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Klingbeil EA, Schade R, Lee SH, Kirkland R, de La Serre CB. Manipulation of feeding patterns in high fat diet fed rats improves microbiota composition dynamics, inflammation and gut-brain signaling. Physiol Behav 2024; 285:114643. [PMID: 39059597 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Chronic consumption of high fat (HF) diets has been shown to increase meal size and meal frequency in rodents, resulting in overeating. Reducing meal frequency and establishing periods of fasting, independently of caloric intake, may improve obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Additionally, diet-driven changes in microbiota composition have been shown to play a critical role in the development and maintenance of metabolic disorders. In this study, we used a pair-feeding paradigm to reduce meal frequency and snacking episodes while maintaining overall intake and body weight in HF fed rats. We hypothesized that manipulation of feeding patterns would improve microbiota composition and metabolic outcomes. Male Wistar rats were placed in three groups consuming either a HF, low fat diet (LF, matched for sugar), or pair-fed HF diet for 7 weeks (n = 11-12/group). Pair-fed animals received the same amount of food consumed by the HF fed group once daily before dark onset (HF-PF). Rats underwent oral glucose tolerance and gut peptide cholecystokinin sensitivity tests. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the feces collected during both dark and light cycles and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S V4 region. Our pair-feeding paradigm reduced meal numbers, especially small meals in the inactive phase, without changing total caloric intake. This shift in feeding patterns reduced relative abundances of obesity-associated bacteria and maintained circadian fluctuations in microbial abundances. These changes were associated with improved gastrointestinal (GI) function, reduced inflammation, and improved glucose tolerance and gut to brain signaling. We concluded from these data that targeting snacking may help improve metabolic outcomes, independently of energy content of the diet and hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Klingbeil
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - R Schade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
| | - S H Lee
- Department of Food Sciences, Sun Moon University, South Korea
| | - R Kirkland
- Office of Research, University of Georgia, United States
| | - C B de La Serre
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, United States.
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Khoshkerdar A, Eid N, Batra V, Baker N, Holmes N, Henson S, Sang F, Wright V, McLaren J, Shakesheff K, Woad KJ, Morgan HL, Watkins AJ. Sub-Optimal Paternal Diet at the Time of Mating Disrupts Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy in the Late Gestation Mouse. Nutrients 2024; 16:1879. [PMID: 38931234 PMCID: PMC11206308 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy represents a stage during which maternal physiology and homeostatic regulation undergo dramatic change and adaptation. The fundamental purpose of these adaptations is to ensure the survival of her offspring through adequate nutrient provision and an environment that is tolerant to the semi-allogenic foetus. While poor maternal diet during pregnancy is associated with perturbed maternal adaptations during pregnancy, the influence of paternal diet on maternal well-being is less clearly defined. We fed C57BL/6 male mice either a control (CD), low protein diet (LPD), a high fat/sugar Western diet (WD) or the LPD or WD supplemented with methyl donors (MD-LPD and MD-WD, respectively) for a minimum of 8 weeks prior to mating with C57BL/6 females. Mated females were culled at day 17 of gestation for the analysis of maternal metabolic, gut, cardiac and bone health. Paternal diet had minimal influences on maternal serum and hepatic metabolite levels or gut microbiota diversity. However, analysis of the maternal hepatic transcriptome revealed distinct profiles of differential gene expression in response to the diet of the father. Paternal LPD and MD-LPD resulted in differential expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism, transcription, ubiquitin conjugation and immunity in dams, while paternal WD and MD-WD modified the expression of genes associated with ubiquitin conjugation and cardiac morphology. Finally, we observed changes in maternal femur length, volume of trabecular bone, trabecular connectivity, volume of the cortical medullar cavity and thickness of the cortical bone in response to the father's diets. Our current study demonstrates that poor paternal diet at the time of mating can influence the patterns of maternal metabolism and gestation-associated adaptations to her physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Khoshkerdar
- Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.K.); (N.E.); (V.B.); (N.B.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Nader Eid
- Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.K.); (N.E.); (V.B.); (N.B.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Vipul Batra
- Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.K.); (N.E.); (V.B.); (N.B.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Nichola Baker
- Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.K.); (N.E.); (V.B.); (N.B.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Nadine Holmes
- Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (N.H.); (S.H.); (F.S.); (V.W.)
| | - Sonal Henson
- Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (N.H.); (S.H.); (F.S.); (V.W.)
| | - Fei Sang
- Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (N.H.); (S.H.); (F.S.); (V.W.)
| | - Victoria Wright
- Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (N.H.); (S.H.); (F.S.); (V.W.)
| | - Jane McLaren
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (J.M.)
| | - Kevin Shakesheff
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (J.M.)
| | - Kathryn J. Woad
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Hannah L. Morgan
- Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.K.); (N.E.); (V.B.); (N.B.); (H.L.M.)
| | - Adam J. Watkins
- Lifespan and Population Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.K.); (N.E.); (V.B.); (N.B.); (H.L.M.)
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Minaya DM, Kim JS, Kirkland R, Allen J, Cullinan S, Maclang N, de Lartigue G, de La Serre CB. Transfer with microbiota from lean donors prevents excessive weight gain and restores gut-brain vagal signaling in obese rats maintained on a high fat diet. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4438240. [PMID: 38853960 PMCID: PMC11160927 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4438240/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background The collection of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, which live in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are collectible known as the gut microbiota. GI bacteria play an active role in regulation of the host's immune system and metabolism, as well as certain pathophysiological processes. Diet is the main factor modulating GI microbiota composition and recent studies have shown that high fat (HF) diets induce detrimental changes, known as dysbiosis, in the GI bacterial makeup. HF diet induced microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with structural and functional changes in gut-brain vagally mediated signaling system, associated with overeating and obesity. Although HF-driven changes in microbiota composition are sufficient to alter vagal signaling, it is unknown if restoring normal microbiota in obesity can improve gut-brain signaling and metabolic outcomes. In this study, we evaluated the effect of lean gut microbiota transfer in obese, vagally compromised, rats on gut-brain communication, food intake, and body weight. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on regular chow, or 45% HF diet for nine weeks followed by three weeks of microbiota depletion using an antibiotic cocktail. The animals were then divided into four groups (n=10 each): LF - control group on regular chow, LF-LF - chow fed animals that received antibiotics and microbiota from chow fed animals, HF-LF - HF fed animals that received microbiota from chow fed animals, and HF-HF - HF fed animals that received microbiota from HF fed animals. Animals were gavaged with donor microbiota for three consecutive days on week one and once a week thereafter for three more weeks. HF-LF animals received inulin as a prebiotic to aid the establishment of the lean microbiome. Results We found that transferring a LF microbiota to HF fed animals (HF-LF) reduced caloric intake during the light phase when compared with HF-HF rats and prevented additional excessive weight gain. We did not observe significant changes in the density of vagal afferents terminating in the brainstem among the groups, however, HF-LF animals displayed an increase in postprandial activation of both primary sensory neurons innervating the GI tract and brainstem secondary neurons. Conclusions We concluded from these data that normalizing microbiota composition in obese rats improves gut-brain communication and restores normal feeding patterns which was associated with a reduction in weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce M. Minaya
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Rebecca Kirkland
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Jillian Allen
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Sitara Cullinan
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Neil Maclang
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Okuro PK, Viau M, Marze S, Laurent S, Cunha RL, Berton-Carabin C, Meynier A. In vitro digestion of high-lipid emulsions: towards a critical interpretation of lipolysis. Food Funct 2023; 14:10868-10881. [PMID: 37987232 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03816e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the gastrointestinal fate of food emulsions is critical to unveil their nutritional relevance. To this end, the protocol standardized by COST INFOGEST 2.0 is meaningful for guiding in vitro digestion experiments. In contrast with studies addressing emulsions with low dispersed phase volume fraction (φ 0.05-0.1), we presently raise some points for a proper interpretation of the digestibility of emulsions with high lipid content using the pH-stat method. Oil-in-water high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) were submitted to gastric pre-lipolysis with the addition of rabbit gastric lipase (RGE). Commercial mayonnaise (φ 0.76) was systematically diluted (φ 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.25, 0.4, and 0.76) to cover a wide range of enzyme-to-lipid ratios (8.5-0.3 U per µmol for RGE and 565.1-18.6 U per µmol for pancreatin, in the gastric and intestinal phases, respectively). Lipolysis was tracked either by fatty acid titration (NaOH titration) or completed by analysis of lipid classes and fatty acid composition. Gastric lipase resulted in substantial lipid hydrolysis, reaching 20 wt% at low lipid fractions (φ 0.025 and 0.05). Likewise, the kinetics and extent of lipolysis during intestinal digestion were modulated by the enzyme-to-substrate ratio. A logarithmic relationship between lipid hydrolysis and lipid concentration was observed, with a very limited extent at the highest lipid content (φ 0.76). A holistic interpretation relying on FFA titration and further evaluation of all lipolytic products appears of great relevance to capture the complexity of the effects involved. Overall, this work contributes to rationally and critically evaluating the outcomes of static in vitro experiments of lipid digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula K Okuro
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France.
- Department of Food Technology and Engineering, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rosiane L Cunha
- Department of Food Technology and Engineering, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Claire Berton-Carabin
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France.
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Li Y, Han L, Liu J, Kang L, Zhao L, Cui K. Yeast Peptides Improve the Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviate Weaning Stress by Changing the Intestinal Microflora Structure of Weaned Lambs. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2472. [PMID: 37894129 PMCID: PMC10608930 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Early weaning stress in lambs leads to decreased feed intake, damage to intestinal morphology, changes in the microbial flora structure, and subsequent complications. Yeast peptides are antimicrobial peptides with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and bacteriostasis effects. To study the effects of yeast peptides on relieving weaning stress in lambs, 54 lambs were randomly divided into three groups: ewe-reared (ER), yeast-peptide-treated (AP), and early-weaned (EW) lambs. The body weight and dry matter intake did not significantly differ among all groups. After weaning, the daily gain and feed conversion rate decreased significantly (p < 0.01), but AP showed an upward trend. In the EW group, immunoglobulin (Ig) levels changed significantly post-weaning (IgG decreased; IgA and IgM increased); the villi shortened, the crypt depth increased, and the villi height/crypt depth decreased (p < 0.001). The abundance and diversity of microflora among all groups were not significantly different. A column coordinate analysis showed significant differences in the intestinal microbial structure between the AP and EW groups. Lactobacillus, Aeriscardovia, Ruminosaceae_UCG-014, and Catenisphaera may play key roles in alleviating weaning stress in lambs. Our study provides new clues for alleviating weaning stress in lambs by describing the influence of yeast peptides on the intestinal microflora during weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Lulu Han
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Lingyun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Ling Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Kai Cui
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (L.H.); (J.L.); (L.K.)
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6
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Kim JS, Williams KC, Kirkland RA, Schade R, Freeman KG, Cawthon CR, Rautmann AW, Smith JM, Edwards GL, Glenn TC, Holmes PV, de Lartigue G, de La Serre CB. The gut-brain axis mediates bacterial driven modulation of reward signaling. Mol Metab 2023; 75:101764. [PMID: 37380023 PMCID: PMC10372379 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal is to investigate if microbiota composition modulates reward signaling and assess the role of the vagus in mediating microbiota to brain communication. METHODS Male germ-free Fisher rats were colonized with gastrointestinal contents from chow (low fat (LF) ConvLF) or HF (ConvHF) fed rats. RESULTS Following colonization, ConvHF rats consumed significantly more food than ConvLF animals. ConvHF rats displayed lower feeding-induced extracellular DOPAC levels (a metabolite of dopamine) in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) as well as reduced motivation for HF foods compared to ConvLF rats. Dopamine receptor 2 (DDR2) expression levels in the NAc were also significantly lower in ConvHF animals. Similar deficits were observed in conventionally raised HF fed rats, showing that diet-driven alteration in reward can be initiated via microbiota. Selective gut to brain deafferentation restored DOPAC levels, DRD2 expression, and motivational drive in ConvHF rats. CONCLUSIONS We concluded from these data that a HF-type microbiota is sufficient to alter appetitive feeding behavior and that bacteria to reward communication is mediated by the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung S Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Ruth Schade
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Gaylen L Edwards
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, USA
| | | | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Monell Chemical Senses Center and Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Liu HY, Lee CH, Hsu CN, Tain YL. Maternal High-Fat Diet Controls Offspring Kidney Health and Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:2698. [PMID: 37375602 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A balanced diet during gestation is critical for fetal development, and excessive intake of saturated fats during gestation and lactation is related to an increased risk of offspring kidney disease. Emerging evidence indicates that a maternal high-fat diet influences kidney health and disease of the offspring via so-called renal programming. This review summarizes preclinical research documenting the connection between a maternal high-fat diet during gestation and lactation and offspring kidney disease, as well as the molecular mechanisms behind renal programming, and early-life interventions to offset adverse programming processes. Animal models indicate that offspring kidney health can be improved via perinatal polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation, gut microbiota changes, and modulation of nutrient-sensing signals. These findings reinforce the significance of a balanced maternal diet for the kidney health of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Yun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hao Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Wang J, Zhang X, Yang X, Yu H, Bu M, Fu J, Zhang Z, Xu H, Hu J, Lu J, Zhang H, Zhai Z, Yang W, Wu X, Wang Y, Tong Q. Revitalizing myocarditis treatment through gut microbiota modulation: unveiling a promising therapeutic avenue. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1191936. [PMID: 37260696 PMCID: PMC10229058 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1191936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota plays an important role in the development and treatment of different cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, evidence from recent studies has shown that gut microbiota contributes to the development of myocarditis. Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease that often results in myocardial damage. Myocarditis is a common cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults. The incidence of myocarditis and its associated dilated cardiomyopathy has been increasing yearly. Myocarditis has gained significant attention on social media due to its association with both COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccinations. However, the current therapeutic options for myocarditis are limited. In addition, little is known about the potential therapeutic targets of myocarditis. In this study, we review (1) the evidence on the gut-heart axis, (2) the crosslink between gut microbiota and the immune system, (3) the association between myocarditis and the immune system, (4) the impact of gut microbiota and its metabolites on myocarditis, (5) current strategies for modulating gut microbiota, (6) challenges and future directions for targeted gut microbiota in the treatment of myocarditis. The approach of targeting the gut microbiota in myocarditis is still in its infancy, and this is the study to explore the gut microbiota-immune system-myocarditis axis. Our findings are expected to pave the way for the use of gut microbiota as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haojian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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9
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Santana LF, do Espirito Santo BLS, Tatara MB, Negrão FJ, Croda J, Alves FM, de Oliveira Filiú WF, Cavalheiro LF, Nazário CED, Asato MA, de Faria BB, do Nascimento VA, de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães R, de Cássia Freitas K, Hiane PA. Effects of the Seed Oil of Carica papaya Linn on Food Consumption, Adiposity, Metabolic and Inflammatory Profile of Mice Using Hyperlipidic Diet. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196705. [PMID: 36235241 PMCID: PMC9570947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate that different parts of Carica papaya Linn have nutritional properties that mean it can be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of various pathologies. METHODS The fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from the seeds of Carica papaya Linn was evaluated by gas chromatography, and an acute toxicity test was performed. For the experiment, Swiss mice were fed a balanced or high-fat diet and supplemented with saline, soybean oil, olive oil, or papaya seed oil. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests were performed. After euthanasia, adiposity, glycemia, total cholesterol and fractions, insulin, resistin, leptin, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 and the histology of the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue were evaluated. RESULTS Papaya seed oil showed predominance of monounsaturated fatty acids in its composition. No changes were observed in the acute toxicity test. Had lower food intake in grams, and caloric intake and in the area of adipocytes without minimizing weight gain or adiposity and impacting the liver or pancreas. Reductions in total and non-HDL-c, LDL-c, and VLDL-c were also observed. The treatment had a hypoglycemic and protective effect on insulin resistance. Supplementation also resulted in higher leptin and lower insulin and cytokine resistance. CONCLUSIONS Under these experimental conditions, papaya seed oil led to higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids and had hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic, and hypoglycemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiani Figueiredo Santana
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Larissa Spontoni do Espirito Santo
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bento Tatara
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio Juliano Negrão
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Júlio Croda
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Flávio Macedo Alves
- Laboratory of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiú
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcel Arakaki Asato
- Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | | | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Karine de Cássia Freitas
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-67-3345-7410
| | - Priscila Aiko Hiane
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
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10
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Yan Q, Cai L, Guo W. New Advances in Improving Bone Health Based on Specific Gut Microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:821429. [PMID: 35860378 PMCID: PMC9289272 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.821429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota is also closely associated with bone metabolism. However, given the high diversity of the gut microbiota, the effects of different taxa and compositions on bone are poorly understood. Previous studies demonstrated that the mechanisms underlying the effects of the gut microbiota on bone mainly include its modulation of nutrient absorption, intestinal permeability, metabolites (such as short-chain amino acids), immune responses, and hormones or neurotransmitters (such as 5-hydroxytryptamine). Several studies found that external interventions, such as dietary changes, improved bone health and altered the composition of the gut microbiota. This review summarises the beneficial gut bacteria and explores how dietary, natural, and physical factors alter the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota to improve bone health, thereby providing potential new insight into the prevention of osteoporosis.
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11
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Qiu J, Zhou C, Xiang S, Dong J, Zhu Q, Yin J, Lu X, Xiao Z. Association Between Trajectory Patterns of Body Mass Index Change Up to 10 Months and Early Gut Microbiota in Preterm Infants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828275. [PMID: 35572657 PMCID: PMC9093742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that gut microbiota plays an important role in the occurrence and development of excessive weight and obesity, and the early-life gut microbiota may be correlated with weight gain and later growth. However, the association between neonatal gut microbiota, particularly in preterm infants, and excessive weight and obesity remains unclear. To evaluate the relationship between gut microbiota and body mass index (BMI) growth trajectories in preterm infants, we examined microbial composition by performing 16S rDNA gene sequencing on the fecal samples from 75 preterm infants within 3 months after birth who were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of Hunan Children’s Hospital from August 1, 2018 to October 31, 2019. Then, we collected their physical growth information during 0–10 months. Latent growth mixture models were used to estimate growth trajectories of infantile BMI, and the relationship between the gut microbiota and the BMI growth trajectories was analyzed. The results demonstrated that there were 63,305 and 61 operational taxonomic units in the higher BMI group (n = 18), the lower BMI group (n = 51), and the BMI catch-up group (n = 6), respectively. There were significant differences in the abundance of the gut microbiota, but no significant differences in the diversity of it between the lower and the higher BMI group. The BMI growth trajectories could not be clearly distinguished because principal component analysis showed that gut microbiota composition among these three groups was similar. The three groups were dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in gut microbiota composition, and the abundance of Lactobacillus in the higher BMI group was significantly different from the lower BMI group. Further intervention experiments and dynamic monitoring are needed to determine the causal relationship between gut microbiota differences and the BMI change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qiu
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Changci Zhou
- Academy of Pediatrics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shiting Xiang
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Pediatrics Research Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qifeng Zhu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jieyun Yin
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiulan Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghui Xiao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
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12
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Polysaccharide Extracts Derived from Defloration Waste of Fruit Pitaya Regulates Gut Microbiota in a Mice Model. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Flower thinning is often used during the planting of fruit trees to improve fruit quality and promote large fruit. Flower buds become an agricultural by-product of the planting process. Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) is a popular fruit in many tropical regions, which is widely cultivated in Southeast Asian countries. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum have been shown to exhibit an anti-obesity effect by regulating gut microbiota. This study investigated the effect of polysaccharides from pitaya flower buds (PFW) extracted with water on the regulation of gut microbiota and body weight control in mice fed with a high-fat diet. The effects of PFW on the growth of L. plantarum were analyzed and the propagation of L. plantarum was promoted in an aqueous solution containing PFW. In an in vivo study, mice were fed with a high-fat diet supplemented with PFW for 12 weeks; PFW treatment effectively controlled body weight and reduced short bowel syndrome of mice induced by the high-fat diet. Gut microbiota sequencing revealed that Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillaceae were the main bacteria targeted by PFW. Moreover, transcript analysis demonstrated that PFW alleviated obesity through amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and glycan metabolism. Overall, PFW is a valuable food supplement that can regulate gut microbiota and may have potential to ameliorate the physiological damage caused by a high-fat diet.
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13
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Shen J, Yu H, Li K, Ding B, Xiao R, Ma W. The Association Between Plasma Fatty Acid and Cognitive Function Mediated by Inflammation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1423-1436. [PMID: 35573864 PMCID: PMC9091472 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s353449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To verify the mediating role of inflammatory factors in plasma fatty acid-induced changes in cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, we evaluated the cognitive function of 372 Chinese patients (the average age was 58.00 (52.50, 63.00) years) with T2DM by using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), with plasma fatty acids measured by gas chromatography analysis and inflammatory cytokines determined by immune turbidimetric analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate whether there was a correlation between the plasma fatty acids, inflammatory cytokine levels and cognitive test scores in Chinese patients with T2DM. RESULTS We found that the increase of waist circumference and hip circumference might lead to cognitive impairment and induce the inflammatory response. Higher saturated fatty acids (SFAs) levels in plasma were linked to cognitive decline, while higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) intake might be a protective factor for cognitive function. In addition, higher levels of plasma n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) stood out as having association with lower cognitive function scores, while higher level of plasma C22:6 n-3 could be a predictor of better cognitive function. In our study, higher SFAs led to higher proinflammatory factor levels. Apart from that, MUFAs and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-18 (SCD-18) were positively related to hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Meanwhile, higher level of plasma C20:0 could lead to better MMSE delayed recall by reduce the expression of hs-CRP. CONCLUSION Levels of plasma SFAs, C18:3 n-6, and C20:3 n-6 could be a predictor for worse cognitive function, while MUFAs and C22:6 n-3 could be a predictor for better cognitive function. The level of hs-CRP could be a mediator of C20:0 induced the change of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shen
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaifeng Li
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Ding
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Weiwei Ma, School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-10-83911651, Email
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14
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Hou Y, Wang SF, Zhou K, Dai SX. Comparison and recommendation of dietary patterns based on nutrients for Eastern and Western patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1066252. [PMID: 36817063 PMCID: PMC9928567 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1066252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a non-specific chronic idiopathic inflammatory condition of the digestive system, requires lifelong treatment in which drugs are the mainstay, along with surgery when necessary. In adjuvant therapies, the diet is considered to be an essential, controllable, and economical component. However, the majority of recent nutrition research has focused on the general effects of nutrients on IBD, with little attention given to the advantages and negative aspects of individual foods and dietary combinations. To cover these shortcomings, we surveyed the benefits and drawbacks of typical foods and their chemical compositions on intestinal pathophysiology by comparing nutrients existing in the foods in Eastern and Western countries. Moreover, for Eastern and Western patients with IBD, we innovatively propose a 3-step dietary recommendation based on modified customary eating habits, including lowering the triggering foods, modifying dietary advice to control disease progression, and improving surgery prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, (Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute), National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sai-Feng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, (Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute), National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Xue Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, (Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute), National Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatric Center, National Regional Medical Center, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Shi-Xue Dai,
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15
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Hussein HM, Elyamany MF, Rashed LA, Sallam NA. Vitamin D mitigates diabetes-associated metabolic and cognitive dysfunction by modulating gut microbiota and colonic cannabinoid receptor 1. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 170:106105. [PMID: 34942358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is associated with elevated endocannabinoid tone, gut dysbiosis, and inflammation predisposing to diabetes. The endocannabinoid system mediates the effects of gut microbiota and regulates the gut barrier integrity. We examined the effects of vitamin D (VD) on colonic cannabinoid receptor 1(CB1R), tight junction proteins, gut dysbiosis, metabolic and cognitive dysfunction in a model of type 2 diabetes compared with metformin. METHODS Rats received high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFSD) and either VD (500 IU/kg/day; p.o.), or metformin (200 mg/kg/day; p.o.) for 8 weeks. After 6 weeks, streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg; i.p) was injected. Behavioral, cognitive, and metabolic assessments were carried out. Finally, fecal, blood, and tissue samples were collected to examine Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, colonic CB1R, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-ɑ), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), lipids, and VD; hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory markers. RESULTS VD ameliorated HFSD/STZ-induced dysbiosis/gut barrier dysfunction as indicated by lower circulating LPS, PGN and TNF-ɑ levels, likely by downregulating colonic CB1R and upregulating ZO-1 and occludin expressions. Additionally, VD suppressed HFSD/STZ-induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and hippocampal neuroinflammation. These changes culminated in improved glycemic control and cognitive function. VD was more effective than metformin in decreasing serum LPS and TNF-ɑ levels; whereas metformin resulted in better glycemic control. CONCLUSION Targeting gut microbiota by VD could be a successful strategy in the treatment of diabetes and associated cognitive deficit. The crosstalk between VD axis and the endocannabinoid system needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatallah M Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F Elyamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Laila A Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Nada A Sallam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
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16
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Di DS, Li C, Dai Y, Wei MH, Wang SS, Song WJ, Zhou HL, Cui Y, Zhang RY, Huang Q, Wang Q. Integrative Analysis of LGR5/6 Gene Variants, Gut Microbiota Composition and Osteoporosis Risk in Elderly Population. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765008. [PMID: 34795657 PMCID: PMC8593465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationships between the common variants of R-spondin/Wnt signaling genes, gut microbiota composition, and osteoporosis (OP) risk in elderly Chinese Han population. Design: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to obtain the OP-associated measurements at multiple skeleton sites among all 1,168 participants. Genotyping data was obtained by using the next-generation sequencing in the discovery stage (n = 400, 228 OP patients) and SNPscan technology in the replication stage (n = 768, 356 OP patients). Bioinformatic analysis was performed to provide more evidence for the genotype-OP associations. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology was adopted to explore OP-associated gut microbiota variations. Results: The genetic variants of rs10920362 in the LGR6 gene (P-FDR = 1.19 × 10–6) and rs11178860 in the LGR5 gene (P-FDR = 1.51 × 10–4) were found to associate with OP risk significantly. Several microbial taxa were associated with the BMDs and T-scores at multiple skeleton sites. The associations between rs10920362 and BMD-associated microbiota maintained significance after adjusting confounders. The rs10920362 CT/TT genotype associated with a decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria (β = −1.32, P < 0.001), Bifidobacteriaceae (β = −1.70, P < 0.001), and Bifidobacterium (β = −1.70, P < 0.001) compared to the CC genotype. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the variants loci of LGR6 may be associate with OP pathogenesis via gut microbiota modifications. The relationship between host genetics and gut microbiome provides new perspectives about OP prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Di
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mu-Hong Wei
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Song
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Long Zhou
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Cui
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru-Yi Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Rautmann AW, de La Serre CB. Microbiota's Role in Diet-Driven Alterations in Food Intake: Satiety, Energy Balance, and Reward. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093067. [PMID: 34578945 PMCID: PMC8470213 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in modulating host physiology and behavior, particularly feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. There is accumulating evidence demonstrating a role for gut microbiota in the etiology of obesity. In human and rodent studies, obesity and high-energy feeding are most consistently found to be associated with decreased bacterial diversity, changes in main phyla relative abundances and increased presence of pro-inflammatory products. Diet-associated alterations in microbiome composition are linked with weight gain, adiposity, and changes in ingestive behavior. There are multiple pathways through which the microbiome influences food intake. This review discusses these pathways, including peripheral mechanisms such as the regulation of gut satiety peptide release and alterations in leptin and cholecystokinin signaling along the vagus nerve, as well as central mechanisms, such as the modulation of hypothalamic neuroinflammation and alterations in reward signaling. Most research currently focuses on determining the role of the microbiome in the development of obesity and using microbiome manipulation to prevent diet-induced increase in food intake. More studies are necessary to determine whether microbiome manipulation after prolonged energy-dense diet exposure and obesity can reduce intake and promote meaningful weight loss.
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18
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Vien S, Fard S, El Khoury D, Luhovyy B, Fabek H, Anderson GH. Age and Sex Interact to Determine the Effects of Commonly Consumed Dairy Products on Postmeal Glycemia, Satiety, and Later Meal Food Intake in Adults. J Nutr 2021; 151:2161-2174. [PMID: 34036357 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy consumption reduces postprandial glycemia and appetite when consumed with carbohydrates. OBJECTIVES The objective was to test the effects of frequently consumed dairy products, age, and sex on glycemia, appetite, and food intake. METHODS In a randomized, unblinded, crossover design, 30 older [60-70 y; BMI (kg/m2): 18.5-29.9] and 28 young (20-30 y; BMI: 18.5-24.9) adults consumed 500 mL of a calorie-free control (water), skim milk and whole milk, 350 g Greek yogurt, and 60 g cheddar cheese. Food intake at an ad libitum meal was measured 120 min later. Glycemia, appetite, and gastric hormone responses were measured premeal (15-120 min), within-meal (120-140 min), and postmeal (140-170 min). Effects of treatment, age, and sex and their interactions were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS All forms of dairy, compared with water, decreased postmeal glycemia, premeal appetite, and meal intake (P < 0.0001). Premeal glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 increased, and ghrelin decreased, but effects of dairy differed with age and sex. Older adults had 10% higher pre- and postmeal glucose (P < 0.01). Premeal appetite suppression per 100 kcal of treatments was more after yogurt than other dairy, but overall appetite suppression was less in older adults than in young adults and in males than in females (P < 0.05). Pizza intake was reduced by 175 kcal after yogurt and cheese and by 82 kcal after milks compared to water (P < 0.001). Mealtime reduction for treatment calories averaged 62% after yogurt and cheese but was less at 33% after milks (P < 0.05). Compensation was less in older (33%) than in young (63%) adults (P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Dairy products consumed in usual forms before a meal stimulate metabolic responses leading to reduced premeal appetite, later food intake, and postmeal glycemia, but their effects differ in magnitude and with the sex and age of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Vien
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Fard
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dalia El Khoury
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, College of Social and Applied Human Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bohdan Luhovyy
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Hrvoje Fabek
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Romaní-Pérez M, López-Almela I, Bullich-Vilarrubias C, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Gómez Del Pulgar EM, Benítez-Páez A, Liebisch G, Lamas JA, Sanz Y. Holdemanella biformis improves glucose tolerance and regulates GLP-1 signaling in obese mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21734. [PMID: 34143451 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100126r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired glucose homeostasis in obesity is mitigated by enhancing the glucoregulatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and thus, strategies that improve GLP-1 sensitivity and secretion have therapeutic potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This study shows that Holdemanella biformis, isolated from the feces of a metabolically healthy volunteer, ameliorates hyperglycemia, improves oral glucose tolerance and restores gluconeogenesis and insulin signaling in the liver of obese mice. These effects were associated with the ability of H. biformis to restore GLP-1 levels, enhancing GLP-1 neural signaling in the proximal and distal small intestine and GLP-1 sensitivity of vagal sensory neurons, and to modify the cecal abundance of unsaturated fatty acids and the bacterial species associated with metabolic health. Our findings overall suggest the potential use of H biformis in the management of type 2 diabetes in obesity to optimize the sensitivity and function of the GLP-1 system, through direct and indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Romaní-Pérez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-Almela
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Bullich-Vilarrubias
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Rueda-Ruzafa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Eva M Gómez Del Pulgar
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Benítez-Páez
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - José Antonio Lamas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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20
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Queiroz MP, da Silva Lima M, de Melo MFFT, Queiroga RDCRDE, Bessa RJB, Alves SPA, Barbosa Soares JK. Maternal consumption of conjugated linoleic acid improves tolerance to glucose and hdl-cholesterol in the rat progeny. Food Funct 2021; 11:9075-9085. [PMID: 33026015 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our study evaluates the impacts of maternal consumption of different levels of CLA during pregnancy and lactation on physical and metabolic changes in the rat progeny. Three groups were formed: control (CG) - diet without CLA; CLA1 - diet containing 1% CLA; and CLA3 - diet containing 3% CLA. Murinometry, body fat collection, biochemical analysis, glycemic curves, liver fat amount, and fatty acid profiles of the liver were studied. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The CLA3 group presented highest body weight, feed intake and BMI (p < 0.05). The retroperitoneal fat, epididymal fat, and body fat index were higher in the CLA1 and CLA3 groups (p < 0.05) but no difference was observed for mesenteric fat. Yet in contrast, the experimental groups presented lower abdominal circumference and glycemic curves when compared to the CG (p < 0.05). CLA1 and CLA3 groups presented higher values of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05), yet no difference was found in serum triglycerides or LDL. The CLA3 group presented less n-3, n-6, total PUFA, and arachidonic acid in liver fat (p < 0.05). The CLA1 and CLA3 groups were higher in total MUFA in the liver fat. In conclusion, CLA when consumed during gestation and lactation increased: tolerance to glucose, HDL, and the body fat index in the offspring. Only the CLA3 group presented reduced total PUFA, n-3, n-6 and arachidonic acid in the offspring's liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelly Pires Queiroz
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Martiniano da Silva Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, CG, Brazil
| | | | - Rita de Cássia Ramos do Egypto Queiroga
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. and Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Rui José Branquinho Bessa
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Paula Almeida Alves
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares
- Program of Food Science and Tecnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. and Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, CG, Brazil
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21
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Barber TM, Valsamakis G, Mastorakos G, Hanson P, Kyrou I, Randeva HS, Weickert MO. Dietary Influences on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073502. [PMID: 33800707 PMCID: PMC8038019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over unimaginable expanses of evolutionary time, our gut microbiota have co-evolved with us, creating a symbiotic relationship in which each is utterly dependent upon the other. Far from confined to the recesses of the alimentary tract, our gut microbiota engage in complex and bi-directional communication with their host, which have far-reaching implications for overall health, wellbeing and normal physiological functioning. Amongst such communication streams, the microbiota–gut–brain axis predominates. Numerous complex mechanisms involve direct effects of the microbiota, or indirect effects through the release and absorption of the metabolic by-products of the gut microbiota. Proposed mechanisms implicate mitochondrial function, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, and autonomic, neuro-humeral, entero-endocrine and immunomodulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary composition influences the relative abundance of gut microbiota species. Recent human-based data reveal that dietary effects on the gut microbiota can occur rapidly, and that our gut microbiota reflect our diet at any given time, although much inter-individual variation pertains. Although most studies on the effects of dietary macronutrients on the gut microbiota report on associations with relative changes in the abundance of particular species of bacteria, in broad terms, our modern-day animal-based Westernized diets are relatively high in fats and proteins and impoverished in fibres. This creates a perfect storm within the gut in which dysbiosis promotes localized inflammation, enhanced gut wall permeability, increased production of lipopolysaccharides, chronic endotoxemia and a resultant low-grade systemic inflammatory milieu, a harbinger of metabolic dysfunction and many modern-day chronic illnesses. Research should further focus on the colony effects of the gut microbiota on health and wellbeing, and dysbiotic effects on pathogenic pathways. Finally, we should revise our view of the gut microbiota from that of a seething mass of microbes to one of organ-status, on which our health and wellbeing utterly depends. Future guidelines on lifestyle strategies for wellbeing should integrate advice on the optimal establishment and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota through dietary and other means. Although we are what we eat, perhaps more importantly, we are what our gut microbiota thrive on and they thrive on what we eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Barber
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Georgios Valsamakis
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Endocrine Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Pathology Department, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Mastorakos
- Endocrine Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Pathology Department, Aretaieion University Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Petra Hanson
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Martin O. Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; (T.M.B.); (G.V.); (P.H.); (I.K.); (H.S.R.)
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Correspondence:
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Dioletis E, Paiva RS, Kaffe E, Secor ER, Weiss TR, Fields MR, Ouyang X, Ali A. The fermented soy beverage Q-CAN® plus induces beneficial changes in the oral and intestinal microbiome. BMC Nutr 2021; 7:6. [PMID: 33658080 PMCID: PMC7931600 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-021-00408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soy products are associated with many beneficial health consequences, but their effects on the human intestinal microbiome are poorly characterized. Objectives To identify the changes in the oral and fecal microbiome in lean and obese participants due to consumption of Q-CAN®, and to assess the expected consequences of these changes based on the published literature. Methods Prospective study of lean (10) and obese (9) participants consuming Q-CAN® twice daily for 4 weeks with 8 weeks follow-up. Microbial DNA was extracted from saliva and stool samples, amplified against the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and data analyzed using QIIME 1.9.1 bioinformatics. Four hundred forty-four samples were collected in total, 424 of which were productive and yielded good quality data. Results STOOL. In the lean population Bifidobacteria and Blautia show a significant increase while taking Q-CAN®, and there was a trend for this in the obese population. ORAL. There were relatively fewer major changes in the oral microbiome with an increase in the family Veillonellaceae in the lean population while on Q-CAN®. Conclusion Q-CAN® consumption induced a number of significant changes in the fecal and oral microbiome. Most notably an increase in the stool microbiome of Bifidobacteria and Blautia, both of which are associated with positive health benefits, and in the saliva an increase in Veillonellaceae. Trial registration This trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov on January 14th 2016. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02656056 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-021-00408-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Dioletis
- Internal Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, One Gilbert Street, TAC Bldg, Room #S241, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Ricardo S Paiva
- Internal Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, One Gilbert Street, TAC Bldg, Room #S241, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Internal Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, One Gilbert Street, TAC Bldg, Room #S241, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Eric R Secor
- Hartford Hospital and University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Theresa R Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics (General Pediatrics), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Maxine R Fields
- Department of Pediatrics (General Pediatrics), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Xinshou Ouyang
- Internal Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale University School of Medicine, One Gilbert Street, TAC Bldg, Room #S241, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
| | - Ather Ali
- Department of Pediatrics (General Pediatrics), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
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23
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McDougle M, Quinn D, Diepenbroek C, Singh A, de la Serre C, de Lartigue G. Intact vagal gut-brain signalling prevents hyperphagia and excessive weight gain in response to high-fat high-sugar diet. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13530. [PMID: 32603548 PMCID: PMC7772266 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aim The tools that have been used to assess the function of the vagus nerve lack specificity. This could explain discrepancies about the role of vagal gut‐brain signalling in long‐term control of energy balance. Here we use a validated approach to selectively ablate sensory vagal neurones that innervate the gut to determine the role of vagal gut‐brain signalling in the control of food intake, energy expenditure and glucose homoeostasis in response to different diets. Methods Rat nodose ganglia were injected bilaterally with either the neurotoxin saporin conjugated to the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), or unconjugated saporin as a control. Food intake, body weight, glucose tolerance and energy expenditure were measured in both groups in response to chow or high‐fat high‐sugar (HFHS) diet. Willingness to work for fat or sugar was assessed by progressive ratio for orally administered solutions, while post‐ingestive feedback was tested by measuring food intake after an isocaloric lipid or sucrose pre‐load. Results Vagal deafferentation of the gut increases meal number in lean chow‐fed rats. Switching to a HFHS diet exacerbates overeating and body weight gain. The breakpoint for sugar or fat solution did not differ between groups, suggesting that increased palatability may not drive HFHS‐induced hyperphagia. Instead, decreased satiation in response to intra‐gastric infusion of fat, but not sugar, promotes hyperphagia in CCK‐Saporin‐treated rats fed with HFHS diet. Conclusions We conclude that intact sensory vagal neurones prevent hyperphagia and exacerbation of weight gain in response to a HFHS diet by promoting lipid‐mediated satiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McDougle
- Department of Pharmacodynamics University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory New Haven CT USA
| | | | - Charlene Diepenbroek
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory New Haven CT USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Yale Medical School New Haven CT USA
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | | | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory New Haven CT USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Yale Medical School New Haven CT USA
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24
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Duca FA, Waise TMZ, Peppler WT, Lam TKT. The metabolic impact of small intestinal nutrient sensing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:903. [PMID: 33568676 PMCID: PMC7876101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract maintains energy and glucose homeostasis, in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent signaling to the brain and other tissues. In this review, we highlight the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in metabolic homeostasis, and link high-fat feeding, obesity, and diabetes with perturbations in these gut-brain signaling pathways. We identify how lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, initiate gut peptide release from the enteroendocrine cells through small intestinal sensing pathways, and how these peptides regulate food intake, glucose tolerance, and hepatic glucose production. Lastly, we highlight how the gut microbiota impact small intestinal nutrient-sensing in normal physiology, and in disease, pharmacological and surgical settings. Emerging evidence indicates that the molecular mechanisms of small intestinal nutrient sensing in metabolic homeostasis have physiological and pathological impact as well as therapeutic potential in obesity and diabetes. The gastrointestinal tract participates in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent gut-brain signalling. Here the authors review the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in regulation of energy intake and systemic glucose metabolism, and link high-fat diet, obesity and diabetes with perturbations in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - T M Zaved Waise
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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25
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Zhuang L, Jin Z, Li H, Wu S, Tong X, Wang H, Li M. Effects of Chronic Exposure to Microcystin-LR on the Gut Microbiota of Male Mice. Int J Toxicol 2020; 40:171-177. [PMID: 33307919 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820972311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that environmental pollutants can change human gut microbiota. Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), considered a major hazard to mammals, is one of the important contaminants. However, little is known about the long-term influence of MC-LR on gut microbial communities. We aimed to investigate the effect of MC-LR on gut microbiota composition and functions by conducting a chronic exposure of male mice to MC-LR via the oral route. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis on cecum samples of mice, our results showed that significant changes of species diversity were observed in the gut microbiota of MC-LR-exposed mice. In addition, comparative analysis of the microbial communities showed that the reduction of the Actinobacteria and Saccharibacteria populations was detected in MC-LR-exposed mice. Collectively, our study highlighted the significant effects of MC-LR on the shift of gut microbial communities which could contribute to the development of metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilei Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yiwu Central Hospital, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhonghai Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yiwu Central Hospital, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongguang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yiwu Central Hospital, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenbao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yiwu Central Hospital, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuping Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yiwu Central Hospital, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yiwu Central Hospital, the Affiliated Yiwu Hospital of 26453Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, 12377Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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26
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San-Cristobal R, Navas-Carretero S, Martínez-González MÁ, Ordovas JM, Martínez JA. Contribution of macronutrients to obesity: implications for precision nutrition. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:305-320. [PMID: 32235875 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The specific metabolic contribution of consuming different energy-yielding macronutrients (namely, carbohydrates, protein and lipids) to obesity is a matter of active debate. In this Review, we summarize the current research concerning associations between the intake of different macronutrients and weight gain and adiposity. We discuss insights into possible differential mechanistic pathways where macronutrients might act on either appetite or adipogenesis to cause weight gain. We also explore the role of dietary macronutrient distribution on thermogenesis or energy expenditure for weight loss and maintenance. On the basis of the data discussed, we describe a novel way to manage excessive body weight; namely, prescribing personalized diets with different macronutrient compositions according to the individual's genotype and/or enterotype. In this context, the interplay of macronutrient consumption with obesity incidence involves mechanisms that affect appetite, thermogenesis and metabolism, and the outcomes of these mechanisms are altered by an individual's genotype and microbiota. Indeed, the interactions of the genetic make-up and/or microbiota features of a person with specific macronutrient intakes or dietary pattern consumption help to explain individualized responses to macronutrients and food patterns, which might represent key factors for comprehensive precision nutrition recommendations and personalized obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo San-Cristobal
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Navas-Carretero
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain.
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José María Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Nutritional Genomics of Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity Fundation IMDEA Food, Campus of International Excellence, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alfredo Martínez
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA-Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERobn, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Area de Fisiologia de la Obesidad y la Nutricion, Madrid, Spain
- IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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27
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Wang G, Chen Q, Tian P, Wang L, Li X, Lee YK, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Gut microbiota dysbiosis might be responsible to different toxicity caused by Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure in murine rodents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114164. [PMID: 32088434 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer, which can enter the body through a variety of ways and exerted multiple harmful effects, including liver toxicity, reproductive toxicity and even glucose metabolism disorder. Many studies have suggested that changes of gut microbiota are closely related to the occurrence of various diseases, but the effects of DEHP exposure on gut microbiota are still unclear. It was found in this study that the damage to different tissues by DEHP on two strains each from two different species of male rodents before puberty was dose and time of exposure dependent, and also depending on the strain and species of rodent. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats showed highest sensitivity to DEHP exposure, with most severe organ damage, highest Th1 inflammatory response and most significant body weight gain. Correspondingly, the gut microbiota of SD rats showed most significant changes after DEHP exposure. Only SD rats, but not Wistar rats, BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice showed an increase in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Proteobacteria abundance in the fecal samples, which are known to associate with obesity and diabetes. This is consistent with the increasing body weight gain which was only found in SD rats. In addition, the decrease in the level of butyrate, increase in the abundance of potential pathogens and microbial genes linked to colorectal cancer, Parkinson's disease, and type 2 diabetes in the SD rats were associated with issue and functional damages and Th1 inflammatory response caused by DEHP exposure. We postulate that the differential effects of DEHP on gut microbiota may be an important cause of the differences in the toxicity on different strains and species of rodents to DEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Peijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, PR China.
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28
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Lee SJ, Krieger JP, Vergara M, Quinn D, McDougle M, de Araujo A, Darling R, Zollinger B, Anderson S, Pan A, Simonnet EJ, Pignalosa A, Arnold M, Singh A, Langhans W, Raybould HE, de Lartigue G. Blunted Vagal Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Promotes Hyperphagia and Weight Gain. Cell Rep 2020; 30:2028-2039.e4. [PMID: 32049029 PMCID: PMC7063787 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve conveys gastrointestinal cues to the brain to control eating behavior. In obesity, vagally mediated gut-brain signaling is disrupted. Here, we show that the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a neuropeptide synthesized proportional to the food consumed in vagal afferent neurons (VANs) of chow-fed rats. CART injection into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), the site of vagal afferent central termination, reduces food intake. Conversely, blocking endogenous CART action in the NTS increases food intake in chow-fed rats, and this requires intact VANs. Viral-mediated Cartpt knockdown in VANs increases weight gain and daily food intake via larger meals and faster ingestion rate. In obese rats fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet, meal-induced CART synthesis in VANs is blunted and CART antibody fails to increase food intake. However, CART injection into the NTS retains its anorexigenic effect in obese rats. Restoring disrupted VAN CART signaling in obesity could be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin J Lee
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Krieger
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland; Department of Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Macarena Vergara
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Molly McDougle
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan de Araujo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca Darling
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology Department School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Zollinger
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth Anderson
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annabeth Pan
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emilie J Simonnet
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology Department School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angelica Pignalosa
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Helen E Raybould
- Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology Department School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Chen X, Sun H, Jiang F, Shen Y, Li X, Hu X, Shen X, Wei P. Alteration of the gut microbiota associated with childhood obesity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8317. [PMID: 31976177 PMCID: PMC6968493 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a global epidemic in the industrialized and developing world, and many children suffer from obesity-related complications. Gut microbiota dysbiosis might have significant effect on the development of obesity. The microbiota continues to develop through childhood and thus childhood may be the prime time for microbiota interventions to realize health promotion or disease prevention. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the structure and function of pediatric gut microbiota. Methods According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, twenty-three normal weight and twenty-eight obese children were recruited from Nanjing, China. Genomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples. The V4 region of the bacterial 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR, and sequencing was applied to analyze the gut microbiota diversity and composition using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Results The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) showed a decrease in the diversity of gut microbiota with increasing body weight. The alpha diversity indices showed that the normal weight group had higher abundance and observed species than the obese group (Chao1: P < 0.001; observed species: P < 0.001; PD whole tree: P < 0.001; Shannon index: P = 0.008). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed significant differences in gut microbial community structure between the normal weight group and the obese group. The liner discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that fifty-five species of bacteria were abundant in the fecal samples of the normal weight group and forty-five species of bacteria were abundant in the obese group. In regard to phyla, the gut microbiota in the obese group had lower proportions of Bacteroidetes (51.35%) compared to the normal weight group (55.48%) (P = 0.030). There was no statistical difference in Firmicutes between the two groups (P = 0.436), and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes between the two groups had no statistical difference (P = 0.983). At the genus level, Faecalibacterium, Phascolarctobacterium, Lachnospira, Megamonas, and Haemophilus were significantly more abundant in the obese group than in the normal weight group (P = 0.048, P = 0.018, P < 0.001, P = 0.040, and P = 0.003, respectively). The fecal microbiota of children in the obese group had lower proportions of Oscillospira and Dialister compared to the normal weight group (P = 0.002 and P = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions Our results showed a decrease in gut microbiota abundance and diversity as the BMI increased. Variations in the bacterial community structure were associated with obesity. Gut microbiota dysbiosis might play a crucial part in the development of obesity in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueju Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Cristina Oliveira de Lima V, Piuvezam G, Leal Lima Maciel B, Heloneida de Araújo Morais A. Trypsin inhibitors: promising candidate satietogenic proteins as complementary treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders? J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:405-419. [PMID: 30734596 PMCID: PMC6327991 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1542387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in non-communicable chronic diseases has aroused interest in the research of adjuvants to the classic forms of treatments. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are the main targets of confrontation because they relate directly to other chronic diseases. In this context, trypsin inhibitors, molecules with wide heterologous application, appear as possibilities in the treatment of overweight and obesity due to the action on satiety related mechanisms, mainly in the modulation of satiety hormones, such as cholecystokinin. In addition, trypsin inhibitors have the ability to also act on some biochemical parameters related to these diseases, thus, emerging as potential candidates and promising molecules in the treatment of the obesity and metabolic syndrome. Thus, the present article proposes to approach, through a systematic literature review, the advantages, disadvantages and viabilities for the use of trypsin inhibitors directed to the treatment of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grasiela Piuvezam
- Department of Collective Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bruna Leal Lima Maciel
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais
- Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Nutritional Regulation of Gut Barrier Integrity in Weaning Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121045. [PMID: 31795348 PMCID: PMC6940750 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Weaning is a very stressful period in the piglet’s life in intensive farming: it is a sudden process occurring between three to four weeks of age, when the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is still immature. The GIT is formed by the epithelial, immune and enteric nervous system which controls epithelial barrier integrity as well as gut functions including the transport of luminal nutrients, water and electrolytes. Early weaning is characterized by a breakdown of these gut functions, an increase in intestinal permeability and the appearance of gastrointestinal functional disorders, which can have long-lasting consequences in the pig’s life. Weaning, therefore, requires the correct level of nutrients, high quality ingredients, and management, which are directed primarily at encouraging rapid feed intake whilst reducing mortality and morbidity. This review describes the organization of the GIT and highlights the interactions between feed components and the morphology and physiology of the epithelial barrier. Novel dietary strategies focused on improving gut health are also discussed, considering the impacts of selected feed ingredients or additives on the GIT such as functional amino acids, phytochemicals and organic acids. Abstract Weaning is very stressful for piglets and leads to alterations in the intestinal barrier, a reduction in nutrient absorption and a higher susceptibility to intestinal diseases with heavy economic losses. This review describes the structures involved in the intestinal barrier: the epithelial barrier, immune barrier and the enteric nervous system. Here, new insights into the interactions between feed components and the physiology and morphology of the epithelial barrier are highlighted. Dietary strategies focused on improving gut health are also described including amino acids, phytochemicals and organic acids.
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Buckley MM, O'Brien R, Buckley JM, O'Malley D. GHSR-1 agonist sensitizes rat colonic intrinsic and extrinsic neurons to exendin-4: A role in the manifestation of postprandial gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome? Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13684. [PMID: 31311066 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may experience postprandial symptom exacerbation. Nutrients stimulate intestinal release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone with known gastrointestinal effects. However, prior to the postprandial rise in GLP-1, levels of the hunger hormone, ghrelin, peak. The aims of this study were to determine if ghrelin sensitizes colonic intrinsic and extrinsic neurons to the stimulatory actions of a GLP-1 receptor agonist, and if this differs in a rat model of IBS. METHODS Calcium imaging of enteric neurons was compared between Sprague Dawley and Wistar Kyoto rats. Colonic contractile activity and vagal nerve recordings were also compared between strains. KEY RESULTS Circulating GLP-1 concentrations differ between IBS subtypes. Mechanistically, we have provided evidence that calcium responses evoked by exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, are potentiated by a ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1) agonist, in both submucosal and myenteric neurons. Although basal patterns of colonic contractility varied between Sprague Dawley and Wister Kyoto rats, the capacity of exendin-4 to alter smooth muscle function was modified by a GHSR-1 agonist in both strains. Gut-brain signaling via GLP-1-mediated activation of vagal afferents was also potentiated by the GHSR-1 agonist. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These findings support a temporal interaction between ghrelin and GLP-1, where the preprandial peak in ghrelin may temporarily sensitize colonic intrinsic and extrinsic neurons to the neurostimulatory actions of GLP-1. While the sensitizing effects of the GHSR-1 agonist were identified in both rat strains, in the rat model of IBS, underlying contractile activity was aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Buckley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rebecca O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Julliette M Buckley
- Department of Surgery, University College Cork, Cork, and Mater Private Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dervla O'Malley
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Kunz RI, Capelassi AN, Alegre-Maller ACP, Bonfleur ML, Ribeiro LDFC, Costa RM, Natali MRM. Sericin as treatment of obesity: morphophysiological effects in obese mice fed with high-fat diet. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2019; 18:eAO4876. [PMID: 31576909 PMCID: PMC6905161 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of sericin extracted from silkworm Bombyx mori cocoon on morphophysiological parameters in mice with obesity induced by high-fat diet. METHODS Male C57Bl6 mice aged 9 weeks were allocated to one of two groups - Control and Obese, and fed a standard or high-fat diet for 10 weeks, respectively. Mice were then further subdivided into four groups with seven mice each, as follows: Control, Control-Sericin, Obese, and Obese-Sericin. The standard or high fat diet was given for 4 more weeks; sericin (1,000mg/kg body weight) was given orally to mice in the Control-Sericin and Obese-Sericin Groups during this period. Weight gain, food intake, fecal weight, fecal lipid content, gut motility and glucose tolerance were monitored. At the end of experimental period, plasma was collected for biochemical analysis. Samples of white adipose tissue, liver and jejunum were collected and processed for light microscopy analysis; liver fragments were used for lipid content determination. RESULTS Obese mice experienced significantly greater weight gain and fat accumulation and had higher total cholesterol and glucose levels compared to controls. Retroperitoneal and periepididymal adipocyte hypertrophy, development of hepatic steatosis, increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels and morphometric changes in the jejunal wall were observed. CONCLUSION Physiological changes induced by obesity were not fully reverted by sericin; however, sericin treatment restored jejunal morphometry and increased lipid excretion in feces in obese mice, suggesting potential anti-obesity effects.
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Chen Y, Kidd J, Bhat OM, Yuan X, Hong J, He X, Li PL. Suppression of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Release by Inhibition of Intestinal NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Asc -/- and Nlrp3 -/- Mice. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1213. [PMID: 31632284 PMCID: PMC6779826 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an insulinotropic hormone secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells, which plays a crucial role in glucose control, regulation, and protection from different pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus. The present study sought to test whether GLP-1 release increases gut injury with a high-fat diet (HFD) and whether this GLP-1 release is associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our results showed that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in the intestinal tissue of wild-type mice on a HFD, accompanied by GLP-1 overexpression. The number of intestinal L-cells and the GLP-1 level in serum are increased in WT mice with HFD. However, in the Asc-/- and Nlrp3-/- mice, these HFD-induced intestinal and serum GLP-1 changes were suppressed. Using confocal microscopy, the colocalization of GLP-1 and FLICA that labels activated caspase-1 in intestine was decreased in the Asc-/- and Nlrp3-/- mice compared to WT mice. Mechanistically, the inhibitor of caspase-1 or HMGB1 blocker is used to demonstrate the regulatory action of NRLP3 inflammasome in GLP-1 release. It was found that the level of GLP-1 and its colocalization with IL-1β were reduced by inhibition of the caspase-1 activity, but not altered by blockade of HMGB1 action. Our results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome activation triggers GLP-1 production from the intestine, which is associated with IL-1β, but not with HMGB1. These findings for the first time provide evidence that the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the intestine increases GLP-1 release in mice, which may serve as an adaptive response to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jason Kidd
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Owais M. Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Xinxu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jinni Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Xingxiang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pin-Lan Li,
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Naughton SS, Hanson ED, Mathai ML, McAinch AJ. The Acute Effect of Oleic- or Linoleic Acid-Containing Meals on Appetite and Metabolic Markers; A Pilot Study in Overweight or Obese Individuals. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101376. [PMID: 30261617 PMCID: PMC6213143 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the abundance of plant-derived fats in our diet, their effects on appetite, and metabolic markers, remain unclear. This single-blinded 3-way cross-over pilot study aimed to investigate the ability of the two most abundant dietary plant-derived fats, oleic (OA) and linoleic (LA) acids, to modulate postprandial appetite and levels of circulating appetite and metabolic regulators in overweight/obese individuals. Meals were a high-carbohydrate control, a high-OA or a high-LA meal, and provided 30% of participants' estimated energy requirements. Meals were consumed after an overnight fast, with blood samples collected over 3¼ h. Appetite parameters were assessed via a validated visual analogue scale questionnaire. Hormones and other circulating factors were quantified using multiplex immunoassays. Eight participants (age 45.8 ± 3.6 (years), body mass index 32.0 ± 1.3 (kg/m²)) completed the study. All meals significantly increased fullness and reduced desire to eat. The control and high-OA meals significantly decreased prospective food intake. The high-LA meal increased ghrelin levels (p < 0.05), a hormone which encourages food intake. This was coupled with a significant acute increase in resistin levels, which impairs insulin signaling. Taken together, this study indicates that in overweight/obese individuals, high-LA meals may promote excess energy intake and alter glucose handling, though a larger cohort may be required to strengthen results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan S Naughton
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
| | - Erik D Hanson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
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Small Intestine Microbiota Regulate Host Digestive and Absorptive Adaptive Responses to Dietary Lipids. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:458-469.e5. [PMID: 29649441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota play important roles in lipid metabolism and absorption. However, the contribution of the small bowel microbiota of mammals to these diet-microbe interactions remains unclear. We determine that germ-free (GF) mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity and malabsorb fat with specifically impaired lipid digestion and absorption within the small intestine. Small bowel microbes are essential for host adaptation to dietary lipid changes by regulating gut epithelial processes involved in their digestion and absorption. In addition, GF mice conventionalized with high-fat diet-induced jejunal microbiota exhibit increased lipid absorption even when fed a low-fat diet. Conditioned media from specific bacterial strains directly upregulate lipid absorption genes in murine proximal small intestinal epithelial organoids. These findings indicate that proximal gut microbiota play key roles in host adaptability to dietary lipid variations through mechanisms involving both the digestive and absorptive phases and that these functions may contribute to conditions of over- and undernutrition.
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Takeishi K, Kawaguchi H, Akioka K, Noguchi M, Arimura E, Abe M, Ushikai M, Okita S, Tanimoto A, Horiuchi M. Effects of Dietary and Lighting Conditions on Diurnal Locomotor Activity and Body Temperature in Microminipigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 32:55-62. [PMID: 29275299 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary and lighting conditions on diurnal rhythm of locomotor activity (LA) and body temperature (BT) using four adult male microminipigs were investigated. Different feeding times, diet and lighting conditions were applied sequentially for 3 weeks in each phase as follows: Phase I: Morning mealtime, normal diet, 12-h lights on; phase II: mealtime changed to afternoon; phase III: diet changed to high-fat diet; phase IV: lighting changed to 20-h on; and phase V: phase I repeated. LA was measured by an actigraph which was worn on the body of each pig. A BT recording module (Thermochron Type-SL) was implanted in the neck subcutaneously. Phase II increased BT compared with phase I. Phase III increased LA and BT compared with phase II. Phase IV increased LA compared with phase III. LA in phase V was higher compared with phase I. These results can be extrapolated to other diurnal animals such as humans. This study provides an example of the effects of diet and lighting on biological activities in microminipigs under low-invasive procedures measuring LA and BT, leading to low variations in these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichiro Takeishi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Akioka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michiko Noguchi
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Emi Arimura
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Department of Life and Environmental Science, Kagoshima Prefectural College, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaharu Abe
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Miharu Ushikai
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shinobu Okita
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahisa Horiuchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Binda C, Lopetuso LR, Rizzatti G, Gibiino G, Cennamo V, Gasbarrini A. Actinobacteria: A relevant minority for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:421-428. [PMID: 29567414 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacteria are one the four major phyla of the gut microbiota and, although they represent only a small percentage, are pivotal in the maintenance of gut homeostasis. During the last decade many studies focused the attention on Actinobacteria, especially on their role both in gastrointestinal and systemic diseases and on their possible therapeutic use. In fact, classes of this phylum, especially Bifidobacteria, are widely used as probiotic demonstrating beneficial effects in many pathological conditions, even if larger in vivo studies are needed to confirm such encouraging results. This review aims to explore the current knowledge on their physiological functions and to speculate on their possible therapeutic role(s) in gastrointestinal and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Binda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, A. Gemelli Hospital, Italy
| | - Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, A. Gemelli Hospital, Italy
| | - Gianenrico Rizzatti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, A. Gemelli Hospital, Italy
| | - Giulia Gibiino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, A. Gemelli Hospital, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cennamo
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, AUSL Bologna Bellaria-Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, A. Gemelli Hospital, Italy.
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Bae JY, Woo J, Kang S, Shin KO. Effects of detraining and retraining on muscle energy-sensing network and meteorin-like levels in obese mice. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:97. [PMID: 29703203 PMCID: PMC5924483 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased intramuscular peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) with exercise directly or indirectly affects other tissues, but the effector pathway of PGC-1α has not been clearly elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise and/or dietary change on the protein levels of the soleus muscle energy-sensing network and meteorin-like (Metrnl), and additionally to analyze the detraining and retraining effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Methods One hundred male C57BL/6 mice were divided into normal-diet + sedentary (CO, n = 20) and HFD + sedentary (HF, n = 80) groups, and obesity was induced in the HF group through consumption of a 45% HFD for 6 weeks. The HF group was subdivided into HF only (n = 20), HF + training (HFT, n = 20), dietary change + sedentary (HFND, n = 20), and HFND + training (HFNDT, n = 20) groups, and the mice in the training groups underwent a treadmill training for 8 weeks, 5 times per week, 40 min per day. The HFT and HFNDT groups underwent 8-week training, 8-week detraining, and 4-week retraining. Results An 8-week training was effective in increasing the protein levels of soleus muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PGC-1α, and plasma Metrnl in the obese mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, exercise in obesity reduced body weight (P < 0.05), and exercise with dietary conversion was effective in reducing body weight (P < 0.05) and fat mass (P < 0.05) after 8-week training. 8-week detraining restored the increased protein level to the pre-exercise state, but, the previous exercise effect in body weight and fat mass (P < 0.05) of the HFNDT group remained until the end of 4-week detraining. 4-week retraining was effective in increasing the protein levels of soleus muscle AMPK, PGC-1α, blood Metrnl (P < 0.05), and reducing in body weight (P < 0.05) and fat mass (P < 0.05), when retraining with dietary change. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that regular exercise is indispensable to reduce body weight and fat mass through upregulation of the muscle energy-sensing network and Metrnl protein levels, and retraining with dietary change is necessary to obtain the retraining effects more quickly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0751-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yong Bae
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Woo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwun Kang
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Division of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Shin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea.
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Sihag J, Jones PJH. Oleoylethanolamide: The role of a bioactive lipid amide in modulating eating behaviour. Obes Rev 2018; 19:178-197. [PMID: 29124885 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid ethanolamides are lipid mediators that regulate a plethora of physiological functions. One such bioactive lipid mediator, oleoylethanolamide (OEA), is a potent agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), which modulates increased expression of the fatty acid translocase CD36 that enables the regulation of feeding behaviour. Consumption of dietary fat rich in oleic acid activates taste receptors in the gut activating specific enzymes that lead to the formation of OEA. OEA further combines with PPAR-α to enable fat oxidation in the liver, resulting in enhanced energy production. Evidence suggests that sustained ingestion of a high-fat diet abolishes the anorexic signal of OEA. Additionally, malfunction of the enterocyte that transforms oleic acid produced during fat digestion into OEA might be responsible for reduced satiety and hyperphagia, resulting in overweight and obesity. Thus, OEA anorectic signalling may be an essential element of the physiology and metabolic system regulating dietary fat intake and obesity. The evidence reviewed in this article indicates that intake of oleic acid, and thereby the resulting OEA imparting anorexic properties, is dependent on CD36, PPAR-α, enterocyte fat sensory receptors, histamine, oxytocin and dopamine; leading to increased fat oxidation and enhanced energy expenditure to induce satiety and increase feeding latency; and that a disruption in any of these systems will cease/curb fat-induced satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sihag
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - P J H Jones
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Carvalho GCBC, Moura CS, Roquetto AR, Barrera-Arellano D, Yamada AT, Santos AD, Saad MJA, Amaya-Farfan J. Impact ofTrans-Fats on Heat-Shock Protein Expression and the Gut Microbiota Profile of Mice. J Food Sci 2018; 83:489-498. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Soares Moura
- Food and Nutrition Dept., Protein Resources Laboratory, School of Food Engineering; Univ. of Campinas; Campinas SP Brazil 13083-862
| | - Aline Rissetti Roquetto
- Food and Nutrition Dept., Protein Resources Laboratory, School of Food Engineering; Univ. of Campinas; Campinas SP Brazil 13083-862
| | - Daniel Barrera-Arellano
- Food Technology Dept., Oils and Fats Laboratory, School of Food Engineering; Univ. of Campinas; Campinas SP Brazil 13083-970
| | - Aureo Tatsumi Yamada
- Biochemistry and Tissue Biology Dept., Inst. of Biology; Univ. of Campinas; Campinas SP Brazil 13083-970
| | - Andrey dos Santos
- Internal Medicine Dept., School of Medical Sciences; Univ. of Campinas; Campinas SP Brazil 13083-887
| | - Mário José Abdalla Saad
- Internal Medicine Dept., School of Medical Sciences; Univ. of Campinas; Campinas SP Brazil 13083-887
| | - Jaime Amaya-Farfan
- Food and Nutrition Dept., Protein Resources Laboratory, School of Food Engineering; Univ. of Campinas; Campinas SP Brazil 13083-862
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Moeser AJ, Pohl CS, Rajput M. Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: Implications for lifelong gut health in pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2017; 3:313-321. [PMID: 29767141 PMCID: PMC5941262 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) barrier serves a critical role in survival and overall health of animals and humans. Several layers of barrier defense mechanisms are provided by the epithelial, immune and enteric nervous systems. Together they act in concert to control normal gut functions (e.g., digestion, absorption, secretion, immunity, etc.) whereas at the same time provide a barrier from the hostile conditions in the luminal environment. Breakdown of these critical GI functions is a central pathophysiological mechanism in the most serious GI disorders in pigs. This review will focus on the development and functional properties of the GI barrier in pigs and how common early life production stressors, such as weaning, can alter immediate and long-term barrier function and disease susceptibility. Specific stress-related pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for driving GI barrier dysfunction induced by weaning and the implications to animal health and performance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Moeser
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Calvin S. Pohl
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Mrigendra Rajput
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Wang L, Jacobs JP, Lagishetty V, Yuan PQ, Wu SV, Million M, Reeve JR, Pisegna JR, Taché Y. High-protein diet improves sensitivity to cholecystokinin and shifts the cecal microbiome without altering brain inflammation in diet-induced obesity in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R473-R486. [PMID: 28724546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00105.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-protein diet (HPD) curtails obesity and/or fat mass, but it is unknown whether it reverses neuroinflammation or alters glucose levels, CCK sensitivity, and gut microbiome in rats fed a Western diet (WD)-induced obesity (DIO). Male rats fed a WD (high fat and sugar) for 12 wk were switched to a HPD for 6 wk. Body composition, food intake, meal pattern, sensitivity to intraperitoneal CCK-8S, blood glucose, brain signaling, and cecal microbiota were assessed. When compared with a normal diet, WD increased body weight (9.3%) and fat mass (73.4%). CCK-8S (1.8 or 5.2 nmol/kg) did not alter food intake and meal pattern in DIO rats. Switching to a HPD for 6 wk reduced fat mass (15.7%) with a nonsignificantly reduced body weight gain, normalized blood glucose, and decreased feeding after CCK-8S. DIO rats on the WD or switched to a HPD showed comparable microbial diversity. However, in HPD versus WD rats, there was enrichment of 114 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and depletion of 188 OTUs. Of those, Akkermansia muciniphila (enriched on a HPD), an unclassified Clostridiales, a member of the RF39 order, and a Phascolarctobacterium were significantly associated with fat mass. The WD increased cytokine expression in the hypothalamus and dorsal medulla that was unchanged by switching to HPD. These data indicate that HPD reduces body fat and restores glucose homeostasis and CCK sensitivity, while not modifying brain inflammation. In addition, expansion of cecal Akkermansia muciniphila correlated to fat mass loss may represent a potential peripheral mechanism of HPD beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Shuping V Wu
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Joseph R Reeve
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Joseph R Pisegna
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, and Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors (central obesity, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and arterial hypertension), indicating an increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. The gastrointestinal tract is seldom discussed as an organ system of principal importance for metabolic diseases. The present overview connects various metabolic research lines into an integrative physiological context in which the gastrointestinal tract is included. Strong evidence for the involvement of the gut in the metabolic syndrome derives from the powerful effects of weight-reducing (bariatric) gastrointestinal surgery. In fact, gastrointestinal surgery is now recommended as a standard treatment option for type 2 diabetes in obesity. Several gut-related mechanisms that potentially contribute to the metabolic syndrome will be presented. Obesity can be caused by hampered release of satiety-signalling gut hormones, reduced meal-associated energy expenditure and microbiota-assisted harvest of energy from nondigestible food ingredients. Adiposity per se is a well-established risk factor for hyperglycaemia. In addition, a leaky gut mucosa can trigger systemic inflammation mediating peripheral insulin resistance that together with a blunted incretin response aggravates the hyperglycaemic state. The intestinal microbiota is strongly associated with obesity and the related metabolic disease states, although the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Enterorenal signalling has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension and postprandial triglyceride-rich chylomicrons; in addition, intestinal cholesterol metabolism probably contributes to atherosclerosis. It is likely that in the future, the metabolic syndrome will be treated according to novel pharmacological principles interfering with gastrointestinal functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fändriks
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, Jacobs AG, Higgins KA, McArthur BM, Redan BW, Rivera RL, Schmidt LR, Mattes RD. The Macronutrients, Appetite, and Energy Intake. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:73-103. [PMID: 27431364 PMCID: PMC4960974 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each of the macronutrients-carbohydrate, protein, and fat-has a unique set of properties that influences health, but all are a source of energy. The optimal balance of their contribution to the diet has been a long-standing matter of debate. Over the past half century, thinking has progressed regarding the mechanisms by which each macronutrient may contribute to energy balance. At the beginning of this period, metabolic signals that initiated eating events (i.e., determined eating frequency) were emphasized. This was followed by an orientation to gut endocrine signals that purportedly modulate the size of eating events (i.e., determined portion size). Most recently, research attention has been directed to the brain, where the reward signals elicited by the macronutrients are viewed as potentially problematic (e.g., contribute to disordered eating). At this point, the predictive power of the macronutrients for energy intake remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Carreiro
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Susannah Gordon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ashley G Jacobs
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Benjamin W Redan
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Rebecca L Rivera
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Leigh R Schmidt
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Balbo SL, Ribeiro RA, Mendes MC, Lubaczeuski C, Maller ACPA, Carneiro EM, Bonfleur ML. Vagotomy diminishes obesity in cafeteria rats by decreasing cholinergic potentiation of insulin release. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:625-633. [PMID: 27351887 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we investigated whether subdiaphragmatic vagotomy has benefits on obesity, body glucose homeostasis, and insulin secretion in cafeteria (CAF)-obese rats. Wistar rats were fed a standard or CAF diet for 12 weeks. Subsequently, CAF rats were randomly submitted to truncal vagotomy (CAF Vag) or sham operation (CAF Sham). CAF Sham rats were hyperphagic, obese, and presented metabolic disturbances, including hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Twelve weeks after vagotomy, CAF Vag rats presented reductions in body weight and perigonadal fat stores. Vagotomy did not modify glucose tolerance but normalized fed glycemia, insulinemia, and insulin sensitivity. Isolated islets from CAF Sham rats secreted more insulin in response to the cholinergic agent, carbachol, and when intracellular cyclic adenine monophosphate (cAMP) is enhanced by forskolin or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Vagotomy decreased glucose-induced insulin release due to a reduction in the cholinergic action on β-cells. This effect also normalized islet secretion in response to cAMP. Therefore, vagotomy in rats fed on a CAF-style diet effectively decreases adiposity and restores insulin sensitivity. These effects were mainly associated with the lack of cholinergic action on the endocrine pancreas, which decreases insulinemia and may gradually reduce fat storage and improve insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lucinei Balbo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR, 858119-110, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Carla Mendes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR, 858119-110, Brazil
| | - Camila Lubaczeuski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR, 858119-110, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Paiva Alegre Maller
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR, 858119-110, Brazil
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Laboratório de Pâncreas Endócrino e Metabolismo, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Bonfleur
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR, 858119-110, Brazil.
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Vamvini MT, Hamnvik OP, Sahin-Efe A, Gavrieli A, Dincer F, Farr OM, Mantzoros CS. Differential Effects of Oral and Intravenous Lipid Administration on Key Molecules Related to Energy Homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:1989-97. [PMID: 26964729 PMCID: PMC4870849 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The spectrum of lipid-induced changes in the secretion of hormones important in energy homeostasis has not yet been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE To identify potential incretin-like effects in response to lipid administration, we examined the short-term effect of iv vs oral lipids on key molecules regulating energy homeostasis. Design, Intervention, and Participants: After a 10-hour overnight fast, 26 subjects were randomized to receive an oral lipid load, a 10% iv lipid emulsion, a 20% iv lipid emulsion, or an iv saline infusion. We obtained blood samples at 30-minute intervals for the first 2 hours and hourly thereafter for a total of 6 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Circulating levels of insulin, glucose, c-peptide, free fatty acids, incretins (glucagon-like peptide-1, gastric inhibitory polypeptide), glucagon, peptide YY, ghrelin, fibroblast growth factor 21, fetuin A, irisin, omentin, and adiponectin were measured. RESULTS Oral lipid ingestion resulted in higher glucagon-like peptide-1, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon, and peptide YY levels, compared with the other three groups (incremental area under the curve P = .003, P < .001, P < .001, P < .001, respectively). The 20% lipid emulsion, leading to higher free fatty acid levels, resulted in greater insulin, c-peptide, and fibroblast growth factor 21 responses compared with placebo and the other two groups (incremental area under the curve P = .002, P = .005, P < .001, P < .001, respectively). Omentin, adiponectin, fetuin A, and irisin levels were not affected by either mode of lipid administration. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic responses to lipids depend on the route of administration. Only iv lipids trigger a dose-dependent fibroblast growth factor 21 secretion, which is nonglucagon mediated. Intravenous lipids also induce hyperinsulinemia without concurrent decreases in glucose, a phenomenon observed in insulin-resistant states. Orally administered lipids mostly affect gastrointestinal tract-secreted molecules important in glucose and energy homeostasis such as glucagon, incretins, and peptide YY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Vamvini
- Division of Endocrinology (M.T.V., O.-P.H., A.S.-E., A.G., F.D., O.M.F., C.S.M.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Department of Internal Medicine (M.T.V.), Mt Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (O.-P.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02054
| | - Ole-Petter Hamnvik
- Division of Endocrinology (M.T.V., O.-P.H., A.S.-E., A.G., F.D., O.M.F., C.S.M.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Department of Internal Medicine (M.T.V.), Mt Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (O.-P.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02054
| | - Ayse Sahin-Efe
- Division of Endocrinology (M.T.V., O.-P.H., A.S.-E., A.G., F.D., O.M.F., C.S.M.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Department of Internal Medicine (M.T.V.), Mt Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (O.-P.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02054
| | - Anna Gavrieli
- Division of Endocrinology (M.T.V., O.-P.H., A.S.-E., A.G., F.D., O.M.F., C.S.M.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Department of Internal Medicine (M.T.V.), Mt Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (O.-P.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02054
| | - Fadime Dincer
- Division of Endocrinology (M.T.V., O.-P.H., A.S.-E., A.G., F.D., O.M.F., C.S.M.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Department of Internal Medicine (M.T.V.), Mt Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (O.-P.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02054
| | - Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology (M.T.V., O.-P.H., A.S.-E., A.G., F.D., O.M.F., C.S.M.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Department of Internal Medicine (M.T.V.), Mt Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (O.-P.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02054
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology (M.T.V., O.-P.H., A.S.-E., A.G., F.D., O.M.F., C.S.M.), Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Department of Internal Medicine (M.T.V.), Mt Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (O.-P.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02054
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Feinle-Bisset C. Upper gastrointestinal sensitivity to meal-related signals in adult humans - relevance to appetite regulation and gut symptoms in health, obesity and functional dyspepsia. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:69-82. [PMID: 27013098 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both the stomach and small intestine play important roles in sensing the arrival of a meal, and its physico-chemical characteristics, in the gastrointestinal lumen. The presence of a meal in the stomach provides a distension stimulus, and, as the meal empties into the small intestine, nutrients interact with small intestinal receptors, initiating the release of gut hormones, associated with feedback regulation of gastrointestinal functions, including gut motility, and signaling to the central nervous system, modulating eating behaviours, including energy intake. Lipid appears to have particularly potent effects, also in close interaction with, and modulating the effects of, gastric distension, and involving the action of gut hormones, particularly cholecystokinin (CCK). These findings have not only provided important, and novel, insights into how gastrointestinal signals interact to modulate subjective appetite perceptions, including fullness, but also laid the foundation for an increasing appreciation of the role of altered gastrointestinal sensitivities, e.g. as a consequence of excess dietary intake in obesity, or underlying the induction of gastrointestinal symptoms in functional dyspepsia (a condition characterized by symptoms, including bloating, nausea and early fullness, amongst others, after meals, particularly those high in fat, in the absence of any structural or functional abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract). This paper will review the effects of dietary nutrients, particularly lipid, on gastrointestinal function, and associated effects on appetite perceptions and energy intake, effects of interactions of gastrointestinal stimuli, as well as the role of altered gastrointestinal sensitivities (exaggerated, or reduced) in eating-related disorders, particularly obesity and functional dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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49
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Matikainen N, Björnson E, Söderlund S, Borén C, Eliasson B, Pietiläinen KH, Bogl LH, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom N, Rivellese A, Riccardi G, Després JP, Alméras N, Holst JJ, Deacon CF, Borén J, Taskinen MR. Minor Contribution of Endogenous GLP-1 and GLP-2 to Postprandial Lipemia in Obese Men. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145890. [PMID: 26752550 PMCID: PMC4709062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Glucose and lipids stimulate the gut-hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) but the effect of these on human postprandial lipid metabolism is not fully clarified. Objective To explore the responses of GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP after a fat-rich meal compared to the same responses after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to investigate possible relationships between incretin response and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) response to a fat-rich meal. Design Glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP were measured after an OGTT and after a fat-rich meal in 65 healthy obese (BMI 26.5–40.2 kg/m2) male subjects. Triglycerides (TG), apoB48 and apoB100 in TG-rich lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL1 and VLDL2) were measured after the fat-rich meal. Main Outcome Measures Postprandial responses (area under the curve, AUC) for glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP in plasma, and TG, apoB48 and apoB100 in plasma and TG-rich lipoproteins. Results The GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP responses after the fat-rich meal and after the OGTT correlated strongly (r = 0.73, p<0.0001; r = 0.46, p<0.001 and r = 0.69, p<0.001, respectively). Glucose and insulin AUCs were lower, but the AUCs for GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP were significantly higher after the fat-rich meal than after the OGTT. The peak value for all hormones appeared at 120 minutes after the fat-rich meal, compared to 30 minutes after the OGTT. After the fat-rich meal, the AUCs for GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP correlated significantly with plasma TG- and apoB48 AUCs but the contribution was very modest. Conclusions In obese males, GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP responses to a fat-rich meal are greater than following an OGTT. However, the most important explanatory variable for postprandial TG excursion was fasting triglycerides. The contribution of endogenous GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP to explaining the variance in postprandial TG excursion was minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Matikainen
- Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elias Björnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sanni Söderlund
- Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christofer Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Eliasson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kirsi H. Pietiläinen
- Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leonie H. Bogl
- Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundbom
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angela Rivellese
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Alméras
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolyn F. Deacon
- NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki and Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Hutchison AT, Feinle-Bisset C, Fitzgerald PCE, Standfield S, Horowitz M, Clifton PM, Luscombe-Marsh ND. Comparative effects of intraduodenal whey protein hydrolysate on antropyloroduodenal motility, gut hormones, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in lean and obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1323-31. [PMID: 26561615 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In lean individuals, intraduodenal protein and lipid modulate gastrointestinal motor and hormone functions and reduce energy intake in a load-dependent manner; protein also stimulates insulin, with modest effects on reducing blood glucose. The effect of intraduodenal lipid on gastrointestinal motor and hormone responses is diminished in obesity; whether the effects of protein are also attenuated remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to characterize the load-dependent effects of intraduodenal whey protein hydrolysate on antropyloroduodenal pressures, gut hormones, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in obese subjects and to compare the responses to the higher protein load with those in lean subjects. DESIGN We measured antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, insulin, blood glucose, appetite, and energy intake in 12 nondiabetic obese men on 3 separate occasions, in a double-blind, randomized order, during 60-min intraduodenal infusions of hydrolyzed whey protein at either 0 (saline control), 1.5, or 3 kcal/min. Twelve age-matched lean individuals received a 3-kcal/min infusion only. Immediately after the infusions, energy intake from a buffet lunch was quantified. RESULTS In obese subjects, protein suppressed antral and duodenal pressures; stimulated plasma CCK, GLP-1, GIP, insulin, and glucagon (all r > 0.57, P < 0.01); and tended to reduce energy intake (r = -10.38, P = 0.057) in a dose-dependent manner. In response to the 3-kcal/min protein load, antropyloroduodenal pressures, CCK, GLP-1, and glucagon did not differ between lean and obese subjects. Insulin release was greater, and GIP release less, in obese than in lean subjects (both P < 0.05), whereas the reduction in glucose was comparable. Energy intake tended to be higher in obese subjects (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS The gastrointestinal effects of hydrolyzed whey protein remain relatively intact in obesity; however, the observed changes in insulin and GIP suggest early disturbances in the insulin-incretin axis. This study was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN 12612000203853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Hutchison
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope C E Fitzgerald
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Scott Standfield
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter M Clifton
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; and
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
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