1
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Xie SZ, Yao K, Li B, Peng C, Yang XL, Shi ZL. Development of a Měnglà virus minigenome and comparison of its polymerase complexes with those of other filoviruses. Virol Sin 2024; 39:459-468. [PMID: 38782261 PMCID: PMC11279764 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), members of the Filoviridae family, are highly pathogenic and can cause hemorrhagic fevers, significantly impacting human society. Bats are considered reservoirs of these viruses because related filoviruses have been discovered in bats. However, due to the requirement for maximum containment laboratories when studying infectious viruses, the characterization of bat filoviruses often relies on pseudoviruses and minigenome systems. In this study, we used RACE technology to sequence the 3'-leader and 5'-trailer of Měnglà virus (MLAV) and constructed a minigenome. Similar to MARV, the transcription activities of the MLAV minigenome are independent of VP30. We further assessed the effects of polymorphisms at the 5' end on MLAV minigenome activity and identified certain mutations that decrease minigenome reporter efficiency, probably due to alterations in the RNA secondary structure. The reporter activity upon recombination of the 3'-leaders and 5'-trailers of MLAV, MARV, and EBOV with those of the homologous or heterologous minigenomes was compared and it was found that the polymerase complex and leader and trailer sequences exhibit intrinsic specificities. Additionally, we investigated whether the polymerase complex proteins from EBOV and MARV support MLAV minigenome RNA synthesis and found that the homologous system is more efficient than the heterologous system. Remdesivir efficiently inhibited MLAV as well as EBOV replication. In summary, this study provides new information on bat filoviruses and the minigenome will be a useful tool for high-throughput antiviral drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhe Xie
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Yao
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei Li
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430200, China.
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- State Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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2
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Koch B, Filzmayer M, Patyna S, Wetzstein N, Lampe S, Schmid T, Geiger H, Baer PC, Dolnik O. Transcriptomics of Marburg virus-infected primary proximal tubular cells reveals negative correlation of immune response and energy metabolism. Virus Res 2024; 342:199337. [PMID: 38346476 PMCID: PMC10875301 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Marburg virus, a member of the Filoviridae, is the causative agent of Marburg virus disease (MVD), a hemorrhagic fever with a case fatality rate of up to 90 %. Acute kidney injury is common in MVD and is associated with increased mortality, but its pathogenesis in MVD remains poorly understood. Interestingly, autopsies show the presence of viral proteins in different parts of the nephron, particularly in proximal tubular cells (PTC). These findings suggest a potential role for the virus in the development of MVD-related kidney injury. To shed light on this effect, we infected primary human PTC with Lake Victoria Marburg virus and conducted transcriptomic analysis at multiple time points. Unexpectedly, infection did not induce marked cytopathic effects in primary tubular cells at 20 and 40 h post infection. However, gene expression analysis revealed robust renal viral replication and dysregulation of genes essential for different cellular functions. The gene sets mainly downregulated in PTC were associated with the targets of the transcription factors MYC and E2F, DNA repair, the G2M checkpoint, as well as oxidative phosphorylation. Importantly, the downregulated factors comprise PGC-1α, a well-known factor in acute and chronic kidney injury. By contrast, the most highly upregulated gene sets were those related to the inflammatory response and cholesterol homeostasis. In conclusion, Marburg virus infects and replicates in human primary PTC and induces downregulation of processes known to be relevant for acute kidney injury as well as a strong inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Koch
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Filzmayer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Urology, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Sammy Patyna
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Nils Wetzstein
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lampe
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biochemistry I, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biochemistry I, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Patrick C Baer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine 4, Nephrology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Philipps University Marburg, Institute of Virology, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, Marburg 35043, Germany.
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3
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Wirchnianski AS, Nyakatura EK, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, Abbasi SA, Florez C, Storm N, McKay LGA, Dailey L, Kuang E, Abelson DM, Wec AZ, Chakraborti S, Holtsberg FW, Shulenin S, Bornholdt ZA, Aman MJ, Honko AN, Griffiths A, Dye JM, Chandran K, Lai JR. Design and characterization of protective pan-ebolavirus and pan-filovirus bispecific antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012134. [PMID: 38603762 PMCID: PMC11037526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an important class of antiviral therapeutics. MAbs are highly selective, well tolerated, and have long in vivo half-life as well as the capacity to induce immune-mediated virus clearance. Their activities can be further enhanced by integration of their variable fragments (Fvs) into bispecific antibodies (bsAbs), affording simultaneous targeting of multiple epitopes to improve potency and breadth and/or to mitigate against viral escape by a single mutation. Here, we explore a bsAb strategy for generation of pan-ebolavirus and pan-filovirus immunotherapeutics. Filoviruses, including Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Marburg virus (MARV), cause severe hemorrhagic fever. Although there are two FDA-approved mAb therapies for EBOV infection, these do not extend to other filoviruses. Here, we combine Fvs from broad ebolavirus mAbs to generate novel pan-ebolavirus bsAbs that are potently neutralizing, confer protection in mice, and are resistant to viral escape. Moreover, we combine Fvs from pan-ebolavirus mAbs with those of protective MARV mAbs to generate pan-filovirus protective bsAbs. These results provide guidelines for broad antiviral bsAb design and generate new immunotherapeutic candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Filoviridae/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Female
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Filoviridae Infections/immunology
- Filoviridae Infections/therapy
- Filoviridae Infections/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel S. Wirchnianski
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth K. Nyakatura
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Kuehne
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shawn A. Abbasi
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Catalina Florez
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nadia Storm
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsay G. A. McKay
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leandrew Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Erin Kuang
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Dafna M. Abelson
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Z. Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Srinjoy Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Sergey Shulenin
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - M. Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna N. Honko
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology; and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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4
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Cao Z, Liu C, Peng C, Ran Y, Yao Y, Xiao G, Li E, Chen Z, Chuai X, Chiu S. Ebola virus VP35 perturbs type I interferon signaling to facilitate viral replication. Virol Sin 2023; 38:922-930. [PMID: 37839549 PMCID: PMC10786653 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the deadliest viruses, Ebola virus (EBOV) causes lethal hemorrhagic fevers in humans and nonhuman primates. The suppression of innate immunity leads to robust systemic virus replication of EBOV, leading to enhanced transmission. However, the mechanism of EBOV-host interaction is not fully understood. Here, we identified multiple dysregulated genes in early stage of EBOV infection through transcriptomic analysis, which are highly clustered to Jak-STAT signaling. EBOV VP35 and VP30 were found to inhibit type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Moreover, exogenous expression of VP35 blocks the phosphorylation of endogenous STAT1, and suppresses nuclear translocation of STAT1. Using serial truncated mutations of VP35, N-terminal 1-220 amino acid residues of VP35 were identified to be essential for blocking on type I IFN signaling. Remarkably, VP35 of EBOV suppresses type I IFN signaling more efficiently than those of Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) and Marburg virus (MARV), resulting in stable replication to facilitate the pathogenesis. Altogether, this study enriches understanding on EBOV evasion of innate immune response, and provides insights into the interplay between filoviruses and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengguo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- National Biosafety Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430020, China
| | - Yong Ran
- National Biosafety Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430020, China
| | - Yulin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Entao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xia Chuai
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Sandra Chiu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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5
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Han JJ, Song HA, Pierson SL, Shen-Gunther J, Xia Q. Emerging Infectious Diseases Are Virulent Viruses-Are We Prepared? An Overview. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2618. [PMID: 38004630 PMCID: PMC10673331 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 affected the global population, resulting in a significant loss of lives and global economic deterioration. COVID-19 highlighted the importance of public awareness and science-based decision making, and exposed global vulnerabilities in preparedness and response systems. Emerging and re-emerging viral outbreaks are becoming more frequent due to increased international travel and global warming. These viral outbreaks impose serious public health threats and have transformed national strategies for pandemic preparedness with global economic consequences. At the molecular level, viral mutations and variations are constantly thwarting vaccine efficacy, as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, and prevention strategies. Here, we discuss viral infectious diseases that were epidemic and pandemic, currently available treatments, and surveillance measures, along with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine J. Han
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Hannah A. Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA;
| | - Sarah L. Pierson
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Jane Shen-Gunther
- Gynecologic Oncology & Clinical Investigation, Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Qingqing Xia
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA;
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6
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Jayaprakash AD, Ronk AJ, Prasad AN, Covington MF, Stein KR, Schwarz TM, Hekmaty S, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW, Basler CF, Bukreyev A, Sachidanandam R. Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections Elicit a Complex, Muted Inflammatory State in Bats. Viruses 2023; 15:350. [PMID: 36851566 PMCID: PMC9958679 DOI: 10.3390/v15020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Marburg and Ebola filoviruses cause a severe, often fatal, disease in humans and nonhuman primates but have only subclinical effects in bats, including Egyptian rousettes, which are a natural reservoir of Marburg virus. A fundamental question is why these viruses are highly pathogenic in humans but fail to cause disease in bats. To address this question, we infected one cohort of Egyptian rousette bats with Marburg virus and another cohort with Ebola virus and harvested multiple tissues for mRNA expression analysis. While virus transcripts were found primarily in the liver, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed coordinated changes across multiple tissues. Gene signatures in kidney and liver pointed at induction of vasodilation, reduction in coagulation, and changes in the regulation of iron metabolism. Signatures of immune response detected in spleen and liver indicated a robust anti-inflammatory state signified by macrophages in the M2 state and an active T cell response. The evolutionary divergence between bats and humans of many responsive genes might provide a framework for understanding the differing outcomes upon infection by filoviruses. In this study, we outline multiple interconnected pathways that respond to infection by MARV and EBOV, providing insights into the complexity of the mechanisms that enable bats to resist the disease caused by filoviral infections. The results have the potential to aid in the development of new strategies to effectively mitigate and treat the disease caused by these viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam J. Ronk
- Department of Pathology, the University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Abhishek N. Prasad
- Department of Pathology, the University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Kathryn R. Stein
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Toni M. Schwarz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Saboor Hekmaty
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karla A. Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Christopher F. Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, the University Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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7
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Abir MH, Rahman T, Das A, Etu SN, Nafiz IH, Rakib A, Mitra S, Emran TB, Dhama K, Islam A, Siyadatpanah A, Mahmud S, Kim B, Hassan MM. Pathogenicity and virulence of Marburg virus. Virulence 2022; 13:609-633. [PMID: 35363588 PMCID: PMC8986239 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2054760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) has been a major concern since 1967, with two major outbreaks occurring in 1998 and 2004. Infection from MARV results in severe hemorrhagic fever, causing organ dysfunction and death. Exposure to fruit bats in caves and mines, and human-to-human transmission had major roles in the amplification of MARV outbreaks in African countries. The high fatality rate of up to 90% demands the broad study of MARV diseases (MVD) that correspond with MARV infection. Since large outbreaks are rare for MARV, clinical investigations are often inadequate for providing the substantial data necessary to determine the treatment of MARV disease. Therefore, an overall review may contribute to minimizing the limitations associated with future medical research and improve the clinical management of MVD. In this review, we sought to analyze and amalgamate significant information regarding MARV disease epidemics, pathophysiology, and management approaches to provide a better understanding of this deadly virus and the associated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehedy Hasan Abir
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjilur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ayan Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Silvia Naznin Etu
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Iqbal Hossain Nafiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Bonlgee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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8
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Wanninger TG, Millian DE, Saldarriaga OA, Maruyama J, Saito T, Reyna RA, Taniguchi S, Arroyave E, Connolly ME, Stevenson HL, Paessler S. Macrophage infection, activation, and histopathological findings in ebolavirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1023557. [PMID: 36310868 PMCID: PMC9597316 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1023557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to Ebola virus disease through their susceptibility to direct infection, their multi-faceted response to ebolaviruses, and their association with pathological findings in tissues throughout the body. Viral attachment and entry factors, as well as the more recently described influence of cell polarization, shape macrophage susceptibility to direct infection. Moreover, the study of Toll-like receptor 4 and the RIG-I-like receptor pathway in the macrophage response to ebolaviruses highlight important immune signaling pathways contributing to the breadth of macrophage responses. Lastly, the deep histopathological catalogue of macrophage involvement across numerous tissues during infection has been enriched by descriptions of tissues involved in sequelae following acute infection, including: the eye, joints, and the nervous system. Building upon this knowledge base, future opportunities include characterization of macrophage phenotypes beneficial or deleterious to survival, delineation of the specific roles macrophages play in pathological lesion development in affected tissues, and the creation of macrophage-specific therapeutics enhancing the beneficial activities and reducing the deleterious contributions of macrophages to the outcome of Ebola virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Wanninger
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel E. Millian
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Omar A. Saldarriaga
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rachel A. Reyna
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Esteban Arroyave
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Melanie E. Connolly
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Heather L. Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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9
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Kupke A, Volz A, Dietzel E, Freudenstein A, Schmidt J, Shams-Eldin H, Jany S, Sauerhering L, Krähling V, Gellhorn Serra M, Herden C, Eickmann M, Becker S, Sutter G. Protective CD8+ T Cell Response Induced by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Delivering Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040533. [PMID: 35455282 PMCID: PMC9027530 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The urgent need for vaccines against Ebola virus (EBOV) was underscored by the large outbreak in West Africa (2014–2016). Since then, several promising vaccine candidates have been tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies. As a result, two vaccines were approved for human use in 2019/2020, of which one includes a heterologous adenovirus/Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) prime-boost regimen. Here, we tested new vaccine candidates based on the recombinant MVA vector, encoding the EBOV nucleoprotein (MVA-EBOV-NP) or glycoprotein (MVA-EBOV-GP) for their efficacy after homologous prime-boost immunization in mice. Our aim was to investigate the role of each antigen in terms of efficacy and correlates of protection. Sera of mice vaccinated with MVA-EBOV-GP were virus-neutralizing and MVA-EBOV-NP immunization readily elicited interferon-γ-producing NP-specific CD8+ T cells. While mock-vaccinated mice succumbed to EBOV infection, all vaccinated mice survived and showed drastically decreased viral loads in sera and organs. In addition, MVA-EBOV-NP vaccinated mice became susceptible to lethal EBOV infection after depletion of CD8+ T cells prior to challenge. This study highlights the potential of MVA-based vaccines to elicit humoral immune responses as well as a strong and protective CD8+ T cell response and contributes to understanding the possible underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kupke
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (H.S.-E.); (L.S.); (V.K.); (M.G.S.); (M.E.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Erik Dietzel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (H.S.-E.); (L.S.); (V.K.); (M.G.S.); (M.E.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Freudenstein
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (A.F.); (S.J.)
| | - Jörg Schmidt
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (H.S.-E.); (L.S.); (V.K.); (M.G.S.); (M.E.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hosam Shams-Eldin
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (H.S.-E.); (L.S.); (V.K.); (M.G.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (A.F.); (S.J.)
| | - Lucie Sauerhering
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (H.S.-E.); (L.S.); (V.K.); (M.G.S.); (M.E.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Verena Krähling
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (H.S.-E.); (L.S.); (V.K.); (M.G.S.); (M.E.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Gellhorn Serra
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (H.S.-E.); (L.S.); (V.K.); (M.G.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (H.S.-E.); (L.S.); (V.K.); (M.G.S.); (M.E.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (A.K.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (H.S.-E.); (L.S.); (V.K.); (M.G.S.); (M.E.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (A.F.); (S.J.)
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10
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Sami SA, Marma KKS, Mahmud S, Khan MAN, Albogami S, El-Shehawi AM, Rakib A, Chakraborty A, Mohiuddin M, Dhama K, Uddin MMN, Hossain MK, Tallei TE, Emran TB. Designing of a Multi-epitope Vaccine against the Structural Proteins of Marburg Virus Exploiting the Immunoinformatics Approach. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32043-32071. [PMID: 34870027 PMCID: PMC8638006 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Marburg virus disease (MVD) caused by the Marburg virus (MARV) generally appears with flu-like symptoms and leads to severe hemorrhagic fever. It spreads via direct contact with infected individuals or animals. Despite being considered to be less threatening in terms of appearances and the number of infected patients, the high fatality rate of this pathogenic virus is a major concern. Until now, no vaccine has been developed to combat this deadly virus. Therefore, vaccination for this virus is necessary to reduce its mortality. Our current investigation focuses on the design and formulation of a multi-epitope vaccine based on the structural proteins of MARV employing immunoinformatics approaches. The screening of potential T-cell and B-cell epitopes from the seven structural proteins of MARV was carried out through specific selection parameters. Afterward, we compiled the shortlisted epitopes by attaching them to an appropriate adjuvant and linkers. Population coverage analysis, conservancy analysis, and MHC cluster analysis of the shortlisted epitopes were satisfactory. Importantly, physicochemical characteristics, human homology assessment, and structure validation of the vaccine construct delineated convenient outcomes. We implemented disulfide bond engineering to stabilize the tertiary or quaternary interactions. Furthermore, stability and physical movements of the vaccine protein were explored using normal-mode analysis. The immune simulation study of the vaccine complexes also exhibited significant results. Additionally, the protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulation of the final construct exhibited a higher affinity toward toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). From simulation trajectories, multiple descriptors, namely, root mean square deviations (rmsd), radius of gyration (Rg), root mean square fluctuations (RMSF), solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), and hydrogen bonds, have been taken into account to demonstrate the inflexible and rigid nature of receptor molecules and the constructed vaccine. Inclusively, our findings suggested the vaccine constructs' ability to regulate promising immune responses against MARV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Ahmed Sami
- Department of Pharmacy,
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University
of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Kay Kay Shain Marma
- Department of Pharmacy,
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University
of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Microbiology
Laboratory, Bioinformatics Division, Department of Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asif Nadim Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department
of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif
University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. El-Shehawi
- Department
of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif
University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy,
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University
of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Agnila Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacy,
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University
of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Mostafah Mohiuddin
- Department of Pharmacy,
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University
of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Mir Muhammad Nasir Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy,
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University
of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Kamrul Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy,
Faculty of Biological Sciences, University
of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi 95115, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
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11
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Wirchnianski AS, Wec AZ, Nyakatura EK, Herbert AS, Slough MM, Kuehne AI, Mittler E, Jangra RK, Teruya J, Dye JM, Lai JR, Chandran K. Two Distinct Lysosomal Targeting Strategies Afford Trojan Horse Antibodies With Pan-Filovirus Activity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729851. [PMID: 34721393 PMCID: PMC8551868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple agents in the family Filoviridae (filoviruses) are associated with sporadic human outbreaks of highly lethal disease, while others, including several recently identified agents, possess strong zoonotic potential. Although viral glycoprotein (GP)-specific monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated therapeutic utility against filovirus disease, currently FDA-approved molecules lack antiviral breadth. The development of broadly neutralizing antibodies has been challenged by the high sequence divergence among filovirus GPs and the complex GP proteolytic cleavage cascade that accompanies filovirus entry. Despite this variability in the antigenic surface of GP, all filoviruses share a site of vulnerability-the binding site for the universal filovirus entry receptor, Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). Unfortunately, this site is shielded in extracellular GP and only uncovered by proteolytic cleavage by host proteases in late endosomes and lysosomes, which are generally inaccessible to antibodies. To overcome this obstacle, we previously developed a 'Trojan horse' therapeutic approach in which engineered bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) coopt viral particles to deliver GP:NPC1 interaction-blocking antibodies to their endo/lysosomal sites of action. This approach afforded broad protection against members of the genus Ebolavirus but could not neutralize more divergent filoviruses. Here, we describe next-generation Trojan horse bsAbs that target the endo/lysosomal GP:NPC1 interface with pan-filovirus breadth by exploiting the conserved and widely expressed host cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor for intracellular delivery. Our work highlights a new avenue for the development of single therapeutics protecting against all known and newly emerging filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Anna Z Wec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Elisabeth K Nyakatura
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States.,The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Teruya
- Antibody Discovery and Research group, Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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12
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Bach S, Demper JC, Klemm P, Schlereth J, Lechner M, Schoen A, Kämper L, Weber F, Becker S, Biedenkopf N, Hartmann RK. Identification and characterization of short leader and trailer RNAs synthesized by the Ebola virus RNA polymerase. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010002. [PMID: 34699554 PMCID: PMC8547711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of non-segmented negative sense (NNS) RNA viruses follows a stop-start mechanism and is thought to be initiated at the genome’s very 3’-end. The synthesis of short abortive leader transcripts (leaderRNAs) has been linked to transcription initiation for some NNS viruses. Here, we identified the synthesis of abortive leaderRNAs (as well as trailer RNAs) that are specifically initiated opposite to (anti)genome nt 2; leaderRNAs are predominantly terminated in the region of nt ~ 60–80. LeaderRNA synthesis requires hexamer phasing in the 3’-leader promoter. We determined a steady-state NP mRNA:leaderRNA ratio of ~10 to 30-fold at 48 h after Ebola virus (EBOV) infection, and this ratio was higher (70 to 190-fold) for minigenome-transfected cells. LeaderRNA initiation at nt 2 and the range of termination sites were not affected by structure and length variation between promoter elements 1 and 2, nor the presence or absence of VP30. Synthesis of leaderRNA is suppressed in the presence of VP30 and termination of leaderRNA is not mediated by cryptic gene end (GE) signals in the 3’-leader promoter. We further found different genomic 3’-end nucleotide requirements for transcription versus replication, suggesting that promoter recognition is different in the replication and transcription mode of the EBOV polymerase. We further provide evidence arguing against a potential role of EBOV leaderRNAs as effector molecules in innate immunity. Taken together, our findings are consistent with a model according to which leaderRNAs are abortive replicative RNAs whose synthesis is not linked to transcription initiation. Rather, replication and transcription complexes are proposed to independently initiate RNA synthesis at separate sites in the 3’-leader promoter, i.e., at the second nucleotide of the genome 3’-end and at the more internally positioned transcription start site preceding the first gene, respectively, as reported for Vesicular stomatitis virus. The RNA polymerase (RdRp) of Ebola virus (EBOV) initiates RNA synthesis at the 3’-leader promoter of its encapsidated, non-segmented negative sense (NNS) RNA genome, either at the penultimate 3’-end position of the genome in the replicative mode or more internally (position 56) at the transcription start site (TSS) in its transcription mode. Here we identified the synthesis of abortive replicative RNAs that are specifically initiated opposite to genome nt 2 (termed leaderRNAs) and predominantly terminated in the region of nt ~ 60–80 near the TSS. The functional role of abortive leaderRNA synthesis is still enigmatic; a role in interferon induction could be excluded. Our findings indirectly link leaderRNA termination to nucleoprotein (NP) availability for encapsidation of nascent replicative RNA or to NP removal from the template RNA. Our findings further argue against the model that leaderRNA synthesis is a prerequisite for each transcription initiation event at the TSS. Rather, our findings are in line with the existence of distinct replicase and transcriptase complexes of RdRp that interact differently with the 3’-leader promoter and intiate RNA synthesis independently at different sites (position 2 or 56 of the genome), mechanistically similar to another NNS virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bach
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jana-Christin Demper
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Paul Klemm
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schlereth
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Lechner
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schoen
- Institut für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Lennart Kämper
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institut für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NB); (RKH)
| | - Roland K. Hartmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NB); (RKH)
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13
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Ghosh S, Saha A, Samanta S, Saha RP. Genome structure and genetic diversity in the Ebola virus. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 60:83-90. [PMID: 34364102 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ebola is a deadly pathogen responsible for Ebola virus disease, first came to prominence in the year 1976. This rapidly evolving virus imposed a serious threat to the human population in the last few decades and also continues to be a probable threat to our race. A better understanding of the virus in terms of its genomic structure is very much needed to develop an effective antiviral therapy against this deadly pathogen. Complete knowledge of its genomic structure and variations will help us and the entire scientific community to design effective therapy in terms of either vaccine development or the development of proper antiviral medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmitra Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Abinit Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Saikat Samanta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Rudra P Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, India.
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14
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Retrospective Enhanced Bat Lyssavirus Surveillance in Germany between 2018-2020. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081538. [PMID: 34452403 PMCID: PMC8402685 DOI: 10.3390/v13081538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are the causative agents for rabies, a zoonotic and fatal disease. Bats are the ancestral reservoir host for lyssaviruses, and at least three different lyssaviruses have been found in bats from Germany. Across Europe, novel lyssaviruses were identified in bats recently and occasional spillover infections in other mammals and human cases highlight their public health relevance. Here, we report the results from an enhanced passive bat rabies surveillance that encompasses samples without human contact that would not be tested under routine conditions. To this end, 1236 bat brain samples obtained between 2018 and 2020 were screened for lyssaviruses via several RT-qPCR assays. European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1) was dominant, with 15 positives exclusively found in serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) from northern Germany. Additionally, when an archived set of bat samples that had tested negative for rabies by the FAT were screened in the process of assay validation, four samples tested EBLV-1 positive, including two detected in Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis of 17 full genomes assigned all except one of these viruses to the A1 cluster of the EBLV-1a sub-lineage. Furthermore, we report here another Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) infection in a Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) found in Lower Saxony, the tenth reported case of this novel bat lyssavirus.
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15
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Yu Z, Wu H, Huang Q, Zhong Z. Simultaneous detection of Marburg virus and Ebola virus with TaqMan-based multiplex real-time PCR method. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23786. [PMID: 33939238 PMCID: PMC8183904 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are acute infections with high case fatality rates. It is of great significance for epidemic monitoring and prevention and control of infectious diseases by the development of a rapid, specific, and sensitive quantitative PCR method to detect two pathogens simultaneously. Methods Primers and TaqMan probes were designed according to highly conserved sequences of these viruses. Sensitivity, specificity, linear range, limit of detection, and the effects of hemolysis and lipid on real‐time qPCR were evaluated. Results The linearity of the curve allowed quantification of nucleic acid concentrations in range from 103 to 109 copies/ml per reaction (MARV and EBOV). The limit of detection of EBOV was 40 copies/ml, and MARV was 100 copies/ml. It has no cross‐reaction with other pathogens such as hepatitis b virus (HBV), hepatitis c virus (HCV), human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Repeatability analysis of the two viruses showed that their coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 5.0%. The above results indicated that fluorescence quantitative PCR could detect EBOV and MARV sensitively and specifically. Conclusions The TaqMan probe‐based multiplex fluorescence quantitative PCR assays could detect EBOV and MARV sensitively specifically and simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikang Yu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Heming Wu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Qingyan Huang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Precision Medicine, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics and Antibody Therapeutics, Meizhou People's Hospital (Huangtang Hospital), Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Meizhou, China
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16
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Residual and Late Onset Symptoms Appeared in a Patient with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia in a Convalescence Stage. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040657. [PMID: 33920248 PMCID: PMC8069184 DOI: 10.3390/v13040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease caused by Dabie bandavirus (formerly SFTS virus, SFTSV). Its manifestations during the convalescent phase have not been widely described. We report a patient presenting with hematospermia, fatigue, myalgia, alopecia, insomnia, and depression during the recovery phase of SFTS. Since these symptoms are widely observed in patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers, there might be common mechanisms between SFTS and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Close monitoring may be required during the recovery phase of SFTS.
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17
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Bach S, Demper JC, Grünweller A, Becker S, Biedenkopf N, Hartmann RK. Regulation of VP30-Dependent Transcription by RNA Sequence and Structure in the Genomic Ebola Virus Promoter. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02215-20. [PMID: 33268520 PMCID: PMC8092829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02215-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral transcription and replication of Ebola virus (EBOV) is balanced by transcription factor VP30, an RNA binding protein. An RNA hairpin at the transcription start site (TSS) of the first gene (NP hairpin) in the 3'-leader promoter is thought to mediate the VP30 dependency of transcription. Here, we investigated the constraints of VP30 dependency using a series of monocistronic minigenomes with sequence, structure and length deviations from the native NP hairpin. Hairpin stabilizations decreased while destabilizations increased transcription in the absence of VP30, but in all cases, transcription activity was higher in the presence versus absence of VP30. This also pertains to a mutant that is unable to form any RNA secondary structure at the TSS, demonstrating that the activity of VP30 is not simply determined by the capacity to form a hairpin structure at the TSS. Introduction of continuous 3'-UN5 hexamer phasing between promoter elements PE1 and PE2 by a single point mutation in the NP hairpin boosted VP30-independent transcription. Moreover, this point mutation, but also hairpin stabilizations, impaired the relative increase of replication in the absence of VP30. Our results suggest that the native NP hairpin is optimized for tight regulation by VP30 while avoiding an extent of hairpin stability that impairs viral transcription, as well as for enabling the switch from transcription to replication when VP30 is not part of the polymerase complex.IMPORTANCE A detailed understanding is lacking how the Ebola virus (EBOV) protein VP30 regulates activity of the viral polymerase complex. Here, we studied how RNA sequence, length and structure at the transcription start site (TSS) in the 3'-leader promoter influence the impact of VP30 on viral polymerase activity. We found that hairpin stabilizations tighten the VP30 dependency of transcription but reduce transcription efficiency and attenuate the switch to replication in the absence of VP30. Upon hairpin destabilization, VP30-independent transcription - already weakly detectable at the native promoter - increases, but never reaches the same extent as in the presence of VP30. We conclude that the native hairpin structure involving the TSS (i) establishes an optimal balance between efficient transcription and tight regulation by VP30, (ii) is linked to hexamer phasing in the promoter, and (iii) favors the switch to replication when VP30 is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bach
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jana-Christin Demper
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg
| | - Roland K Hartmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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18
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Calvelage S, Tammiranta N, Nokireki T, Gadd T, Eggerbauer E, Zaeck LM, Potratz M, Wylezich C, Höper D, Müller T, Finke S, Freuling CM. Genetic and Antigenetic Characterization of the Novel Kotalahti Bat Lyssavirus (KBLV). Viruses 2021; 13:69. [PMID: 33419096 PMCID: PMC7825429 DOI: 10.3390/v13010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing diversity of bat-associated lyssaviruses in the Old World. In August 2017, a dead Brandt's bat (Myotis brandtii) tested positive for rabies and based on partial sequence analysis, the novel Kotalahti bat lyssavirus (KBLV) was identified. Because the bat was in an autolyzed state, isolation of KBLV was neither successful after three consecutive cell passages on cells nor in mice. Next generation sequencing (NGS) was applied using Ion Torrent ™ S5 technology coupled with target enrichment via hybridization-based capture (myBaits®) was used to sequence 99% of the genome, comprising of 11,878 nucleotides (nt). KBLV is most closely related to EBLV-2 (78.7% identity), followed by KHUV (79.0%) and BBLV (77.6%), supporting the assignment as phylogroup I lyssavirus. Interestingly, all of these lyssaviruses were also isolated from bat species of the genus Myotis, thus supporting that M. brandtii is likely the reservoir host. All information on antigenic and genetic divergence fulfil the species demarcation criteria by ICTV, so that we recommend KBLV as a novel species within the Lyssavirus genus. Next to sequence analyses, assignment to phylogroup I was functionally corroborated by cross-neutralization of G-deleted RABV, pseudotyped with KBLV-G by sera from RABV vaccinated humans. This suggests that conventional RABV vaccines also confer protection against the novel KBLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Calvelage
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.C.); (C.W.); (D.H.)
| | - Niina Tammiranta
- Finnish Food Authority, Research Department, Virology Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (N.T.); (T.N.); (T.G.)
| | - Tiina Nokireki
- Finnish Food Authority, Research Department, Virology Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (N.T.); (T.N.); (T.G.)
| | - Tuija Gadd
- Finnish Food Authority, Research Department, Virology Unit, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; (N.T.); (T.N.); (T.G.)
| | - Elisa Eggerbauer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.E.); (L.M.Z.); (M.P.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.E.); (L.M.Z.); (M.P.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Madlin Potratz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.E.); (L.M.Z.); (M.P.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.C.); (C.W.); (D.H.)
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (S.C.); (C.W.); (D.H.)
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.E.); (L.M.Z.); (M.P.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.E.); (L.M.Z.); (M.P.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Central Duties, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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19
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Kortepeter MG, Dierberg K, Shenoy ES, Cieslak TJ. Marburg virus disease: A summary for clinicians. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:233-242. [PMID: 32758690 PMCID: PMC7397931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article summarizes the countermeasures for Marburg virus disease, focusing on pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnostics. There is an emphasis on therapies and vaccines that have demonstrated, through their evaluation in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and/or in humans, potential for use in an emergency situation. METHODS A standardized literature review was conducted on vaccines and treatments for Marburg virus disease, with a focus on human and nonhuman primate data published in the last five years. More detail on the methods that were used is summarized in a companion methods paper. RESULTS The study identified six treatments and four vaccine platforms that have demonstrated, through their efficacy in NHPs, potential benefit for treating or preventing infection in humans. CONCLUSION Succinct summaries of Marburg countermeasures are provided to give the busy clinician a head start in reviewing the literature if faced with a patient with Marburg virus disease. Links to other authoritative sources of information are also provided.
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20
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Matz KM, Marzi A, Feldmann H. Ebola vaccine trials: progress in vaccine safety and immunogenicity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 18:1229-1242. [PMID: 31779496 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1698952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Ebolaviruses are non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses in the Filoviridae family that cause a neglected infectious disease designated as Ebola virus disease (EVD). The most prominent member is the Ebola virus (EBOV), representing the Zaire ebolavirus species that has been responsible for the largest reported EVD outbreaks including the West African epidemic and the current outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Today, the most advanced EVD vaccine approaches target EBOV and multiple phase 1-4 human trials have been performed over the past few years. The most advanced platforms include vectored vaccines based on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-EBOV), distinct human (Ad5 and Ad26) and chimpanzee (ChAd3) adenoviruses and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) as well as DNA-based vaccines administered as a prime-only or homologous or combined prime-boost immunization.Areas covered: Here, we review and discuss human trials with a focus on vaccine safety and immunogenicity.Expert opinion: Despite obvious progress and promising success in EBOV vaccine development, many shortcomings and challenges remain to be tackled in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M Matz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
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21
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Impact of Měnglà Virus Proteins on Human and Bat Innate Immune Pathways. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00191-20. [PMID: 32295912 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00191-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Měnglà virus (MLAV), identified in Rousettus bats, is a phylogenetically distinct member of the family Filoviridae Because the filoviruses Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) modulate host innate immunity, MLAV VP35, VP40, and VP24 proteins were compared with their EBOV and MARV homologs for innate immune pathway modulation. In human and Rousettus cells, MLAV VP35 behaved like EBOV and MARV VP35s, inhibiting virus-induced activation of the interferon beta (IFN-β) promoter and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation. MLAV VP35 also interacted with PACT, a host protein engaged by EBOV VP35 to inhibit RIG-I signaling. MLAV VP35 also inhibits PKR activation. MLAV VP40 was demonstrated to inhibit type I IFN-induced gene expression in human and bat cells. It blocked STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation induced either by type I IFN or overexpressed Jak1, paralleling MARV VP40. MLAV VP40 also inhibited virus-induced IFN-β promoter activation, a property shared by MARV VP40 and EBOV VP24. A Jak kinase inhibitor did not recapitulate this inhibition in the absence of viral proteins. Therefore, inhibition of Jak-STAT signaling is insufficient to explain inhibition of IFN-β promoter activation. MLAV VP24 did not inhibit IFN-induced gene expression or bind karyopherin α proteins, properties of EBOV VP24. MLAV VP24 differed from MARV VP24 in that it failed to interact with Keap1 or activate an antioxidant response element reporter gene due to the absence of a Keap1-binding motif. These functional observations support a closer relationship of MLAV to MARV than to EBOV but also are consistent with MLAV belonging to a distinct genus.IMPORTANCE EBOV and MARV, members of the family Filoviridae, are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses that cause severe disease in humans. Both viruses use several mechanisms to modulate the host innate immune response, and these likely contribute to the severity of disease. Here, we demonstrate that MLAV, a filovirus newly discovered in a bat, suppresses antiviral type I interferon responses in both human and bat cells. Inhibitory activities are possessed by MLAV VP35 and VP40, which parallels how MARV blocks IFN responses. However, whereas MARV activates cellular antioxidant responses through an interaction between its VP24 protein and host protein Keap1, MLAV VP24 lacks a Keap1-binding motif and fails to activate this cytoprotective response. These data indicate that MLAV possesses immune-suppressing functions that could facilitate human infection. They also support the placement of MLAV in a different genus than either EBOV or MARV.
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22
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The Utility of Human Immune System Mice for High-Containment Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010098. [PMID: 32098330 PMCID: PMC7157695 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immune system (HIS) mice are a subset of humanized mice that are generated by xenoengraftment of human immune cells or tissues and/or their progenitors into immunodeficient mice. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) cause severe disease in humans, typically with high case fatality rates. HIS mouse studies have been performed to investigate the pathogenesis and immune responses to VHFs that must be handled in high-containment laboratory facilities. Here, we summarize studies on filoviruses, nairoviruses, phenuiviruses, and hantaviruses, and discuss the knowledge gained from using various HIS mouse models. Furthermore, we discuss the complexities of designing and interpreting studies utilizing HIS mice while highlighting additional questions about VHFs that can still be addressed using HIS mouse models.
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23
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Rousette Bat Dendritic Cells Overcome Marburg Virus-Mediated Antiviral Responses by Upregulation of Interferon-Related Genes While Downregulating Proinflammatory Disease Mediators. mSphere 2019; 4:4/6/e00728-19. [PMID: 31801842 PMCID: PMC6893212 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00728-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg viruses (MARVs) cause severe human disease resulting from aberrant immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) are primary targets of infection and are dysregulated by MARV. Dysregulation of DCs facilitates MARV replication and virus dissemination and influences downstream immune responses that result in immunopathology. Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs) are natural reservoirs of MARV, and infection results in virus replication and shedding, with asymptomatic control of the virus within weeks. The mechanisms that bats employ to appropriately respond to infection while avoiding disease are unknown. Because DC infection and modulation are important early events in human disease, we measured the transcriptional responses of ERB DCs to MARV. The significance of this work is in identifying cell type-specific coevolved responses between ERBs and MARV, which gives insight into how bat reservoirs are able to harbor MARV and permit viral replication, allowing transmission and maintenance in the population while simultaneously preventing immunopathogenesis. Dysregulated and maladaptive immune responses are at the forefront of human diseases caused by infection with zoonotic viral hemorrhagic fever viruses. Elucidating mechanisms of how the natural animal reservoirs of these viruses coexist with these agents without overt disease, while permitting sufficient replication to allow for transmission and maintenance in a population, is important for understanding the viral ecology and spillover to humans. The Egyptian rousette bat (ERB) has been identified as a reservoir for Marburg virus (MARV), a filovirus and the etiological agent of the highly lethal Marburg virus disease. Little is known regarding how these bats immunologically respond to MARV infection. In humans, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are primary targets of infection, and their dysregulation is thought to play a central role in filovirus diseases, by disturbing their normal functions as innate sensors and adaptive immune response facilitators while serving as amplification and dissemination agents for the virus. The infection status and responses to MARV in bat myeloid-lineage cells are uncharacterized and likely represent an important modulator of the bat’s immune response to MARV infection. Here, we generate DCs from the bone marrow of rousette bats. Infection with a bat isolate of MARV resulted in a low level of transcription in these cells and significantly downregulated DC maturation and adaptive immune-stimulatory pathways while simultaneously upregulating interferon-related pathogen-sensing pathways. This study provides a first insight into how the bat immune response is directed toward preventing aberrant inflammatory responses while mounting an antiviral response to defend against MARV infection. IMPORTANCE Marburg viruses (MARVs) cause severe human disease resulting from aberrant immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) are primary targets of infection and are dysregulated by MARV. Dysregulation of DCs facilitates MARV replication and virus dissemination and influences downstream immune responses that result in immunopathology. Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs) are natural reservoirs of MARV, and infection results in virus replication and shedding, with asymptomatic control of the virus within weeks. The mechanisms that bats employ to appropriately respond to infection while avoiding disease are unknown. Because DC infection and modulation are important early events in human disease, we measured the transcriptional responses of ERB DCs to MARV. The significance of this work is in identifying cell type-specific coevolved responses between ERBs and MARV, which gives insight into how bat reservoirs are able to harbor MARV and permit viral replication, allowing transmission and maintenance in the population while simultaneously preventing immunopathogenesis.
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24
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Shu T, Gan T, Bai P, Wang X, Qian Q, Zhou H, Cheng Q, Qiu Y, Yin L, Zhong J, Zhou X. Ebola virus VP35 has novel NTPase and helicase-like activities. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:5837-5851. [PMID: 31066445 PMCID: PMC6582406 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus (NNSV) in the family Filoviridae, and is recognized as one of the most lethal pathogens in the planet. For RNA viruses, cellular or virus-encoded RNA helicases play pivotal roles in viral life cycles by remodelling viral RNA structures and/or unwinding viral dsRNA produced during replication. However, no helicase or helicase-like activity has ever been found to associate with any NNSV-encoded proteins, and it is unknown whether the replication of NNSVs requires the participation of any viral or cellular helicase. Here, we show that despite of containing no conserved NTPase/helicase motifs, EBOV VP35 possesses the NTPase and helicase-like activities that can hydrolyse all types of NTPs and unwind RNA helices in an NTP-dependent manner, respectively. Moreover, guanidine hydrochloride, an FDA-approved compound and inhibitor of certain viral helicases, inhibited the NTPase and helicase-like activities of VP35 as well as the replication/transcription of an EBOV minigenome replicon in cells, highlighting the importance of VP35 helicase-like activity during EBOV life cycle. Together, our findings provide the first demonstration of the NTPase/helicase-like activity encoded by EBOV, and would foster our understanding of EBOV and NNSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Tianyu Gan
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Qi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Lei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, CAS, Shanghai 200031, China.,Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, CAS, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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25
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Halfmann P, Hill-Batorski L, Kawaoka Y. The Induction of IL-1β Secretion Through the NLRP3 Inflammasome During Ebola Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S504-S507. [PMID: 30060221 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is part of the innate immune system that regulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Ebola virus (EBOV) infection of monocytes and macrophages (primary target cells early during infection) leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines; however, the mechanism behind the activation and release of these cytokines is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that EBOV infection leads to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the subsequent secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. This process is dependent on protease caspase-1, a component of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, but is independent of virus replication. These findings may lead to the development of novel drugs that impede the pathogenesis of EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Lindsay Hill-Batorski
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Virology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Pascal KE, Dudgeon D, Trefry JC, Anantpadma M, Sakurai Y, Murin CD, Turner HL, Fairhurst J, Torres M, Rafique A, Yan Y, Badithe A, Yu K, Potocky T, Bixler SL, Chance TB, Pratt WD, Rossi FD, Shamblin JD, Wollen SE, Zelko JM, Carrion R, Worwa G, Staples HM, Burakov D, Babb R, Chen G, Martin J, Huang TT, Erlandson K, Willis MS, Armstrong K, Dreier TM, Ward AB, Davey RA, Pitt MLM, Lipsich L, Mason P, Olson W, Stahl N, Kyratsous CA. Development of Clinical-Stage Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Treat Advanced Ebola Virus Disease in Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S612-S626. [PMID: 29860496 PMCID: PMC6249601 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For most classes of drugs, rapid development of therapeutics to treat emerging infections is challenged by the timelines needed to identify compounds with the desired efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide an attractive method to overcome many of these hurdles to rapidly produce therapeutics for emerging diseases. Methods In this study, we deployed a platform to generate, test, and develop fully human antibodies to Zaire ebolavirus. We obtained specific anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) antibodies by immunizing VelocImmune mice that use human immunoglobulin variable regions in their humoral responses. Results Of the antibody clones isolated, 3 were selected as best at neutralizing EBOV and triggering FcγRIIIa. Binding studies and negative-stain electron microscopy revealed that the 3 selected antibodies bind to non-overlapping epitopes, including a potentially new protective epitope not targeted by other antibody-based treatments. When combined, a single dose of a cocktail of the 3 antibodies protected nonhuman primates (NHPs) from EBOV disease even after disease symptoms were apparent. Conclusions This antibody cocktail provides complementary mechanisms of actions, incorporates novel specificities, and demonstrates high-level postexposure protection from lethal EBOV disease in NHPs. It is now undergoing testing in normal healthy volunteers in preparation for potential use in future Ebola epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drew Dudgeon
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - John C Trefry
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Yasuteru Sakurai
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Charles D Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | - Ying Yan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Ashok Badithe
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Kevin Yu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Terra Potocky
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - William D Pratt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Franco D Rossi
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Justine M Zelko
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Hilary M Staples
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Darya Burakov
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Robert Babb
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Gang Chen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Joel Martin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Tammy T Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Karl Erlandson
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Melissa S Willis
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Kimberly Armstrong
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas M Dreier
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Margaret L M Pitt
- Office of the Commander, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Leah Lipsich
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Peter Mason
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - William Olson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Neil Stahl
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
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27
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Hume AJ, Mühlberger E. Distinct Genome Replication and Transcription Strategies within the Growing Filovirus Family. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4290-4320. [PMID: 31260690 PMCID: PMC6879820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on filoviruses has historically focused on the highly pathogenic ebola- and marburgviruses. Indeed, until recently, these were the only two genera in the filovirus family. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have facilitated the discovery of not only a new ebolavirus, but also three new filovirus genera and a sixth proposed genus. While two of these new genera are similar to the ebola- and marburgviruses, the other two, discovered in saltwater fishes, are considerably more diverse. Nonetheless, these viruses retain a number of key features of the other filoviruses. Here, we review the key characteristics of filovirus replication and transcription, highlighting similarities and differences between the viruses. In particular, we focus on key regulatory elements in the genomes, replication and transcription strategies, and the conservation of protein domains and functions among the viruses. In addition, using computational analyses, we were able to identify potential homology and functions for some of the genes of the novel filoviruses with previously unknown functions. Although none of the newly discovered filoviruses have yet been isolated, initial studies of some of these viruses using minigenome systems have yielded insights into their mechanisms of replication and transcription. In general, the Cuevavirus and proposed Dianlovirus genera appear to follow the transcription and replication strategies employed by the ebola- and marburgviruses, respectively. While our knowledge of the fish filoviruses is currently limited to sequence analysis, the lack of certain conserved motifs and even entire genes necessitates that they have evolved distinct mechanisms of replication and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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28
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Olejnik J, Hume AJ, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Mühlberger E. Filovirus Strategies to Escape Antiviral Responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 411:293-322. [PMID: 28685291 PMCID: PMC5973841 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This chapter describes the various strategies filoviruses use to escape host immune responses with a focus on innate immune and cell death pathways. Since filovirus replication can be efficiently blocked by interferon (IFN), filoviruses have evolved mechanisms to counteract both type I IFN induction and IFN response signaling pathways. Intriguingly, marburg- and ebolaviruses use different strategies to inhibit IFN signaling. This chapter also summarizes what is known about the role of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in filovirus infection. These fall into three categories: those that restrict filovirus replication, those whose activation is inhibited by filoviruses, and those that have no measurable effect on viral replication. In addition to innate immunity, mammalian cells have evolved strategies to counter viral infections, including the induction of cell death and stress response pathways, and we summarize our current knowledge of how filoviruses interact with these pathways. Finally, this chapter delves into the interaction of EBOV with myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages and the associated inflammatory response, which differs dramatically between these cell types when they are infected with EBOV. In summary, we highlight the multifaceted nature of the host-viral interactions during filoviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Olejnik
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Microbial Pathogenesis, Georgia State University, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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29
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Pleet ML, DeMarino C, Stonier SW, Dye JM, Jacobson S, Aman MJ, Kashanchi F. Extracellular Vesicles and Ebola Virus: A New Mechanism of Immune Evasion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050410. [PMID: 31052499 PMCID: PMC6563240 DOI: 10.3390/v11050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) disease can result in a range of symptoms anywhere from virtually asymptomatic to severe hemorrhagic fever during acute infection. Additionally, spans of asymptomatic persistence in recovering survivors is possible, during which transmission of the virus may occur. In acute infection, substantial cytokine storm and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis take place, resulting in uncontrolled, systemic inflammation in affected individuals. Recently, studies have demonstrated the presence of EBOV proteins VP40, glycoprotein (GP), and nucleoprotein (NP) packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) during infection. EVs containing EBOV proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis in recipient immune cells, as well as contain pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this manuscript, we review the current field of knowledge on EBOV EVs including the mechanisms of their biogenesis, their cargo and their effects in recipient cells. Furthermore, we discuss some of the effects that may be induced by EBOV EVs that have not yet been characterized and highlight the remaining questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Department, Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA.
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute for Neurological Disease and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - M Javad Aman
- Department. Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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30
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Edwards MR, Basler CF. Current status of small molecule drug development for Ebola virus and other filoviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 35:42-56. [PMID: 31003196 PMCID: PMC6556423 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The filovirus family includes some of the deadliest viruses known, including Ebola virus and Marburg virus. These viruses cause periodic outbreaks of severe disease that can be spread from person to person, making the filoviruses important public health threats. There remains a need for approved drugs that target all or most members of this virus family. Small molecule inhibitors that target conserved functions hold promise as pan-filovirus therapeutics. To date, compounds that effectively target virus entry, genome replication, gene expression, and virus egress have been described. The most advanced inhibitors are nucleoside analogs that target viral RNA synthesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, United States
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, United States.
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31
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Lopes AM, Machado JAT, Galhano AM. Computational Comparison and Visualization of Viruses in the Perspective of Clinical Information. Interdiscip Sci 2019; 11:86-94. [PMID: 28391493 PMCID: PMC7090701 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-017-0229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the visualization of complex information using multidimensional scaling (MDS). MDS is a technique adopted for processing data with multiple features scattered in high-dimensional spaces. For illustrating the proposed techniques, the case of viral diseases is considered. The study evaluates the characteristics of 21 viruses in the perspective of clinical information. Several new schemes are proposed for improving the visualization of the MDS charts. The results follow standard clinical practice, proving that the method represents a valuable tool to study a large number of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- António M Lopes
- UISPA - LAETA/INEGI, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - J A Tenreiro Machado
- Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Department of Electrical Engineering, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M Galhano
- Institute of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Department of Electrical Engineering, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal
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32
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Emperador DM, Mazzola LT, Wonderly Trainor B, Chua A, Kelly-Cirino C. Diagnostics for filovirus detection: impact of recent outbreaks on the diagnostic landscape. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001112. [PMID: 30899573 PMCID: PMC6407532 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses and Marburg virus (MARV) both belong to the family Filoviridae and cause severe haemorrhagic fever in humans. Due to high mortality rates and potential for spread from rural to urban regions, they are listed on the WHO R&D blueprint of high-priority pathogens. Recent ebolavirus outbreaks in Western and Central Africa have highlighted the importance of diagnostic testing in epidemic preparedness for these pathogens and led to the rapid development of a number of commercially available benchtop and point-of-care nucleic acid amplification tests as well as serological assays and rapid diagnostic tests. Despite these advancements, challenges still remain. While products approved under emergency use licenses during outbreak periods may continue to be used post-outbreak, a lack of clarity and incentive surrounding the regulatory approval pathway during non-outbreak periods has deterred many manufacturers from seeking full approvals. Waning of funding and poor access to samples after the 2014–2016 outbreak also contributed to cessation of development once the outbreak was declared over. There is a need for tests with improved sensitivity and specificity, and assays that can use alternative sample types could reduce the need for invasive procedures and expensive equipment, making testing in field conditions more feasible. For MARV, availability of diagnostic tests is still limited, restricted to a single ELISA test and assay panels designed to differentiate between multiple pathogens. It may be helpful to extend the target product profile for ebolavirus diagnostics to include MARV, as the viruses have many overlapping characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arlene Chua
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Geneva, Switzerland
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33
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Kakooza-Mwesige A, Tshala-Katumbay D, Juliano SL. Viral infections of the central nervous system in Africa. Brain Res Bull 2019; 145:2-17. [PMID: 30658129 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are a major cause of human central nervous system infection, and may be associated with significant mortality, and long-term sequelae. In Africa, the lack of effective therapies, limited diagnostic and human resource facilities are especially in dire need. Most viruses that affect the central nervous system are opportunistic or accidental pathogens. Some of these viruses were initially considered harmless, however they have now evolved to penetrate the nervous system efficiently and exploit neuronal cell biology thus resulting in severe illness. A number of potentially lethal neurotropic viruses have been discovered in Africa and over the course of time shown their ability to spread wider afield involving other continents leaving a devastating impact in their trail. In this review we discuss key viruses involved in central nervous system disease and of major public health concern with respect to Africa. These arise from the families of Flaviviridae, Filoviridae, Retroviridae, Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Herpesviridae. In terms of the number of cases affected by these viruses, HIV (Retroviridae) tops the list for morbidity, mortality and long term disability, while the Rift Valley Fever virus (Bunyaviridae) is at the bottom of the list. The most deadly are the Ebola and Marburg viruses (Filoviridae). This review describes their epidemiology and key neurological manifestations as regards the central nervous system such as meningoencephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The potential pathogenic mechanisms adopted by these viruses are debated and research perspectives suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Neuropediatric Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - Desire Tshala-Katumbay
- Department of Neurology and School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kinshasa, and Institut National de Recherches Biomedicales, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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34
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Basler CF, Krogan NJ, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK. Virus and host interactions critical for filoviral RNA synthesis as therapeutic targets. Antiviral Res 2018; 162:90-100. [PMID: 30550800 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Filoviruses, which include Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus, are negative-sense RNA viruses associated with sporadic outbreaks of severe viral hemorrhagic fever characterized by uncontrolled virus replication. The extreme virulence and emerging nature of these zoonotic pathogens make them a significant threat to human health. Replication of the filovirus genome and production of viral RNAs require the function of a complex of four viral proteins, the nucleoprotein (NP), viral protein 35 (VP35), viral protein 30 (VP30) and large protein (L). The latter performs the enzymatic activities required for production of viral RNAs and capping of viral mRNAs. Although it has been recognized that interactions between the virus-encoded components of the EBOV RNA polymerase complex are required for viral RNA synthesis reactions, specific molecular details have, until recently, been lacking. New efforts have combined structural biology and molecular virology to reveal in great detail the molecular basis for critical protein-protein interactions (PPIs) necessary for viral RNA synthesis. These efforts include recent studies that have identified a range of interacting host factors and in some instances demonstrated unique mechanisms by which they act. For a select number of these interactions, combined use of mutagenesis, over-expressing of peptides corresponding to PPI interfaces and identification of small molecules that disrupt PPIs have demonstrated the functional significance of virus-virus and virus-host PPIs and suggest several as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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35
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Pleet ML, Erickson J, DeMarino C, Barclay RA, Cowen M, Lepene B, Liang J, Kuhn JH, Prugar L, Stonier SW, Dye JM, Zhou W, Liotta LA, Aman MJ, Kashanchi F. Ebola Virus VP40 Modulates Cell Cycle and Biogenesis of Extracellular Vesicles. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S365-S387. [PMID: 30169850 PMCID: PMC6249571 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ebola virus (EBOV) mainly targets myeloid cells; however, extensive death of T cells is often observed in lethal infections. We have previously shown that EBOV VP40 in exosomes causes recipient immune cell death. Methods Using VP40-producing clones, we analyzed donor cell cycle, extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis, and recipient immune cell death. Transcription of cyclin D1 and nuclear localization of VP40 were examined via kinase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Extracellular vesicle contents were characterized by mass spectrometry, cytokine array, and western blot. Biosafety level-4 facilities were used for wild-type Ebola virus infection studies. Results VP40 EVs induced apoptosis in recipient T cells and monocytes. VP40 clones were accelerated in growth due to cyclin D1 upregulation, and nuclear VP40 was found bound to the cyclin D1 promoter. Accelerated cell cycling was related to EV biogenesis, resulting in fewer but larger EVs. VP40 EV contents were enriched in ribonucleic acid-binding proteins and cytokines (interleukin-15, transforming growth factor-β1, and interferon-γ). Finally, EBOV-infected cell and animal EVs contained VP40, nucleoprotein, and glycoprotein. Conclusions Nuclear VP40 upregulates cyclin D1 levels, resulting in dysregulated cell cycle and EV biogenesis. Packaging of cytokines and EBOV proteins into EVs from infected cells may be responsible for the decimation of immune cells during EBOV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pleet
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - James Erickson
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Robert A Barclay
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | | | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Laura Prugar
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - M Javad Aman
- Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
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36
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Luthra P, Naidoo J, Pietzsch CA, De S, Khadka S, Anantpadma M, Williams CG, Edwards MR, Davey RA, Bukreyev A, Ready JM, Basler CF. Inhibiting pyrimidine biosynthesis impairs Ebola virus replication through depletion of nucleoside pools and activation of innate immune responses. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:288-302. [PMID: 30144461 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Specific host pathways that may be targeted therapeutically to inhibit the replication of Ebola virus (EBOV) and other emerging viruses remain incompletely defined. A screen of 200,000 compounds for inhibition of an EBOV minigenome (MG) assay that measures the function of the viral polymerase complex identified as hits several compounds with an amino-tetrahydrocarbazole scaffold. This scaffold was structurally similar to GSK983, a compound previously described as having broad-spectrum antiviral activity due to its impairing de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis through inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). We generated compound SW835, the racemic version of GSK983 and demonstrated that SW835 and brequinar, another DHODH inhibitor, potently inhibit the MG assay and the replication of EBOV, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Zika (ZIKV) in vitro. Nucleoside and deoxynucleoside supplementation studies demonstrated that depletion of pyrimidine pools contributes to antiviral activity of these compounds. As reported for other DHODH inhibitors, SW835 and brequinar also induced expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). ISG induction was demonstrated to occur without production of IFNα/β and independently of the IFNα receptor and was not blocked by EBOV-encoded suppressors of IFN signaling pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrated that transcription factor IRF1 is required for this ISG induction, and that IRF1 induction requires the DNA damage response kinase ATM. Therefore, de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis is critical for the replication of EBOV and other RNA viruses and inhibition of this pathway activates an ATM and IRF1-dependent innate immune response that subverts EBOV immune evasion functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Luthra
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacinth Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Colette A Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sampriti De
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sudip Khadka
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Caroline G Williams
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Megan R Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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37
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Mittler E, Schudt G, Halwe S, Rohde C, Becker S. A Fluorescently Labeled Marburg Virus Glycoprotein as a New Tool to Study Viral Transport and Assembly. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S318-S326. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gordian Schudt
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Halwe
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Rohde
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
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38
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Albariño CG, Wiggleton Guerrero L, Chakrabarti AK, Nichol ST. Transcriptional analysis of viral mRNAs reveals common transcription patterns in cells infected by five different filoviruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201827. [PMID: 30071116 PMCID: PMC6072132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses are notorious viral pathogens responsible for high-consequence diseases in humans and non-human primates. Transcription of filovirus mRNA shares several common features with transcription in other non-segmented negative-strand viruses, including differential expression of genes located across the viral genome. Transcriptional patterns of Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) have been previously described using traditional, laborious methods, such as northern blots and in vivo labeling of viral mRNAs. More recently, however, the availability of the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has offered a more straightforward approach to assess transcriptional patterns. In this report, we analyzed the transcription patterns of four ebolaviruses—EBOV, Sudan (SUDV), Bundibugyo (BDBV), and Reston (RESTV) viruses—in two different cell lines using standard NGS library preparation and sequencing protocols. In agreement with previous reports mainly focused on EBOV and MARV, the remaining filoviruses used in this study also showed a consistent transcription pattern, with only minor variations between the different viruses. We have also analyzed the proportions of the three mRNAs transcribed from the GP gene, which are characteristic of the genus Ebolavirus and encode the glycoprotein (GP), the soluble GP (sGP), and the small soluble GP (ssGP). In addition, we used NGS methodology to analyze the transcription pattern of two previously described recombinant MARV. This analysis allowed us to correct our construction design, and to make an improved version of the original MARV expressing reporter genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- César G. Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa Wiggleton Guerrero
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ayan K. Chakrabarti
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Serological Investigation of Laboratory-Confirmed and Suspected Ebola Virus Disease Patients During the Late Phase of the Ebola Outbreak in Sierra Leone. Virol Sin 2018; 33:323-334. [PMID: 30066045 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the serological characteristics of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection during the late phase of the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. In total, 877 blood samples from 694 suspected Ebola virus disease (EVD) cases assessed from March to December 2015, were analyzed via real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for viral RNA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Luminex to detect antibodies against EBOV. Viral load and EBOV-specific IgM/IgG titers displayed a declining trend during March to December 2015. Viral RNA load decreased rapidly at earlier stages after disease onset, while EBOV-specific IgM and IgG still persisted in 58.1% (18/31) and 93.5% (29/31) of the confirmed EVD patients and in 3.8% (25/663) and 17.8% (118/663) of the RNA-negative suspected patients in the later phase, respectively. Dynamic analysis of longitudinally collected samples from eight EVD patients revealed typically reversed trends of declining viral load and increasing IgM and/or IgG titers in response to the EBOV infection. The present results indicate that certain populations of Sierra Leone developed immunity to an EBOV infection in the late phase of the outbreak, providing novel insights into the risk assessment of EBOV infections among human populations.
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40
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Hewson R. Lessons learnt from imported cases and onward transmission of Lassa fever in Europe support broader management of viral haemorrhagic fevers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 22. [PMID: 29019310 PMCID: PMC5709951 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.39.17-00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hewson
- Faculty of Infectious Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
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41
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Hewlett A, K. Murthy AR. Communicable Diseases and Emerging Pathogens: The Past, Present, and Future of High-Level Containment Care. BIOEMERGENCY PLANNING 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122591 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77032-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
High-level containment care involves the management of patients with highly hazardous communicable diseases in specialized biocontainment units possessing a unique collection of engineering, administrative, and personnel controls. These controls are more stringent than those found in conventional airborne infection isolation rooms and provide additional safeguards against nosocomial disease transmission. Borne amidst a convergence of events in 1969, the employment of HLCC units was validated during the 2014–2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak, and the United States (as well as many other nations) is in the process of expanding its HLCC capacity. Beyond Ebola, however, the specific diseases that might warrant care in a HLCC unit remain unclear. We review here the fascinating history of HLCC and of biocontainment units and make recommendations regarding those highly hazardous communicable diseases that might optimally be managed in these units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hewlett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Nebraska Biocontainment Unit, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - A. Rekha K. Murthy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Affairs, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
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42
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Filovirus – Auslöser von hämorrhagischem Fieber. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2018; 61:894-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Masterson SG, Lobel L, Carroll MW, Wass MN, Michaelis M. Herd Immunity to Ebolaviruses Is Not a Realistic Target for Current Vaccination Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1025. [PMID: 29867992 PMCID: PMC5954026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent West African Ebola virus pandemic, which affected >28,000 individuals increased interest in anti-Ebolavirus vaccination programs. Here, we systematically analyzed the requirements for a prophylactic vaccination program based on the basic reproductive number (R0, i.e., the number of secondary cases that result from an individual infection). Published R0 values were determined by systematic literature research and ranged from 0.37 to 20. R0s ≥ 4 realistically reflected the critical early outbreak phases and superspreading events. Based on the R0, the herd immunity threshold (Ic) was calculated using the equation Ic = 1 - (1/R0). The critical vaccination coverage (Vc) needed to provide herd immunity was determined by including the vaccine effectiveness (E) using the equation Vc = Ic/E. At an R0 of 4, the Ic is 75% and at an E of 90%, more than 80% of a population need to be vaccinated to establish herd immunity. Such vaccination rates are currently unrealistic because of resistance against vaccinations, financial/logistical challenges, and a lack of vaccines that provide long-term protection against all human-pathogenic Ebolaviruses. Hence, outbreak management will for the foreseeable future depend on surveillance and case isolation. Clinical vaccine candidates are only available for Ebola viruses. Their use will need to be focused on health-care workers, potentially in combination with ring vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Masterson
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases and Special Pathogens, Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI), Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Research & Development Institute, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mark N Wass
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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44
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Koch B, Schult-Dietrich P, Büttner S, Dilmaghani B, Lohmann D, Baer PC, Dietrich U, Geiger H. Lectin Affinity Plasmapheresis for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus and Marburg Virus Glycoprotein Elimination. Blood Purif 2018; 46:126-133. [PMID: 29698959 DOI: 10.1159/000487224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Marburg virus (MARV) are among the World Health Organization's top 8 emerging pathogens. Both zoonoses share nonspecific early symptoms, a high lethality rate, and a reduced number of specific treatment options. Therefore, we evaluated extracorporeal virus and glycoprotein (GP) elimination by lectin affinity plasmapheresis (LAP). METHODS For both MERS-CoV (pseudovirus) as well as MARV (GPs), 4 LAP devices (Mini Hemopurifiers, Aethlon Medical, San Diego, CA, USA) and 4 negative controls were tested. Samples were collected every 30 min and analyzed for reduction in virus infectivity by a flow cytometry-based infectivity assay (MERS-CoV) and in soluble GP content (MARV) by an immunoassay. RESULTS The experiments show a time-dependent clearance of MERS-CoV of up to 80% within 3 h (pseudovirus). Up to 70% of MARV-soluble GPs were eliminated at the same time. Substantial saturation of the binding resins was detected within the first treatment hour. CONCLUSION MERS-CoV (pseudovirus) and MARV soluble GPs are eliminated by LAP in vitro. Considering the high lethality and missing established treatment options, LAP should be evaluated in vivo. Especially early initiation, continuous therapy, and timed cartridge exchanges could be of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Koch
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Büttner
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bijan Dilmaghani
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dario Lohmann
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick C Baer
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Goethe University Hospital, Med. III, Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Frankfurt, Germany
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45
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A high throughput screen identifies benzoquinoline compounds as inhibitors of Ebola virus replication. Antiviral Res 2018; 150:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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46
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47
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Balmith M, Soliman MES. Potential Ebola drug targets — filling the gap: a critical step forward towards the design and discovery of potential drugs. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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48
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Thi EP, Mire CE, Lee AC, Geisbert JB, Ursic-Bedoya R, Agans KN, Robbins M, Deer DJ, Cross RW, Kondratowicz AS, Fenton KA, MacLachlan I, Geisbert TW. siRNA rescues nonhuman primates from advanced Marburg and Ravn virus disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4437-4448. [PMID: 29106386 DOI: 10.1172/jci96185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses and marburgviruses belong to the family Filoviridae and cause high lethality in infected patients. There are currently no licensed filovirus vaccines or antiviral therapies. The development of broad-spectrum therapies against members of the Marburgvirus genus, including Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV), is difficult because of substantial sequence variability. RNAi therapeutics offer a potential solution, as identification of conserved target nucleotide sequences may confer activity across marburgvirus variants. Here, we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery of a single nucleoprotein-targeting (NP-targeting) siRNA in nonhuman primates at advanced stages of MARV or RAVV disease to mimic cases in which patients begin treatment for fulminant disease. Sixteen rhesus monkeys were lethally infected with MARV or RAVV and treated with NP siRNA-LNP, with MARV-infected animals beginning treatment four or five days after infection and RAVV-infected animals starting treatment three or six days after infection. While all untreated animals succumbed to disease, NP siRNA-LNP treatment conferred 100% survival of RAVV-infected macaques, even when treatment began just 1 day prior to the death of the control animals. In MARV-infected animals, day-4 treatment initiation resulted in 100% survival, and day-5 treatment resulted in 50% survival. These results identify a single siRNA therapeutic that provides broad-spectrum protection against both MARV and RAVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Thi
- Arbutus Biopharma Corporation, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Amy Ch Lee
- Arbutus Biopharma Corporation, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Marjorie Robbins
- Arbutus Biopharma Corporation, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ian MacLachlan
- Arbutus Biopharma Corporation, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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49
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Hidalgo J, Richards GA, Jiménez JIS, Baker T, Amin P. Viral hemorrhagic fever in the tropics: Report from the task force on tropical diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care 2017; 42:366-372. [PMID: 29128377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by four families of viruses namely Arenaviruses, Filoviruses, Bunyaviruses, and Flaviviruses. Humans are not the natural reservoir for any of these organisms and acquire the disease through vectors from animal reservoirs. In some conditions human to human transmission is possible increasing the risk to healthy individuals in the vicinity, more so to Health Care Workers (HCW). The pathogenesis of VHF, though poorly understood, varies according to the viruses involved. The resultant microvascular damage leads to increased vascular permeability, organ dysfunction and even death. The management is generally supportive but antiviral agents are of benefit in certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hidalgo
- Division of Critical Care, Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital, Belize Healthcare Partners Belize, Central America
| | - Guy A Richards
- Division of Critical Care, Charlotte Maxeke Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Tim Baker
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi; Global Health - Health Systems & Policy, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pravin Amin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai, India.
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50
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Richards GA, Baker T, Amin P. Ebola virus disease: Report from the task force on tropical diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine. J Crit Care 2017; 43:352-355. [PMID: 29128378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus is a filovirus that can cause fatal hemorrhagic fever (HF) and five distinct species exist that vary in terms of geographical distribution and virulence. Once the more virulent forms enter the human population, transmission occurs primarily through direct contact with infected body fluids and may result in significant outbreaks. The devastating has been the recent West African outbreak. Clinically, signs and symptoms are similar to those of the other VHFs [4]. The incubation period is 2-21days, followed by fever, headache, myalgia, diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration; thereafter, there may be recovery or deterioration with collapse, neurological manifestations and bleeding, that can lead to a fatal outcome. Elevated hepatic transaminases is common and severe hepatitis is more common in fatal cases and frequently there is associated fluid depletion. Real time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) techniques on blood specimens are the gold standard for diagnosis [6]. Management is discussed and is essentially supportive with strict attention to infection control and prevention. None of the pharmacological interventions have shown conclusive benefit and future management of epidemics should centre around prevention and containment, specifically isolation, hygiene, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Richards
- Division of Critical Care, Charlotte Maxeke Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Tim Baker
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi; Global Health - Health Systems & Policy, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pravin Amin
- Head of Department of Critical Care Medicine, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Mumbai, India.
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