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Rathaus M, Azem L, Livne R, Ron S, Ron I, Hadar R, Efroni G, Amir A, Braun T, Haberman Y, Tirosh A. Long-term metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners. Mol Metab 2024:101985. [PMID: 38977130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive consumption of added sugars has been linked to the rise in obesity and associated metabolic abnormalities. Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) offer a potential solution to reduce sugar intake, yet their metabolic safety remains debated. This study aimed to systematically assess the long-term metabolic effects of commonly used NNSs under both normal and obesogenic conditions. METHODS To ensure consistent sweetness level and controlling for the acceptable daily intake (ADI), eight weeks old C57BL/6 male mice were administered with acesulfame K (ace K, 535.25 mg/L), aspartame (411.75 mg/L), sucralose (179.5 mg/L), saccharin (80 mg/L), or steviol glycoside (Reb M, 536.25 mg/L) in the drinking water, on the background of either regular or high-fat diets (in high fat diet 60% of calories from fat). Water or fructose-sweetened water (82.3.gr/L), were used as controls. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters, as well as microbiome composition, were analyzed following 20-weeks of exposure. RESULTS Under a regular chow diet, chronic NNS consumption did not significantly affect body weight, fat mass, or glucose metabolism as compared to water consumption, with aspartame demonstrating decreased glucose tolerance. In diet-induced obesity, NNS exposure did not increase body weight or alter food intake. Exposure to sucralose and Reb M led to improved insulin sensitivity and decreased weight gain. Reb M specifically was associated with increased prevalence of colonic Lachnospiracea bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Long-term consumption of commonly used NNSs does not induce adverse metabolic effects, with Reb M demonstrating a mild improvement in metabolic abnormalities. These findings provide valuable insights into the metabolic impact of different NNSs, aiding in the development of strategies to combat obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Rathaus
- The Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Loziana Azem
- The Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rinat Livne
- The Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sophie Ron
- The Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Idit Ron
- The Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rotem Hadar
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, affiliated with the Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Gilat Efroni
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, affiliated with the Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Amnon Amir
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, affiliated with the Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Tzipi Braun
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, affiliated with the Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yael Haberman
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, affiliated with the Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amir Tirosh
- The Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Sun T, Yang J, Lei F, Huang X, Liu W, Zhang X, Lin L, Sun L, Xie X, Zhang XJ, Cai J, She ZG, Xu C, Li H. Artificial sweeteners and risk of incident cardiovascular disease and mortality: evidence from UK Biobank. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:233. [PMID: 38965574 PMCID: PMC11225337 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial sweeteners are widely popular worldwide as substitutes for sugar or caloric sweeteners, but there are still several important unknowns and controversies regarding their associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to extensively assess the association and subgroup variability between artificial sweeteners and CVD and CVD mortality in the UK Biobank cohort, and further investigate the modification effects of genetic susceptibility and the mediation role of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This study included 133,285 participants in the UK Biobank who were free of CVD and diabetes at recruitment. Artificial sweetener intake was obtained from repeated 24-hour diet recalls. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate HRs. Genetic predisposition was estimated using the polygenic risk score (PRS). Furthermore, time-dependent mediation was performed. RESULTS In our study, artificial sweetener intake (each teaspoon increase) was significantly associated with an increased risk of incident overall CVD (HR1.012, 95%CI: 1.008,1.017), coronary artery disease (CAD) (HR: 1.018, 95%CI: 1.001,1.035), peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (HR: 1.035, 95%CI: 1.010,1.061), and marginally significantly associated with heart failure (HF) risk (HR: 1.018, 95%CI: 0.999,1.038). In stratified analyses, non-whites were at greater risk of incident overall CVD from artificial sweetener. People with no obesity (BMI < 30 kg/m2) also tended to be at greater risk of incident CVD from artificial sweetener, although the obesity interaction is not significant. Meanwhile, the CVD risk associated with artificial sweeteners is independent of genetic susceptibility, and no significant interaction exists between genetic susceptibility and artificial sweeteners in terms of either additive or multiplicative effects. Furthermore, our study revealed that the relationship between artificial sweetener intake and overall CVD is significantly mediated, in large part, by prior T2DM (proportion of indirect effect: 70.0%). In specific CVD subtypes (CAD, PAD, and HF), the proportion of indirect effects ranges from 68.2 to 79.9%. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest significant or marginally significant associations between artificial sweeteners and CVD and its subtypes (CAD, PAD, and HF). The associations are independent of genetic predisposition and are mediated primarily by T2DM. Therefore, the large-scale application of artificial sweeteners should be prudent, and the responses of individuals with different characteristics to artificial sweeteners should be better characterized to guide consumers' artificial sweeteners consumption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Rd, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Fang Lei
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewei Huang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weifang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Rd, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Rd, 430060, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linsu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xinlan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Rd, 430060, Wuhan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chengsheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhangzhidong Rd, 430060, Wuhan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Development for Major Diseases, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
- Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Márquez Álvarez CDM, Gómez-Crisóstomo NP, De la Cruz-Hernández EN, El-Hafidi M, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Medina-Campos ON, Martínez-Abundis E. Chronic consumption of imbalance diets high in sucrose or fat induces abdominal obesity with different pattern of metabolic disturbances and lost in Langerhans cells population. Life Sci 2024; 336:122305. [PMID: 38030061 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Obesity is a worldwide health issue, associated with development of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of consumption of two hypercaloric diets on metabolic disturbance and beta cells damage. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to twelve months consumption of three diets: a Control balanced diet (CTD, carbohydrates 58 %, proteins 29 %, lipids 13 %) and two hypercaloric diets, high in sucrose (HSD, carbohydrates 68 %, proteins 22 %, lipids 10 %) or high in fat (HFD, carbohydrates 31 %, proteins 14 %, lipids 55 %). Serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and free fatty acids were measured after zoometric parameters determination. Antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress-marker were measured in pancreas tissue among histological analysis of Langerhans islets. KEY FINDINGS Although diets were hypercaloric, the amount of food consumed by rats decreased, resulting in an equal caloric consumption. The HSD induced hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia with higher levels in free fatty acids (FFA, lipotoxicity); whereas HFD did not increased neither the triglycerides nor FFA, nevertheless the loss of islets' cell was larger. Both diets induced obesity with hyperglycemia and significant reduction in Langerhans islets size. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate that consumption of HSD induces more significant metabolic disturbances that HFD, although both generated pancreas damage; as well hypercaloric diet consumption is not indispensable to becoming obese; the chronic consumption of unbalanced diets (rich in carbohydrates or lipids) may lead to abdominal obesity with metabolic and functional disturbances, although the total amount of calories are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corazón de María Márquez Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas e Infecciosas, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Ranchería Sur, Cuarta Sección, C.P. 86650 Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Nancy P Gómez-Crisóstomo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas e Infecciosas, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Ranchería Sur, Cuarta Sección, C.P. 86650 Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Erick N De la Cruz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas e Infecciosas, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Ranchería Sur, Cuarta Sección, C.P. 86650 Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Mohammed El-Hafidi
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, 14080 CDMX, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Omar Noel Medina-Campos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Abundis
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas e Infecciosas, División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Ranchería Sur, Cuarta Sección, C.P. 86650 Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico.
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Posta E, Fekete I, Gyarmati E, Stündl L, Zold E, Barta Z. The Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Intestinal Nutrient-Sensing Receptors: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Life (Basel) 2023; 14:10. [PMID: 38276259 PMCID: PMC10817473 DOI: 10.3390/life14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The consumption of artificial and low-calorie sweeteners (ASs, LCSs) is an important component of the Western diet. ASs play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), and various inflammatory conditions. Intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors act as a crosstalk between dietary components, the gut microbiota, and the regulation of immune, endocrinological, and neurological responses. This narrative review aimed to summarize the possible effects of ASs and LCSs on intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors and their related functions. Based on the findings of various studies, long-term AS consumption has effects on the gut microbiota and intestinal nutrient-sensing receptors in modulating incretin hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokine secretion. These effects contribute to the regulation of glucose metabolism, ion transport, gut permeability, and inflammation and modulate the gut-brain, and gut-kidney axes. Based on the conflicting findings of several in vitro, in vivo, and randomized and controlled studies, artificial sweeteners may have a role in the pathogenesis of IBDs, functional bowel diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancers via the modulation of nutrient-sensing receptors. Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanisms underlying their effects to decide the risk/benefit ratio of sugar intake reduction via AS and LCS consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Posta
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
| | - Istvan Fekete
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Eva Gyarmati
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Blvd. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Stündl
- Institute of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.F.); (L.S.)
| | - Eva Zold
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond Str. 22, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Barta
- GI Unit, Department of Infectology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Bartok Bela Street 2-26, 4031 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.G.); (Z.B.)
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Skurk T, Krämer T, Marcinek P, Malki A, Lang R, Dunkel A, Krautwurst T, Hofmann TF, Krautwurst D. Sweetener System Intervention Shifted Neutrophils from Homeostasis to Priming. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051260. [PMID: 36904259 PMCID: PMC10005247 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are part of personalized nutrition strategies supporting healthy glycemic control. In contrast, the consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners has been related to person-specific and microbiome-dependent glycemic impairments. Reports on the effects of NNS on our highly individual cellular immune system are sparse. The recent identification of taste receptor expression in a variety of immune cells, however, suggested their immune-modulatory relevance. METHODS We studied the influence of a beverage-typical NNS system on the transcriptional profiling of sweetener-cognate taste receptors, selected cytokines and their receptors, and on Ca2+ signaling in isolated blood neutrophils. We determined plasma concentrations of saccharin, acesulfame-K, and cyclamate by HPLC-MS/MS, upon ingestion of a soft drink-typical sweetener surrogate. In an open-labeled, randomized intervention study, we determined pre- versus post-intervention transcript levels by RT-qPCR of sweetener-cognate taste receptors and immune factors. RESULTS Here we show that the consumption of a food-typical sweetener system modulated the gene expression of cognate taste receptors and induced the transcriptional regulation signatures of early homeostasis- and late receptor/signaling- and inflammation-related genes in blood neutrophils, shifting their transcriptional profile from homeostasis to priming. Notably, sweeteners at postprandial plasma concentrations facilitated fMLF (N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe)-induced Ca2+ signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the notion of sweeteners priming neutrophils to higher alertness towards their adequate stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, TUM School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tamara Krämer
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Patrick Marcinek
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Agne Malki
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Roman Lang
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas Dunkel
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tiffany Krautwurst
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Mazi TA, Stanhope KL. Erythritol: An In-Depth Discussion of Its Potential to Be a Beneficial Dietary Component. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010204. [PMID: 36615861 PMCID: PMC9824470 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The sugar alcohol erythritol is a relatively new food ingredient. It is naturally occurring in plants, however, produced commercially by fermentation. It is also produced endogenously via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Consumers perceive erythritol as less healthy than sweeteners extracted from plants, including sucrose. This review evaluates that perspective by summarizing current literature regarding erythritol's safety, production, metabolism, and health effects. Dietary erythritol is 30% less sweet than sucrose, but contains negligible energy. Because it is almost fully absorbed and excreted in urine, it is better tolerated than other sugar alcohols. Evidence shows erythritol has potential as a beneficial replacement for sugar in healthy and diabetic subjects as it exerts no effects on glucose or insulin and induces gut hormone secretions that modulate satiety to promote weight loss. Long-term rodent studies show erythritol consumption lowers body weight or adiposity. However, observational studies indicate positive association between plasma erythritol and obesity and cardiometabolic disease. It is unlikely that dietary erythritol is mediating these associations, rather they reflect dysregulated PPP due to impaired glycemia or glucose-rich diet. However, long-term clinical trials investigating the effects of chronic erythritol consumption on body weight and risk for metabolic diseases are needed. Current evidence suggests these studies will document beneficial effects of dietary erythritol compared to caloric sugars and allay consumer misperceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tagreed A. Mazi
- Department of Community Health Sciences-Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, 3135 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 530-752-3720
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Aspartame Consumption, Mitochondrial Disorder-Induced Impaired Ovarian Function, and Infertility Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112740. [PMID: 36361530 PMCID: PMC9656449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent consumption of diet drinks was associated with oocyte dysmorphism, decreased embryo quality, and an adverse effect on pregnancy rate. We investigated the harmful effects of aspartame and potential mechanisms through which it increases infertility risk through clinical observations and in vivo and in vitro studies. Methods: We established a cohort of 840 pregnant women and retrospectively determined their time to conceive. We assessed the estrus cycle, the anti-Mullerian hormone level, ovarian oxidative stress, and ovarian mitochondrial function in an animal study. We also evaluated mitochondria function, mitochondrial biogenesis, and progesterone release with in vitro studies. Aspartame consumption was associated with increased infertility risk in the younger women (Odds ratio: 1.79, 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 3.22). The results of the in vivo study revealed that aspartame disrupted the estrus cycle and reduced the anti-Mullerian hormone level. Aspartame treatment also suppressed antioxidative activities and resulted in higher oxidative stress in the ovaries and granulosa cells. This phenomenon is caused by an aspartame-induced decline in mitochondrial function (maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and ATP production capacity) and triggered mitochondrial biogenesis (assessed by examining the energy depletion signaling-related factors sirtuin-1, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α, and nuclear respiratory factor 1 expression levels). Aspartame may alter fertility by reserving fewer follicles in the ovary and disrupting steroidogenesis in granulosa cells. Hence, women preparing for pregnancy are suggested to reduce aspartame consumption and avoid oxidative stressors of the ovaries.
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Bridge-Comer PE, Vickers MH, Morton-Jones J, Spada A, Rong J, Reynolds CM. Maternal intake of fructose or artificial sweetener during pregnancy and lactation has persistent effects on metabolic and reproductive health of dams post-weaning. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:642-649. [PMID: 35322784 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As rates of obesity, diabetes, and related comorbidities have increased, the consumption of artificial sweeteners (ASs) as sugar substitutes has also risen in popularity as they are perceived as a healthier alternative to sugar sweetened products. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the impact of AS intake on metabolic and reproductive health. Glucose intolerance during pregnancy due to intake of sugar sweetened foods can result in an increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes post-pregnancy. However, limited information exists on the impact of AS intake during pregnancy and lactation on the mother's health in later life. We hypothesised both AS and fructose would impair metabolic health post-partum (PP) following maternal consumption during pregnancy and lactation. Female C57Bl/6 mice received a standard control diet ad libitum with either water (CD), fructose (Fr; 34.7 mm intake), or AS (AS;12.5 mm Acesulfame-K) throughout pregnancy and lactation. Post-weaning, AS and Fr dams were fed the CD diet for the remainder of the experiment. Oral glucose tolerance tests were undertaken 8 weeks PP and dams were humanely killed at 9 weeks PP, with adipose tissue and ovaries collected for analysis. Experimental diets did not influence maternal bodyweight. At 8 weeks PP, increased glucose intolerance was evident in both AS and Fr dams. Adipocyte size was significantly increased in both the AS and Fr groups PP. Further, in the ovary, AS increased expression of genes associated with follicular development and ovulation. Therefore, ASs may not represent beneficial substitutes to fructose during pregnancy, with the potential to increase the risk of T2DM in later life in mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ana Spada
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jing Rong
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, Conway Institute, Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Suez J, Cohen Y, Valdés-Mas R, Mor U, Dori-Bachash M, Federici S, Zmora N, Leshem A, Heinemann M, Linevsky R, Zur M, Ben-Zeev Brik R, Bukimer A, Eliyahu-Miller S, Metz A, Fischbein R, Sharov O, Malitsky S, Itkin M, Stettner N, Harmelin A, Shapiro H, Stein-Thoeringer CK, Segal E, Elinav E. Personalized microbiome-driven effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on human glucose tolerance. Cell 2022; 185:3307-3328.e19. [PMID: 35987213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are commonly integrated into human diet and presumed to be inert; however, animal studies suggest that they may impact the microbiome and downstream glycemic responses. We causally assessed NNS impacts in humans and their microbiomes in a randomized-controlled trial encompassing 120 healthy adults, administered saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, and stevia sachets for 2 weeks in doses lower than the acceptable daily intake, compared with controls receiving sachet-contained vehicle glucose or no supplement. As groups, each administered NNS distinctly altered stool and oral microbiome and plasma metabolome, whereas saccharin and sucralose significantly impaired glycemic responses. Importantly, gnotobiotic mice conventionalized with microbiomes from multiple top and bottom responders of each of the four NNS-supplemented groups featured glycemic responses largely reflecting those noted in respective human donors, which were preempted by distinct microbial signals, as exemplified by sucralose. Collectively, human NNS consumption may induce person-specific, microbiome-dependent glycemic alterations, necessitating future assessment of clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotham Suez
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Yotam Cohen
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rafael Valdés-Mas
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uria Mor
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mally Dori-Bachash
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sara Federici
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Niv Zmora
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel; Internal Medicine Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Avner Leshem
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Melina Heinemann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Raquel Linevsky
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maya Zur
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rotem Ben-Zeev Brik
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Aurelie Bukimer
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shimrit Eliyahu-Miller
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alona Metz
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ruthy Fischbein
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Olga Sharov
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Noa Stettner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Christoph K Stein-Thoeringer
- Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Moon JY, Hua S, Qi Q, Sotres-Alvarez D, Mattei J, Casagrande SS, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Siega-Riz AM, Gallo LC, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kaplan RC, Corsino L. Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption with Prediabetes and Glucose Metabolism Markers in Hispanic/Latino Adults in the United States: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). J Nutr 2021; 152:235-245. [PMID: 34558625 PMCID: PMC8754574 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the incidence of diabetes mellitus and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages are high in the Hispanic/Latino population in the United States. The associations between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and 100% fruit juice with prediabetes and glucose metabolism markers in the diverse Hispanic/Latino population in the United States are unknown. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional associations between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and 100% fruit juice with prediabetes and glucose metabolism markers such as fasting glucose and insulin, 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance test, HOMA-IR, HOMA index for β-cell function (HOMA-B), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among US Hispanic/Latino adults. METHODS Using baseline data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (2008-2011), beverage consumption was ascertained using two 24-h dietary recalls and a food propensity questionnaire. Diabetes/prediabetes status was defined by self-report, antihyperglycemic medication use, and American Diabetes Association laboratory criteria. Among 9965 individuals without diabetes (5194 normoglycemia, 4771 prediabetes) aged 18-74 y, the associations of beverage consumption with prediabetes and glucose metabolism markers were analyzed using logistic and linear regressions, respectively, accounting for complex survey design. RESULTS Compared with individuals who consumed <1 serving/d (<240 mL/d) of sugar-sweetened beverages, individuals who consumed >2 servings/d (>480 mL/d) had 1.3 times greater odds of having prediabetes (95% CI: 1.06, 1.61) and higher glucose metabolism markers including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c. Consumption of artificially sweetened beverages showed an inverse association with β-cell function (HOMA-B). Intake of 100% fruit juice was not significantly associated with prediabetes nor with glucose metabolism markers. CONCLUSIONS Among US Hispanic/Latino adults, higher sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was associated with increased odds of prediabetes and higher glucose metabolism markers. Public health initiatives to decrease sugar-sweetened beverage consumption could potentially reduce the burden of diabetes among Hispanics/Latinos in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Young Moon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Simin Hua
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Sotres-Alvarez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anna María Siega-Riz
- Departments of Nutrition and Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA,Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Chronic consumption of sweeteners in mice and its effect on the immune system and the small intestine microbiota. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 41:504-530. [PMID: 34559497 PMCID: PMC8519602 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Sweeteners are additives used in different foods. They can be natural (sucrose and stevia) or artificial (sucralose). Currently, they are routinely consumed in multiple products and their effects on the mucosa of the small intestine and its microbiota are still controversial.
Objective: To relate the consumption of sweeteners and their effect on the immune system and the microbiota of the small intestine in CD1 mice.
Materials and methods: We used 54 three-week-old CD1 mice divided into three groups in the experiments: 1) A group of three weeks without treatment, 2) a group treated for six weeks, and 3) a group treated for 12 weeks using sucrose, sucralose, and stevia. We obtained CD19+ B lymphocytes, IgA+ antibodies, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b), and interleukins 12 and 17 (IL-12 and -17) from Peyer’s patches and lamina propria cells while DNA was obtained from intestinal solids to identify bacterial species.
Results: After 12 weeks, sucrose and sucralose consumption caused a reduction in bacterial communities with an increase in CD19+, a decrease in IgA+ and TGF-b, and an increase in IL-12 and -17 in the Peyer’s patches while in the lamina propria there was an increase in all parameters. In contrast, stevia led to an improvement in bacterial diversity and percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes with minimal increase in IgA+, TGF-b, and IL-12, and a decrease in IL-17.
Conclusion: Sucrose and sucralose caused negative alterations in bacterial diversity and immune parameters after 12 weeks; in contrast, stevia was beneficial for the intestinal mucosa.
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12
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Ortiz SR, Field MS. Chronic Dietary Erythritol Exposure Elevates Plasma Erythritol Concentration in Mice but Does Not Cause Weight Gain or Modify Glucose Homeostasis. J Nutr 2021; 151:2114-2124. [PMID: 34091676 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythritol is both a common nonnutritive sweetener and an endogenous product of glucose metabolism. Recent reports suggest that elevated plasma erythritol is a predictive biomarker of cardiometabolic disease onset and complications. OBJECTIVES Although short-term erythritol consumption has been evaluated, the effect of chronically elevated circulating erythritol on adiposity and glucose metabolism has not. This study investigated the effect of longer-term erythritol consumption on weight gain and glucose tolerance in young/adolescent mice. METHODS Four erythritol supplementation experiments were completed and analyzed separately in male C57BL/6J mice. In experiments 1 and 2, mice aged 8 wk or 20 wk, respectively, were randomly allocated to consume 16% fat diet (LFD) or LFD with 40 g/kg erythritol. In experiments 3 and 4, mice aged 8 wk or 20 wk were fed 45% fat diet (HFD) or HFD with 40 g/kg erythritol (HFD + ERY). In each experiment, we compared the effect of erythritol consumption on plasma erythritol, body weight and composition, glucose tolerance, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression. We also investigated relative endogenous tissue erythritol concentrations in a subset of control (LFD or HFD) mice in experiments 1 and 3. RESULTS There was no effect of erythritol supplementation on body weight or glucose tolerance in experiments 1-3. In experiment 4, in the 20-wk-old mice fed HFD or HFD + ERY, there was a significant interaction of time and erythritol on body weight (P < 0.0001), but the main effect of diet was not significant. Plasma erythritol was elevated 40-fold in mice consuming erythritol-supplemented diets relative to mice consuming LFD or HFD controls. We found no effect of chronic erythritol consumption on BAT UCP1 protein concentrations. Liver and kidney tissue contained significantly higher endogenous erythritol than quadriceps and visceral adipose (P < 0.001) in young mice fed LFD and HFD. CONCLUSIONS In young/adolescent mice, prolonged erythritol consumption did not significantly affect body weight, composition, or glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semira R Ortiz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Martha S Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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13
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Aspartame induces cancer stem cell enrichment through p21, NICD and GLI1 in human PANC-1 pancreas adenocarcinoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112264. [PMID: 33992720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular effects of the common natural sugar glucose and artificial sweetener aspartame on cancer stem cell (CSC) population and cancer aggressiveness of PANC-1 human pancreas adenocarcinoma cells. According to our findings while aspartame exposure significantly increased the CSC population, high glucose had no effect on it. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker N-cadherin increased only in the aspartame group. The findings indicate that a high level of glucose exposure does not effect the invasion and migration of PANC-1 cells, while aspartame increases both of these aggressiveness criteria. The findings also suggest that a high concentration of glucose maintains CSC population through induction of nuclear Oct3/4 and differentiation to parental cells via increasing cytoplasmic c-myc. Aspartame exposure to PANC-1 cells activated AKT and deactivated GSK3β by increasing levels of ROS and cytoplasmic Ca+2, respectively, through T1R2/T1R3 stimulation. Then p-GSK3β(Ser9) boosted the CSC population by increasing pluripotency factors Oct3/4 and c-myc via NICD, GLI1 and p21. In the aspartame group, T1R1 silencing further increased the CSC population but decreased cell viability and suppressed the p21, NICD and GLI activation. The presence and amount of T1R subunits in the membrane fraction of PANC-1 cells are demonstrated for the first time in this study, as is the regulatory effect of T1R1's on CSC population. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that long-term aspartame exposure increases CSC population and tumor cell aggressiveness through p21, NICD, GLI1. Moreover, while aspartame had no tumorigenic effect, it could potentially advance an existing tumor.
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14
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Becker SL, Chiang E, Plantinga A, Carey HV, Suen G, Swoap SJ. Effect of stevia on the gut microbiota and glucose tolerance in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5827635. [PMID: 32356872 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners have been shown to induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota; however, little is known about the effect of stevia. Here, we investigate whether stevia supplementation induces glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota in mice, hypothesizing that stevia would correct high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance and alter the gut microbiota. Mice were split into four treatment groups: low fat, high fat, high fat + saccharin and high fat + stevia. After 10 weeks of treatment, mice consuming a high fat diet (60% kcal from fat) developed glucose intolerance and gained more weight than mice consuming a low fat diet. Stevia supplementation did not impact body weight or glucose intolerance. Differences in species richness and relative abundances of several phyla were observed in low fat groups compared to high fat, stevia and saccharin. We identified two operational taxonomic groups that contributed to differences in beta-diversity between the stevia and saccharin groups: Lactococcus and Akkermansia in females and Lactococcus in males. Our results demonstrate that stevia does not rescue high fat diet-induced changes in glucose tolerance or the microbiota, and that stevia results in similar alterations to the gut microbiota as saccharin when administered in concordance with a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Becker
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Science Center South Building Room 222, Williamstown, MA, USA 01267
| | - Edna Chiang
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5159 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53706-1521
| | - Anna Plantinga
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Bascom House, Williamstown, MA, USA 01267
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53706
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5159 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53706-1521
| | - Steven J Swoap
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Science Center South Building Room 222, Williamstown, MA, USA 01267
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15
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Ortiz SR, Field MS. Mammalian metabolism of erythritol: a predictive biomarker of metabolic dysfunction. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2020; 23:296-301. [PMID: 32412980 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent advances in our understanding of mammalian erythritol metabolism and its use as a predictive biomarker of cardiometabolic disease risk. RECENT FINDINGS Elevated serum erythritol predicts future central adiposity gain and type 2 diabetes mellitus in healthy adults. Erythritol is a newly recognized human metabolic product of glucose, synthesized through the pentose phosphate pathway. The final conversion of this metabolic pathway is catalyzed by the enzymes sorbitol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase 1. Erythritol is also a well characterized nonnutritive sweetener. Recent studies show that dietary erythritol can be metabolized to erythrose or erythronate in humans before excretion. SUMMARY Elevated serum erythritol predicts risk for cardiometabolic disease, but more research is required to maximize its utility as a biomarker, including characterizing the determinants of endogenous erythritol synthesis from glucose. New insights into dietary erythritol metabolism also highlight the need to evaluate the effects of long-term erythritol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semira R Ortiz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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16
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Turner A, Veysey M, Keely S, Scarlett CJ, Lucock M, Beckett EL. Intense Sweeteners, Taste Receptors and the Gut Microbiome: A Metabolic Health Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4094. [PMID: 32521750 PMCID: PMC7312722 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intense sweeteners (IS) are often marketed as a healthier alternative to sugars, with the potential to aid in combating the worldwide rise of diabetes and obesity. However, their use has been counterintuitively associated with impaired glucose homeostasis, weight gain and altered gut microbiota. The nature of these associations, and the mechanisms responsible, are yet to be fully elucidated. Differences in their interaction with taste receptors may be a potential explanatory factor. Like sugars, IS stimulate sweet taste receptors, but due to their diverse structures, some are also able to stimulate bitter taste receptors. These receptors are expressed in the oral cavity and extra-orally, including throughout the gastrointestinal tract. They are involved in the modulation of appetite, glucose homeostasis and gut motility. Therefore, taste genotypes resulting in functional receptor changes and altered receptor expression levels may be associated with metabolic conditions. IS and taste receptors may both interact with the gastrointestinal microbiome, and their interactions may potentially explain the relationship between IS use, obesity and metabolic outcomes. While these elements are often studied in isolation, the potential interactions remain unexplored. Here, the current evidence of the relationship between IS use, obesity and metabolic outcomes is presented, and the potential roles for interactions with taste receptors and the gastrointestinal microbiota in modulating these relationships are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Turner
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Martin Veysey
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia;
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights 2305, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Mark Lucock
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Emma L. Beckett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights 2305, Australia
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17
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Sylvetsky AC, Sen S, Merkel P, Dore F, Stern DB, Henry CJ, Cai H, Walter PJ, Crandall KA, Rother KI, Hubal MJ. Consumption of Diet Soda Sweetened with Sucralose and Acesulfame-Potassium Alters Inflammatory Transcriptome Pathways in Females with Overweight and Obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1901166. [PMID: 32281732 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption is associated with metabolic disease in observational studies. However, physiologic mechanisms underlying LCS-induced metabolic impairments in humans are unclear. This study is aimed at identifying molecular pathways in adipose impacted by LCSs. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven females with overweight or obesity, who did not report LCS use, consumed 12 ounces of diet soda containing sucralose and acesulfame-potassium (Ace-K) three times daily for 8 weeks. A subcutaneous adipose biopsy from the left abdomen and a fasting blood sample were collected at baseline and post-intervention. Global gene expression were assessed using RNA-sequencing followed by functional pathway analysis. No differences in circulating metabolic or inflammatory biomarkers were observed. However, ANOVA detected 828 differentially expressed annotated genes after diet soda consumption (p < 0.05), including transcripts for inflammatory cytokines. Fifty-eight of 140 canonical pathways represented in pathway analyses regulated inflammation, and several key upstream regulators of inflammation (e.g., TNF-alpha) were also represented. CONCLUSION Consumption of diet soda with sucralose and Ace-K alters inflammatory transcriptomic pathways (e.g., NF-κB signaling) in subcutaneous adipose tissue but does not significantly alter circulating biomarkers. Findings highlight the need to examine molecular and metabolic effects of LCS exposure in a larger randomized control trial for a longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Sen
- Division of Endocrinology, George Washington University School of Medicine, 2120 L. St NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Patrick Merkel
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Fiona Dore
- Division of Endocrinology, George Washington University School of Medicine, 2120 L. St NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - David B Stern
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, 7000 Science and Engineering Hall, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Curtis J Henry
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr., Room 433A, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, NIH (PJW, KIR), 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter J Walter
- Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, NIH (PJW, KIR), 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, NW, 7000 Science and Engineering Hall, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Kristina I Rother
- Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, NIH (PJW, KIR), 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Monica J Hubal
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Services, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, PE 266, 901 W. New York Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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18
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Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Kamensky V, Manson JE, Silver B, Rapp SR, Haring B, Beresford SAA, Snetselaar L, Wassertheil-Smoller S. Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Stroke, Coronary Heart Disease, and All-Cause Mortality in the Women's Health Initiative. Stroke 2019; 50:555-562. [PMID: 30802187 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.023100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- We examine the association between self-reported consumption of artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) and stroke and its subtypes, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal US women. Methods- The analytic cohort included 81 714 women from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, a multicenter longitudinal study of the health of 93 676 postmenopausal women of ages 50 to 79 years at baseline who enrolled in 1993 to 1998. This prospective study had a mean follow-up time of 11.9 years (SD of 5.3 years.) Participants who completed a follow-up visit 3 years after baseline were included in the study. Results- Most participants (64.1%) were infrequent consumers (never or <1/week) of ASB, with only 5.1% consuming ≥2 ASBs/day. In multivariate analyses, those consuming the highest level of ASB compared to never or rarely (<1/wk) had significantly greater likelihood of all end points (except hemorrhagic stroke), after controlling for multiple covariates. Adjusted models indicated that hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 1.23 (1.02-1.47) for all stroke; 1.31 (1.06-1.63) for ischemic stroke; 1.29 (1.11-1.51) for coronary heart disease; and 1.16 (1.07-1.26) for all-cause mortality. In women with no prior history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus, high consumption of ASB was associated with more than a 2-fold increased risk of small artery occlusion ischemic stroke hazard ratio =2.44 (95% confidence interval, 1.47-4.04.) High consumption of ASBs was associated with significantly increased risk of ischemic stroke in women with body mass index ≥30; hazard ratio =2.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.38-2.98). Conclusions- Higher intake of ASB was associated with increased risk of stroke, particularly small artery occlusion subtype, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality. Although requiring replication, these new findings add to the potentially harmful association of consuming high quantities of ASB with these health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Y.M.-R., V.K., S.W.-S.)
| | - Victor Kamensky
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Y.M.-R., V.K., S.W.-S.)
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.E.M.)
| | - Brian Silver
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (B.S.)
| | - Stephen R Rapp
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC (S.R.R.)
| | - Bernhard Haring
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany (B.H.)
| | - Shirley A A Beresford
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (S.A.A.B.)
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa (L.S.)
| | - Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (Y.M.-R., V.K., S.W.-S.)
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19
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Sánchez-Delgado M, Estrada JA, Paredes-Cervantes V, Kaufer-Horwitz M, Contreras I. Changes in nutrient and calorie intake, adipose mass, triglycerides and TNF-α concentrations after non-caloric sweetener intake: A pilot study. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 91:87-98. [PMID: 31656130 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the safety of non-caloric sweetener consumption in humans is a difficult task, since many contradictory results have been reported. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of frequent intake of sucrose, sucralose or steviol glycosides, on selected anthropometric, biochemical and immunological parameters in healthy, young adults. 38 individuals with normal body mass index were recruited and randomly divided into three experimental groups. After a washout week (where food with added sweeteners was restricted), each group was supplemented with sucrose (8 × 5 g packets/day), sucralose or steviol glycosides (4 × 1 g packets/day each) for 6 weeks. Selected variables were measured before and after treatment in each group and differences within and among groups were assessed. Our results showed that, compared to baseline, there was a modest but significant increase in weight (p = 0.0293) in the sucralose group, while the steviol glycosides group reduced their fat mass (p = 0.0390). No differences were observed in glycaemia; however, there was a significant increase in serum triglycerides (77.8-110.8 mg/dL) and cholesterol (162.0-172.3 mg/dL) in the sucrose group, whereas the steviol glycosides group presented lower triglycerides (104.7-92.8 mg/dL) and TNF-α concentrations (51.1-47.5 pg/mL). Comparison among groups showed differences in serum triglycerides (p = 0.0226), TNF-α (p = 0.0460) and IL-β (p = 0.0008). Our results suggest that, even in a short time span, frequent intake of steviol glycosides may have positive effects on metabolic parameters that may be relevant for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Sánchez-Delgado
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
| | - José Antonio Estrada
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
| | | | - Martha Kaufer-Horwitz
- Clínica de Obesidad y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
| | - Irazú Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
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Zhao X, Yan J, Chen K, Song L, Sun B, Wei X. Effects of saccharin supplementation on body weight, sweet receptor mRNA expression and appetite signals regulation in post-weanling rats. Peptides 2018; 107:32-38. [PMID: 30055207 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners have been considered to promote diet healthfulness by delivering a pleasant sweet taste without calories. We investigated the effects of long term supplementation with drinks containing saccharin on body weight and possible mechanisms of the effects in post-weanling rats. Our results showed that saccharin solution intake increased food intake and energy intake in male rats. In males, saccharin solution intake increased TIR3 mRNA expression in the taste buds and ghrelin receptor mRNA expression both in the taste buds and hypothalamus, whereas no effects were observed in females. These results suggest the effects of saccharin solution exposure on food intake and body weight gain may be different in developmental males and females. In males, peripheral sweet taste receptors and both peripheral and central ghrelin receptors may be involved in the effect of saccharin solution intake to promote food intake and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, 1616# Yanxiang Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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21
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Rother KI, Conway EM, Sylvetsky AC. How Non-nutritive Sweeteners Influence Hormones and Health. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:455-467. [PMID: 29859661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) elicit a multitude of endocrine effects in vitro, in animal models, and in humans. The best-characterized consequences of NNS exposure are metabolic changes, which may be mediated by activation of sweet taste receptors in oral and extraoral tissues (e.g., intestine, pancreatic β cells, and brain), and alterations of the gut microbiome. These mechanisms are likely synergistic and may differ across species and chemically distinct NNSs. However, the extent to which these hormonal effects are clinically relevant in the context of human consumption is unclear. Further investigation following prolonged exposure is required to better understand the role of NNSs in human health, with careful consideration of genetic, dietary, anthropometric, and other interindividual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ellen M Conway
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Allison C Sylvetsky
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, 2nd floor, Washington DC 20052, USA; Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, 3rd floor, Washington DC 20052, USA
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22
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Erbaş O, Erdoğan MA, Khalilnezhad A, Solmaz V, Gürkan FT, Yiğittürk G, Eroglu HA, Taskiran D. Evaluation of long-term effects of artificial sweeteners on rat brain: a biochemical, behavioral, and histological study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22053. [PMID: 29660801 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of artificial sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose) on rat brain. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were included in the study. The control group (n = 6) received regular tap water, whereas other groups received aspartame (3 mg/kg/day, n = 6,) or saccharin (3 mg/kg/day, n = 6) or sucralose (1.5 mg/kg/day, n = 6) in the drinking water. Following 6 weeks, the passive avoidance learning (PAL) test was performed to evaluate the neurobehavioral effects of sweeteners. The brains were assessed for lipid peroxides, neuron count, and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrated that chronic intake of sweeteners significantly impaired PAL performance in all groups. Hippocampal CA1-CA3 areas revealed significantly lower neuronal count in aspartame and increased GFAP expression in all groups. Brain lipid peroxides were significantly higher in all groups. Our findings suggest that long-term consumption of artificial sweeteners may have harmful effects on cognition and hippocampal integrity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oytun Erbaş
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Bilim University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Volkan Solmaz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Fulya Tuzcu Gürkan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Yiğittürk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Avni Eroglu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Dilek Taskiran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Xylobiose Prevents High-Fat Diet Induced Mice Obesity by Suppressing Mesenteric Fat Deposition and Metabolic Dysregulation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030705. [PMID: 29558403 PMCID: PMC6017709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a public concern and is responsible for various metabolic diseases. Xylobiose (XB), an alternative sweetener, is a major component of xylo-oligosaccharide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of XB on obesity and its associated metabolic changes in related organs. For these studies, mice received a 60% high-fat diet supplemented with 15% d-xylose, 10% XB, or 15% XB as part of the total sucrose content of the diet for ten weeks. Body weight, fat and liver weights, fasting blood glucose, and blood lipids levels were significantly reduced with XB supplementation. Levels of leptin and adipokine were also improved and lipogenic and adipogenic genes in mesenteric fat and liver were down-regulated with XB supplementation. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines, fatty acid uptake, lipolysis, and β-oxidation-related gene expression levels in mesenteric fat were down-regulated with XB supplementation. Thus, XB exhibited therapeutic potential for treating obesity which involved suppression of fat deposition and obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Kim E, Shin JH, Seok PR, Kim MS, Yoo SH, Kim Y. Phyllodulcin, a natural functional sweetener, improves diabetic metabolic changes by regulating hepatic lipogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and gluconeogenesis in db/db mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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25
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Abe K, Misaka T. Food functionality research as a new national project in special reference to improvement of cognitive and locomotive abilities. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:573-583. [PMID: 29316856 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1412249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Japan, where a super-aging society is realized, we are most concerned about healthy longevity, which would ascertain the wellness of people by improving their quality of life (QOL). In 2014, the Cabinet Office proposed a strategic innovation promotion programme, launching a national project for the development of the agricultural-forestry-fisheries food products with new functionalities for the next generation. In addition to focusing on a conventional prevention of lifestyle-associated metabolic syndromes, the project targets the scientific evidence of the activation of brain cognitive ability and the improvement of bodily locomotive function. The project also involves the analysis of the foods-sports interrelation of chronic importance, and the development of devices for the verification of QOL-associated maintenance of homeostasis. In this review, we provide an overview of these studies, with special reference to cognition as a case of the gut-brain axis which the author is particularly interested in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Abe
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,b Group for Food Functionality Assessment , Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC) , Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Takumi Misaka
- a Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this paper is to review the epidemiology of obesity and the evolution of artificial sweeteners; to examine the latest research on the effects of artificial sweeteners on the host microbiome, the gut-brain axis, glucose homeostasis, and energy consumption; and to discuss how all of these changes ultimately contribute to obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Although artificial sweeteners were developed as a sugar substitute to help reduce insulin resistance and obesity, data in both animal models and humans suggest that the effects of artificial sweeteners may contribute to metabolic syndrome and the obesity epidemic. Artificial sweeteners appear to change the host microbiome, lead to decreased satiety, and alter glucose homeostasis, and are associated with increased caloric consumption and weight gain. Artificial sweeteners are marketed as a healthy alternative to sugar and as a tool for weight loss. Data however suggests that the intended effects do not correlate with what is seen in clinical practice. Future research should focus on the newer plant-based sweeteners, incorporate extended study durations to determine the long-term effects of artificial sweetener consumption, and focus on changes in the microbiome, as that seems to be one of the main driving forces behind nutrient absorption and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Pearlman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines, K5.136, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Jon Obert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lisa Casey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines, K5.136, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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27
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Paula Neto HA, Ausina P, Gomez LS, Leandro JGB, Zancan P, Sola-Penna M. Effects of Food Additives on Immune Cells As Contributors to Body Weight Gain and Immune-Mediated Metabolic Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1478. [PMID: 29163542 PMCID: PMC5672138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Food additives are compounds used in order to improve food palatability, texture, and shelf life. Despite a significant effort to assure safety of use, toxicological analysis of these substances, generally, rely on their direct toxicity to target organs (liver and kidney) or their genotoxic effects. Much less attention is paid to the effects of these compounds on cells of the immune system. This is of relevance given that metabolic dysregulation and obesity have a strong immune-mediated component. Obese individuals present a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that contributes to the establishment of insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities known as the metabolic syndrome. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are currently recognized as worldwide epidemics that pose a profound socioeconomic impact and represent a concern to public health. Cells of the immune system contribute to both the maintenance of "lean homeostasis" and the metabolic dysregulation observed in obese individuals. Although much attention has been drawn in the past decades to obesity and metabolic syndrome as a result of ingesting highly processed food containing large amounts of fat and simple sugars, mounting evidence suggest that food additives may also be important contributors to metabolic derangement. Herein, we review pieces of evidence from the literature showing that food additives have relevant effects on cells of the immune system that could contribute to immune-mediated metabolic dysregulation. Considering their potential to predispose individuals to develop obesity and metabolic syndrome, their use should be taken with caution or maybe revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor A Paula Neto
- Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Ausina
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lilian S Gomez
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João G B Leandro
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Zancan
- Laboratório de Oncobiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauro Sola-Penna
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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28
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Kim E, Lim SM, Kim MS, Yoo SH, Kim Y. Phyllodulcin, a Natural Sweetener, Regulates Obesity-Related Metabolic Changes and Fat Browning-Related Genes of Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101049. [PMID: 28934139 PMCID: PMC5691666 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllodulcin is a natural sweetener found in Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii. This study investigated whether phyllodulcin could improve metabolic abnormalities in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Animals were fed a 60% HFD for 6 weeks to induce obesity, followed by 7 weeks of supplementation with phyllodulcin (20 or 40 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)/day). Stevioside (40 mg/kg b.w./day) was used as a positive control. Phyllodulcin supplementation reduced subcutaneous fat mass, levels of plasma lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and improved the levels of leptin, adiponectin, and fasting blood glucose. In subcutaneous fat tissues, supplementation with stevioside or phyllodulcin significantly decreased mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related genes, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1C (SREBP-1c) compared to the high-fat group. Phyllodulcin supplementation significantly increased the expression of fat browning-related genes, including PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), compared to the high-fat group. Hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B (BDNF-TrkB) signaling was upregulated by phyllodulcin supplementation. In conclusion, phyllodulcin is a potential sweetener that could be used to combat obesity by regulating levels of leptin, fat browning-related genes, and hypothalamic BDNF-TrkB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Soo-Min Lim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Sang-Ho Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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30
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Tovar AP, Navalta JW, Kruskall LJ, Young JC. The effect of moderate consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners on glucose tolerance and body composition in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:1225-1227. [PMID: 28692807 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose tolerance and body composition were determined in male rats given non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) (aspartame or sucralose) in drinking water. Areas under the curve for glucose and insulin with NNS did not differ from control. NNS treatment had no effect on weight gain or percent body fat. Epididymal fat pad mass was higher with aspartame and the ratio of trunk to total fat was less with sucralose versus control, suggesting that NNS consumption altered body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Tovar
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
| | - James W Navalta
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
| | - Laura J Kruskall
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
| | - John C Young
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3034, USA
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Janssens S, Ciapaite J, Wolters JC, van Riel NA, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ. An In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of the Effects of Caloric and Non-Caloric Sweeteners on Liver Lipid Metabolism in Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050476. [PMID: 28489050 PMCID: PMC5452206 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to elucidate the effects of caloric and non-caloric sweeteners on liver lipid metabolism in rats using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and to determine their roles in the development of liver steatosis. Wistar rats received normal chow and either normal drinking water, or solutions containing 13% (w/v) glucose, 13% fructose, or 0.4% aspartame. After 7 weeks, in vivo hepatic dietary lipid uptake and de novo lipogenesis were assessed with proton-observed, carbon-13-edited MRS combined with 13C-labeled lipids and 13C-labeled glucose, respectively. The molecular basis of alterations in hepatic liver metabolism was analyzed in detail ex vivo using immunoblotting and targeted quantitative proteomics. Both glucose and fructose feeding increased adiposity, but only fructose induced hepatic lipid accumulation. In vivo MRS showed that this was not caused by increased hepatic uptake of dietary lipids, but could be attributed to an increase in de novo lipogenesis. Stimulation of lipogenesis by fructose was confirmed by a strong upregulation of lipogenic enzymes, which was more potent than with glucose. The non-caloric sweetener aspartame did not significantly affect liver lipid content or metabolism. In conclusion, liquid fructose more severely affected liver lipid metabolism in rats than glucose, while aspartame had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Janssens
- Biomedical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jolita Ciapaite
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pharmacy, Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Natal A van Riel
- Computational Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Long-term consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage during the growth period promotes social aggression in adult mice with proinflammatory responses in the brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45693. [PMID: 28393871 PMCID: PMC5385878 DOI: 10.1038/srep45693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is known to be a key contributor to the obesity epidemic; however, its effects on behavioral changes are yet to be fully studied. In the present study, we examined the long-term effects of SSB on social aggression in mice. Three-week-old weaned mice started to drink either a 30 w/v% sucrose solution (S30), plain water (CT), or an aspartame solution with sweetness equivalent to the sucrose solution (A30) and continued to drink until they were 11-week-old adults. Aggressive behaviors were assessed by the resident-intruder test. We found that SSB significantly promoted social aggression, accompanied by heightened serum corticosterone and reduced body weight. To understand the underlying mechanism, we performed transcriptome analyses of brain. The profiles of mice on S30 were dramatically different from those on CT or A30. Transcriptional networks related to immunological function were significantly dysregulated by SSB. FACS analysis of mice on S30 revealed increased numbers of inflammatory cells in peripheral blood. Interestingly, the artificial sweetener failed to mimic the effects of sugar on social aggression and inflammatory responses. These results demonstrate that SSB promotes aggressive behaviors and provide evidence that sugar reduction strategies may be useful in efforts to prevent social aggression.
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Soto M, Chaumontet C, Even PC, Azzout-Marniche D, Tomé D, Fromentin G. Metabolic effects of intermittent access to caloric or non-caloric sweetened solutions in mice fed a high-caloric diet. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:47-55. [PMID: 28347724 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human consumption of obesogenic diets and soft drinks, sweetened with different molecules, is increasing worldwide, and increases the risk of metabolic diseases. We hypothesized that the chronic consumption of caloric (sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), maltodextrin) and non-caloric (sucralose) solutions under 2-hour intermittent access, alongside the consumption of a high-fat high-sucrose diet, would result in differential obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice had ad libitum access to an HFHS diet and to water (water control group). In addition, some mice had access, 2h/day, 5days/week (randomly chosen) for 12weeks, to different solutions: i) a sucrose solution (2.1kJ/ml), ii) an HFCS solution (2.1kJ/ml), iii) a maltodextrin solution (2.1kJ/ml) and a sucralose solution (60mM) (n=15/group). Despite no changes in total caloric intake, 2h-intermittent access to the sucrose, HFCS or maltodextrin solutions led to increased body weight and accumulation of lipids in the liver when compared to the group consuming water only. The HFCS and sucrose solutions induced a higher fat mass in various fat depots, glucose intolerance, increased glucose oxidation at the expense of lipid oxidation, and a lower hypothalamic expression of NPY in the fasted state. HFCS also reduced proopiomelanocortin expression in the hypothalamus. 2h-intermittent access to sucralose did not result in significant changes in body composition, but caused a stronger expression of CART in the hypothalamus. Finally, sucrose intake showed a trend to increase the expression of various receptors in the nucleus accumbens, linked to dopamine, opioid and endocannabinoid signaling. In conclusion, 2h-intermittent access to caloric solutions (especially those sweetened with sucrose and HFCS), but not sucralose, resulted in adverse metabolic consequences in high-fat high-sucrose-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Soto
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaumontet
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick C Even
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Dalila Azzout-Marniche
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Fromentin
- AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France; INRA, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Abstract
The ability of humans to sense chemical signals in ingested substances is implicit in the ability to detect the five basic tastes; sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Of these, sweet, bitter, and umami tastes are detected by lingual G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recently, these receptors were also localized to the gut mucosa. In this review, we will emphasize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of foregut luminal chemosensing, with special emphasis on cell surface GPCRs such as the sweet and proteinaceous taste receptors (TASRs), short- and long-chain fatty acid (FA) receptors, and bile acid receptors. The majority of these luminal chemosensors are expressed on enteroendocrine cells (EECs), which are specialized endocrine cells in the intestine and pancreas that release gut hormones with ligand activation. These gut hormones are responsible for a wide variety of physiologic and homeostatic mechanisms, including glycemic control, appetite stimulation and suppression, regulation of gastric emptying, and trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium. Released from the EECs, the gut peptides have paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine effects. Additionally, EECs have unique direct connections to the enteric nervous system enabling precise transmission of sensory data to and communication with the central nervous system. We will also describe how gut sensors are implicated in gut hormone release, followed by examples of how altered gut chemosensing has been implicated in pathological conditions such as metabolic diseases including diabetes and obesity, functional dyspepsia, helminthic infections, colitis, gastric bypass surgery, and gastric inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Medical Service, West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Medicine and Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Shearer J, Swithers SE. Artificial sweeteners and metabolic dysregulation: Lessons learned from agriculture and the laboratory. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:179-86. [PMID: 27387506 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Escalating rates of obesity and public health messages to reduce excessive sugar intake have fuelled the consumption of artificial sweeteners in a wide range of products from breakfast cereals to snack foods and beverages. Artificial sweeteners impart a sweet taste without the associated energy and have been widely recommended by medical professionals since they are considered safe. However, associations observed in long-term prospective studies raise the concern that regular consumption of artificial sweeteners might actually contribute to development of metabolic derangements that lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obtaining mechanistic data on artificial sweetener use in humans in relation to metabolic dysfunction is difficult due to the long time frames over which dietary factors might exert their effects on health and the large number of confounding variables that need to be considered. Thus, mechanistic data from animal models can be highly useful because they permit greater experimental control. Results from animal studies in both the agricultural sector and the laboratory indicate that artificial sweeteners may not only promote food intake and weight gain but can also induce metabolic alterations in a wide range of animal species. As a result, simple substitution of artificial sweeteners for sugars in humans may not produce the intended consequences. Instead consumption of artificial sweeteners might contribute to increases in risks for obesity or its attendant negative health outcomes. As a result, it is critical that the impacts of artificial sweeteners on health and disease continue to be more thoroughly evaluated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susan E Swithers
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Sylvetsky AC, Blau JE, Rother KI. Understanding the metabolic and health effects of low-calorie sweeteners: methodological considerations and implications for future research. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:187-94. [PMID: 26936185 PMCID: PMC5010791 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of foods, beverages, and packets containing low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) has increased markedly across gender, age, race/ethnicity, weight status, and socio-economic subgroups. However, well-controlled intervention studies rigorously evaluating the health effects of LCS in humans are limited. One of the key questions is whether LCS are indeed a beneficial strategy for weight management and prevention of obesity. The current review discusses several methodological considerations in the design and interpretation of these studies. Specifically, we focus on the selection of study participants, inclusion of an appropriate control, importance of considering habitual LCS exposure, selection of specific LCS, dose and route of LCS administration, choice of study outcomes, and the context and generalizability of the study findings. These critical considerations will guide the design of future studies and thus assist in understanding the health effects of LCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jenny E Blau
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kristina I Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Fowler SPG. Low-calorie sweetener use and energy balance: Results from experimental studies in animals, and large-scale prospective studies in humans. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:517-523. [PMID: 27129676 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade, pioneering animal studies conducted by investigators at Purdue University have provided evidence to support a central thesis: that the uncoupling of sweet taste and caloric intake by low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) can disrupt an animal's ability to predict the metabolic consequences of sweet taste, and thereby impair the animal's ability to respond appropriately to sweet-tasting foods. These investigators' work has been replicated and extended internationally. There now exists a body of evidence, from a number of investigators, that animals chronically exposed to any of a range of LCSs - including saccharin, sucralose, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, or the combination of erythritol+aspartame - have exhibited one or more of the following conditions: increased food consumption, lower post-prandial thermogenesis, increased weight gain, greater percent body fat, decreased GLP-1 release during glucose tolerance testing, and significantly greater fasting glucose, glucose area under the curve during glucose tolerance testing, and hyperinsulinemia, compared with animals exposed to plain water or - in many cases - even to calorically-sweetened foods or liquids. Adverse impacts of LCS have appeared diminished in animals on dietary restriction, but were pronounced among males, animals genetically predisposed to obesity, and animals with diet-induced obesity. Impacts have been especially striking in animals on high-energy diets: diets high in fats and sugars, and diets which resemble a highly-processed 'Western' diet, including trans-fatty acids and monosodium glutamate. These studies have offered both support for, and biologically plausible mechanisms to explain, the results from a series of large-scale, long-term prospective observational studies conducted in humans, in which longitudinal increases in weight, abdominal adiposity, and incidence of overweight and obesity have been observed among study participants who reported using diet sodas and other LCS-sweetened beverages daily or more often at baseline. Furthermore, frequent use of diet beverages has been associated prospectively with increased long-term risk and/or hazard of a number of cardiometabolic conditions usually considered to be among the sequelae of obesity: hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, depression, kidney dysfunction, heart attack, stroke, and even cardiovascular and total mortality. Reverse causality does not appear to explain fully the increased risk observed across all of these studies, the majority of which have included key potential confounders as covariates. These have included body mass index or waist circumference at baseline; total caloric intake and specific macronutrient intake; physical activity; smoking; demographic and other relevant risk factors; and/or family history of disease. Whether non-LCS ingredients in diet beverages might have independently increased the weight gain and/or cardiometabolic risk observed among frequent consumers of LCS-sweetened beverages deserves further exploration. In the meantime, however, there is a striking congruence between results from animal research and a number of large-scale, long-term observational studies in humans, in finding significantly increased weight gain, adiposity, incidence of obesity, cardiometabolic risk, and even total mortality among individuals with chronic, daily exposure to low-calorie sweeteners - and these results are troubling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon P G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States.
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38
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Artificial sweeteners are not the answer to childhood obesity. Appetite 2015; 93:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rogers PJ, Hogenkamp PS, de Graaf C, Higgs S, Lluch A, Ness AR, Penfold C, Perry R, Putz P, Yeomans MR, Mela DJ. Does low-energy sweetener consumption affect energy intake and body weight? A systematic review, including meta-analyses, of the evidence from human and animal studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:381-94. [PMID: 26365102 PMCID: PMC4786736 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
By reducing energy density, low-energy sweeteners (LES) might be expected to reduce energy intake (EI) and body weight (BW). To assess the totality of the evidence testing the null hypothesis that LES exposure (versus sugars or unsweetened alternatives) has no effect on EI or BW, we conducted a systematic review of relevant studies in animals and humans consuming LES with ad libitum access to food energy. In 62 of 90 animal studies exposure to LES did not affect or decreased BW. Of 28 reporting increased BW, 19 compared LES with glucose exposure using a specific ‘learning' paradigm. Twelve prospective cohort studies in humans reported inconsistent associations between LES use and body mass index (−0.002 kg m−2 per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.009 to 0.005). Meta-analysis of short-term randomized controlled trials (129 comparisons) showed reduced total EI for LES versus sugar-sweetened food or beverage consumption before an ad libitum meal (−94 kcal, 95% CI −122 to −66), with no difference versus water (−2 kcal, 95% CI −30 to 26). This was consistent with EI results from sustained intervention randomized controlled trials (10 comparisons). Meta-analysis of sustained intervention randomized controlled trials (4 weeks to 40 months) showed that consumption of LES versus sugar led to relatively reduced BW (nine comparisons; −1.35 kg, 95% CI –2.28 to −0.42), and a similar relative reduction in BW versus water (three comparisons; −1.24 kg, 95% CI –2.22 to −0.26). Most animal studies did not mimic LES consumption by humans, and reverse causation may influence the results of prospective cohort studies. The preponderance of evidence from all human randomized controlled trials indicates that LES do not increase EI or BW, whether compared with caloric or non-caloric (for example, water) control conditions. Overall, the balance of evidence indicates that use of LES in place of sugar, in children and adults, leads to reduced EI and BW, and possibly also when compared with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Rogers
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P S Hogenkamp
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Higgs
- The School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Lluch
- Danone Research, Centre Daniel Carasso, RD, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - A R Ness
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - C Penfold
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - R Perry
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - P Putz
- European Branch, ILSI Europe a.i.s.b.l., Brussels, Belgium
| | - M R Yeomans
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - D J Mela
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
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40
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Pepino MY. Metabolic effects of non-nutritive sweeteners. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:450-5. [PMID: 26095119 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the general belief was that non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) were healthy sugar substitutes because they provide sweet taste without calories or glycemic effects. However, data from several epidemiological studies have found that consumption of NNSs, mainly in diet sodas, is associated with increased risk to develop obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. The main purpose of this article is to review recent scientific evidence supporting potential mechanisms that explain how "metabolically inactive" NNSs, which have few, if any, calories, might promote metabolic dysregulation. Three potential mechanisms, which are not mutually exclusive, are presented: 1) NNSs interfere with learned responses that contribute to control glucose and energy homeostasis, 2) NNSs interfere with gut microbiota and induce glucose intolerance, and 3) NNSs interact with sweet-taste receptors expressed throughout the digestive system that play a role in glucose absorption and trigger insulin secretion. In addition, recent findings from our laboratory showing an association between individual taste sensitivity to detect sucralose and sucralose's acute effects on metabolic response to an oral glucose load are reported. Taken as a whole, data support the notion that NNSs have metabolic effects. More research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which NNSs may drive metabolic dysregulation and better understand potential effects of these commonly used food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yanina Pepino
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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41
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Suez J, Korem T, Zilberman-Schapira G, Segal E, Elinav E. Non-caloric artificial sweeteners and the microbiome: findings and challenges. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:149-55. [PMID: 25831243 PMCID: PMC4615743 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1017700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) are common food supplements consumed by millions worldwide as means of combating weight gain and diabetes, by retaining sweet taste without increasing caloric intake. While they are considered safe, there is increasing controversy regarding their potential ability to promote metabolic derangements in some humans. We recently demonstrated that NAS consumption could induce glucose intolerance in mice and distinct human subsets, by functionally altering the gut microbiome. In this commentary, we discuss these findings in the context of previous and recent works demonstrating the effects of NAS on host health and the microbiome, and the challenges and open questions that need to be addressed in understanding the effects of NAS consumption on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotham Suez
- Department of Immunology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Korem
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics; Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel,Correspondence to: Eran Segal; ; Eran Elinav;
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot, Israel,Correspondence to: Eran Segal; ; Eran Elinav;
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Natural environments, ancestral diets, and microbial ecology: is there a modern "paleo-deficit disorder"? Part II. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:9. [PMID: 25889196 PMCID: PMC4353476 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-014-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Famed microbiologist René J. Dubos (1901–1982) was an early pioneer in the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) construct. In the 1960s, he conducted groundbreaking research concerning the ways in which early-life experience with nutrition, microbiota, stress, and other environmental variables could influence later-life health outcomes. He recognized the co-evolutionary relationship between microbiota and the human host. Almost 2 decades before the hygiene hypothesis, he suggested that children in developed nations were becoming too sanitized (vs. our ancestral past) and that scientists should determine whether the childhood environment should be “dirtied up in a controlled manner.” He also argued that oft-celebrated growth chart increases via changes in the global food supply and dietary patterns should not be equated to quality of life and mental health. Here in the second part of our review, we reflect the words of Dubos off contemporary research findings in the areas of diet, the gut-brain-axis (microbiota and anxiety and depression) and microbial ecology. Finally, we argue, as Dubos did 40 years ago, that researchers should more closely examine the relevancy of silo-sequestered, reductionist findings in the larger picture of human quality of life. In the context of global climate change and the epidemiological transition, an allergy epidemic and psychosocial stress, our review suggests that discussions of natural environments, urbanization, biodiversity, microbiota, nutrition, and mental health, are often one in the same.
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Amisten S, Neville M, Hawkes R, Persaud SJ, Karpe F, Salehi A. An atlas of G-protein coupled receptor expression and function in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 146:61-93. [PMID: 25242198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in the regulation of adipose tissue function, but the total number of GPCRs expressed by human subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as their function and interactions with drugs, is poorly understood. We have constructed an atlas of all GPCRs expressed by human subcutaneous adipose tissue: the 'adipose tissue GPCRome', to support the exploration of novel control nodes in metabolic and endocrine functions. This atlas describes how adipose tissue GPCRs regulate lipolysis, insulin resistance and adiponectin and leptin secretion. We also discuss how adipose tissue GPCRs interact with their endogenous ligands and with GPCR-targeting drugs, with a focus on how drug/receptor interactions may affect lipolysis, and present a model predicting how GPCRs with unknown effects on lipolysis might modulate cAMP-regulated lipolysis. Subcutaneous adipose tissue expresses 163 GPCRs, a majority of which have unknown effects on lipolysis, insulin resistance and adiponectin and leptin secretion. These GPCRs are activated by 180 different endogenous ligands, and are the targets of a large number of clinically used drugs. We identified 119 drugs, acting on 23 GPCRs, that are predicted to stimulate lipolysis and 173 drugs, acting on 25 GPCRs, that are predicted to inhibit lipolysis. This atlas highlights knowledge gaps in the current understanding of adipose tissue GPCR function, and identifies GPCR/ligand/drug interactions that might affect lipolysis, which is important for understanding and predicting metabolic side effects of drugs. This approach may aid in the design of new, safer therapeutic agents, with fewer undesired effects on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Amisten
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Ross Hawkes
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shanta J Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Albert Salehi
- Department of Clinical Science, UMAS, Clinical Research Center, University of Lund, Sweden
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