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Sharma S, Naldrett MJ, Gill MJ, Checco JW. Affinity-Driven Aryl Diazonium Labeling of Peptide Receptors on Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13676-13688. [PMID: 38693710 PMCID: PMC11149697 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Peptide-receptor interactions play critical roles in a wide variety of physiological processes. Methods to link bioactive peptides covalently to unmodified receptors on the surfaces of living cells are valuable for studying receptor signaling, dynamics, and trafficking and for identifying novel peptide-receptor interactions. Here, we utilize peptide analogues bearing deactivated aryl diazonium groups for the affinity-driven labeling of unmodified receptors. We demonstrate that aryl diazonium-bearing peptide analogues can covalently label receptors on the surface of living cells using both the neurotensin and the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor systems. Receptor labeling occurs in the complex environment of the cell surface in a sequence-specific manner. We further demonstrate the utility of this covalent labeling approach for the visualization of peptide receptors by confocal fluorescence microscopy and for the enrichment and identification of labeled receptors by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Aryl diazonium-based affinity-driven receptor labeling is attractive due to the high abundance of tyrosine and histidine residues susceptible to azo coupling in the peptide binding sites of receptors, the ease of incorporation of aryl diazonium groups into peptides, and the relatively small size of the aryl diazonium group. This approach should prove to be a powerful and relatively general method to study peptide-receptor interactions in cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Michael J Naldrett
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Makayla J Gill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - James W Checco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication (NCIBC), University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Liu S, Wen X, Zhang X, Mao S. Oral delivery of biomacromolecules by overcoming biological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract: an update. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1333-1347. [PMID: 37439101 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2231343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomacromolecules have proven to be an attractive choice for treating diseases due to their properties of strong specificity, high efficiency, and low toxicity. Besides greatly improving the patient's complaint, oral delivery of macromolecules also complies with hormone physiological secretion, which has become one of the most innovative fields of research in recent years. AREAS COVERED Oral delivery biological barriers for biomacromolecule, transport mechanisms, and various administration strategies were discussed in this review, including absorption enhancers, targeting nanoparticles, mucoadhesion nanoparticles, mucus penetration nanoparticles, and intelligent bionic drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION The oral delivery of biomacromolecules has important clinical implications; however, these are still facing the challenges of low bioavailability due to certain barriers. Various promising technologies have been developed to overcome the barriers and improve the therapeutic effect of oral biomacromolecules. By considering safety and efficacy comprehensively, the development of intelligent nanoparticles based on the GIT environment has demonstrated some promise in overcoming these barriers; however, a more comprehensive understanding of the oral fate of oral biomacromolecules is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangce Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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3
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Kim TY, Nam YR, Park JH, Lee DE, Kim HS. Site-Specific Lipidation of a Small-Sized Protein Binder Enhances the Antitumor Activity through Extended Blood Half-Life. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19778-19784. [PMID: 32803073 PMCID: PMC7424708 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein and peptide therapeutics tend to have a short blood circulation time mainly caused by rapid clearance in kidney, leading to a low therapeutic efficacy. Here, we demonstrate that the antitumor activity of a small-sized protein binder can be significantly enhanced by prolonged blood half-life through site-specific lipidation. An unnatural amino acid was genetically incorporated into a specific site with the highest accessibility in a human interleukin-6 (IL-6)-targeting protein binder with a size of 30.8 kDa, followed by conjugation with palmitic acid using cooper-free click chemistry. The resulting protein binder was shown to have a binding capacity for serum albumin, maintaining a comparable binding affinity for human IL-6 to the native protein binder. The terminal half-life of the lipidated protein binder was estimated to be 10.7 h, whereas the native one had a half-life of 20 min, resulting in a significantly enhanced tumor suppression effect. The present approach can be generally applied to small-sized therapeutic proteins for the elongation of circulation time and increase of bioavailability in blood, consequently enhancing their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yoon Kim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - You Ree Nam
- Advanced
Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic
Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Lee
- Advanced
Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic
Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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4
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Ismail R, Phan TNQ, Laffleur F, Csóka I, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Hydrophobic ion pairing of a GLP-1 analogue for incorporating into lipid nanocarriers designed for oral delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:10-17. [PMID: 32371152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipophilic character of peptides can be tremendously improved by hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) with counterions to be efficiently incorporated into lipid-based nanocarriers (NCs). Herein, HIPs of exenatide with the cationic surfactant tetraheptylammonium bromide (THA) and the anionic surfactant sodium docusate (DOC) were formed to increase its lipophilicity. These HIPs were incorporated into lipid based NCs comprising 41% Capmul MCM, 15% Captex 355, 40% Cremophor RH and 4% propylene glycol. Exenatide-THA NCs showed a log Dlipophilic phase (LPh)/release medium (RM) of 2.29 and 1.92, whereas the log DLPh/RM of exenatide-DOC was 1.2 and -0.9 in simulated intestinal fluid and Hanks' balanced salts buffer (HBSS), respectively. No significant hemolytic activity was induced at a concentration of 0.25% (m/v) of both blank and loaded NCs. Exenatide-THA NCs and exenatide-DOC NCs showed a 10-fold and 3-fold enhancement in intestinal apparent membrane permeability compared to free exenatide, respectively. Furthermore, orally administered exenatide-THA and exenatide-DOC NCs in healthy rats resulted in a relative bioavailability of 27.96 ± 5.24% and 16.29 ± 6.63%, respectively, confirming the comparatively higher potential of the cationic surfactant over the anionic surfactant. Findings of this work highlight the potential of the type of counterion used for HIP as key to successful design of lipid-based NCs for oral exenatide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Ismail
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thi Nhu Quynh Phan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Lu W, Tian H, Qian P, Li Y, Wang Y, Ge Y, Sai W, Gao X, Yao W. An orally available hypoglycaemic peptide taken up by caveolae transcytosis displays improved hypoglycaemic effects and body weight control in db/db mice. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3473-3488. [PMID: 32293707 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Type 2 diabetes is one of the most severe chronic diseases and is an increasingly important public health problem worldwide. Several agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor have been developed to treat Type 2 diabetes but most of them are administered by injection. This mode of administration seriously reduces patient compliance and increases the risk of infection. Here, we describe the actions of a novel, orally available, GLP-1 receptor agonist - oral hypoglycaemic peptide 2 (OHP2) - derived from exendin-4 by replacing amino acids. We have also investigated its pharmacokinetic profiles, therapeutic effects and absorption mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Healthy Wistar rats were used for pharmacokinetic analyses. In diabetic db/db mice. OHP2 was given for 8 weeks to evaluate its effects on hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, basal metabolism and tissue injury. Possible endocytosis and transcytosis mechanisms of OHP2 uptake were explored in Caco-2 cell monolayers. KEY RESULTS In rats, the absolute bioavailability of orally administered OHP2 was 20-fold greater than that of orally administered exendin-4. In db/db mice, OHP2 dose-dependently exhibits good potential in glucose-lowering and weight loss after oral administration. OHP2 also alleviated hyperlipidaemia, ameliorated energy metabolism and promoted tissue repair in diabetic mice. Furthermore, uptake of OHP2 by Caco-2 cells was dependent on caveolae-mediated transcytosis rather than endocytosis mediated by GLP-1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OHP2 is a potential, orally bioavailable, candidate drug for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Its transcytosis mechanism of uptake could help in the development of absorption enhancers of OHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongkang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbo Sai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Hristov D, McCartney F, Beirne J, Mahon E, Reid S, Bhattacharjee S, Penarier G, Werner U, Bazile D, Brayden DJ. Silica-Coated Nanoparticles with a Core of Zinc, l-Arginine, and a Peptide Designed for Oral Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1257-1269. [PMID: 31802658 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle constructs for oral peptide delivery at a minimum must protect and present the peptide at the small intestinal epithelium in order to achieve oral bioavailability. In a reproducible, scalable, surfactant-free process, a core was formed with insulin in ratios with two established excipients and stabilizers, zinc chloride and l-arginine. Cross-linking was achieved with silica, which formed an outer shell. The process was reproducible across several batches, and physicochemical characterization of a single batch was confirmed in two independent laboratories. The silica-coated nanoparticles (SiNPs) entrapped insulin with high entrapment efficiency, preserved its structure, and released it at a pH value present in the small intestine. The SiNP delivered insulin to the circulation and reduced plasma glucose in a rat jejunal instillation model. The delivery mechanism required residual l-arginine in the particle to act as a permeation enhancer for SiNP-released insulin in the jejunum. The synthetic process was varied in terms of ratios of zinc chloride and l-arginine in the core to entrap the glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, exenatide, and bovine serum albumin. SiNP-delivered exenatide was also bioactive in mice to some extent following oral gavage. The process is the basis for a platform for oral peptide and protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Geraldine Penarier
- Sanofi Recherche & Développement , PSO/LGCR , Bâtiment BLP, rue du Pr Blayac , 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4 , France
| | - Ulrich Werner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH . Industriepark Höchst , K703 65926 Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Didier Bazile
- Sanofi Recherche & Développement , CMC External Innovation , 82, avenue Raspail , 94250 Gentilly Cedex , France
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7
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Kim TY, Park JH, Shim HE, Choi DS, Lee DE, Song JJ, Kim HS. Prolonged half-life of small-sized therapeutic protein using serum albumin-specific protein binder. J Control Release 2019; 315:31-39. [PMID: 31654685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many small-sized proteins and peptides, such as cytokines and hormones, are clinically used for the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, their short half-life in blood owing to fast renal clearance usually results in a low therapeutic efficacy and frequent dosing. Here we present the development of a human serum albumin (HSA)-specific protein binder with a binding affinity of 4.3nM through a phage display selection and modular evolution approach to extend the blood half-life of a small-sized therapeutic protein. As a proof-of-concept, the protein binder composed of LRR (Leucine-rich repeat) modules was genetically fused to the N-terminus of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). The fused GLP-1 was shown to have a significantly improved pharmacokinetic property: The terminal half-life of the fused GLP-1 increased to approximately 10h, and the area under the curve was 5-times higher than that of the control. The utility and potential of our approach was demonstrated by the efficient control of the blood glucose level in type-2 diabetes mouse models using the HSA-specific protein binder-fused GLP-1 over a prolonged time period. The present approach can be effectively used in enhancing the efficacy of small-sized therapeutic proteins and peptides through an enhanced blood circulation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Eun Shim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Seong Choi
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Joon Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Suzuki K, Kim KS, Bae YH. Long-term oral administration of Exendin-4 to control type 2 diabetes in a rat model. J Control Release 2018; 294:259-267. [PMID: 30572033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Exendin-4 is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and potent insulinotropic agent for type 2 diabetes patients; however, its therapeutic utility is limited due to the frequent injections required. Long-acting agonists reduce the number of injections, but they can compromise potency. In this study, chondroitin sulfate-g-glycocholic acid-coated and Exendin-4 (Ex-4)-loaded liposomes (EL-CSG) were prepared for oral administration of Ex-4. The Ex-4 loading efficiency was 77% and the loading content in the nanoparticles was 1 wt-%. In rat models, a single oral dose (200 μg/kg) of EL-CSG showed a relative oral bioavailability of 19.5%, compared with subcutaneous administration (20 μg/kg), and sustained pharmacokinetics for up to 72 h. The overall long-term pharmacodynamic effects, assessed by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, and blood lipid concentrations, of daily oral EL-CSG (300 μg/kg) for four weeks were equivalent to or better than daily subcutaneous injections of free Ex-4 solution (20 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Fuji Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Co. Ltd., 332-1 Ohnoshinden, Fuji, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoung Sub Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - You Han Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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9
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Chilukuri H, Kulkarni MJ, Fernandes M. Revisiting amino acids and peptides as anti-glycation agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:614-624. [PMID: 30108952 PMCID: PMC6071831 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00514h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The importance of controlling or preventing protein glycation cannot be overstated and is of prime importance in the treatment of diabetes and associated complications including Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, atherosclerosis, kidney aliments among others. In this respect, simple molecules such as amino acids and peptides hold much promise both in terms of ease and scale-up of synthesis as well as in relation to negligible/low associated toxicity. In view of this, a comprehensive account of literature reports is presented, that documents the anti-glycation activity of natural and non-natural amino acids and peptides. This review also discusses the chemical reactions involved in glycation and the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and possible/probable intervention sites and mechanism of action of the reported amino acids/peptides. This aspect of amino acids/peptides adds to their growing importance in medicinal and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chilukuri
- Organic Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , India . ;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NCL Campus , Pune -411008 , India
| | - M J Kulkarni
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NCL Campus , Pune -411008 , India
- Proteomics Facility , Division of Biochemical Sciences , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , India
| | - M Fernandes
- Organic Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune 411008 , India . ;
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-NCL Campus , Pune -411008 , India
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10
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Kim D, Jeon H, Ahn S, Choi WI, Kim S, Jon S. An approach for half-life extension and activity preservation of an anti-diabetic peptide drug based on genetic fusion with an albumin-binding aptide. J Control Release 2017; 256:114-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ma S, We L, Yang H, Deng S, M. Jevnikar A. Emerging technologies to achieve oral delivery of GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2017-000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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12
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Novel strategies in the oral delivery of antidiabetic peptide drugs - Insulin, GLP 1 and its analogs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 115:257-267. [PMID: 28336368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As diabetes is a complex disorder being a major cause of mortality and morbidity in epidemic rates, continuous research has been done on new drug types and administration routes. Up to now, a large number of therapeutic peptides have been produced to treat diabetes including insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its analogs. The most common route of administration of these antidiabetic peptides is parenteral. Due to several drawbacks associated with this invasive route, delivery of these antidiabetic peptides by the oral route has been a goal of pharmaceutical technology for many decades. Dosage form development should focus on overcoming the limitations facing oral peptides delivery as degradation by proteolytic enzymes and poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This review focuses on currently developed strategies to improve oral bioavailability of these peptide based drugs; evaluating their advantages and limitations in addition to discussing future perspectives on oral peptides delivery. Depending on the previous reports and papers, the area of nanocarriers systems including polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes and micelles seem to be the most promising strategy that could be applied for successful oral peptides delivery; but still further potential attempts are required to be able to achieve the FDA approved oral antidiabetic peptide delivery system.
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13
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Nguyen NTT, Lee JS, Yun S, Lee E. Separation of mono- and di-PEGylate of exenatide and resolution of positional isomers of mono-PEGylates by preparative ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1457:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Park EJ, Lim SM, Lee KC, Na DH. Exendins and exendin analogs for diabetic therapy: a patent review (2012-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:833-42. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1192130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Novel application of hydrophobin in medical science: a drug carrier for improving serum stability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26461. [PMID: 27212208 PMCID: PMC4876437 DOI: 10.1038/srep26461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple physiological properties of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) ensure that it is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the in vivo half-life of GLP-1 is short because of rapid degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and renal clearance. The poor serum stability of GLP-1 has significantly limited its clinical utility, although many studies are focused on extending the serum stability of this molecule. Hydrophobin, a self-assembling protein, was first applied as drug carrier to stabilize GLP-1 against protease degradation by forming a cavity. The glucose tolerance test clarified that the complex retained blood glucose clearance activity for 72 hours suggesting that this complex might be utilized as a drug candidate administered every 2–3 days. Additionally, it was found that the mutagenesis of hydrophobin preferred a unique pH condition for self-assembly. These findings suggested that hydrophobin might be a powerful tool as a drug carrier or a pH sensitive drug-release compound. The novel pharmaceutical applications of hydrophobin might result in future widespread interest in hydrophobin.
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Araújo F, Shrestha N, Gomes MJ, Herranz-Blanco B, Liu D, Hirvonen JJ, Granja PL, Santos HA, Sarmento B. In vivo dual-delivery of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor through composites prepared by microfluidics for diabetes therapy. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10706-13. [PMID: 27150301 PMCID: PMC5047059 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00294c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of proteins is still a challenge in the pharmaceutical field. Nanoparticles are among the most promising carrier systems for the oral delivery of proteins by increasing their oral bioavailability. However, most of the existent data regarding nanosystems for oral protein delivery is from in vitro studies, lacking in vivo experiments to evaluate the efficacy of these systems. Herein, a multifunctional composite system, tailored by droplet microfluidics, was used for dual delivery of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (iDPP4) in vivo. Oral delivery of GLP-1 with nano- or micro-systems has been studied before, but the simultaneous nanodelivery of GLP-1 with iDPP4 is a novel strategy presented here. The type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model, induced through the combined administration of streptozotocin and nicotinamide, a non-obese model of T2DM, was used. The combination of both drugs resulted in an increase in the hypoglycemic effects in a sustained, but prolonged manner, where the iDPP4 improved the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1. Four hours after the oral administration of the system, blood glucose levels were decreased by 44%, and were constant for another 4 h, representing half of the glucose area under the curve when compared to the control. An enhancement of the plasmatic insulin levels was also observed 6 h after the oral administration of the dual-drug composite system and, although no statistically significant differences existed, the amount of pancreatic insulin was also higher. These are promising results for the oral delivery of GLP-1 to be pursued further in a chronic diabetic model study.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Araújo
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal. and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal and ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Shrestha
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M J Gomes
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal. and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal and ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - B Herranz-Blanco
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J J Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P L Granja
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal. and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal and ICBAS - Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - H A Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - B Sarmento
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal. and INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal and CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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17
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Liu S, Wu D, Quan YS, Kamiyama F, Kusamori K, Katsumi H, Sakane T, Yamamoto A. Improvement of Transdermal Delivery of Exendin-4 Using Novel Tip-Loaded Microneedle Arrays Fabricated from Hyaluronic Acid. Mol Pharm 2015; 13:272-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ying-shu Quan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- CosMED Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Higashikujo Kawanishi-cho 32, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8014, Japan
| | - Fumio Kamiyama
- CosMED Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Higashikujo Kawanishi-cho 32, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8014, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kusamori
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Katsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sakane
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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18
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Li Y, Wang Y, Wei Q, Zheng X, Tang L, Kong D, Gong M. Variant fatty acid-like molecules Conjugation, novel approaches for extending the stability of therapeutic peptides. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18039. [PMID: 26658631 PMCID: PMC4676015 DOI: 10.1038/srep18039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiple physiological properties of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) make it a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the in vivo half-life of GLP-1 is short due to rapid degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and renal clearance. The poor stability of GLP-1 has significantly limited its clinical utility; however, many studies are focused on extending its stability. Fatty acid conjugation is a traditional approach for extending the stability of therapeutic peptides because of the high binding affinity of human serum albumin for fatty acids. However, the conjugate requires a complex synthetic approach, usually involving Lys and occasionally involving a linker. In the current study, we conjugated the GLP-1 molecule with fatty acid derivatives to simplify the synthesis steps. Human serum albumin binding assays indicated that the retained carboxyl groups of the fatty acids helped maintain a tight affinity to HSA. The conjugation of fatty acid-like molecules improved the stability and increased the binding affinity of GLP-1 to HSA. The use of fatty acid-like molecules as conjugating components allowed variant conjugation positions and freed carboxyl groups for other potential uses. This may be a novel, long-acting strategy for the development of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China
| | - Qunchao Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China
| | - Xuemin Zheng
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China
| | - Lida Tang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Gong
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
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19
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Bonaccorso RL, Chepurny OG, Becker-Pauly C, Holz GG, Doyle RP. Enhanced Peptide Stability Against Protease Digestion Induced by Intrinsic Factor Binding of a Vitamin B12 Conjugate of Exendin-4. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3502-6. [PMID: 26260673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptide digestion from proteases is a significant limitation in peptide therapeutic development. It has been hypothesized that the dietary pathway of vitamin B12 (B12) may be exploited in this area, but an open question is whether B12-peptide conjugates bound to the B12 gastric uptake protein intrinsic factor (IF) can provide any stability against proteases. Herein, we describe a new conjugate of B12 with the incretin peptide exendin 4 that demonstrates picomolar agonism of the glugacon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1-R). Stability studies reveal that Ex-4 is digested by pancreatic proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin and by the kidney endopeptidase meprin β. Prebinding the B12 conjugate to IF, however, resulted in up to a 4-fold greater activity of the B12-Ex-4 conjugate relative to Ex-4, when the IF-B12-Ex-4 complex was exposed to 22 μg/mL of trypsin, 2.3-fold greater activity when exposed to 1.25 μg/mL of chymotrypsin, and there was no decrease in function at up to 5 μg/mL of meprin β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron L Bonaccorso
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | | | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, New York 13210, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University , 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States.,Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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20
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Intestinal absorption of fluorescently labeled nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1169-78. [PMID: 25791810 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Characterization of intestinal absorption of nanoparticles is critical in the design of noninvasive anticancer, protein-based, and gene nanoparticle-based therapeutics. Here we demonstrate a general approach for the characterization of the intestinal absorption of nanoparticles and for understanding the mechanisms active in their processing within healthy intestinal cells. It is generally accepted that the cellular processing represents a major drawback of current nanoparticle-based therapeutic systems. In particular, endolysosomal trafficking causes degradation of therapeutic molecules such as proteins, lipids, acid-sensitive anticancer drugs, and genes. To date, investigations into nanoparticle processing within intestinal cells have studied mass transport through Caco-2 cells or everted rat intestinal sac models. We developed an approach to visualize directly the mechanisms of nanoparticle processing within intestinal tissue. These results clearly identify a mechanism by which healthy intestinal cells process nanoparticles and point to the possible use of this approach in the design of noninvasive nanoparticle-based therapies. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Advances in nanomedicine have resulted in the development of new therapies for various diseases. Intestinal route of administration remains the easiest and most natural. The authors here designed experiments to explore and characterize the process of nanoparticle transport across the intestinal tissue. In so doing, further insights were gained for future drug design.
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21
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Yang X, Li Y, Wang Y, Zheng X, Kong W, Meng F, Zhou Z, Liu C, Li Y, Gong M. Long-Acting GLP-1 Analogue in V-Shaped Conformation by Terminal Polylysine Modifications. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4092-9. [PMID: 25243635 DOI: 10.1021/mp5002685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Traditional Medicine University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin Neurological
Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemin Zheng
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiling Kong
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Fancui Meng
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixing Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin Neurological
Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Gong
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
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22
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Li X, Wang C, Liang R, Sun F, Shi Y, Wang A, Liu W, Sun K, Li Y. The glucose-lowering potential of exenatide delivered orally via goblet cell-targeting nanoparticles. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1017-27. [PMID: 25270570 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exenatide, a potent insulinotropic agent, can be used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. However, the need for frequent injections seriously limits its therapeutic utility. The aim of present report was to develop an orally available exenatide formulation using goblet cell-targeting nanoparticles (NPs). METHOD The exenatide-loaded nanoparticles were prepared with modified chitosan which was conjugated with a goblet cell-target peptide, CSKSSDYQC (CSK) peptide. RESULTS The CSK-chitosan nanoparticles shown reduced chitosan toxicity and enhanced the permeation of drugs across the Caco-2/HT-29 co-cultured cell monolayer, which simulated the intestinal epithelium. Following the oral administration of near-infrared fluorescent probe Cy-7-loaded NPs to mice, the distribution of the drugs was investigated with a near-infrared in vivo image system (FX Pro, Bruker, USA). The results showed that Cy-7 fluorescence disseminated from the oesophagus, then to stomach and small intestine and then was absorbed into hepatic, finally into the bladder; over time, Cy-7 was metabolized and excreted. The bioavailability of the modified nanoparticles was found to be 1.7-fold higher compared with the unmodified ones, and the hypoglycemic effect was also better. CONCLUSION CSK peptide-modified chitosan nanoparticles could be a potential therapeutics for Type II diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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23
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Jodal A, Lankat-Buttgereit B, Brom M, Schibli R, Béhé M. A comparison of three (67/68)Ga-labelled exendin-4 derivatives for β-cell imaging on the GLP-1 receptor: the influence of the conjugation site of NODAGA as chelator. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:31. [PMID: 25006548 PMCID: PMC4078388 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various diseases derive from pathologically altered β-cells. Their function can be increased, leading to hyperinsulinism, or decreased, resulting in diabetes. Non-invasive imaging of the β-cell-specific glucagon-like peptide receptor-1 (GLP-1R) would allow the assessment of both β-cell mass and derived tumours, potentially improving the diagnosis of various conditions. We tested three new 67/68Ga-labelled derivatives of exendin-4, an agonist of GLP-1R, in vitro and in vivo. We determined the influence of the chelator NODAGA conjugated to resident lysines either at positions 12 and 27 or the C-terminally attached lysine at position 40 on the binding and kinetics of the peptide. Methods Binding and internalisation of 67Ga-labelled Ex4NOD12, Ex4NOD27 and Ex4NOD40 were tested on Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells stably transfected to express the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). In vivo biodistribution of 68Ga-labelled peptides was investigated in CD1 nu/nu mice with subcutaneous CHL-GLP-1R positive tumours; the specificity of the binding to GLP-1R was determined by pre-injecting excess peptide. Results All peptides showed good in vitro binding affinities to GLP-1R in the range of 29 to 54 nM. 67/68Ga-Ex4NOD40 and 67/68Ga-Ex4NOD12 show excellent internalisation (>30%) and high specific uptake in GLP-1R positive tissue, but high activity was also found in the kidneys. Conclusions We show that of the three peptides, Ga-Ex4NOD40 and Ga-Ex4NOD12 demonstrate the most favourable in vitro properties and in vivo binding to GLP-1R positive tissue. Therefore, we conclude that the lysines at positions 12 and 40 might preferentially be utilised for modifying exendin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jodal
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, OIPA/103, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Lankat-Buttgereit
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, OIPA/103, Villigen 5232, Switzerland ; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Martin Béhé
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, OIPA/103, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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24
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Smart AL, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Oral peptide and protein delivery: intestinal obstacles and commercial prospects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1323-35. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.917077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Wang P, Yoo B, Yang J, Zhang X, Ross A, Pantazopoulos P, Dai G, Moore A. GLP-1R-targeting magnetic nanoparticles for pancreatic islet imaging. Diabetes 2014; 63:1465-74. [PMID: 24458362 PMCID: PMC4178324 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive assessment of pancreatic β-cell mass would tremendously aid in managing type 1 diabetes (T1D). Toward this goal, we synthesized an exendin-4 conjugated magnetic iron oxide-based nanoparticle probe targeting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), which is highly expressed on the surface of pancreatic β-cells. In vitro studies in βTC-6, the β-cell line, showed specific accumulation of the targeted probe (termed MN-Ex10-Cy5.5) compared with nontargeted (termed MN-Cy5.5). In vivo magnetic resonance imaging showed a significant transverse relaxation time (T2) shortening in the pancreata of mice injected with the MN-Ex10-Cy5.5 probe compared with control animals injected with the nontargeted probe at 7.5 and 24 h after injection. Furthermore, ΔT2 of the pancreata of prediabetic NOD mice was significantly higher than that of diabetic NOD mice after the injection of MN-Ex10-Cy5.5, indicating the decrease of probe accumulation in these animals due to β-cell loss. Of note, ΔT2 of prediabetic and diabetic NOD mice injected with MN-Cy5.5 was not significantly changed, reflecting the nonspecific mode of accumulation of nontargeted probe. We believe our results point to the potential for using this agent for monitoring the disease development and response of T1D to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Byunghee Yoo
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jingsheng Yang
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alana Ross
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pamela Pantazopoulos
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Guangping Dai
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Harvard Medical School Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Zhang L, Wang L, Meng Z, Gan H, Gu R, Wu Z, Gao L, Zhu X, Sun W, Li J, Zheng Y, Dou G. A novel exendin-4 human serum albumin fusion protein, E2HSA, with an extended half-life and good glucoregulatory effect in healthy rhesus monkeys. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:511-6. [PMID: 24565847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has attracted considerable research interest in terms of the treatment of type 2 diabetes due to their multiple glucoregulatory functions. However, the short half-life, rapid inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and excretion, limits the therapeutic potential of the native incretin hormone. Therefore, efforts are being made to develop the long-acting incretin mimetics via modifying its structure. Here we report a novel recombinant exendin-4 human serum albumin fusion protein E2HSA with HSA molecule extends their circulatory half-life in vivo while still retaining exendin-4 biological activity and therapeutic properties. In vitro comparisons of E2HSA and exendin-4 showed similar insulinotropic activity on rat pancreatic islets and GLP-1R-dependent biological activity on RIN-m5F cells, although E2HSA was less potent than exendin-4. E2HSA had a terminal elimation half-life of approximate 54 h in healthy rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, E2HSA could reduce postprandial glucose excursion and control fasting glucose level, dose-dependent suppress food intake. Improvement in glucose-dependent insulin secretion and control serum glucose excursions were observed during hyperglycemic clamp test (18 h) and oral glucose tolerance test (42 h) respectively. Thus the improved physiological characterization of E2HSA make it a new potent anti-diabetic drug for type 2 diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Zhiyun Meng
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Hui Gan
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Ruolan Gu
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Zhuona Wu
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Wenzhong Sun
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China
| | - Guifang Dou
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, China.
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27
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Zhang B, He D, Fan Y, Liu N, Chen Y. Oral delivery of exenatide via microspheres prepared by cross-linking of alginate and hyaluronate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86064. [PMID: 24465870 PMCID: PMC3897602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exenatide is an FDA-approved glucose-lowering peptide drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by subcutaneous injection. To address the issues on the inconvenience for patient use and the difficulty of oral administration of peptide drugs, chemical cross-linking of two pH-responsive biomaterials, alginate and hyaluronate, was carried out to prepare a new material for the encapsulation of exenatide as a form of microspheres. The exenatide-loaded microspheres exhibited spherical structures with excellent loading and release behaviors in the simulated gastrointestinal tract environments. After oral administration of the microspheres in db/db mice, maximum plasma concentration of exenatide appeared at 4 hours, and blood glucose was effectively reduced to a normal level within 2 hours and maintained for another 4 hours. The bioavailability of the exenatide-loaded microspheres, relative to subcutaneous injection of exenatide, reached 10.2%. Collectively, the present study demonstrated the feasibility of orally delivering exenatide with the new cross-linked biomaterial and formulation, and showed therapeutic potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (NL); (YC)
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (NL); (YC)
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Siekmeier R, Hofmann T, Scheuch G, Pokorski M. Aerosolized GLP-1 for treatment of diabetes mellitus and irritable bowel syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 849:23-38. [PMID: 25427821 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2014_94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global burden and the prevalence of the disease, in particular diabetes mellitus type 2 is rapidly increasing worldwide. After introduction of insulin into clinical therapy about 90 years ago a major number of pharmaceuticals has been developed for treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. One of these, the incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), like insulin, needs subcutaneous administration causing inconvenience to patients. However, administration of GLP-1 plays also a role for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). To improve patient convenience inhaled insulin (Exubera(®)) was developed and approved but failed market acceptance some years ago. Recently, another inhalative insulin (Afrezza(®)) received market approval and GLP-1 may serve as another candidate drug for inhalative administration. This review analyzes the current literature investigating alternative administration of GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs focusing on inhalation. Several formulations for inhalative administration of GLP-1 and analogs were investigated in animal studies, whereas there are only few clinical data. However, feasibility of GLP-1 inhalation has been shown and should be further investigated as such type of drug administration may serve for improvement of therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus or irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Siekmeier
- Drug Regulatory Affairs, Pharmaceutical Institute, Bonn University, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany,
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te Welscher YM, Chinnapen DJF, Kaoutzani L, Mrsny RJ, Lencer WI. Unsaturated glycoceramides as molecular carriers for mucosal drug delivery of GLP-1. J Control Release 2013; 175:72-8. [PMID: 24370893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormone Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) requires delivery by injection for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we test if the properties of glycosphingolipid trafficking in epithelial cells can be applied to convert GLP-1 into a molecule suitable for mucosal absorption. GLP-1 was coupled to the extracellular oligosaccharide domain of GM1 species containing ceramides with different fatty acids and with minimal loss of incretin bioactivity. When applied to apical surfaces of polarized epithelial cells in monolayer culture, only GLP-1 coupled to GM1-ceramides with short- or cis-unsaturated fatty acids trafficked efficiently across the cell to the basolateral membrane by transcytosis. In vivo studies showed mucosal absorption after nasal administration. The results substantiate our recently reported dependence on ceramide structure for trafficking the GM1 across polarized epithelial cells and support the idea that specific glycosphingolipids can be harnessed as molecular vehicles for mucosal delivery of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M te Welscher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J-F Chinnapen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Lydia Kaoutzani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Randall J Mrsny
- Bath University, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY England, UK
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston 02115, USA; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston 02115, USA.
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Stability of exenatide in poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) solutions: A simplified investigation on the peptide degradation by the polymer. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:502-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liang R, Li X, Shi Y, Wang A, Sun K, Liu W, Li Y. Effect of water on exenatide acylation in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:344-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li Y, Shao M, Zheng X, Kong W, Zhang J, Gong M. Self-assembling peptides improve the stability of glucagon-like peptide-1 by forming a stable and sustained complex. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3356-65. [PMID: 23859692 DOI: 10.1021/mp4001734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The multiple physiological characterizations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) make it a promising drug candidate for the treatment of T2DM. However, the short half-life of GLP-1 limits its clinical utility. Self-assembling peptides are presumed to wrap GLP-1 peptide, and this helps to prolong the stability of GLP-1 consequently. The aim of this study was to investigate whether self-assembling peptides could be applied to prolong the half-life of GLP-1 as sustained release preparations. In this study, five different self-assembling peptides were employed. The formation of the complexes was monitored using gel filtration and mass spectrometry and was simulated by Molecular Dynamics. Stabilization, insulin secretion stimulation, and glucose tolerance tests were performed to investigate the physiological characteristics retained by GLP-1 following complex formation with self-assembling peptides. Our findings revealed that, among the five different self-assembling peptides tested, complex of Pep-1 and GLP-1 exhibited a remarkable extension in the half-life of GLP-1. In addition, the experimental animals treated with a GLP-1/Pep-1 complex exhibited better blood glucose clearance activity over a greater duration of time than the animals treated with GLP-1 alone. Based on our results, an adjustment of the Pep-1 and GLP-1 ratios is presumed to be able to control the half-life of GLP-1 (e.g., medium-acting and long-acting). Collectively, the findings in this study suggest that the self-assembling peptide Pep-1 could serve as a powerful drug preparation tool to extend the short half-life of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
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Novel fatty chain-modified glucagon-like peptide-1 conjugates with enhanced stability and prolonged in vivo activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:297-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Al-Hilal TA, Alam F, Byun Y. Oral drug delivery systems using chemical conjugates or physical complexes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:845-64. [PMID: 23220326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral delivery of therapeutics is extremely challenging. The digestive system is designed in a way that naturally allows the degradation of proteins or peptides into small molecules prior to absorption. For systemic absorption, the intact drug molecules must traverse the impending harsh gastrointestinal environment. Technologies, such as enteric coating, with oral dosage formulation strategies have successfully provided the protection of non-peptide based therapeutics against the harsh, acidic condition of the stomach. However, these technologies showed limited success on the protection of therapeutic proteins and peptides. Importantly, inherent permeability coefficient of the therapeutics is still a major problem that has remained unresolved for decades. Addressing this issue in the context, we summarize the strategies that are developed in enhancing the intestinal permeability of a drug molecule either by modifying the intestinal epithelium or by modifying the drug itself. These modifications have been pursued by using a group of molecules that can be conjugated to the drug molecule to alter the cell permeability of the drug or mixed with the drug molecule to alter the epithelial barrier function, in order to achieve the effective drug permeation. This article will address the current trends and future perspectives of the oral delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslim A Al-Hilal
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Ahn S, Lee IH, Lee E, Kim H, Kim YC, Jon S. Oral delivery of an anti-diabetic peptide drug via conjugation and complexation with low molecular weight chitosan. J Control Release 2013; 170:226-32. [PMID: 23747732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the therapeutic potential of exendin-4 as a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, its utility has so far been limited because of the low level of patient compliance due to the requirement for frequent injections. In this study, an orally available exendin-4 was produced by conjugating it to low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC). Conjugation between the LMWC and cysteinylated exendin-4 was carried out using a cleavable linker system in order to maximize the availability of the active peptide. The LMWC-exendin-4 conjugate formed a nanoparticle structure with a mean particle size of 101 ± 41 nm through complexation between the positively charged LMWC backbone and the negatively charged exendin-4 of individual conjugate molecules. The biological activity of the LMWC-exendin-4 conjugate was evaluated in an INS-1 cell line. The LMWC-exendin-4 conjugate stimulated insulin secretion in a dose dependent manner as similar as that of native exendin-4. From the pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of the conjugate, a C(max) value of 344 pg/mL and a T(max) of 6 h were observed, and the bioavailability, relative to the subcutaneous counterpart, was found to be 6.4%. Furthermore, the absorbed exendin-4 demonstrated a significantly enhanced hypoglycemic effect. These results suggest that the LMWC-exendin-4 conjugate could be used as a potential oral anti-diabetic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukyung Ahn
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The suite of currently used drugs can be divided into two categories - traditional 'small molecule' drugs with typical molecular weights of <500 Da but with oral bioavailability, and much larger 'biologics' typically >5000 Da that are not orally bioavailable and need to be delivered via injection. Due to their small size, conventional small molecule drugs may suffer from reduced target selectivity that often ultimately manifests in human side-effects, whereas protein therapeutics tend to be exquisitely specific for their targets due to many more interactions with them, but this comes at a cost of low bioavailability, poor membrane permeability, and metabolic instability. The time has now come to reinvestigate new drug leads that fit between these two molecular weight extremes, with the goal of combining advantages of small molecules (cost, conformational restriction, membrane permeability, metabolic stability, oral bioavailability) with those of proteins (natural components, target specificity, high potency). This article uses selected examples of peptides to highlight the importance of peptide drugs, some potential new opportunities for their exploitation, and some difficult challenges ahead in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Craik
- Division of Chemistry & Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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37
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Wang M, Zhang Y, Feng J, Gu T, Dong Q, Yang X, Sun Y, Wu Y, Chen Y, Kong W. Preparation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo investigation of chitosan-coated poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for intestinal delivery of exendin-4. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1141-54. [PMID: 23658482 PMCID: PMC3607418 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s41457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exendin-4 is an incretin mimetic agent approved for type 2 diabetes treatment. However, the required frequent injections restrict its clinical application. Here, the potential use of chitosan-coated poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (CS-PLGA) nanoparticles was investigated for intestinal delivery of exendin-4. Methods and results Nanoparticles were prepared using a modified water–oil–water (w/o/w) emulsion solvent-evaporation method, followed by coating with chitosan. The physical properties, particle size, and cell toxicity of the nanoparticles were examined. The cellular uptake mechanism and transmembrane permeability were performed in Madin-Darby canine kidney-cell monolayers. Furthermore, in vivo intraduodenal administration of exendin-4-loaded nanoparticles was carried out in rats. The PLGA nanoparticle coating with chitosan led to a significant change in zeta potential, from negative to positive, accompanied by an increase in particle size of ~30 nm. Increases in both the molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of chitosan resulted in an observable increase in zeta potential but no apparent change in the particle size of ~300 nm. Both unmodified PLGA and chitosan-coated nanoparticles showed only slight cytotoxicity. Use of different temperatures and energy depletion suggested that the cellular uptake of both types of nanoparticles was energy-dependent. Further investigation revealed that the uptake of PLGA nanoparticles occurred via caveolin-mediated endocytosis and that of CS-PLGA nanoparticles involved both macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, as evidenced by using endocytic inhibitors. However, under all conditions, CS-PLGA nanoparticles showed a greater potential to be transported into cells, as shown by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Transmembrane permeability analysis showed that unmodified and modified PLGA nanoparticles could improve the transport of exendin-4 by up to 8.9- and 16.5-fold, respectively, consistent with the evaluation in rats. Conclusion The chitosan-coated nanoparticles have a higher transport potential over both free drug and unmodified particles, providing support for their potential development as a candidate oral delivery agent for exendin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Oral GLP-1 Modulators for the Treatment of Diabetes. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417150-3.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kim TH, Jiang HH, Lim SM, Youn YS, Choi KY, Lee S, Chen X, Byun Y, Lee KC. Site-specific PEGylated Exendin-4 modified with a high molecular weight trimeric PEG reduces steric hindrance and increases type 2 antidiabetic therapeutic effects. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2214-20. [PMID: 23116483 DOI: 10.1021/bc300265n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to optimize an Exendin-4 (Ex4-Cys) site-specific PEGylation method with a high-molecular-weight trimeric PEG. Here, we describe the preparation of C-terminal specific PEGylated Ex4-Cys (C40-tPEG-Ex4-Cys), which was performed using cysteine and amine residue specific coupling reactions between Ex4-Cys and activated trimeric PEG. The C40-PEG-Ex4-Cys was obtained at high yields (~83%) and characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The receptor binding affinity of C40-PEG(5K)-Ex4-Cys was 3.5-fold higher than that of N-terminal PEGylated Ex4-Cys (N(ter)-PEG(5K)-Ex4-Cys), and receptor binding by the trimeric PEG (tPEG; 23, 50 kDa) adduct was much higher than that of branched PEG (20 kDa). Furthermore, C40-tPEG(50K)-Ex4-Cys was found to have greater blood circulating t(1/2) and AUC(inf) values than native Ex4-Cys by 7.53- and 45.61-fold, respectively. Accordingly, its hypoglycemic duration was much greater at 59.2 h than that of native Ex4-Cys at 7.3 h, with a dose of 25 nM/kg. The results of this study show that C-terminal specific PEGylation using trimeric PEG is effective when applied to Ex4-Cys and suggest that C40-tPEG(50K)-Ex4-Cys has considerable potential as a type 2 antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chonchon-dong, Suwon City 440-746, Korea
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Araújo F, Fonte P, Santos HA, Sarmento B. Oral delivery of glucagon-like peptide-1 and analogs: alternatives for diabetes control? J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6:1486-97. [PMID: 23294796 PMCID: PMC3570891 DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Current treatments are often associated with off-target effects and do not significantly impact disease progression. New therapies are therefore urgently needed to overcome this social burden. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone, has been used to control T2DM symptomatology. However, the administration of peptide or proteins drugs is still a huge challenge in the pharmaceutical field, requiring administration by parenteral routes. This article reviews the main hurdles in oral administration of GLP-1 and focuses on the strategies utilized to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Araújo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Health Sciences Research Center,Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Health Sciences Research Center,Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Health Sciences Research Center,Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Cao Z, Li Y, Tang L, Xu W, Liu C, Zhang J, Gong M. Formation of cyclic structure at amino-terminus of glucagon-like peptide-1 exhibited a prolonged half-life in vivo. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 96:362-70. [PMID: 22284602 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The multiple physiological characterizations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) make it a promising drug candidate for the therapy of type 2 diabetes. However, the biological half-life of GLP-1 is short in vivo due to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and renal clearance. The stabilization of GLP-1 is critical for its utility in drug development. In this study, several GLP-1 mutants containing an N-terminal cyclic conformation were prepared in that the existence of cyclic conformation is predicted to increase the stabilization of GLP-1 in vivo. In this study, the binding capacities of the mutants were determined, the stabilities of the mutants were investigated and the physiological functions of the mutants were compared with those of wild-type GLP-1 in animals. The results indicated that the mutant (GLP1N8) remarkably raised the half-life in vivo; it also showed better glucose tolerance and higher HbA(1c) reduction than GLP-1 and exendin-4 in rodents. These results suggest that the GLP-1 analog (GLP1N8) which contains an N-terminal cyclic structure might be utilized as possible potent anti-diabetic drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Medicine, China
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Rekha MR, Sharma CP. Oral delivery of therapeutic protein/peptide for diabetes--future perspectives. Int J Pharm 2012; 440:48-62. [PMID: 22503954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in epidemic proportions. A type I diabetic patient is dependent on daily injections of insulin, for survival and also to maintain a normal life, which is uncomfortable, painful and also has deleterious effects. Extensive efforts are being made worldwide for developing noninvasive drug delivery systems, especially via oral route. Oral route is the most widely accepted means of administration. However it is not feasible for direct delivery of peptide and protein drugs. To overcome the gastro-intestinal barriers various types of formulations such as polymeric micro/nanoparticles, liposomes, etc. are investigated. In the recent years lot of advances have taken place in developing and understanding the oral peptide delivery systems. Simultaneously, the development and usage of other peptides having anti-diabetic potentials are also considered for diabetes therapy. In this review we are focusing on the advances reported during the past decade in the field of oral insulin delivery along with the possibility of other peptidic incretin hormones such as GLP-1, exendin-4, for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rekha
- Division of Biosurface Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala, India
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Wang M, Sun B, Feng J, Zhang H, Liu B, Li C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Kong W. Investigation of Transport Mechanism of Exendin-4 across Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cell Monolayers. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:745-52. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengshu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University
| | - Bingxue Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University
| | - Jiao Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University
| | - Bin Liu
- Jilin Product Quality Supervision Inspection
| | - Chun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University
| | - Yan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, Jilin University
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Wang Y, Lim K, Normandin M, Zhao X, Cline GW, Ding YS. Synthesis and evaluation of [18F]exendin (9-39) as a potential biomarker to measure pancreatic β-cell mass. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 39:167-76. [PMID: 22033026 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is released in response to food intake and plays an important role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Exendin (9-39), a potent glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor antagonist, has been labeled with In-111 for SPECT imaging. We report here the first radiosynthesis of [(18)F]exendin (9-39) ([(18)F]Ex(9-39)) and an evaluation of its potential as a biomarker for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of pancreatic β-cell mass (BCM) in rats. METHODS F-18 label was introduced by conjugation of [(18)F]4-fluorobenzaldehyde with an Ex(9-39) derivative containing a 6-hydrazinonicotinyl group on the ε-amine of Lys27. Positron emission tomography imaging was carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats (five control and five streptozotocin-induced diabetic) and BioBreeding diabetes-prone rats (three at 7 weeks and three at 12 weeks) using the high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) after 0.187 ± 0.084 mCi [(18)F]Ex(9-39) administration. Time-activity curves were obtained from pancreas, liver and kidney. Pancreases were assayed for insulin content after the imaging study. RESULTS Site-specifically labeled [(18)F]Ex(9-39) was purified on a G15 open column with radiochemical and chemical purities >98%. Positron emission tomography imaging showed pancreatic standardized uptake value (SUV) peaked at 10 min and plateaued by 50 min to the end of scan (240 min). No correlations of pancreatic SUV with postmortem measures of insulin content were seen. CONCLUSIONS [(18)F]Ex(9-39) was successfully prepared and used for PET imaging for the first time to measure pancreatic BCM. The results suggest that derivatization of the Lys27 residue might reduce binding affinity, as evidenced by the absence of specific binding. Exendin analogues radiolabeled at other sites may elucidate the active site required for binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Li Y, Li X, Zheng X, Tang L, Xu W, Gong M. Disulfide bond prolongs the half-life of therapeutic peptide-GLP-1. Peptides 2011; 32:1400-7. [PMID: 21600946 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The multiple physiological characterization of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) makes it a promising drug candidate for the therapy of type 2 diabetes. However, the half-life of GLP-1 is short in vivo due to rapid degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and renal clearance. This indicates that the stabilization of GLP-1 is critical for its utility in drug development. In this study, we developed a cluster of GLP-1 homodimeric analogs, which fused the mutated GLP-1 monomer by an intra-disulfide bridge. The stabilities of the GLP-1 homodimeric analogs were investigated and the physiological functions of the analogs were compared with those of wild-type GLP-1 in rats and human serum. Single dose glucose tolerance test was performed to investigate the administration frequency which satisfied the efficient glucose regulatory in rats. Multiple dose glucose tolerance tests were employed also to study the long-acting anti-diabetic activity of GLP-1 homodimeric analog. The results indicated that the GLP-1 homodimeric analog (hdGLP1G10C) remarkably raised the biological half-life of GLP-1; also HDGLP1G10C showed better glucose tolerance and higher HbA(1c) reduction than GLP-1 in rodents. Based upon the results in this study, it was suggested that hdGLP1G10C prolonged the stability of GLP-1 and retained the biological activity of GLP-1. The improved physiological characterization of hdGLP1G10C makes it as possible potent anti-diabetic drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Li Y, Xu W, Tang L, Gong M, Zhang J. A novel GLP-1 analog exhibits potent utility in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with an extended half-life and efficient glucose clearance in vivo. Peptides 2011; 32:1408-14. [PMID: 21664938 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The multiple physiological characterizations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) make it a promising drug candidate for the therapy of type 2 diabetes. However, the half-life of GLP-1 is short in vivo due to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and renal clearance. Therefore, the stabilization of GLP-1 is critical for its utility in drug development. Based on our previous research, a GLP-1 analog that contained an intra-disulfide bond exhibited a prolonged biological half-life. In this study, we improved upon previous analogs with a novel GLP-1 analog that contained a tryptophan cage-like sequence for an improved binding affinity to the GLP-1 receptor. The binding capacities and the stabilities of GLP715a were investigated, and the physiological functions of the GLP715a were compared to those of the wild-type GLP-1 in animals. The results demonstrated that the new GLP-1 analog (GLP715a) increased its biological half-life to approximately 48h in vivo; GLP715a also exhibited a higher binding affinity to the GLP-1 receptor than the wild-type GLP-1. The increased binding capacity of GLP715a to its receptor resulted in a quick response to glucose administration. The long-acting anti-diabetic property of GLP715a was revealed by its increased glucose tolerance, higher HbA(1c) reduction, more efficient glucose clearance and quicker insulin stimulation upon glucose administration compared to the wild-type GLP-1 in rodents. The improved physiological characterizations of GLP715a make it a possible potent anti-diabetic drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Bioscience, University of Birmingham, UK
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Li Y, Zheng X, Tang L, Xu W, Gong M. GLP-1 analogs containing disulfide bond exhibited prolonged half-life in vivo than GLP-1. Peptides 2011; 32:1303-12. [PMID: 21515323 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The multiple physiological characterizations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) make it a promising drug candidate for the therapy of type 2 diabetes. However, the half-life of GLP-1 is short in vivo due to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and renal clearance. This indicates that the stabilization of GLP-1 is critical for its utility in drug development. In this study, we developed a cluster of GLP-1 mutants containing an inter-disulfide bond that is predicted to increase the half-life of GLP-1 in vivo. Exendin-4 was also mutated with a disulfide bond similar to the GLP-1 analogs. In this study, the binding capacities of the mutants were determined, the stabilities of the mutants were investigated and the physiological functions of the mutants were compared with those of wild-type GLP-1 and exendin-4 in animals. The results indicated that the mutants remarkably raised the half-life in vivo; they also showed better glucose tolerance and higher HbA(1c) reduction than GLP-1 and exendin-4 in rodents. These results suggest that GLP-1 and exendin-4 mutants containing disulfide bonds might be utilized as possible potent anti-diabetic drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Zheng X, Li Y, Fu G, Gong M. Application of novel peptide (Pp1) improving the half-life of exendin-4 in vivo. Peptides 2011; 32:964-70. [PMID: 21334413 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The multiple physiological characterizations of exendin-4 make it as a promising drug candidate for the therapy of type 2 diabetes. Although the longer biological half-life offered the exendin-4 with excellent therapeutic potentials for the clinical utility of type 2 diabetes than glucagon-like peptide-1, the exendin-4 still did not free from the inconveniently frequent injections. Therefore, there are increasing requirements for the long-acting exendin-4. METHODS Pp1 regard as a novel exendin-4 protecting peptide, which are predicted to have the ability of increasing the stabilization of exendin-4 in vivo. Protecting peptide is able to form stable complex by non-covalent interaction with human exendin-4. RESULTS In this study, the stability of the exendin-4/Pp1 complex was investigated, and the physiological functions of it were analyzed. Results indicated that exendin-4/Pp1 complex remarkably raised the stabilization of exendin-4 in vivo; it also showed better glucose tolerance and higher HbA(1c) reduction than exendin-4 which was utilized chronically in rodents. CONCLUSION Based upon these results, it is suggested that an exendin-4/Pp1 complex might be utilized as a potent anti-diabetic drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
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The glucose-lowering potential of exendin-4 orally delivered via a pH-sensitive nanoparticle vehicle and effects on subsequent insulin secretion in vivo. Biomaterials 2011; 32:2673-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kim TH, Jiang HH, Lee S, Youn YS, Park CW, Byun Y, Chen X, Lee KC. Mono-PEGylated dimeric exendin-4 as high receptor binding and long-acting conjugates for type 2 anti-diabetes therapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:625-32. [PMID: 21401109 DOI: 10.1021/bc100404x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dimerization is viewed as the most effective means of increasing receptor binding affinity, and both dimerization and PEGylation effectively prolong the life spans of short-lived peptides and proteins in vivo by delaying excretion via the renal route. Here, we describe the high binding affinities of two long-acting exendin-4 (Ex4) conjugates, dimerized Ex4 (Di-Ex4) and PEGylated Di-Ex-4 (PEG-Di-Ex4). Di-Ex4 and PEG-Di-Ex4 were prepared using cysteine and amine residue specific coupling reactions using Ex4-Cys, bisMal-NH(2), and activated PEG. The Ex4 conjugates produced were of high purity (>98.5%), as determined by size-exclusion chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The receptor binding affinity of Di-Ex4 on RIN-m5F cells was 3.5-fold higher than that of Ex4, and the in vivo antihyperglycemic efficacy of Di-Ex4 was also greater than that of native Ex4 in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Furthermore, Di-Ex4 and PEG-Di-Ex4 were found to have greater blood circulating t(1/2) and AUC(inf) values than native Ex4 by 2.7- and 13.7-fold, and by 4.0- and 17.3-fold, respectively. Accordingly, hypoglycemic durations were greatly increased to 15.0 and 40.1 h, respectively, at a dose of 25 nmol/kg (native Ex4 7.3 h). The results of this study show that combined dimerization and PEGylation are effective when applied to Ex4, and suggest that PEG-Di-Ex4 has considerable potential as a type 2 anti-diabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, SungKyunKwan University , 300 Chonchon-dong, Jangan-ku, Suwon City 440-746, Korea
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