive Male Professional Volleyball Game-A Metabolomic-Based Approach. Metabolites 2024; 14:115. [PMID: 38393007 PMCID: PMC10890579 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A competitive volleyball game is a highly metabolic and physically demanding event for professional players. This study aimed to investigate whether a single game at the end of a preseason promotes changes in the biochemical markers of physical exercise responses and the metabolomic profile of professional volleyball players. This cross-sectional study included 13 male Brazilian professional volleyball players. Food intake, body composition, heart rate, physical movement variables, and blood biochemical indicators were evaluated. For non-target metabolomic analysis, serum samples were subjected to 500 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Data analysis showed no significant difference in the biochemical indicators after the game (p > 0.05). The level of metabolites present in the groups of the main components (β-hydroxybutyrate, arginine/lysine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine) had decreased after the game. However, formic acid and histidine levels increased. Among the compounds not part of the main components, hypoxanthine and tyrosine increased, whereas low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein levels decreased. After the game, the metabolomic profiles of players showed significant negative variations in essential amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine). These decreases might be influenced by athlete diet and reduced glycogen storage due to lower carbohydrate intake, potentially impacting serum-essential amino acid levels via oxidation in skeletal muscle. The study provides insights for developing metabolic compensation strategies in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taillan Martins Oliveira
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tathiany Jéssica Ferreira
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Albuquerque Penna Franca
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudson Ribeiro da Cruz
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Luiz Candido Cahuê
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- Medical Biochemistry Institute, National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Paola Trindade Rocha Pierucci
- Laboratory of Food Development for Special Health Purpose and Education (DAFEE), Nutrition Institute Josué de Castro (INJC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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49
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Gonzalez DE, Lanham SN, Martin SE, Cleveland RE, Wilson TE, Langford EL, Abel MG. Firefighter Health: A Narrative Review of Occupational Threats and Countermeasures. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:440. [PMID: 38391814 PMCID: PMC10888326 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Structural firefighters are responsible for protecting properties and saving lives during emergency operations. Despite efforts to prepare firefighters for these hazardous occupational demands, the unfortunate reality is that the incidence of health morbidities is increasing within the fire service. Specifically, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mental health disorders are among the most documented morbidities in firefighters. Pubmed and Google Scholar search engines were used to identify peer-reviewed English language manuscripts that evaluated firefighters' occupational health threats, allostatic factors associated with their occurrence, and evidence-based strategies to mitigate their impact. This narrative review provides fire departments, practitioners, and researchers with evidence-based practices to enhance firefighters' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew E Gonzalez
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Sarah N Lanham
- First Responder Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Steven E Martin
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Richard E Cleveland
- Department of Leadership, Technology, and Human Development, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Thad E Wilson
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Emily L Langford
- First Responder Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Health and Human Sciences, University of Montevallo, Montevallo, AL 35115, USA
| | - Mark G Abel
- First Responder Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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50
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Hartley C, Carr A, Roberts SSH, Bredie WLP, Keast RSJ. Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing, Cycling Performance and Individual Complex Carbohydrate Taste Sensitivity. Nutrients 2024; 16:459. [PMID: 38337743 PMCID: PMC10857552 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effect of individual complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity on cycling performance with complex carbohydrate oral rinsing. Ten male participants completed five cycling time trials in a fasted state with a seven-day washout period between each trial. Participants completed a fixed amount of work (738.45 ± 150.74 kJ) as fast as possible on a cycle ergometer while rinsing with an oral rinse for 10 s every 12.5% of the trial. An oral rinse (maltodextrin, oligofructose, glucose, sucralose or water control) was given per visit in a randomised, crossover, blinded design. Afterwards, participants had their taste assessed with three stimuli, complex carbohydrate (maltodextrin), sweet (glucose) and sour (citric acid), using taste assessment protocol to determine individual taste sensitivity status. Participants were subsequently grouped according to their complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity and complex carbohydrate taste intensity. There were no significant effects of the oral rinses on cycling performance time (p = 0.173). Participants who did not have improvements in exercise performance with the maltodextrin rinse experienced a stronger taste intensity with complex carbohydrate stimuli at baseline (p = 0.047) and overall (p = 0.047) than those who did have improvements in performance. Overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse was ineffective in significantly improving cycling performance in comparison with a water control. However, when participants were grouped according to complex carbohydrate taste intensity, differences in exercise performance suggest that individual sensitivity status to complex carbohydrates could impact the efficacy of a carbohydrate-based oral rinse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Spencer S. H. Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Wender L. P. Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Russell S. J. Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
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