Walnuts change lipoprotein composition suppressing TNFα-stimulated cytokine production by diabetic adipocyte

ABCA1 and apoA-I dependent 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid efflux regulates macrophage inflammatory signaling

Aberrant high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function is implicated in inflammation-associated pathologies. While HDL ABCA1-mediated reverse cholesterol and phospholipid transport are well described, the movement of pro-/anti-inflammatory lipids has not been explored. HDL phospholipids are the largest reservoir of circulating arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins. Endotoxin-stimulation activates inflammatory cells leading to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) production, oxylipins which are involved in inflammatory response coordination. Active signaling in the non-esterified (NE) pool is terminated by sequestration of HETEs as esterified (Es) forms and degradation. We speculate that an ABCA1-apoA-I-dependent efflux of HETEs from stimulated cells could regulate intracellular HETE availability. Here we test this hypothesis both in vitro and in vivo. In endotoxin-stimulated RAW-264.7 macrophages preloaded with d8-arachidonic acid we use compartmental tracer modeling to characterize the formation of HETEs, and their efflux into HDL. We found that in response to endotoxin: I) Cellular NE 12-HETE is positively associated with MCP-1 secretion (p<0.001); II) HETE transfer from NE to Es pools is ABCA1-depedent (p<0.001); III) Cellular Es HETEs are transported into media when both apoA-I and ABCA1 are present (p<0.001); IV) The stimulated efflux of HETEs >> arachidonate (p<0.001). Finally, in endotoxin challenged humans (n=17), we demonstrate that intravenous lipopolysaccharide (0.6 ng/kg body weight) resulted in accumulation of 12-HETE in HDL over a 168-hour follow-up. Therefore, HDL can suppress inflammatory responses in macrophages by regulating intracellular HETE content in an apoA-I/ABCA1 dependent manner. The described mechanism may apply to other oxylipins and explain anti-inflammatory properties of HDL. This newly defined HDL property opens new doors for the study of lipoprotein interactions in metabolic diseases.

Oxylipin transport by lipoprotein particles and its functional implications for cardiometabolic and neurological disorders

Lipoprotein metabolism is critical to inflammation. While the periphery and central nervous system (CNS) have separate yet connected lipoprotein systems, impaired lipoprotein metabolism is implicated in both cardiometabolic and neurological disorders. Despite the substantial investigation into the composition, structure and function of lipoproteins, the lipoprotein oxylipin profiles, their influence on lipoprotein functions, and their potential biological implications are unclear. Lipoproteins carry most of the circulating oxylipins. Importantly, lipoprotein-mediated oxylipin transport allows for endocrine signaling by these lipid mediators, long considered to have only autocrine and paracrine functions. Alterations in plasma lipoprotein oxylipin composition can directly impact inflammatory responses of lipoprotein metabolizing cells. Similar investigations of CNS lipoprotein oxylipins are non-existent to date. However, as APOE4 is associated with Alzheimer's disease-related microglia dysfunction and oxylipin dysregulation, ApoE4-dependent lipoprotein oxylipin modulation in neurological pathologies is suggested. Such investigations are crucial to bridge knowledge gaps linking oxylipin- and lipoprotein-related disorders in both periphery and CNS. Here, after providing a summary of existent literatures on lipoprotein oxylipin analysis methods, we emphasize the importance of lipoproteins in oxylipin transport and argue that understanding the compartmentalization and distribution of lipoprotein oxylipins may fundamentally alter our consideration of the roles of lipoprotein in cardiometabolic and neurological disorders.

Perspective: Challenges and Future Directions in Clinical Research with Nuts and Berries

Consumption of nuts and berries are considered part of a healthy eating pattern. Nuts and berries contain a complex nutrient profile consisting of essential vitamins and minerals, fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and phenolics in quantities that improve physiological outcomes. The spectrum of health outcomes that may be impacted by the consumptions of nuts and berries includes cardiovascular, gut microbiome, and cognitive, among others. Recently, new insights regarding the bioactive compounds found in both nuts and berries have reinforced their role for use in precision nutrition efforts. However, challenges exist that can affect the generalizability of outcomes from clinical studies, including inconsistency in study designs, homogeneity of test populations, variability in test products and control foods, and assessing realistic portion sizes. Future research centered on precision nutrition and multi-omics technologies will yield new insights. These and other topics such as funding streams and perceived risk-of-bias were explored at an international nutrition conference focused on the role of nuts and berries in clinical nutrition. Successes, challenges, and future directions with these foods are presented here.

Integration of plasma and CSF metabolomics with CSF proteomic reveals novel associations between lipid mediators and central nervous system vascular and energy metabolism

Integration of the omics data, including metabolomics and proteomics, provides a unique opportunity to search for new associations within metabolic disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Using metabolomics, we have previously profiled oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids, and steroids in 293 CSF and 202 matched plasma samples from AD cases and healthy controls and identified both central and peripheral markers of AD pathology within inflammation-regulating cytochrome p450/soluble epoxide hydrolase pathway. Additionally, using proteomics, we have identified five cerebrospinal fluid protein panels, involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, vasculature, myelin/oligodendrocyte, glia/inflammation, and synapses/neurons, affected in AD, and reflective of AD-related changes in the brain. In the current manuscript, using metabolomics-proteomics data integration, we describe new associations between peripheral and central lipid mediators, with the above-described CSF protein panels. Particularly strong associations were observed between cytochrome p450/soluble epoxide hydrolase metabolites, bile acids, and proteins involved in glycolysis, blood coagulation, and vascular inflammation and the regulators of extracellular matrix. Those metabolic associations were not observed at the gene-co-expression level in the central nervous system. In summary, this manuscript provides new information regarding Alzheimer's disease, linking both central and peripheral metabolism, and illustrates the necessity for the "omics" data integration to uncover associations beyond gene co-expression.

Almond intake alters the acute plasma dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid (DiHOME) response to eccentric exercise

Introduction

This investigation determined if 4-weeks ingestion of nutrient-dense almonds mitigated post-exercise inflammation and muscle soreness and damage.

Methods

An acute 90-min of eccentric exercise (90-EE) was used to induce muscle damage in 64 non-obese adults not engaging in regular resistance training (ages 30-65 years, BMI < 30 kg/m²). Using a parallel group design, participants were randomized to almond (AL) (57 g/d) or cereal bar (CB) (calorie matched) treatment groups for a 4-week period prior to the 90-EE (17 exercises). Blood and 24-h urine samples were collected before and after supplementation, with additional blood samples collected immediately post-90-EE, and then daily during 4 additional days of recovery. Changes in plasma oxylipins, urinary gut-derived phenolics, plasma cytokines, muscle damage biomarkers, mood states, and exercise performance were assessed.

Results

The 90-EE protocol induced significant muscle damage, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), inflammation, reduced strength and power performance, and mood disturbance. Interaction effects (2 group × 7 time points) supported that AL vs. CB was associated with reduced post-exercise fatigue and tension (p = 0.051, 0.033, respectively) and higher levels of leg-back strength (p = 0.029). No group differences were found for post-90-EE increases in DOMS and six cytokines. AL was associated with lower levels of serum creatine kinase immediately- and 1-day post-exercise (p = 0.034 and 0.013, respectively). The 90-EE bout increased plasma levels immediately post-exercise for 13 oxylipins. Interaction effects revealed significantly higher levels for AL vs. CB for 12,13-DiHOME (p < 0.001) and lower levels for 9,10-DiHOME (p < 0.001). Urine levels increased in AL vs. CB for seven gut-derived phenolics including 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone that was inversely related to changes in plasma 9,10-DiHOME (r = -0.029, p = 0.021).

Discussion

These data support some positive effects of almond intake in improving mood state, retaining strength, decreasing muscle damage, increasing the generation of gut-derived phenolic metabolites, and altering the plasma oxylipin DiHOME response to unaccustomed eccentric exercise in untrained adults. The elevated post-exercise plasma levels of 12,13-DiHOME with almond intake support positive metabolic outcomes for adults engaging in unaccustomed eccentric exercise bouts.

Esterified Oxylipins: Do They Matter?

Oxylipins are oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids that share several similar biochemical characteristics and functions to fatty acids including transport and trafficking. Oxylipins are most commonly measured in the non-esterified form which can be found in plasma, free or bound to albumin. The non-esterified form, however, reflects only one of the possible pools of oxylipins and is by far the least abundant circulating form of oxylipins. Further, this fraction cannot reliably be extrapolated to the other, more abundant, esterified pool. In cells too, esterified oxylipins are the most abundant form, but are seldom measured and their potential roles in signaling are not well established. In this review, we examine the current literature on experimental oxylipin measurements to describe the lack in reporting the esterified oxylipin pool. We outline the metabolic and experimental importance of esterified oxylipins using well established roles of fatty acid trafficking in non-esterified fatty acids and in esterified form as components of circulating lipoproteins. Finally, we use mathematical modeling to simulate how exchange between cellular esterified and unesterified pools would affect intracellular signaling.. The explicit inclusion of esterified oxylipins along with the non-esterified pool has the potential to convey a more complete assessment of the metabolic consequences of oxylipin trafficking.

Evaluating the anti-arthritic potential of walnut (Juglans regia L.) in FCA induced Sprague Dawley rats

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune progressive disease, associated with many pathophysiological consequences. Owing to the adverse effects and higher costs of pharmaceuticals, people are now looking for complementary and alternative remedies. In this milieu, the present study was designed to explore the therapeutic potential of walnuts against FCA-induced arthritis in rat models. Purposely, 50 Sprague Dawley rats were housed in a well-ventilated animal room and separated into 5 groups of 10 rats each. The rats were categorized as G₀ (negative control), G₁ (positive control, i.e., FCA induced untreated arthritic rats), G₂ (arthritic rats treated with MTX), G₃ (arthritic rats treated with walnut feed), and G₄ (arthritic rats treated with walnut extract), with an efficacy trial lasting for 42 days. The physical analysis explicated that paw swelling was significantly improved by 10%-12.8% in treatment groups after the intervention when compared with positive control. Moreover, biochemical analyses revealed significantly lower levels of ESR, CRP, and RF in rats treated with walnut-based interventions when compared to positive control. ESR values were decreased by 62.4% and 69.92% in G₃ and G₄ , whereas CRP levels were improved by 56.20% and 77.78% in G₃ and G₄ when compared with G₁ . Likewise, RF values decreased in G₂ , G₃ , and G₄ by 64.71%, 55.88%, and 69.24%, respectively when compared to G₁ . The histological examination demonstrated the potential role of walnut-based interventions in reducing the severity of disease by decreasing cell infiltration, bone erosion, and paw inflammation. Meanwhile, the gene expression analysis revealed that walnut-based interventions protected the paw joints from damage by downregulating the RANKL-OPG pathway. Conclusively, walnut feed and extract may serve as potent anti-arthritic interventions with no side effects. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Plant-based therapeutics are effective in the prevention and management of various chronic diseases. The current research explored the anti-arthritic potential of walnuts. Walnut feed and extract effectively reduced the serum arthritic biomarkers as well as downregulated the genes involved in bone destruction. Thus, the inclusion of dietary ingredients having therapeutic potential such as walnuts may be synchronized in clinical practices to ameliorate arthritis.

Walnut Intake Interventions Targeting Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Biomarkers of metabolic syndrome and inflammation are pathophysiological predictors and factors of senescence and age-related diseases. Recent evidence showed that particular diet components, such as walnuts rich in antioxidant bioactive compounds and with a balanced lipid profile, could have positive outcomes on human health. A systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was performed to retrieve randomized controlled trials published from the beginning of each database through November 2021, reporting on the outcomes of walnut consumption over 22 metabolic syndrome and inflammatory markers in middle-aged and older adults. The search strategy rendered 17 studies in the final selection, including 11 crossover and 6 parallel trials. The study revealed that walnut-enriched diets had statistically significant decreasing effects for triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol concentrations on some inflammatory markers and presented no consequences on anthropometric and glycemic parameters. Although further studies and better-designed ones are needed to strengthen these findings, the results emphasize the benefits of including walnuts in the dietary plans of this age group.

Evaluating the role of orange juice, HESPERidin in vascular HEALTH benefits (HESPER-HEALTH study): protocol for a randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Although epidemiological studies associate the consumption of sugary beverages with adverse health effects, human experimental studies have demonstrated substantially different metabolic responses when 100% fruit juices are compared with artificial beverages. Fruit juices do not just provide sugars and associated calories, but they are also rich in bioactive compounds. Flavanones are bioactives specifically and abundantly found in citrus foods, with hesperidin as the major representative in sweet oranges. Flavanone intake has been associated with a lower incidence of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, clinical evidence are too scarce to confirm the vasculoprotective effects of 100% orange juice (OJ) presumably mediated by flavanones and thereby do not allow firm conclusions to be drawn about their efficacy.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

The HESPER-HEALTH study aims to assess the efficacy of OJ in improving vascular function and the contribution of hesperidin to these effects. This double-blind, randomised, controlled, crossover study will be carried out in 42 volunteers predisposed to CVD, based on age and on overweight. It includes three 6-week periods of consumption of 330 mL/d of OJ versus control drinks with and without hesperidin at a dose in agreement with a daily OJ serving (approx. 200-215 mg). The primary outcome is endothelial function, assessed by flow mediated dilation, with measurements performed at fasting and postprandially in response to a challenge meal. The secondary outcomes include bioavailability and metabolism of flavanones, changes in other markers of vascular function, systemic biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, vitamin C and carotenoids status, anthropometry and body composition, gut microbiota composition, nutrigenomic response and in oxylipin profiling.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This ongoing study was approved by the Ethics committee Sud-Est III, Bron, France on 17 November 2020. The trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. The results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT04731987; Pre-results.

Association of plasma and CSF cytochrome P450, soluble epoxide hydrolase, and ethanolamide metabolism with Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and other cardiometabolic disorders may share inflammatory origins. Lipid mediators, including oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids, and steroids, regulate inflammation, energy metabolism, and cell proliferation with well-established involvement in cardiometabolic diseases. However, their role in Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood. Here, we describe the analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid lipid mediators in a case-control comparison of ~150 individuals with Alzheimer's disease and ~135 healthy controls, to investigate this knowledge gap.

METHODS

Lipid mediators were measured using targeted quantitative mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using the analysis of covariates, adjusting for sex, age, and ethnicity. Partial least square discriminant analysis identified plasma and cerebrospinal fluid lipid mediator discriminates of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease predictive models were constructed using machine learning combined with stepwise logistic regression.

RESULTS

In both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, individuals with Alzheimer's disease had elevated cytochrome P450/soluble epoxide hydrolase pathway components and decreased fatty acid ethanolamides compared to healthy controls. Circulating metabolites of soluble epoxide hydrolase and ethanolamides provide Alzheimer's disease predictors with areas under receiver operator characteristic curves ranging from 0.82 to 0.92 for cerebrospinal fluid and plasma metabolites, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Previous studies report Alzheimer's disease-associated soluble epoxide hydrolase upregulation in the brain and that endocannabinoid metabolism provides an adaptive response to neuroinflammation. This study supports the involvement of P450-dependent and endocannabinoid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. The results further suggest that combined pharmacological intervention targeting both metabolic pathways may have therapeutic benefits for Alzheimer's disease.

Oxylipin Responses to Fasting and Insulin Infusion in a Large Mammalian Model of Fasting-Induced Insulin Resistance, the Northern Elephant Seal

The prolonged, post-weaning fast of northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups is characterized by a reliance on lipid metabolism and reversible, fasting-induced insulin resistance providing a unique model to examine the effects of insulin on lipid metabolism. We have previously shown that acute insulin infusion induced a shift in fatty acid metabolism dependent on fasting duration. This study complements the previous study by examining the effects of fasting duration and insulin infusion on circulating levels of oxylipins, bioactive metabolites derived from the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Northern elephant seal pups were studied at two post-weaning periods (n = 5/period): early fasting (1-2 weeks post-weaning; 127 ± 1 kg) and late fasting (6-7 weeks post-weaning; 93 ± 4 kg). Different cohorts of pups were weighed, sedated, and infused with 65 mU/kg of insulin. Plasma was collected prior to infusion (T0), and at 10, 30, 60, and 120 min post-infusion. A profile of ~80 oxylipins were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Nine oxylipins changed between early and late fasting and eight were altered in response to insulin infusion. Fasting decreased PGF2a and increased 14,15-DiHETrE, 20-HETE, and 4-HDoHE (p<0.03) in T0 samples, while insulin infusion resulted in an inverse change in area under the curve (AUC) levels in these same metabolites (p<0.05). In addition, 12-HpETE and 12-HETE decreased with fasting and insulin infusion, respectively (p<0.04). The oxylipins altered during fasting and in response to insulin infusion may contribute to the manifestation of insulin resistance and participate in the metabolic regulation of associated cellular processes.

Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera): Effects on Vascular Health and Future Research Directions

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death globally, presenting an immense public and economic burden. Studies on cardioprotective foods and their bioactive components are needed to address both personal and public health needs. Date fruit is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, certain micronutrients, and dietary fiber, which can impact vascular health, and have the potential to attenuate vascular disease in humans. Data from in vitro and animal studies report that consumption of date fruit or extracts can modulate select markers of vascular health, particularly plasma lipid levels including triglycerides and cholesterol, indices of oxidative stress and inflammation, but human data is scant. More investigation is needed to better characterize date polyphenols and unique bioactive compounds or fractions, establish safe and effective levels of intake, and delineate underlying mechanisms of action. Implementing scientific rigor in clinical trials and assessment of functional markers of vascular disease, such as flow-mediated dilation and peripheral arterial tonometry, along with gut microbiome profiles would provide useful information with respect to human health. Emerging data supports the notion that intake of date fruit and extracts can be a useful component of a healthy lifestyle for those seeking beneficial effects on vascular health.

Mid-gestation serum lipidomic profile associations with spontaneous preterm birth are influenced by body mass index

Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. While metabolic changes leading to preterm birth are unknown, several factors including dyslipidemia and inflammation have been implicated and paradoxically both low (<18.5 kg/m²) and high (>30 kg/m²) body mass indices (BMIs) are risk factors for this condition. The objective of the study was to identify BMI-associated metabolic perturbations and potential mid-gestation serum biomarkers of preterm birth in a cohort of underweight, normal weight and obese women experiencing either sPTB or full-term deliveries (n = 102; n = 17/group). For this purpose, we combined untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics with targeted metabolic profiling of major regulators of inflammation and metabolism, including oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids and ceramides. Women who were obese and had sPTB showed elevated oxidative stress and dyslipidemia characterized by elevated serum free fatty acids. Women who were underweight-associated sPTB also showed evidence of dyslipidemia characterized by elevated phospholipids, unsaturated triglycerides, sphingomyelins, cholesteryl esters and long-chain acylcarnitines. In normal weight women experiencing sPTB, the relative abundance of 14(15)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid and 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids to other regioisomers were altered at mid-pregnancy. This phenomenon is not yet associated with any biological process, but may be linked to estrogen metabolism. These changes were differentially modulated across BMI groups. In conclusion, using metabolomics we observed distinct BMI-dependent metabolic manifestations among women who had sPTB. These observations suggest the potential to predict sPTB mid-gestation using a new set of metabolomic markers and BMI stratification. This study opens the door to further investigate the role of cytochrome P450/epoxide hydrolase metabolism in sPTB.

Linoleic Acid-Rich Oil Supplementation Increases Total and High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin and Alters Plasma Oxylipins in Postmenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome

BACKGROUND

The onset of menopause increases the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adiponectin is an adipokine associated with insulin sensitivity that is lower in people with MetS. Supplementing diets with linoleic acid (LA)-rich oil increased adiponectin concentrations and improved glucose control in women with type 2 diabetes. The effect of LA on adipokines, especially total and the bioactive form of adiponectin, high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, in women with MetS is unknown.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of supplementation of the diet with an oil rich in LA on adipokines in women with MetS. The effect of the LA-rich oil (LA-oil) on oxylipins, key metabolites that may influence inflammation and metabolism, was also explored.

METHODS

In this open-label single-arm pilot study, 18 postmenopausal nondiabetic women with MetS enrolled in a 2-phase study were instructed to consume LA-rich vegetable oil (10 mL/d) as part of their habitual diets. Women consumed an oleic acid-rich oil (OA-oil) for 4 wk followed by an LA-oil for 16 wk. Fasting concentrations of adipokines, fatty acids, oxylipins, and markers of glycemia and inflammation were measured.

RESULTS

After 4 wk of OA-oil consumption, fasting glucose and total adiponectin concentrations decreased whereas fasting C-reactive protein increased. After 16 wk of LA-oil supplementation total and HMW adiponectin and plasma oxylipins increased. Markers of inflammation and glycemia were unchanged after LA-oil consumption.

CONCLUSIONS

Supplementation with LA-oil increased total and HMW adiponectin concentrations and altered plasma oxylipin profiles. Larger studies are needed to elucidate the links between these changes and MetS.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02063165.

α-Linolenic acid-enriched butter attenuated high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and inflammation by promoting bioconversion of n-3 PUFA and subsequent oxylipin formation

α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid and the precursor for long-chain n-3 PUFA. However, biosynthesis of n-3 PUFA is limited in a Western diet likely due to an overabundance of n-6 PUFA. We hypothesized that dietary reduction of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is sufficient to promote the biosynthesis of long-chain n-3 PUFA, leading to an attenuation of high fat (HF) diet-induced obesity and inflammation. C57BL/6 J mice were fed a HF diet from ALA-enriched butter (n3Bu, n-6/n-3=1) in comparison with isocaloric HF diets from either conventional butter lacking both ALA and LA (Bu, n-6/n-3=6), or margarine containing a similar amount of ALA and abundant LA (Ma, n-6/n-3=6). Targeted lipidomic analyses revealed that n3Bu feeding promoted the bioconversion of long-chain n-3 PUFA and their oxygenated metabolites (oxylipins) derived from ALA and EPA. The n3Bu supplementation attenuated hepatic TG accumulation and adipose tissue inflammation, resulting in improved insulin sensitivity. Decreased inflammation by n3Bu feeding was attributed to the suppression of NF-κB activation and M1 macrophage polarization. Collectively, our work suggests that dietary reduction of the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, as well as total n-3 PUFA consumed, is a crucial determinant that facilitates n-3 PUFA biosynthesis and subsequent lipidomic modifications, thereby conferring metabolic benefits against obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.

Health Benefits of Nut Consumption in Middle-Aged and Elderly Population

Aging is considered the major risk factor for most chronic disorders. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are two major contributors for cellular senescence, downregulation of stress response pathways with a decrease of protective cellular activity and accumulation of cellular damage, leading in time to age-related diseases. This review investigated the most recent clinical trials and cohort studies published in the last ten years, which presented the influence of tree nut and peanut antioxidant diets in preventing or delaying age-related diseases in middle-aged and elderly subjects (≥55 years old). Tree nut and peanut ingestion has the possibility to influence blood lipid count, biochemical and anthropometric parameters, endothelial function and inflammatory biomarkers, thereby positively affecting cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality, cancers, and cognitive disorders, mainly through the nuts' healthy lipid profile and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of actions. Clinical evidence and scientific findings demonstrate the importance of diets characterized by a high intake of nuts and emphasize their potential in preventing age-related diseases, validating the addition of tree nuts and peanuts in the diet of older adults. Therefore, increased consumption of bioactive antioxidant compounds from nuts clearly impacts many risk factors related to aging and can extend health span and lifespan.