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Abdulkadir A, Kabir J, Mohammed B, Olayinka B. Characterisation and prevalence of community-associated MRSA among horses, dogs, cats and their human handlers: a cross-sectional study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023; 117:212-218. [PMID: 36331560 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as an infectious organism of public health significance has evolved to a genetically distinct community-acquired MRSA with extended resistance to other than β-lactams. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 149 participants handling 446 animals (240 horses and 206 companion animals). The isolates were characterised as S. aureus and MRSA based on polymerase chain reaction detection of the nuc, mecA and mecC genes and the pvl gene for differentiation as community associated/livestock associated or hospital associated. The isolation rate of S. aureus from the human handlers' samples was 26 (17.4%) and 170 (38.1%) from the animal samples. The prevalence of MRSA among the isolates was 7 (4.7%) from the human handlers and 19 (4.3%) from the animals. Dogs and dog handlers had the highest isolation rates and were more likely to be colonized by S. aureus and MRSA compared with horses, cats and their handlers. The highest prevalence of MRSA was from horses (5.0%) and dog handlers (10.6%). This study has demonstrated a high prevalence of community associated MRSA in apparently healthy animals and their human handlers. This has important implications for antibiotic selection and use as well as infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Abdulkadir
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810106, Nigeria
| | - Junaidu Kabir
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810106, Nigeria
| | - Bello Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810106, Nigeria
| | - Busayo Olayinka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810106, Nigeria
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Cotter CJ, Ferradas C, Ludwig S, Dalton K, Larsen J, Laucks D, Iverson SA, Baron P, Tolomeo PC, Brazil AM, Ferguson JM, Lautenbach E, Rankin SC, Morris DO, Davis MF. Risk factors for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in MRSA-exposed household pets. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:22-27. [PMID: 36331035 PMCID: PMC11168721 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household pets can carry meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) introduced to the home by their human companions. Specific factors promoting pet carriage of this pathogen have not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated MRSA cultured from pets and the home environment in households where a human infected with MRSA had been identified, and aimed to determine potential risk factors for pet MRSA carriage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Humans diagnosed with community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) skin or soft-tissue infection (SSTI) in the mid-Atlantic United States were identified. One hundred forty-two dogs and cats from 57 affected households were identified of which 134 (94.4%) pets and the household environment were sampled for bacterial culture, PCR confirmation and spa-typing for MRSA strain determination. Samples were obtained 3 months later from 86 pets. RESULTS At baseline, 12 (9.0%) pets carried MRSA. Potential risk factors associated with carriage included pet bed (environmental) MRSA contamination, flea infestation and prior antimicrobial use in the pet. Pets tended to carry human-adapted MRSA strains and spa-types of MRSA isolates cultured from pets were concordant with strains cultured from the home environment in seven of eight homes (87.5%) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results may inform risk-based veterinary clinical recommendations and provide evidence for selective pet testing as a possible alternative to early removal of pets from the homes of humans infected with MRSA. MRSA contamination of the home environment is likely an important risk factor for pet MRSA carriage, and household interventions should be considered to reduce risk of MRSA carriage in exposed pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Cotter
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cusi Ferradas
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Shanna Ludwig
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Dalton
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Laucks
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sally Ann Iverson
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Baron
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health and Human Values, Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pam C Tolomeo
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy M Brazil
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Ferguson
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ebbing Lautenbach
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel O Morris
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sebola DC, Oguttu JW, Kock MM, Qekwana DN. Hospital-acquired and zoonotic bacteria from a veterinary hospital and their associated antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles: A systematic review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1087052. [PMID: 36699325 PMCID: PMC9868922 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1087052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and an economic burden due to costs associated with extended hospital stays. Furthermore, most pathogens associated with HAIs in veterinary medicine are zoonotic. This study used published data to identify organisms associated with HAIs and zoonosis in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, the study also investigated the antimicrobial-susceptibility profile of these bacterial organisms. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Search terms and five electronic databases were used to identify studies published over 20 years (2000-2020). The risk of bias was assessed using the "Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Vet" (STROBE-Vet) checklist. Results Out of the identified 628 papers, 27 met the inclusion criteria for this study. Most studies (63%, 17/27) included were either from small animal or companion animal clinics/hospitals, while 5% (4/27) were from large animal clinics/hospitals inclusive of bovine and equine hospitals. Hospital-acquired bacteria were reported from environmental surfaces (33%, 9/27), animal clinical cases (29.6%, 8/27), and fomites such as cell phones, clippers, stethoscopes, and computers (14.8%, 4/27). Staphylococcus spp. was the most (63%; 17/27) reported organism, followed by Escherichia coli (19%; 5/27), Enterococcus spp. (15%, 4/27), Salmonella spp. (15%; 4/27), Acinetobacter baumannii (15%, 4/27), Clostridioides difficile (4%, 1/27), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%; 1/27). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms were reported in 71% (12/17) of studies linked to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), Enterococcus spp., Salmonella Typhimurium, A. baumannii, and E. coli. The mecA gene was identified in both MRSA and MRSP, the blaCMY-2 gene in E. coli and Salmonella spp., and the vanA gene in E. faecium isolate. Six studies reported organisms from animals with similar clonal lineage to those reported in human isolates. Conclusion Organisms associated with hospital-acquired infections and zoonosis have been reported from clinical cases, environmental surfaces, and items used during patient treatment and care. Staphylococcus species is the most reported organism in cases of HAIs and some isolates shared similar clonal lineage to those reported in humans. Some organisms associated with HAIs exhibit a high level of resistance and contain genes associated with antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikeledi C. Sebola
- Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - James W. Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marleen M. Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel N. Qekwana
- Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,*Correspondence: Daniel N. Qekwana ✉
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Dillmann JB, Lopes TRR, da Rosa G, Fracasso M, Tapia Barraza VC, Barbosa NV, de Andrade CM, Kommers GD, Cargnelutti JF, Monteiro SG. Safety and efficacy of Lucilia cuprina maggots on treating an induced infected wound in Wistar rats. Exp Parasitol 2022; 240:108337. [PMID: 35850276 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Infection is one of the main complications that hinder wound healing. Currently, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are a concern worldwide for both humans and animals. Maggot therapy is re-emerging as an alternative to intractable wounds and may be an option to the traditional antibiotic treatment. Although the species of choice is Lucilia sericata, reports of clinical use have led us to evaluate the efficacy and safety of using Lucilia cuprina larvae on induced infected wounds in Wistar rats. In short, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Group I - saline solution treated; Group II - antibiotic-treated; Group III - treated with larval debridement, and Group IV - without wound and treatment. Skin wounds were induced in groups I, II and III. All treatments were performed once and held for 48 h. Clinical, microbiological, histopathological, hematological, and biochemical analyses were done. Significant wound area contraction was found (>95%) in group III on day 9 compared to day 15 in group II. Complete elimination (0.0 ± 0.0 CFU/mL) of bioburden was achieved after the second treatment (day 6) in both the II and III groups, compared to an increase in Group I (6.51 ± 0.37 CFU/mL). A cleaner wound was also observed in the histopathological evaluation of group III, with adequate collagen formation and re-epithelialization on day 15. Furthermore, larvae increased blood platelet levels after the first treatment. L. cuprina larvae have proven safe and effective in accelerating wound treatment and eliminating MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Brand Dillmann
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thaísa Regina Rocha Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilneia da Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mateus Fracasso
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália Viana Barbosa
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinárias, Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Melazzo de Andrade
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinárias, Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva do Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Gao L, Zhu H, Chen Y, Yang Y. Antibacterial pathway of cefquinome against Staphylococcus aureus based on label-free quantitative proteomics analysis. J Microbiol 2021; 59:1112-1124. [PMID: 34751907 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cefquinome (CEQ) is a novel β-lactam antibiotic that exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, the bacterial protein targets of CEQ are unclear. To evaluate the relationship between the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of CEQ and strains with varying degrees of resistance and to elucidate bacterial protein responses to CEQ treatment, label-free quantitative proteomics analysis was conducted. The sensitive S. aureus ATCC6538 and the resistant 2MIC and 8MIC were tested for differentially expressed proteins. An in vitro model was treated with different concentrations of CEQ (3, 5, or 10 µg/ml) with different terminal half-lives (2.5 or 5 h) at different intervals (12 or 24 h). Differentially expressed proteins were evaluated using Gene Ontology analysis followed by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and STRING network analysis. RT-qPCR was performed to validate the differentially expressed proteins at the molecular level. The results showed that the degree of resistance increased in a cumulative manner and increased gradually with the extension of administration time. The resistant strain would not have appeared in the model only if %T > mutant prevention concentration ≥ 50%. The expression of 45 proteins significantly changed following CEQ treatment, among which 42 proteins were obviously upregulated and 3 were downregulated. GO analysis revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly present on cells and the cell membrane, participated in metabolic and intracellular processes, and had catalytic and binding activities. The RPSO, SDHB, CITZ, ADK, and SAOUHSC 00113 genes in S. aureus may play important roles in the development of resistance to CEQ. These results provided important reference candidate proteins as targets for overcoming S. aureus resistance to CEQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglin Gao
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan, P. R. China.
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Verma A, Carney K, Taylor M, Amsler K, Morgan J, Gruszynski K, Erol E, Carter C, Locke S, Callipare A, Shah DH. Occurrence of potentially zoonotic and cephalosporin resistant enteric bacteria among shelter dogs in the Central and South-Central Appalachia. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:313. [PMID: 34563197 PMCID: PMC8467218 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance and presence of zoonotic enteropathogens in shelter dogs pose a public health risk to shelter workers and potential adopters alike. In this study we investigated the prevalence of zoonotic bacterial pathogens and cephalosporin resistant (CefR) enteric bacteria in the feces of apparently healthy shelter dogs in the Cumberland Gap Region (CGR) in the US states of Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia. Results Fecal samples of 59 dogs from 10 shelters in the CGR of Central and South-Central Appalachia were screened for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella and CefR enteric bacteria. C. jejuni, C. perfringens were detected by PCR based assays. Culture and PCR were used for Salmonella detection. Of 59 dogs, fecal samples from 14 (23.7%) and 8 (13.6%) dogs tested positive for cpa and hipO genes of C. perfringens and C. jejuni, respectively. Salmonella was not detected in any of the tested samples by PCR or culture. CefR enteric bacteria were isolated on MacConkey agar supplemented with ceftiofur followed by identification using MALDI-TOF. Fecal samples from 16 dogs (27.1%) yielded a total of 18 CefR enteric bacteria. Majority of CefR isolates (14/18, 77.8%) were E. coli followed by, one isolate each of Enterococcus hirae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter pittii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CefR enteric bacteria were tested for resistance against 19- or 24-antibiotic panels using broth microdilution method. Seventeen (94.4%) CefR bacteria were resistant to more than one antimicrobial agent, and 14 (77.8%) displayed multidrug resistance (MDR). Conclusions This study shows that shelter dogs within the CGR not only carry zoonotic bacterial pathogens, but also shed multidrug resistant enteric bacteria in their feces that may pose public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Verma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, USA. .,Center for Infectious, Zoonotic and Vector-borne diseases, Harrogate, USA.
| | - Kimberly Carney
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, USA.,Center for Animal and Human Health in Appalachia, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | | | | | - Joey Morgan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, USA
| | - Karen Gruszynski
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, USA.,Center for Animal and Human Health in Appalachia, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Erdal Erol
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Craig Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Stephan Locke
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington, USA.
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Shrestha A, Bhattarai RK, Luitel H, Karki S, Basnet HB. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and pattern of antimicrobial resistance in mastitis milk of cattle in Chitwan, Nepal. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:239. [PMID: 34233667 PMCID: PMC8262063 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exists globally and has been listed as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization. One of the sources of MRSA emergence is livestock and its products, often raised in poor husbandry conditions. There are limited studies in Nepal to understand the prevalence of MRSA in dairy animals and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chitwan, one of the major milk-producing districts of Nepal, from February 2018 to September 2019 to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in milk samples and its AMR profile. The collected milk samples (n = 460) were screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and positive samples were subjected to microbiological analysis to isolate and identify S. aureus. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify the presence of the mecA gene and screen for MRSA. Results In total, 41.5% (191/460) of milk samples were positive in the CMT test. Out of 191 CMT positive milk samples, the biochemical tests showed that the prevalence of S. aureus was 15.2% (29/191). Among the 29 S. aureus isolates, 6.9% (2/29) were identified as MRSA based on the detection of a mecA gene. This indicates that that 1.05% (2/191) of mastitis milk samples had MRSA. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that 75.9% (22/29) and 48.3% (14/29) S. aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to Cefazolin and Tetracycline respectively (48.3%), whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin. In total 96.6% (28/29) of S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus-mediated subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in Chitwan, Nepal, with a small proportion of it being MRSA carrying a mecA gene. This S. aureus, CoNS, and MRSA contaminated milk poses a public health risk due to the presence of a phenotype that is resistant to very commonly used antibiotics. It is suggested that dairy herds be screened for subclinical mastitis and treatments for the animals be based on antibiotic susceptibility tests to reduce the prevalence of AMR. Furthermore, future studies should focus on the Staphylococcus spp. to explore the antibiotic resistance genes in addition to the mecA gene to ensure public health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02942-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Shrestha
- Department of livestock product and production management, Directorate of Agricultural Research, Lumle, Nepal
| | - Rebanta Kumar Bhattarai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Nepal
| | - Himal Luitel
- Center for Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Nepal
| | - Surendra Karki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Hom Bahadur Basnet
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Nepal.
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Elmoslemany A, Elsohaby I, Alorabi M, Alkafafy M, Al-Marri T, Aldoweriej A, Alaql FA, Almubarak A, Fayez M. Diversity and Risk Factors Associated with Multidrug and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Isolated from Cats Admitted to a Veterinary Clinic in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040367. [PMID: 33807318 PMCID: PMC8066541 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolated from cats admitted to veterinary clinics may decrease the risk of MDR and MRS transmission to humans and other cats. As such, the objectives of this study were to investigate the diversity in Staphylococcus spp. recovered from different anatomical locations in healthy and diseased cats and to determine the occurrence of MDR and MRS spp. as well as possible risk factors associated with colonization in these cats. Five swabs were collected from the anus, skin, ear canal, conjunctival sac, and nares of each cat (209 healthy and 191 diseased) admitted to a veterinary clinic in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, between January and December 2018. Prior to sample collection, cat owners completed a questionnaire collecting information on cat demographics, health status, management, and antimicrobial usage. In total, 179 Staphylococcus isolates were recovered from healthy (n = 71) and diseased (n = 108) cats, including 94 (52.5%) coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS), and 85 (47.5%) coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Five Staphylococcus spp. were identified, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus felis, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus isolates were most commonly resistant to penicillin (56.4%) and ciprofloxacin (25.7%); however, no isolate was resistant to clindamycin. Thirty (16.8%) Staphylococcus spp. (24 S. aureus and 6 S. pseudintermedius) isolates were MDR, with resistance to up to six different antibiotic classes. Only 17 (9.5%) Staphylococcus spp. (15 methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 2 methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius) harbored the mecA gene. Risk factor analysis showed that cats with a history of antibiotic therapy, those raised mainly indoors with a child, and those who visit a veterinary clinic for treatment were at higher risk of MDR and MRS colonization. In conclusion, MDR and MRS were common in healthy and diseased cats in Saudi Arabia. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of cats as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elmoslemany
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Egypt
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-902-566-6063
| | - Mohammed Alorabi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Theeb Al-Marri
- Al-Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.-M.); (A.A.); (M.F.)
| | - Ali Aldoweriej
- Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fanan A. Alaql
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Almubarak
- Al-Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.-M.); (A.A.); (M.F.)
| | - Mahmoud Fayez
- Al-Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.-M.); (A.A.); (M.F.)
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo 131, Egypt
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Occurence and Antimicrobial Resistant Patterns of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Among Practicing Veterinarians in Kebbi State, Nigeria. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen incriminated in causing multiple disease conditions in humans and livestock. Studies have shown relationships between livestock rearing and increased MRSA colonization risk among farm workers, and also suggest that livestock may serves as reservoirs of the bacteria and could also infect humans via close contact and consumption of contaminated animal products. The aim of this study was to investigate if practicing veterinarians with significant livestock contacts are at risk for MRSA colonization. Therefore, a non-randomized survey was conducted to establish the presence of MRSA among veterinarians practicing in Kebbi State Nigeria, using both cultural characteristics and molecular detection of the resistant gene (mecA). Forty-one (41) nasal swabs were aseptically collected. The detection rate of MRSA in the veterinarians was 14.6 %. The study revealed a high occurrence rate of MRSA among veterinarians in the study area. The relatively high prevalence recorded among veterinarians in this study could be attributed to the poor understanding of MRSA as a disease, its mode of transmission and its status in the country which have contributed immensely to the little/no awareness of MRSA among veterinarians and hence making it favourable for the bacteria (MRSA) to spread.
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González-Domínguez MS, Carvajal HD, Calle-Echeverri DA, Chinchilla-Cárdenas D. Molecular Detection and Characterization of the mecA and nuc Genes From Staphylococcus Species ( S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, and S. schleiferi) Isolated From Dogs Suffering Superficial Pyoderma and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:376. [PMID: 32793641 PMCID: PMC7390895 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine superficial pyoderma (CSP) is a bacterial infection secondary to several skin diseases of the dog. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, which is a commensal bacterium of the dog's skin, is the leading agent found in dogs affected by CSP, which can progress to deep pyoderma. It is also of clinical significance because S. pseudintermedius strains carry antimicrobial resistance genes, mainly the mecA gene. In this descriptive longitudinal study, molecular characterization of bacterial isolates from dogs affected by CSP was performed in addition to phenotyping, antimicrobial profiling, and assessment of resistance carriage status. Fifty dogs (24 females and 26 males) attending the CES University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were included in the study. CSP was confirmed according to clinical signs and cytological examination. Swabs were taken from active skin lesions for bacterial culture, and phenotyping and antimicrobial resistance profiles were assessed using API-Staph phenotyping and the Kirby–Bauer method, respectively. We also performed molecular detection and characterization of the mecA and nuc encoding gene of coagulase-positive Staphylococci. The mecA gene frequency was established by qPCR amplification of a 131bp gene fragment. Data were evaluated by descriptive statistics. Erythema, peeling, pruritus, and alopecia were the predominant symptoms (72, 56, and 46%, respectively). We isolated bacteria compatible with Staphylococcus species from all samples tested. API phenotyping showed 83.1 to 97.8% compatibility with S. pseudintermedius. PCR-genotyping resulted in 15, 3, and 1 isolates positive for S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, and S. schleiferi, respectively. Isolated strains showed high susceptibility to Imipenem, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, and Rifampicin (100, 94, and 92%, respectively). The highest resistance was against Vancomycin and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (98 and 74%, respectively). S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, and S. schleiferi isolates were cloned and shared 96% sequence homology. Finally, we found 62% carriage status of the mecA gene in isolates of CSP patients, although only 36% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant. Identification of three Staphylococcus species causing CSP, high-level resistance against conventional antimicrobials, and carriage of the mecA gene highlight the importance of performing molecular characterization of bacteria causing dermatological conditions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S González-Domínguez
- INCA-CES Research Group, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Hernán D Carvajal
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical (ICMT), CES University, Medellín, Colombia
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Chaïbi K, Ferreira TG, Walewski V, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Patout M. Do not always blame bats and pangolins for acute respiratory failure. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:793-794. [PMID: 32522672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Chaïbi
- Intensive Care Unit, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France; INSERM, UMR_S1155, Remodeling and Repair of Renal Tissue, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - T G Ferreira
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - V Walewski
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France; University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 1137, Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution, Bobigny, France
| | - Y Tandjaoui-Lambiotte
- Intensive Care Unit, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France; INSERM UMR 1272 Hypoxia & Lung, Bobigny, France.
| | - M Patout
- Respiratory Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France; Normandie Univ, UNIRouen, EA3830-GRHV, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
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12
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One Health in hospitals: how understanding the dynamics of people, animals, and the hospital built-environment can be used to better inform interventions for antimicrobial-resistant gram-positive infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:78. [PMID: 32487220 PMCID: PMC7268532 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in hospital infection prevention and control, healthcare associated infections (HAIs) remain a challenge with significant patient morbidity, mortality, and cost for the healthcare system. In this review, we use a One Health framework (human, animal, and environmental health) to explain the epidemiology, demonstrate key knowledge gaps in infection prevention policy, and explore improvements to control Gram-positive pathogens in the healthcare environment. We discuss patient and healthcare worker interactions with the hospital environment that can lead to transmission of the most common Gram-positive hospital pathogens – methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus – and detail interventions that target these two One Health domains. We discuss the role of animals in the healthcare settings, knowledge gaps regarding their role in pathogen transmission, and the absence of infection risk mitigation strategies targeting animals. We advocate for novel infection prevention and control programs, founded on the pillars of One Health, to reduce Gram-positive hospital-associated pathogen transmission.
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Kokkinos P, Morgan L, Hughes K, Pollard D, Gasson J, Bowlt-Blacklock K. Scrubs contamination, domestic laundry effect and workwear habits of clinical staff at a referral hospital. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:272-277. [PMID: 32073144 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine contamination rates of scrub suits worn by veterinary surgeons and nurses following a single shift. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional preliminary study at a UK small animal referral centre. Sterilised scrub suits were distributed to veterinary surgeons (n = 9) and nurses (n = 9) at the beginning of their clinical shift and worn for at least 8 hours. They were then analysed for bacterial contamination before and after home laundry at 30°C. A questionnaire was distributed to hospital clinical staff regarding workwear habits. RESULTS Median bacterial counts were 47 (interquartile range: 14 to 162) and 7 (interquartile range: 0 to 27) colony forming units per cm2 before and after laundering scrub suits. Bacteria identified included Staphylococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli , Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Micrococcus sp., β-haemolytic Streptococci and a Group G Streptococcus. From 101 staff surveyed, 64.0% reported wearing fresh, clean scrub tops and 58.4% fresh, clean trousers each day, while 64.4% left the workplace wearing the same clothing in which they undertook clinical work. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Workwear contamination risks spread of pathogens into the community and personnel compliance with workplace guidelines warrants further attention. Home laundry at 30°C significantly decreases, but does not eliminate, the bacterial burden after a single shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kokkinos
- Center for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - L Morgan
- Center for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - K Hughes
- Diagnostic Laboratory Services, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - D Pollard
- Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - J Gasson
- Center for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - K Bowlt-Blacklock
- Center for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
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Taniguchi Y, Koide S, Maeyama Y, Tamai K, Hayashi W, Tanaka H, Iimura M, Suzuki M, Nagano Y, Arakawa Y, Nagano N. Predominance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SCCmec type II-CC5 and SCCmec type IV-CC1/CC8 among companion animal clinical isolates in Japan: Findings from phylogenetic comparison with human clinical isolates. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 20:253-259. [PMID: 31472282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the genotypic profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates from companion animals and to investigate their association with those from humans in Japan. METHODS Non-duplicated MRSA clinical isolates recovered between July 2016 and January 2018 were analysed. The MRSA isolates were typed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based open reading frame (ORF) typing (POT) scores, SCCmec types, multilocus sequence typing, and virulence gene profiles. Phylogenetic comparison of those isolates with previously described human isolates was performed. RESULTS Among 56 MRSA isolates (33 cats, 20 dogs and three rabbits), 26 isolates with a POT1 score of 93, SCCmec type II mostly belonged to CC5, including ST5. Twenty-six isolates with a POT1 score of 106, SCCmec type IV showed diversity of STs: 15 isolates belonged to CC8, mainly including ST8, and 11 isolates belonged to CC1, including ST1 and newly identified STs 4768, 4775, and 4779. Two cat isolates were ST8-SCCmec type IV possessing pvl/ACME-arcA, presumed to be the hypervirulent community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clone USA300. Notably, all three rabbit isolates belonged to ST4768. The POT1 score 106 CA-MRSA isolates from animals and humans were divided into two large clusters of CC1 and CC8, where host species-specific sub-clusters were not identified within each cluster. A large cluster of POT1 score 93 healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) isolates from animals and humans consisted of sub-clusters formed exclusively by the vast majority of human isolates and those formed by animal and human isolates. CONCLUSION Companion animals could be potential reservoirs and vehicles for the transmission of CA-MRSA to humans, and could transmit companion animal-adaptive HA-MRSA lineages to humans as their second reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Taniguchi
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shota Koide
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maeyama
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan; Miroku Medical Laboratory Inc., 659-2 Innai, Saku, Nagano 384-2201, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Tamai
- Miroku Medical Laboratory Inc., 659-2 Innai, Saku, Nagano 384-2201, Japan
| | - Wataru Hayashi
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hayato Tanaka
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masaki Iimura
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masahiro Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nagano
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Arakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagano
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
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Yao Q, Gao L, Xu T, Chen Y, Yang X, Han M, He X, Li C, Zhou R, Yang Y. Amoxicillin Administration Regimen and Resistance Mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus Established in Tissue Cage Infection Model. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1638. [PMID: 31396174 PMCID: PMC6662548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a zoonotic pathogen that causes various life-threatening diseases. The mechanisms of action of amoxicillin against S. aureus are unclear. Here, we established a rabbit tissue cage infection model to evaluate the relationship between the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters of amoxicillin and selective enrichment of resistant strains of S. aureus and to elucidate the evolution of its resistance to amoxicillin. S. aureus was injected into the tissue cages at 1010 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. We injected different intramuscular concentrations of amoxicillin at doses of 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight once a day for 5 days and 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg body weight twice a day for 2.5 days. Differences in gene expression between two differentially resistant strains and a sensitive strain were evaluated using Illumina sequencing followed by COG and KEGG analysis. RT-qPCR was carried out to validate the difference in protein translation levels. Our results demonstrated that the emergence of resistant bacteria was dose dependent within a given time interval. In the same dosage group, the appearance of resistant bacteria increased with time. The resistant bacteria showed cumulative growth, and the level of resistance increased over time. The resistant bacteria were completely inhibited when the cumulative percentage of time over a 24-h period that the drug concentration exceeded the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) (%T > MPC) was ≥52%. We also found that mecA and femX in S. aureus played a leading role in the development of resistance to amoxicillin. In conclusion, it provide references for optimizing amoxicillin regimens to treat infections caused by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yao
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Linglin Gao
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Teng Xu
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaotao He
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chengheng Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ruigang Zhou
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Royden A, Ormandy E, Pinchbeck G, Pascoe B, Hitchings MD, Sheppard SK, Williams NJ. Prevalence of faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in veterinary hospital staff and students. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000307. [PMID: 30687506 PMCID: PMC6327872 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2018-000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria causing clinical infections are often also multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial drug classes), therefore treatment options may be limited. High carriage rates of these potentially zoonotic bacteria have been found in livestock and companion animals. Therefore, people working in veterinary hospitals may be a high-risk population for carriage. This is the first study to determine the prevalence and longitudinal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) and ESBL-producing faecal Escherichia coli in veterinary hospital staff and students. Prevalence of faecal AMR and ESBL-producing E coli was determined in 84 staff members and students in three UK veterinary hospitals. Twenty-seven participants were followed for six weeks to investigate longitudinal carriage. Antimicrobial susceptibility and phenotypic ESBL production were determined and selected isolates were whole genome sequenced. ESBL-producing E coli were isolated from five participants (5.95 per cent; 95 per cent CI 0.89 to 11.0 per cent); two participants carried ESBL-producing E coli resistant to all antimicrobials tested. Carriage of MDR E coli was common (32.1 per cent; 95per cent CI 22.2 to 42.1 per cent) and there was a high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance (11.9 per cent; 95 per cent CI 4.98 to 18.8 per cent). ESBL-producing E coli were isolated from seven longitudinal participants (25.9 per cent; 95 per cent CI 9.40 to 42.5 per cent); two participants carried ESBL-producing E coli for the entire study period. Twenty-six participants (96.3 per cent; 95 per cent CI 89.2 to 100) carried ≥1 MDR E coli isolate during the six-week period, with seven participants (25.9 per cent) carrying ≥1 MDR isolate for at least five out of six weeks. The prevalence of faecal ESBL-producing E coli in cross-sectional participants is similar to asymptomatic general populations. However, much higher levels of carriage were observed longitudinally in participants. It is vital that veterinary hospitals implement gold-standard biosecurity to prevent transmission of MDR and ESBL-producing bacteria between patients and staff. Healthcare providers should be made aware that people working in veterinary hospitals are a high-risk population for carriage of MDR and ESBL-producing bacteria, and that this poses a risk to the carrier and for transmission of resistance throughout the wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Royden
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emma Ormandy
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Samuel K Sheppard
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Nicola J Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Worthing KA, Brown J, Gerber L, Trott DJ, Abraham S, Norris JM. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci amongst veterinary personnel, personnel-owned pets, patients and the hospital environment of two small animal veterinary hospitals. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:79-85. [PMID: 30173756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the transmission cycle of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in small companion animal veterinary practice. Sampling was undertaken at two small animal veterinary hospitals in Sydney, Australia. Samples were collected from 46 veterinary personnel, 79 personnel-owned dogs and cats, 151 clinically normal canine hospital admissions and 25 environmental sites. Nasal swabs were collected from veterinary personnel. Nasal, oral and perineal swabs were collected from animals. Methicillin resistance was detected by growth on BrillianceTM MRSA 2 Agar and confirmed by cefoxitin and oxacillin broth microdilution for S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, respectively. MRSA and MRSP isolates were characterised using whole genome sequencing including mecA gene screening and multilocus sequence typing. MRSA was isolated from four (8%) veterinary personnel but no animals. MRSP was isolated from 11/151 (7%) of canine hospital admissions and 4/53 (8%) of personnel-owned dogs but no veterinary personnel or cats. No MRSA or MRSP was isolated from the environment. MRSP isolates were resistant to significantly more antimicrobial classes than MRSA. The main MRSP clone carried by canine patients (ST496) was distinct to that carried by personnel-owned dogs (ST64). One veterinary nurse, who carried Panton Valentine leucocidin-positive ST338 MRSA, also owned a ST749 MRSP-positive dog. Besides MRSP-positive dogs from the same household sharing the same clone of MRSP, MRSA and MRSP were not shared between humans, animals or environment. Therefore, in the non-outbreak setting of this study, there was limited MRS transmission between veterinary personnel, their pets, patients or the veterinary environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Worthing
- University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, NSW, Australia.
| | - James Brown
- Animal Referral Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Laura Gerber
- University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, NSW, Australia.
| | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
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Morris DO, Loeffler A, Davis MF, Guardabassi L, Weese JS. Recommendations for approaches to meticillin-resistant staphylococcal infections of small animals: diagnosis, therapeutic considerations and preventative measures.: Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:304-e69. [PMID: 28516494 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple drug resistance (MDR) in staphylococci, including resistance to the semi-synthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as meticillin, is a problem of global proportions that presents serious challenges to the successful treatment of staphylococcal infections of companion animals. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to provide harmonized recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of meticillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in dogs and cats. METHODS The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to September 2016. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) provided guidance and oversight for this process. A draft of the document was presented at the 8th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology (May 2016) and was then made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the WAVD for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and posted to the GP electronically. Responses were incorporated by the GP into the final document. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to guidelines for the diagnosis, laboratory reporting, judicious therapy (including restriction of use policies for certain antimicrobial drugs), personal hygiene, and environmental cleaning and disinfection may help to mitigate the progressive development and dissemination of MDR staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Morris
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Worthing KA, Abraham S, Pang S, Coombs GW, Saputra S, Jordan D, Wong HS, Abraham RJ, Trott DJ, Norris JM. Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Australian Animals and Veterinarians. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:203-212. [PMID: 28598251 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the frequency and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Australian animals and whether animal-derived MRSA was similar to that from Australian veterinarians. A total of 1,080 clinical coagulase positive Staphylococcus isolates from Australian animals were collected during 2013. Sixteen (4%) of 360 S. aureus isolates were MRSA. Most MRSA came from companion animals, while none came from livestock. MRSA isolates were characterized using whole genome sequencing. ST22-IV (EMRSA-15) was the most common clone in dogs and cats. Clonal complex (CC) 8 was most common in horses. Most ST22-IV isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Animal-derived MRSA genomes were interrogated for the presence of host-specific genetic markers (staphylokinase gene [scn], chemotaxis-inhibiting proteins gene [chp], staphylococcal complement inhibitor gene [sak], enterotoxin A gene [sea], and Von Willebrand Factor binding protein gene [vwb]). A subset of MRSA genomes previously collected from Australian veterinarians was also interrogated. There was no clear pattern in the distribution of host-specific markers among animal and veterinarian isolates. Animal- and veterinarian-derived MRSA were intermingled in the phylogenetic tree. The absence of MRSA in Australian livestock is in stark contrast with its presence in livestock from other countries. Possible explanations include Australia's geographic isolation, the absence of live animal importation into Australia, and most notably, the restrictions placed on the use of antimicrobials of critical importance in Australian livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Worthing
- 1 Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- 2 Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- 2 Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- 3 PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- 2 Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- 3 PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch, Australia
| | - Sugiyono Saputra
- 4 Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide , Roseworthy, Australia
- 5 Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences , Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - David Jordan
- 6 New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, Australia
| | - Hui S Wong
- 4 Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide , Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Abraham
- 2 Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, School of Veterinary Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- 4 Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide , Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- 4 Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide , Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Norris
- 1 Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
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Genomic insights into the emergence and spread of international clones of healthcare-, community- and livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Blurring of the traditional definitions. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 6:95-101. [PMID: 27530849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from meticillin-susceptible S. aureus has been a result of the accumulation of genetic elements under selection pressure from antibiotics. The traditional classification of MRSA into healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) is no longer relevant as there is significant overlap of identical clones between these groups, with an increasing recognition of human infection caused by livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). Genomic studies have enabled us to model the epidemiology of MRSA along these lines. In this review, we discuss the clinical relevance of genomic studies, particularly whole-genome sequencing, in the investigation of outbreaks. We also discuss the blurring of each of the three epidemiological groups (HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA and LA-MRSA), demonstrating the limited relevance of this classification.
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Molecular Diagnostic Assays for the Detection and Control of Zoonotic Diseases. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rossi G, Cerquetella M, Attili AR. Amphixenosic Aspects of Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Man and Animals. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 409:297-323. [PMID: 27023699 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
According to the mode of transmission, Staphylococcus aureus infection between hosts is classified as "direct zoonoses," or infection that is transmitted from an infected vertebrate host to a susceptible host (man) by direct contact, by contact with a fomite or by a mechanical vector. The agent itself undergoes little or no propagative or developmental changes during transmission. According to the reservoir host, staphylococcosis is most precisely defined as "zooanthroponoses" or infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrate animals (e.g., streptococci, diphtheria, Enterobacteriaceae, human tuberculosis in cattle and parrots), but also "anthropozoonoses" or infections transmitted to man from lower vertebrate animals. In particular, actually, the correct definition of S. aureus infections between humans and animals is "amphixenoses" or infections maintained in both man and lower vertebrate animals and transmitted in either direction. S. aureus exhibits tropisms to many distinct animal hosts. While spillover events can occur wherever there is an interface between host species, changes in host tropism only occur with the establishment of sustained transmission in the new host species, leading to clonal expansion. Although the genomic variation underpinning adaptation in S. aureus genotypes infecting bovids and poultry has been well characterized, the frequency of switches from one host to another remains obscure. In this review, we sought to identify the sustained switches in host tropism in the S. aureus population, both anthroponotic and zoonotic, and their distribution over the species phylogeny. S. aureus is an organism with the capacity to switch into and adapt to novel hosts, even after long periods of isolation in a single host species. Based on this evidence, animal-adapted S. aureus lineages exhibiting resistance to antibiotics must be considered a major threat to public health, as they can adapt to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy.
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Attili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
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Petinaki E, Spiliopoulou I. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection risks from companion animals: current perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:373-382. [PMID: 30101122 PMCID: PMC6067666 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s91313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains one of the most virulent human pathogens and has also recently been recognized as such in the veterinary settings. Companion animals, including dogs, cats, horses, small exotic animals, wildlife animals, and livestock, may constitute a reservoir for MRSA transmission to humans and vice versa. The evolution, emergence, and risk factors for MRSA transmission among colonized or infected animals are reviewed in the present paper, and infection control practices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimia Petinaki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Thessalia, Larissa
| | - Iris Spiliopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece,
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Tarazi YH, Almajali AM, Kheer Ababneh MM, Ahmed HS, Jaran AS. Molecular study on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from dogs and associated personnel in Jordan. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ishihara K, Saito M, Shimokubo N, Muramatsu Y, Maetani S, Tamura Y. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage among veterinary staff and dogs in private veterinary clinics in Hokkaido, Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:149-54. [PMID: 24397564 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To explore the prevalence and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in veterinary medical practices, MRSA carriage was tested among 96 veterinarians (Vets), 70 veterinary technicians (VTs) and 292 dogs with which they had contact at 71 private veterinary clinics (VCs) in Hokkaido, Japan. MRSA isolates were obtained from 22 Vets [22.9%] and 7 VTs [10%]. The prevalence of MRSA among Vets was as high as that found in an academic veterinary hospital in our previous study. In contrast, only two blood donor dogs and one dog with liver disease (1.0%, 3/292) yielded MRSA. All MRSA-positive dogs were reared or treated in different VCs, in each of which at least one veterinary staff member carrying MRSA worked. Sequence types (ST) identified by multilocus sequence typing, spa types, and SCCmec types for canine MRSA isolates (ST5-spa t002-SCCmec II [from two dogs] or ST30-spa t021-SCCmec IV [from a dog]) were concordant with those from veterinary staff members in the same clinics as the MRSA-positive dogs, with which they had potentially had contact. Most MRSA isolates from veterinary staff were the same genotype (SCCmec type II and spa type t002) as a major hospital-acquired MRSA clone in Japan. The remaining MRSA was the same genotypes as domestic and foreign community-associated MRSA. Measures against MRSA infection should be provided in private VCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Ishihara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
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Vincze S, Brandenburg AG, Espelage W, Stamm I, Wieler LH, Kopp PA, Lübke-Becker A, Walther B. Risk factors for MRSA infection in companion animals: results from a case-control study within Germany. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:787-93. [PMID: 25130703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of companion animals suffering from infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been reported in the recent past. These infections are of particular concern because of the limited treatment options for MRSA and their transferability to humans. Since MRSA lineages isolated from infected companion animals often mirror typical human epidemic strains circulating in the same region, successful strategies to combat MRSA need strong and coordinated efforts from both, the human and the veterinary field according to the "One Health" concept. Hence, to identify potential risk factors related to MRSA infections in dogs, cats and horses, a case-control study was conducted, including data on 106 MRSA-infected animal patients as cases and 102 MSSA-infected animals as controls, originating from 155 different veterinary settings within Germany. Demographic data on animal patients, patient history and administration of antibiotics as well as practice/clinic specific parameters were assessed as putative risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression identified the following variables as risk factors for MRSA infection compared to MSSA infection: number of employees working at the veterinary setting (n>10; p<0.001), antibiotic treatment prior to sampling (systemic: p=0.002; local: p=0.049, both: p=0.011) and surgical site infection (p<0.001). Spa typing revealed predominantly clonal complexes well-known for hospital-associated lineages spreading in human health-care settings in Germany (CC5 and CC22) for isolates of dog and cat origin. CC398-MRSA dominated among equine isolates, a CC that was described as a nosocomial pathogen in equine clinical settings before. The identified risk factors and genotyping results are in accordance with numerous study outcomes from the field of human medicine and point towards reasonable problems with nosocomial spread of MRSA, especially within companion animal veterinary clinics. To define targeted infection control strategies against nosocomial pathogens, it is important to accomplish intervention studies addressing routes of transmission in companion animal veterinary settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Vincze
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja G Brandenburg
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Werner Espelage
- Robert Koch Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivonne Stamm
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter A Kopp
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Walther
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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A shared population of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 15 circulates in humans and companion animals. mBio 2014; 5:e00985-13. [PMID: 24825010 PMCID: PMC4030480 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00985-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global human health problem causing infections in both hospitals and the community. Companion animals, such as cats, dogs, and horses, are also frequently colonized by MRSA and can become infected. We sequenced the genomes of 46 multilocus sequence type (ST) 22 MRSA isolates from cats and dogs in the United Kingdom and compared these to an extensive population framework of human isolates from the same lineage. Phylogenomic analyses showed that all companion animal isolates were interspersed throughout the epidemic MRSA-15 (EMRSA-15) pandemic clade and clustered with human isolates from the United Kingdom, with human isolates basal to those from companion animals, suggesting a human source for isolates infecting companion animals. A number of isolates from the same veterinary hospital clustered together, suggesting that as in human hospitals, EMRSA-15 isolates are readily transmitted in the veterinary hospital setting. Genome-wide association analysis did not identify any host-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or virulence factors. However, isolates from companion animals were significantly less likely to harbor a plasmid encoding erythromycin resistance. When this plasmid was present in animal-associated isolates, it was more likely to contain mutations mediating resistance to clindamycin. This finding is consistent with the low levels of erythromycin and high levels of clindamycin used in veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom. This study furthers the “one health” view of infectious diseases that the pathogen pool of human and animal populations are intrinsically linked and provides evidence that antibiotic usage in animal medicine is shaping the population of a major human pathogen. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is major problem in human medicine. Companion animals, such as cats, dogs, and horses, can also become colonized and infected by MRSA. Here, we demonstrate that a shared population of an important and globally disseminated lineage of MRSA can infect both humans and companion animals without undergoing host adaptation. This suggests that companion animals might act as a reservoir for human infections. We also show that the isolates from companion animals have differences in the presence of certain antibiotic resistance genes. This study furthers the “one health” view of infectious diseases by demonstrating that the pool of MRSA isolates in the human and animal populations are shared and highlights how different antibiotic usage patterns between human and veterinary medicine can shape the population of bacterial pathogens.
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Grönlund Andersson U, Wallensten A, Hæggman S, Greko C, Hedin G, Hökeberg I, Lindström F, Olsson-Liljequist B, Smedjegård J, Söderblom T, Windahl U, Struwe J. Outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among staff and dogs in Swedish small animal hospitals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 46:310-4. [PMID: 24450843 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.866267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found in a dog for the first time in Sweden in 2006. Between October 2006 and May 2007, MRSA was diagnosed in 7 more dogs that had been treated in 3 different small animal hospitals, located 150-200 km apart, in different counties of Sweden. Screening of the animal hospital staff and environment in these small animal hospitals showed 20 of 152 staff to be positive for MRSA, with rates between 2% and 18% in the different hospitals, while all 128 environmental samples were negative. All MRSA isolates from dogs and staff belonged to spa type t032, were Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-negative, and had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, except for 2 isolates with closely related patterns. To our knowledge, this is the first report of multiple outbreaks of MRSA in dogs caused by the same strain within a short time frame, and appearing in a country with low prevalence of MRSA in both humans and dogs. This highlights the importance of infection control programs in animal hospitals and in animal health care. Awareness of MRSA as an occupational risk for veterinary personnel is essential.
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Loeffler A, McCarthy A, Lloyd DH, Musilová E, Pfeiffer DU, Lindsay JA. Whole-genome comparison of meticillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusCC22 SCCmecIV from people and their in-contact pets. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:538-e128. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anette Loeffler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshead Lane; North Mymms; Hatfield; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; UK
| | - Alex McCarthy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centre for Infection; St George's University of London; Cranmer Terrace; London; SW17 0RE; UK
| | - David H. Lloyd
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshead Lane; North Mymms; Hatfield; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; UK
| | - Eva Musilová
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology Prague; Technická 5; CZ-166 28; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshead Lane; North Mymms; Hatfield; Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; UK
| | - Jodi A. Lindsay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centre for Infection; St George's University of London; Cranmer Terrace; London; SW17 0RE; UK
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Hoet AE, van Balen J, Nava-Hoet RC, Bateman S, Hillier A, Dyce J, Wittum TE. Epidemiological Profiling of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus-Positive Dogs Arriving at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:385-93. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Armando E. Hoet
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Joany van Balen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rocio C. Nava-Hoet
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shane Bateman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrew Hillier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan Dyce
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas E. Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Molecular analysis of human and canine Staphylococcus aureus strains reveals distinct extended-host-spectrum genotypes independent of their methicillin resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:655-62. [PMID: 23160118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02704-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infectious diseases in humans and various animal species. Although presumptive host-specific factors have been reported, certain genetic lineages seem to lack specific host tropism, infecting a broad range of hosts. Such Extended-Host-Spectrum Genotypes (EHSGs) have been described in canine infections, caused by common regional human methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) lineages. However, information is scarce about the occurrence of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) EHSGs. To gain deeper insight into EHSG MSSA and EHSG MRSA of human and canine origin, a comparative molecular study was carried out, including a convenience sample of 120 current S. aureus (70 MRSA and 50 MSSA) isolates obtained from infected dogs. spa typing revealed 48 different spa types belonging to 16 different multilocus sequence typing clonal complexes (MLST-CCs). Based on these results, we further compared a subset of canine (n = 48) and human (n = 14) strains, including isolates of clonal complexes CC5, CC22, CC8, CC398, CC15, CC45, and CC30 by macrorestriction (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE]) and DNA-microarray analysis. None of the methods employed was able to differentiate between clusters of human and canine strains independently of their methicillin resistance. In contrast, DNA-microarray analysis revealed 79% of the 48 canine isolates as carriers of the bacteriophage-encoded human-specific immune evasion cluster (IEC). In conclusion, the high degree of similarity between human and canine S. aureus strains regardless of whether they are MRSA or MSSA envisions the existence of common genetic traits that enable these strains as EHSGs, challenging the concept of resistance-driven spillover of MRSA.
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Moodley A, Espinosa-Gongora C, Nielsen SS, McCarthy AJ, Lindsay JA, Guardabassi L. Comparative host specificity of human- and pig- associated Staphylococcus aureus clonal lineages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49344. [PMID: 23166643 PMCID: PMC3498157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is a crucial step in colonization of the skin. In this study, we investigated the differential adherence to human and pig corneocytes of six Staphylococcus aureus strains belonging to three human-associated [ST8 (CC8), ST22 (CC22) and ST36(CC30)] and two pig-associated [ST398 (CC398) and ST433(CC30)] clonal lineages, and their colonization potential in the pig host was assessed by in vivo competition experiments. Corneocytes were collected from 11 humans and 21 pigs using D-squame® adhesive discs, and bacterial adherence to corneocytes was quantified by a standardized light microscopy assay. A previously described porcine colonization model was used to assess the potential of the six strains to colonize the pig host. Three pregnant, S. aureus-free sows were inoculated intravaginally shortly before farrowing with different strain mixes [mix 1) human and porcine ST398; mix 2) human ST36 and porcine ST433; and mix 3) human ST8, ST22, ST36 and porcine ST398] and the ability of individual strains to colonize the nasal cavity of newborn piglets was evaluated for 28 days after birth by strain-specific antibiotic selective culture. In the corneocyte assay, the pig-associated ST433 strain and the human-associated ST22 and ST36 strains showed significantly greater adhesion to porcine and human corneocytes, respectively (p<0.0001). In contrast, ST8 and ST398 did not display preferential host binding patterns. In the in vivo competition experiment, ST8 was a better colonizer compared to ST22, ST36, and ST433 prevailed over ST36 in colonizing the newborn piglets. These results are partly in agreement with previous genetic and epidemiological studies indicating the host specificity of ST22, ST36 and ST433 and the broad-host range of ST398. However, our in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed an unexpected ability of ST8 to adhere to porcine corneocytes and persist in the nasal cavity of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshnee Moodley
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Tajima K, Sinjyo A, Ito T, Noda Y, Goto H, Ito N. Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureuskeratitis in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 16:240-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Davis MF, Iverson SA, Baron P, Vasse A, Silbergeld EK, Lautenbach E, Morris DO. Household transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococci. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2012; 12:703-16. [PMID: 22917102 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of pets in household transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been examined previously, only minor attention has been given to the role of the abiotic household environment independent of, or in combination with, colonisation of pets and human beings to maintain transmission cycles of MRSA within the household. This report reviews published work about household transmission of S aureus and other staphylococci and describes contamination of household environmental surfaces and colonisation of pets and people. Household microbial communities might have a role in transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes and could be reservoirs for recolonisation of people, although additional research is needed regarding strategies for decontamination of household environments. Household-based interventions should be developed to control recurrent S aureus infections in the community, and coordination between medical and veterinary providers could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Porphyre T, Giotis ES, Lloyd DH, Stärk KDC. A metapopulation model to assess the capacity of spread of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47504. [PMID: 23112817 PMCID: PMC3480390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the livestock-associated clone of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 is a serious public health issue throughout Europe. In The Netherlands a stringent 'search-and-destroy' policy has been adopted, keeping low the level of MRSA prevalence. However, reports have recently emerged of transmission events between humans showing no links to livestock, contradicting belief that MRSA ST398 is poorly transmissible in humans. The question regarding the transmissibility of MRSA ST398 in humans therefore remains of great interest. Here, we investigated the capacity of MRSA ST398 to spread into an entirely susceptible human population subject to the effect of a single MRSA-positive commercial pig farm. Using a stochastic, discrete-time metapopulation model, we explored the effect of varying both the probability of persistent carriage and that of acquiring MRSA due to contact with pigs on the transmission dynamics of MRSA ST398 in humans. In particular, we assessed the value and key determinants of the basic reproduction ratio (R(0)) for MRSA ST398. Simulations showed that the presence of recurrent exposures with pigs in risky populations allows MRSA ST398 to persist in the metapopulation and transmission events to occur beyond the farming community, even when the probability of persistent carriage is low. We further showed that persistent carriage should occur in less than 10% of the time for MRSA ST398 to conserve epidemiological characteristics similar to what has been previously reported. These results indicate that implementing control policy that only targets human carriers may not be sufficient to control MRSA ST398 in the community if it remains in pigs. We argue that farm-level control measures should be implemented if an eradication programme is to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Porphyre
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Efstathios Stamatios Giotis
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - David Hugh Lloyd
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Dorothea Clementine Stärk
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Julian T, Singh A, Rousseau J, Weese JS. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal contamination of cellular phones of personnel in a veterinary teaching hospital. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:193. [PMID: 22533923 PMCID: PMC3393609 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital-associated infections are an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in veterinary patients. With the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, these infections can be particularly difficult to eradicate. Sources of hospital-associated infections can include the patients own flora, medical staff and inanimate hospital objects. Cellular phones are becoming an invaluable feature of communication within hospitals, and since they are frequently handled by healthcare personnel, there may be a potential for contamination with various pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of contamination of cellular phones (hospital issued and personal) carried by personnel at the Ontario Veterinary College Health Sciences Centre with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). RESULTS MRSP was isolated from 1.6% (2/123) and MRSA was isolated from 0.8% (1/123) of cellular phones. Only 21.9% (27/123) of participants in the study indicated that they routinely cleaned their cellular phone. CONCLUSIONS Cellular phones in a veterinary teaching hospital can harbour MRSP and MRSA, two opportunistic pathogens of significant concern. While the contamination rate was low, cellular phones could represent a potential source for infection of patients as well as infection of veterinary personnel and other people that might have contact with them. Regardless of the low incidence of contamination of cellular phones found in this study, a disinfection protocol for hospital-issued and personal cellular phones used in veterinary teaching hospitals should be in place to reduce the potential of cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Julian
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Sharing more than friendship--nasal colonization with coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) and co-habitation aspects of dogs and their owners. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35197. [PMID: 22529990 PMCID: PMC3329445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the relationship between dogs and their owners has changed, and dogs moved from being working dogs to family members in post-industrial countries, we hypothesized that zoonotic transmission of opportunistic pathogens like coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) is likely between dogs and their owners. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS CPS- nasal carriage, different aspects of human-to-dog relationship as well as potential interspecies transmission risk factors were investigated by offering nasal swabs and a questionnaire to dog owners (108) and their dogs (108) at a dog show in 2009. S. aureus was found in swabs of 20 (18.5%) humans and two dogs (1.8%), and spa types which correspond to well known human S. aureus lineages dominated (e.g. CC45, CC30 and CC22). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the two canine strains revealed ST72 and ST2065 (single locus variant of ST34). Fifteen dogs (13.9%) and six owners (5.6%) harboured S. pseudintermedius, including one mecA-positive human isolate (MRSP). Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed that one dog/owner pair harboured indistinguishable S. pseudintermedius- isolates of ST33. Ten (48%) of the 21 S. pseudintermedius-isolates showed resistance towards more than one antimicrobial class. 88.9% of the dog owners reported to allow at least one dog into the house, 68.5% allow the dog(s) to rest on the sofa, 39.8% allow their dogs to come onto the bed, 93.5% let them lick their hands and 52.8% let them lick their face. Bivariate analysis of putative risk factors revealed that dog owners who keep more than two dogs have a significantly higher chance of being colonized with S. pseudintermedius than those who keep 1-2 dogs (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS In conclusion, CPS transmission between dog owners and their dogs is possible. Further investigation regarding interspecies transmission and the diverse adaptive pathways influencing the epidemiology of CPS (including MRSA and MRSP) in different hosts is needed.
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Abstract
Staphylococcal infections are common in veterinary dermatology patients, as are patients whose health status places them at increased risk of staphylococcal infection. The rapid emergence and dissemination of meticillin-resistant staphylococci has had significant impacts on management of infections and also increased concerns about transmission of staphylococci between animals, from animals to humans and from humans to animals. The increasing incidence and implications of staphylococcal infections, particularly meticillin-resistant staphylococcal infections, is leading to more interest in infection control in veterinary hospitals as a means to help reduce the impact of these significant pathogens. Infection control is a series of principles and practices that can and should be implemented by every veterinary hospital to improve patient care, protect personnel and meet the increasing expectations. Fortunately, general concepts of infection control are both simple and practical, and application of a basic infection control programme requires limited time, effort or training. With an understanding of some basic concepts and use of available resources, development of an effective infection control programme is within the reach of any facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Frank LA, Loeffler A. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: clinical challenge and treatment options. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:283-91, e56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gandolfi-Decristophoris P, De Benedetti A, Petignat C, Attinger M, Guillaume J, Fiebig L, Hattendorf J, Cernela N, Regula G, Petrini O, Zinsstag J, Schelling E. Evaluation of pet contact as a risk factor for carriage of multidrug-resistant staphylococci in nursing home residents. Am J Infect Control 2012; 40:128-33. [PMID: 21824684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pets, often used as companionship and for psychological support in the therapy of nursing home residents, have been implicated as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We investigated the importance of pets as reservoirs of multidrug-resistant (MDR) staphylococci in nursing homes. METHODS We assessed the carriage of MDR staphylococci in pets and in 2 groups of residents, those living in nursing homes with pets and those living without pet contacts. We collected demographic, health status, and human-pet contact data by means of questionnaires. We assessed potential bacteria transmission pathways by investigating physical resident-to-pet contact. RESULTS The observed prevalence of MDR staphylococci carriage was 84/229 (37%) in residents living with pets and 99/216 (46%) in those not living with pets (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-0.9). Active pet contact was associated with lower carriage of MDR staphylococci (aOR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4-0.8). Antibiotic treatment during the previous 3 months was associated with significantly increased risk for MDR carriage in residents (aOR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.8-5.7). CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that the previously reported benefits of pet contact are compromised by the increased risk of carriage of MDR staphylococci in residents associated with interaction with these animals in nursing homes. Thus, contact with pets, always under good hygiene standards, should be encouraged in these settings.
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Morris DO, Lautenbach E, Zaoutis T, Leckerman K, Edelstein PH, Rankin SC. Potential for pet animals to harbour methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus when residing with human MRSA patients. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:286-93. [PMID: 22233337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may be persistent in people and is horizontally transmissible. The scientific literature suggests that domestic pets may also participate in cross-transmission of MRSA within households. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for MRSA carriage by pets residing in households with an MRSA-infected person. From 66 households in which an MRSA-infected patient resided, we screened 47 dogs and 52 cats using a swab protocol. Isolates from pets and humans were genotyped using two techniques and compared for concordance. Human participants completed a 22-question survey of demographic and epidemiologic data relevant to staphylococcal transmission. Eleven of 99 pets (11.5%) representing 9 (13.6%) of households were MRSA-positive, but in only six of these households were the human and animal-source strains genetically concordant. Human infection by strain USA 100 was significantly associated with pet carriage [OR = 11.4 (95% CI 1.7, 76.9); P = 0.013]. Yet, for each day of delay in sampling the pet after the person's MRSA diagnosis, the odds of isolating any type of MRSA from the pet decreased by 13.9% [(95% CI 2.6, 23.8); P = 0.017)]. It may be concluded that pets can harbour pandemic strains of MRSA while residing in a household with an infected person. However, the source of MRSA to the pet cannot always be attributed to the human patient. Moreover, the rapid attrition of the odds of obtaining a positive culture from pets over time suggests that MRSA carriage may be fleeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Morris
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Livestock veterinarians at high risk of acquiring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:383-9. [PMID: 22082716 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and risk factors associated with livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) carriage was examined in Danish and Belgian veterinarians. The MRSA and LA-MRSA carriage rates were 9·5% (95% CI 5·3-15·6) and 7·5% (95% CI 3·8-13·1) for MRSA and LA-MRSA, respectively, in Belgium and 1·4% (95% CI: 0·17-5·05) in Denmark (all Danish MRSA isolates belonged to the LA-MRSA genotype). All LA-MRSA isolates were resistant to tetracycline and 53·4% (7/13) showed a multi-resistant phenotype. LA-MRSA was significantly associated with veterinarians in contact with livestock (P=0·046). In the multivariable analysis, working with small animals in a veterinary clinic seems to be negatively associated (OR 0·15, 95% CI 0-1·0, P=0·05) and a strong direct association was found for LA-MRSA acquisition and exposure to live pigs (OR 12·1, 95% CI 1·6-548·5, P=0·01). Since carriage of MRSA ST398 may increase the risk of complications during hospitalization, our results underline that preventive measures may need to be developed for veterinary professionals, particularly for livestock veterinarians.
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Jordan D, Simon J, Fury S, Moss S, Giffard P, Maiwald M, Southwell P, Barton MD, Axon JE, Morris SG, Trott DJ. Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by veterinarians in Australia. Aust Vet J 2011; 89:152-9. [PMID: 21495985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among Australian veterinarians. METHODS Individuals attending veterinary conferences in Australia in 2009 were recruited to provide nasal swabs and complete a questionnaire about their professional activities. Swabs were processed by standard methods for detecting MRSA and questionnaire responses were used to group veterinarians according to their areas of major work emphasis (species and practice type). Prevalence was estimated for each of these grouping and contingency tables and regression tree analysis used to explain the variation in MRSA carriage. RESULTS Among the 771 respondents 'industry and government veterinarians' (controls) had the lowest prevalence of MRSA carriage at 0.9%. Veterinarians with horses as a major area of work emphasis had a prevalence of 11.8% (13-fold that of controls) and those whose only major emphasis was horses had a prevalence of 21.4% (23-fold that of controls). Veterinarians with dogs and cats as a major activity had a 4.9% prevalence (5-fold that of controls). Prevalence rates for other major activities (pigs, dairy and beef cattle, avian and wildlife) were also increased, but were estimated from smaller numbers of respondents. Regression tree analysis clearly isolated equine veterinarians and dog and cat practitioners as groups at increased risk of carriage of MRSA. CONCLUSION Carriage of MRSA is a notable occupational health issue for veterinarians in clinical practice in Australia, particularly those who work with horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jordan
- Industry & Investment NSW, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia.
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Paul NC, Moodley A, Ghibaudo G, Guardabassi L. Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in small animal veterinarians: indirect evidence of zoonotic transmission. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 58:533-9. [PMID: 21824350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is increasingly reported in small animals and cases of human infections have already been described despite its recent emergence in veterinary practice. We investigated the prevalence of MRSP and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among small animal dermatologists attending a national veterinary conference in Italy. Nasal swabs were obtained from 128 veterinarians, seven of which harboured MRSP (n = 5; 3.9%) or MRSA (n = 2; 1.6%). A follow-up study of two carriers revealed that MRSP persisted for at least 1 month in the nasal cavity. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) was isolated from 32 (25%) conference participants, whereas methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) was not detected, suggesting that MRSP may have a particular ability to colonize humans compared to MSSP. All isolates were characterized by spa typing. Methicillin-resistant isolates were further typed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, SCCmec and multi-locus sequence typing. Two lineages previously associated with pets were identified among the five MRSP isolates; the European epidemic clone ST71-SCCmec II-III and ST106-SCCmec IV. One of the two MRSA isolates displayed a genotype (ST22- SCCmecIV) frequently reported in dogs and cats. MRSP isolates were resistant to more antimicrobial agents compared with MRSA isolates and displayed the typical multidrug resistance patterns of MRSP in pets. The 32 MSSA isolates belonged to 20 spa types and the most frequent types (t12, t15 and t166) were associated with common S. aureus lineages in humans (CC30 and CC45). Although low, the 3.9% MRSP carriage rate found among small animal dermatologists was surprising in consideration of the rare occurrence of S. pseudintermedius in humans, the lack of MSSP detection and the recent appearance of MRSP in Europe. As cases of human MRSP infection have been linked with pets, veterinarians should be aware of this zoonotic risk and proper preventative measures should be taken to avoid MRSP transmission from animal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Paul
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Torres C, Moreno MÁ, Zarazaga M. Prudent use of antimicrobial agents: Not just for humans. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:669-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ben Slama K, Gharsa H, Klibi N, Jouini A, Lozano C, Gómez-Sanz E, Zarazaga M, Boudabous A, Torres C. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy humans with different levels of contact with animals in Tunisia: genetic lineages, methicillin resistance, and virulence factors. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 30:499-508. [PMID: 21076928 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nasal swabs of 423 healthy humans who showed different levels of contact with animals (frequent, 168; sporadic, 94; no contact, 161) were obtained in Tunisia (2008-2009), and 99 of them presented other associated risk factors. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in one of these 423 samples (0.24%), retrieved from a veterinarian. The MRSA isolate was mecA-positive, typed as ST80-t203-SCCmecIVc-agrIII, and contained tet(K), ant(6)-Ia, and aph(3')-IIIa genes encoding tetracycline, streptomycin, and kanamycin resistance, respectively. This MRSA isolate also contained the lukF/lukS virulence gene encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Fifty-four (12.8%) additional nasal samples contained methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and one isolate/sample was characterized. A high diversity of spa types (n = 43; 4 new) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types (n = 37) was detected among the 55 recovered S. aureus strains. The percentages of antimicrobial resistance/detected resistance genes were as follows: tetracycline [22%/tet(K)-tet(L)-tet(M)], erythromycin [5%/msrA], ciprofloxacin [14.5%], trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [2%/dfrA], streptomycin [11%/ant(6)-Ia], kanamycin [7%/aph(3')-IIIa], amikacin [5%], and chloramphenicol [2%]. Four and two isolates carried the lukF/lukS and eta and/or etb genes, respectively, and always in individuals with contact with animals. Eleven isolates carried the tst gene and were recovered from individuals with different levels of contact with animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ben Slama
- Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
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Prevalence of and risk factors for MRSA carriage in companion animals: a survey of dogs, cats and horses. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 139:1019-28. [PMID: 20943000 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881000227x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in a convenience sample of purposely selected populations of dogs, cats and horses in the Greater London area. Swabs from carriage sites were pooled, enriched and processed by standard bacteriological methods. The presence of nuc and mecA was confirmed for MRSA. Risk factors were investigated among veterinary treatment group animals using exact logistic regression analysis. Twenty-six (1.53%) MRSA carriers were identified in the 1692 animals (15/704 dogs, 8/540 cats, 3/152 horses). Animals presenting for veterinary treatment more frequently carried MRSA than healthy animals (OR 7.27, 95% CI 2.18-24.31, P<0.001). Concurrent carriage of non-MRSA coagulase-positive staphylococci was associated with MRSA carriage (OR 0.088, 95% CI 0.016-0.31, P<0.001); none of the other 13 putative risk factors was significant. MRSA carriage was rare in the selected companion animal populations. The absence of typical risk factors indicates that companion animals act as contaminated vectors rather than as true reservoirs.
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