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Fioriti F, Rifflet A, Gomperts Boneca I, Zugasti O, Royet J. Bacterial peptidoglycan serves as a critical modulator of the gut-immune-brain axis in Drosophila. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:878-897. [PMID: 38710338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolites and compounds derived from gut-associated bacteria can modulate numerous physiological processes in the host, including immunity and behavior. Using a model of oral bacterial infection, we previously demonstrated that gut-derived peptidoglycan (PGN), an essential constituent of the bacterial cell envelope, influences female fruit fly egg-laying behavior by activating the NF-κB cascade in a subset of brain neurons. These findings underscore PGN as a potential mediator of communication between gut bacteria and the brain in Drosophila, prompting further investigation into its impact on all brain cells. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry, we now show that PGN fragments produced by gut bacteria can rapidly reach the central nervous system. In Addition, by employing a combination of whole-genome transcriptome analyses, comprehensive genetic assays, and reporter gene systems, we reveal that gut bacterial infection triggers a PGN dose-dependent NF-κB immune response in perineurial glia, forming the continuous outer cell layer of the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, we demonstrate that persistent PGN-dependent NF-κB activation in perineurial glial cells correlates with a reduction in lifespan and early neurological decline. Overall, our findings establish gut-derived PGN as a critical mediator of the gut-immune-brain axis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Fioriti
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288 Marseille, France
| | - Aline Rifflet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Zugasti
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288 Marseille, France.
| | - Julien Royet
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288 Marseille, France.
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Duan R, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Shi J, Xue R, Liu R, Miao Y, Zhou X, Lv Y, Shen H, Xie X, Ai X. The impact of exercise on the gut microbiota in middle-aged amateur serious runners: a comparative study. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1343219. [PMID: 38737829 PMCID: PMC11082653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1343219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exercise, health, and the gut microbiota (GM) are strongly correlated. Research indicates that professional athletes, especially ultra-marathon runners, have unique GM characteristics. However, more research has focused on elite athletes, with little attention given to amateur sports enthusiasts, especially those in the middle-aged population. Therefore, this study focuses on the impact of long-term running on the composition and potential functions of the GM in middle-aged individuals. Methods We compared the GM of 25 middle-aged serious runnerswith 22 sedentary healthy controls who had minimal exercise habitsusing 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, we assessed dietary habits using a food frequency questionnaire. Results and Discussion Statistical analysis indicates that there is no significant difference in dietary patterns between the control group and serious runners. Diversity analysis results indicate that there is no significant difference in α diversity between the two groups of GM, but there is a significant difference in β diversity. Analysis of the composition of GM reveals that Ruminococcus and Coprococcus are significantly enriched in serious runners, whereas Bacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, and Lachnospira are enriched in the control group. Differential analysis of functional pathway prediction results reveals significant differences in the functional metabolism levels of GM between serious runners and the control group. Further correlation analysis results indicate that this difference may be closely related to variations in GM. In conclusion, our results suggest that long-term exercise can lead to changes in the composition of the GM. These changes have the potential to impact the overall health of the individual by influencing metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Duan
- Jingmen Central Hospital, Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center for Functional Colorectal Diseases, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Jingmen Central Hospital, Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center for Functional Colorectal Diseases, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Yonglian Zhang
- Jingmen Central Hospital, Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center for Functional Colorectal Diseases, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Jinrong Shi
- Jingmen Central Hospital, Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center for Functional Colorectal Diseases, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Xue
- Jingmen Central Hospital, Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center for Functional Colorectal Diseases, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Jingmen Central Hospital, Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center for Functional Colorectal Diseases, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanxin Miao
- Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Maintainbiotech Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | - Hexiao Shen
- Maintainbiotech Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiongwei Xie
- Jingmen Central Hospital, Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center for Functional Colorectal Diseases, Jingmen, Hubei, China
| | - Xu Ai
- Jingmen Central Hospital, Hubei Clinical Medical Research Center for Functional Colorectal Diseases, Jingmen, Hubei, China
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Lin K, Peng F, He K, Qian Z, Mei X, Su Z, Wujimaiti Y, Xia X, Zhang T. Research progress on intestinal microbiota regulating cognitive function through the gut-brain axis. Neurol Sci 2024:10.1007/s10072-024-07525-5. [PMID: 38632176 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota community is a fundamental component of the human body and plays a significant regulatory role in maintaining overall health and in the management disease states.The intestinal microbiota-gut-brain axis represents a vital connection in the cognitive regulation of the central nervous system by the intestinal microbiota.The impact of intestinal microbiota on cognitive function is hypothesized to manifest through both the nervous system and circulatory system. Imbalances in intestinal microbiota during the perioperative period could potentially contribute to perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction. This article concentrates on a review of existing literature to explore the potential influence of intestinal microbiota on brain and cognitive functions via the nervous and circulatory systems.Additionally, it summarizes recent findings on the impact of perioperative intestinal dysbacteriosis on perioperative neurocognitive dysfunction and suggests novel approaches for prevention and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Lin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital Of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kunyang He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengyu Qian
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuan Mei
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhikun Su
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Xun Xia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital Of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tianyao Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital Of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Hussain N, Muccee F. In-silico characterization of GABAT protein found in gut-brain axis associated bacteria of healthy individuals and multiple sclerosis patients. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103939. [PMID: 38352114 PMCID: PMC10859293 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination of neurons. There is evidence to suggest that level of a neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), due to the degradation by γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABAT), is reduced in certain areas of the brain in MS patients. MS is always accompanied by gut bacteria dysbiosis. In healthy individuals, Faecalibacterium sp. while in MS patients A. calcoaceticus, Clostridium sp. and S. typhimurium are found abundantly. Although all these microbes produce GABAT but only in MS patients this enzyme significantly degrades GABA. Objective Present study is an attempt to characterize the GABAT protein sequences of these bacteria. Methodology Sequences of GABAT protein were retrieved from Uniprot database. Sequences were analyzed by Protparam, Gneg-mPLoc, SOSUI, PFP-FunDSeqE, Pepwheel program, PROTEUS and Alphafold and SAVES servers, MEME suite and HDOCK server. Results In healthy individuals gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacteria, GABAT protein was present in inner-membrane with α helix content (61 and 62%) and β sheet content (5%), 4-helical cytokines functional domains. It has greater number of B-cell epitopes and more complex 3D configuration as compared to MS patients GIT bacterial enzymes. Conclusion Present study might enable us to modify the GABAT encoding gene and enzyme through site-directed mutagenesis in pathogenic bacteria thus reducing their potential of causing MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain Campus, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi P. O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Muccee
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Punjab, Lahore 52254, Pakistan
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Kwan JMC, Liang Y, Ng EWL, Sviriaeva E, Li C, Zhao Y, Zhang XL, Liu XW, Wong SH, Qiao Y. In silico MS/MS prediction for peptidoglycan profiling uncovers novel anti-inflammatory peptidoglycan fragments of the gut microbiota. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1846-1859. [PMID: 38303944 PMCID: PMC10829024 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05819k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is an essential exoskeletal polymer across all bacteria. Gut microbiota-derived peptidoglycan fragments (PGNs) are increasingly recognized as key effector molecules that impact host biology. However, the current peptidoglycan analysis workflow relies on laborious manual identification from tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data, impeding the discovery of novel bioactive PGNs in the gut microbiota. In this work, we built a computational tool PGN_MS2 that reliably simulates MS/MS spectra of PGNs and integrated it into the user-defined MS library of in silico PGN search space, facilitating automated PGN identification. Empowered by PGN_MS2, we comprehensively profiled gut bacterial peptidoglycan composition. Strikingly, the probiotic Bifidobacterium spp. manifests an abundant amount of the 1,6-anhydro-MurNAc moiety that is distinct from Gram-positive bacteria. In addition to biochemical characterization of three putative lytic transglycosylases (LTs) that are responsible for anhydro-PGN production in Bifidobacterium, we established that these 1,6-anhydro-PGNs exhibit potent anti-inflammatory activity in vitro, offering novel insights into Bifidobacterium-derived PGNs as molecular signals in gut microbiota-host crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeric Mun Chung Kwan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 11 Mandalay Road 308232 Singapore
| | - Yaquan Liang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Evan Wei Long Ng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Ekaterina Sviriaeva
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 11 Mandalay Road 308232 Singapore
| | - Chenyu Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Yilin Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 11 Mandalay Road 308232 Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
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Ran C, Wirdefeldt K, Sydow O, Svenningsson P, Diaz Heijtz R. Sex Differences in the Allele Distribution of PGLYRP2 Variant rs892145 in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 2023:6502727. [PMID: 38106542 PMCID: PMC10725317 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6502727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disease, involving genetic susceptibility, environmental risk factors, and gene-environmental interactions. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is hypothesized to play a role in the pathophysiology of PD, and peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGLYRPs), which modulate the gut microbiota, are, therefore, relevant candidate genes for PD. Methods Using quantitative real-time PCR, we genotyped three PGLYRP variants (rs892145, rs959117, and rs10888557) and performed an association analysis in 508 PD patients and 585 control individuals. We further conducted a meta-analysis of rs892145 and analyzed PGLYRP2 gene expression in lymphocytes from patients with PD and controls. Results Although initial analysis of the three variants rs892145, rs959117, and rs10888557 and a meta-analysis of rs892145 did not reveal any association between the selected variants and PD, we found an interaction between sex and genotype for rs892145, with a marked difference in the allele distribution of rs892145 between male and female patients. As compared to controls, the T allele was less common in female patients (odds ratio = 0.76, P = 0.04) and more common in male patients (odds ratio = 1.29, P = 0.04). No difference was found in PGLYRP2 gene expression between PD patients and controls (P = 0.38), nor between sexes (P = 0.07). Discussion. Overall, this genetic screening in Swedish PD patients does not support previous results demonstrating associations of PGLYRP variants with the risk of PD. Meta-analysis of rs892145 revealed pronounced heterogeneity between previously published studies which is likely to have influenced the results. Taken together, the genetic and gene expression analyses suggest a possible link between genetic variants in PGLYRP2 and sex differences in PD. Because of the limited sample size in our study, these results need to be verified in independent cohorts before concluding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Olof Sydow
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Zhang T, Zhang L, Duan L. Distinct Effects of Non-absorbed Agents Rifaximin and Berberine on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Dysbiosis-induced Visceral Hypersensitivity in Rats. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 29:520-531. [PMID: 37814439 PMCID: PMC10577460 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is accepted as a disorder of gut-brain interactions. Berberine and rifaximin are non-absorbed antibiotics and have been confirmed effective for IBS treatment, but there is still lack of direct comparison of their effects. This study aims to compare the effect of the 2 drugs on the alteration of gut-brain axis caused by gut microbiota from IBS patients. Methods Germ-free rats received fecal microbiota transplantation from screened IBS patients and healthy controls. After 14 days' colonization, rats were administrated orally with berberine, rifaximin or vehicle respectively for the next 14 days. The visceral sensitivity was evaluated, fecal microbiota profiled and microbial short chain fatty acids were determined. Immunofluorescence staining and morphological analysis were performed to evaluate microglial activation. Results Visceral hypersensitivity induced by IBS-fecal microbiota transplantation was relieved by berberine and rifaximin, and berberine increased sucrose preference rate. Microbial α-diversity were reduced by both drugs. Compared with rifaximin, berberine significantly changed microbial structure and enriched Lachnoclostridium. Furthermore, berberine but not rifaximin significantly increased fecal concentrations of acetate and propionate acids. Berberine restored the morphological alterations of microglia induced by dysbiosis, which may be associated with its effect on the expression of microbial gene pathways involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Rifaximin affected neither the numbers of activated microglial cells nor the microglial morphological alterations. Conclusions Berberine enriched Lachnoclostridium, reduced the expression of peptidoglycan biosynthesis genes and increased acetate and propionate. The absence of these actions of rifaximin may explain the different effects of the drugs on microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Morin C, Bokobza C, Fleiss B, Hill-Yardin EL, Van Steenwinckel J, Gressens P. Preterm Birth by Cesarean Section: The Gut-Brain Axis, a Key Regulator of Brain Development. Dev Neurosci 2023; 46:179-187. [PMID: 37717575 DOI: 10.1159/000534124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the long-term functional implications of gut microbial communities during the perinatal period is a bourgeoning area of research. Numerous studies have revealed the existence of a "gut-brain axis" and the impact of an alteration of gut microbiota composition in brain diseases. Recent research has highlighted how gut microbiota could affect brain development and behavior. Many factors in early life such as the mode of delivery or preterm birth could lead to disturbance in the assembly and maturation of gut microbiota. Notably, global rates of cesarean sections (C-sections) have increased in recent decades and remain important when considering premature delivery. Both preterm birth and C-sections are associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, with neuroinflammation a major risk factor. In this review, we explore links between preterm birth by C-sections, gut microbiota alteration, and neuroinflammation. We also highlight C-sections as a risk factor for developmental disorders due to alterations in the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Morin
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
- Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Cindy Bokobza
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
- Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
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Li L, Yang J, Liu T, Shi Y. Role of the gut-microbiota-metabolite-brain axis in the pathogenesis of preterm brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115243. [PMID: 37517290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain injury, a common complication in preterm infants, includes the destruction of the key structural and functional connections of the brain and causes neurodevelopmental disorders; it has high morbidity and mortality rates. The exact mechanism underlying brain injury in preterm infants is unclear. Intestinal flora plays a vital role in brain development and the maturation of the immune system in infants; however, detailed understanding of the gut microbiota-metabolite-brain axis in preterm infants is lacking. In this review, we summarise the key mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota contribute to neurodevelopment and brain injury in preterm infants, with special emphasis on the influence of microorganisms and their metabolites on the regulation of neurocognitive development and neurodevelopmental risks related to preterm birth, infection and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). This review provides support for the development and application of novel therapeutic strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and faecal bacteria transplantation targeting at brain injury in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Tianjing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Yongyan Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Mengoli M, Conti G, Fabbrini M, Candela M, Brigidi P, Turroni S, Barone M. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and ketogenic diet: how close are we to tackling epilepsy? MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:32. [PMID: 38045924 PMCID: PMC10688818 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis refers to the intricate bidirectional communication between commensal microorganisms residing in the digestive tract and the central nervous system, along neuroendocrine, metabolic, immune, and inflammatory pathways. This axis has been suggested to play a role in several neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, paving the way for microbiome-based intervention strategies for the mitigation and treatment of symptoms. Epilepsy is a multifaceted neurological condition affecting more than 50 million individuals worldwide, 30% of whom do not respond to conventional pharmacological therapies. Among the first-hand microbiota modulation strategies, nutritional interventions represent an easily applicable option in both clinical and home settings. In this narrative review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the microbiota-gut-brain axis involvement in epilepsy, discuss the impact of antiepileptic drugs on the gut microbiome, and then the impact of a particular dietary pattern, the ketogenic diet, on the microbiota-gut-brain axis in epileptic patients. The investigation of the microbiota response to non-pharmacological therapies is an ever-expanding field with the potential to allow the design of increasingly accessible and successful intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Mengoli
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Gabriele Conti
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Marco Fabbrini
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Monica Barone
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
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11
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Choy CT, Siu PLK, Zhou J, Wong CH, Lee YW, Chan HW, Tsui JCC, Lo CJY, Loo SKF, Tsui SKW. Improvements in Gut Microbiome Composition Predict the Clinical Efficacy of a Novel Synbiotics Formula in Children with Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2175. [PMID: 37764019 PMCID: PMC10536305 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease with a significant association with various type-2 inflammation-related comorbidities. Ongoing research suggests the crucial involvement of gut microbiome, especially in childhood onset AD, and hence, probiotics have emerged as a potential non-steroid-based therapeutics option to complement existing AD management plans. In order to delineate the impact of probiotics in the gut microbiome of pediatric AD patients from southern China, targeted 16S rRNA sequencing and thorough bioinformatic analysis were performed to analyze the gut microbiome profiles of 24 AD children after taking an orally administered novel synbiotics formula with triple prebiotics for 8 weeks. A notable improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) (p = 0.008) was observed after taking an 8-week course of probiotics, with no adverse effects observed. The relative abundances of key microbial drivers including Bacteroides fragilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus were significantly increased at week 8. We also found that the positive responsiveness towards an 8-week course of probiotics was associated with improvements in the gut microbiome profile with a higher relative abundance of probiotic species. Over-represented functional abundance pathways related to vitamin B synthesis and peptidoglycan recycling may imply the underlying mechanism. In summary, our study suggests how the gut microbial landscape shifts upon probiotic supplementation in AD children, and provides preliminary evidence to support targeted probiotic supplementation for the management of childhood AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Tung Choy
- Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong
| | - Pui Ling Kella Siu
- Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong
| | - Junwei Zhou
- Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Ho Wong
- Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong
| | - Yuk Wai Lee
- Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Wang Chan
- Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong
| | | | - Claudia Jun Yi Lo
- Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong
| | - Steven King Fan Loo
- Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Dermatology Centre, CUHK Medical Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen Kwok Wing Tsui
- Microbiome Research Centre, BioMed Laboratory Company Limited, Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Microbial Genomics and Proteomics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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12
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Mann B, Crawford JC, Reddy K, Lott J, Youn YH, Gao G, Guy C, Chou CH, Darnell D, Trivedi S, Bomme P, Loughran AJ, Thomas PG, Han YG, Tuomanen EI. Bacterial TLR2/6 Ligands Block Ciliogenesis, Derepress Hedgehog Signaling, and Expand the Neocortex. mBio 2023; 14:e0051023. [PMID: 37052506 PMCID: PMC10294647 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00510-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial components have a range of direct effects on the fetal brain. However, little is known about the cellular targets and molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) control the size and architecture of the brain and understanding the mechanisms regulating NPCs is crucial to understanding brain developmental disorders. We identify ventricular radial glia (vRG), the primary NPC, as the target of bacterial cell wall (BCW) generated during the antibiotic treatment of maternal pneumonia. BCW enhanced proliferative potential of vRGs by shortening the cell cycle and increasing self-renewal. Expanded vRGs propagated to increase neuronal output in all cortical layers. Remarkably, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which recognizes BCW, localized at the base of primary cilia in vRGs and the BCW-TLR2 interaction suppressed ciliogenesis leading to derepression of Hedgehog (HH) signaling and expansion of vRGs. We also show that TLR6 is an essential partner of TLR2 in this process. Surprisingly, TLR6 alone was required to set the number of cortical neurons under healthy conditions. These findings suggest that an endogenous signal from TLRs suppresses cortical expansion during normal development of the neocortex and that BCW antagonizes that signal through the TLR2/cilia/HH signaling axis changing brain structure and function. IMPORTANCE Fetal brain development in early gestation can be impacted by transplacental infection, altered metabolites from the maternal microbiome, or maternal immune activation. It is less well understood how maternal microbial subcomponents that cross the placenta, such as bacterial cell wall (BCW), directly interact with fetal neural progenitors and neurons and affect development. This scenario plays out in the clinic when BCW debris released during antibiotic therapy of maternal infection traffics to the fetal brain. This study identifies the direct interaction of BCW with TLR2/6 present on the primary cilium, the signaling hub on fetal neural progenitor cells (NPCs). NPCs control the size and architecture of the brain and understanding the mechanisms regulating NPCs is crucial to understanding brain developmental disorders. Within a window of vulnerability before the appearance of fetal immune cells, the BCW-TLR2/6 interaction results in the inhibition of ciliogenesis, derepression of Sonic Hedgehog signaling, excess proliferation of neural progenitors, and abnormal cortical architecture. In the first example of TLR signaling linked to Sonic Hedgehog, BCW/TLR2/6 appears to act during fetal brain morphogenesis to play a role in setting the total cell number in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Mann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kavya Reddy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Josi Lott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yong Ha Youn
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Geli Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cliff Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ching-Heng Chou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel Darnell
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sanchit Trivedi
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Perrine Bomme
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allister J. Loughran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Young-Goo Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elaine I. Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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13
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Chow EWL, Mei Pang L, Wang Y. Impact of the host microbiota on fungal infections: new possibilities for intervention? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114896. [PMID: 37211280 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many human fungal pathogens are opportunistic. They are primarily benign residents of the human body and only become infectious when the host's immunity and microbiome are compromised. Bacteria dominate the human microbiome, playing an essential role in keeping fungi harmless and acting as the first line of defense against fungal infection. The Human Microbiome Project, launched by NIH in 2007, has stimulated extensive investigation and significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the interaction between bacteria and fungi, providing valuable insights for developing future antifungal strategies by exploiting the interaction. This review summarizes recent progress in this field and discusses new possibilities and challenges. We must seize the opportunities presented by researching bacterial-fungal interplay in the human microbiome to address the global spread of drug-resistant fungal pathogens and the drying pipelines of effective antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve W L Chow
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Li Mei Pang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Yue Wang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
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14
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Hoffman K, Brownell Z, Doyle WJ, Ochoa-Repáraz J. The immunomodulatory roles of the gut microbiome in autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system: Multiple sclerosis as a model. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102957. [PMID: 36435700 PMCID: PMC10203067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue is a primary activation site for immune responses to infection and immunomodulation. Experimental evidence using animal disease models suggests that specific gut microbes significantly regulate inflammation and immunoregulatory pathways. Furthermore, recent clinical findings indicate that gut microbes' composition, collectively named gut microbiota, is altered under disease state. This review focuses on the functional mechanisms by which gut microbes promote immunomodulatory responses that could be relevant in balancing inflammation associated with autoimmunity in the central nervous system. We also propose therapeutic interventions that target the composition of the gut microbiota as immunomodulatory mechanisms to control neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Hoffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Zackariah Brownell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - William J Doyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725, USA
| | - Javier Ochoa-Repáraz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725, USA.
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15
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Wolf AJ. Peptidoglycan-induced modulation of metabolic and inflammatory responses. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2023; 5:e00024. [PMID: 37128291 PMCID: PMC10144284 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is composed of innate immune ligands and, due to its important structural role, also regulates access to many other innate immune ligands contained within the bacteria. There is a growing body of literature demonstrating how innate immune recognition impacts the metabolic functions of immune cells and how metabolic changes are not only important to inflammatory responses but are often essential. Peptidoglycan is primarily sensed in the context of the whole bacteria during lysosomal degradation; consequently, the innate immune receptors for peptidoglycan are primarily intracellular cytosolic innate immune sensors. However, during bacterial growth, peptidoglycan fragments are shed and can be found in the bloodstream of humans and mice, not only during infection but also derived from the abundant bacterial component of the gut microbiota. These peptidoglycan fragments influence cells throughout the body and are important for regulating inflammation and whole-body metabolic function. Therefore, it is important to understand how peptidoglycan-induced signals in innate immune cells and cells throughout the body interact to regulate how the body responds to both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. This mini-review will highlight key research regarding how cellular metabolism shifts in response to peptidoglycan and how systemic peptidoglycan sensing impacts whole-body metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Wolf
- The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Liu Y, Chen J, Raj K, Baerg L, Nathan N, Philpott DJ, Mahadevan R. A Universal Strategy to Promote Secretion of G+/G- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles and Its Application in Host Innate Immune Responses. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:319-328. [PMID: 36592614 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria release nanosized extracellular vesicles called membrane vesicles (MVs, 20-400 nm), which have great potential in various biomedical applications due to their abilities to deliver effector molecules and induce therapeutic responses. To fully utilize bacterial MVs for therapeutic purposes, regulated and enhanced production of MVs would be highly advantageous. In this study, we developed a universal method to enhance MV yields in both G+/G- bacteria through an autonomous controlled peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGase) expression system. A significant increase (9.37-fold) of MV concentration was observed in engineered E. coli Nissle 1917 compared to the wild-type. With the help of this autonomous system, for the first time we experimentally confirmed horizontal gene transfer and nutrient acquisition in a cocultured bacterial consortium. Furthermore, the engineered probiotic E. coli strains with high yield of MVs showed higher activation of the innate immune responses in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) and human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT116), thereby demonstrating the great potential of engineering probiotics in immunology and further living therapeutics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Kaushik Raj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Lauren Baerg
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Nayanan Nathan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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Moliterni C, Tredicine M, Pistilli A, Falcicchia R, Bartolini D, Stabile AM, Rende M, Ria F, Di Sante G. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methodologies for T-Cell Trafficking Through Blood-Brain Barrier After TLR Activation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2700:199-219. [PMID: 37603183 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3366-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes ex vivo isolation of human T cells and of naïve splenocytes respectively collected from multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-affected mice. After the magnetic sorting of naïve and activated T helper lymphocytes, we provide details about the cell cultures to measure the interaction with extracellular matrix proteins using standard cell invasion or hand-made in vitro assays, upon different stimuli, through Toll-like receptor(s) ligands, T-cell activators, and cell adhesion molecules modulators. Finally, we describe the methods to harvest and recover T cells to evaluate the properties associated with their trafficking ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Moliterni
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Tredicine
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pistilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renato Falcicchia
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Stabile
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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18
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Faulin TDES, Estadella D. ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2023; 60:144-154. [PMID: 37194773 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202301000-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Several pathways enable bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS), the intestine and its microbiota, constituting the microbiota-gut-brain axis. OBJECTIVE Review the pathophysiology of AD, relate it to the microbiota-gut-brain axis and discuss the possibility of using probiotics in the treatment and/or prevention of this disease. METHODS Search of articles from the PubMed database published in the last 5 years (2017 to 2022) structure the narrative review. RESULTS The composition of the gut microbiota influences the CNS, resulting in changes in host behavior and may be related to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Some metabolites produced by the intestinal microbiota, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, while other compounds produced by the microbiota during the fermentation of food in the intestine, such as D-glutamate and fatty acids short chain, are beneficial in cognitive function. The consumption of live microorganisms beneficial to health, known as probiotics, has been tested in laboratory animals and humans to evaluate the effect on AD. CONCLUSION Although there are few clinical trials evaluating the effect of probiotic consumption in humans with AD, the results to date indicate a beneficial contribution of the use of probiotics in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debora Estadella
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
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19
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Miao Z, Miao Z, Liu M, Xu S. Melatonin ameliorates imidacloprid-induced intestinal injury by negatively regulating the PGN/P38MAPK pathway in the common carp (Cyprinuscarpio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1063-1074. [PMID: 36375784 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI), one of the most frequently used neonicotinoid insecticides in agriculture, is resided in surface water worldwide and poses a threat to aquatic organisms. Melatonin (MT) provides effective protection against insecticide-induced toxicity, nevertheless, the toxic effects and whether MT attenuates intestinal injury caused by IMI exposure in the common carps remains poorly explored. Previous studies have reported adverse effects of IMI exposure on intestinal health status. Therefore, we first demonstrated that IMI altered the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota, destroying the integrity of intestinal ultrastructure, increasing intestinal permeability. Meanwhile, metagenomic sequencing and ELISA kits results hypothesized that peptidoglycan (PGN) is an IMI-triggered intestinal microbial metabolite. Subsequently, we thus further elucidated that IMI induced an increase in intestinal tight junction permeability by inducing PGN secretion in vitro model. MT addition dramatically attenuated IMI-induced intestinal toxicity by remitting PGN synthesis and thus resecuring tight junction permeability, thereby reducing intestinal injury. SB203580 was supplied as a P38MAPK inhibitor to alleviate the increased permeability of tight junctions induced by IMI/PGN. Therefore, these findings confirmed that MT protects against IMI-induced intestinal injury by negatively regulating PGN/P38MAPK pathway to antagonize the increased tight junction permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiruo Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zhiying Miao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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20
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Kann O, Almouhanna F, Chausse B. Interferon γ: a master cytokine in microglia-mediated neural network dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:913-927. [PMID: 36283867 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, lymphocytic interferon γ (IFN-γ) was considered to be a simple 'booster' of proinflammatory responses by microglia (brain-resident macrophages) during bacterial or viral infection. Recent slice culture (in situ) and in vivo studies suggest, however, that IFN-γ has a unique role in microglial activation. Priming by IFN-γ results in proliferation (microgliosis), enhanced synapse elimination, and moderate nitric oxide release sufficient to impair synaptic transmission, gamma rhythm activity, and cognitive functions. Moreover, IFN-γ is pivotal for driving Toll-like receptor (TLR)-activated microglia into neurotoxic phenotypes that induce energetic and oxidative stress, severe network dysfunction, and neuronal death. Pharmacological targeting of activated microglia could be beneficial during elevated IFN-γ levels, blood-brain barrier leakage, and parenchymal T lymphocyte infiltration associated with, for instance, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Fadi Almouhanna
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Chausse
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Verdoodt F, Watanangura A, Bhatti SFM, Schmidt T, Suchodolski JS, Van Ham L, Meller S, Volk HA, Hesta M. The role of nutrition in canine idiopathic epilepsy management: Fact or fiction? Vet J 2022; 290:105917. [PMID: 36341888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, nutrition has gained interest in the management of canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) based on growing scientific evidence. Diets can serve their functions through many pathways. One potential pathway includes the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which highlights the relationship between the brain and the intestines. Changing the brain's energy source and a number of dietary sourced anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective factors appears to be the basis for improved outcomes in IE. Selecting a diet with anti-seizure effects and avoiding risks of proconvulsant mediators as well as interference with anti-seizure drugs should all be considered in canine IE. This literature review provides information about preclinical and clinical evidence, including a systematic evaluation of the level of evidence, suggested mechanism of action and interaction with anti-seizure drugs as well as pros and cons of each potential dietary adaptation in canine IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien Verdoodt
- Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Antja Watanangura
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany; Veterinary Research and Academic Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Teresa Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Luc Van Ham
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Equine and Companion Animal Nutrition, Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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22
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Jung JH, Kim G, Byun MS, Lee JH, Yi D, Park H, Lee DY. Gut microbiome alterations in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278276. [PMID: 36445883 PMCID: PMC9707757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although some human studies have reported gut microbiome changes in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), gut microbiome alterations in preclinical AD, i.e., cerebral amyloidosis without cognitive impairment, is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify gut microbial alterations associated with preclinical AD by comparing cognitively normal (CN) older adults with cerebral Aβ deposition (Aβ+ CN) and those without cerebral Aβ deposition (Aβ- CN). METHODS Seventy-eight CN older participants (18 Aβ+ CN and 60 Aβ- CN) were included, and all participants underwent clinical assessment and Pittsburg compound B-positron emission tomography. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of genomic DNA extracted from feces was amplified and sequenced to establish the microbial community. RESULTS Generalized linear model analysis revealed that the genera Megamonas (B = 3.399, q<0.001), Serratia (B = 3.044, q = 0.005), Leptotrichia (B = 5.862, q = 0.024) and Clostridium (family Clostridiaceae) (B = 0.788, q = 0.034) were more abundant in the Aβ+ CN group than the Aβ- CN group. In contrast, genera CF231 (B = -3.237, q< 0.001), Victivallis (B = -3.447, q = 0.004) Enterococcus (B = -2.044, q = 0.042), Mitsuokella (B = -2.119, q = 0.042) and Clostridium (family Erysipelotrichaceae) (B = -2.222, q = 0.043) were decreased in Aβ+ CN compared to Aβ- CN. Notably, the classification model including the differently abundant genera could effectively distinguish Aβ+ CN from Aβ- CN (AUC = 0.823). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that specific alterations of gut bacterial taxa are related to preclinical AD, which means these changes may precede cognitive decline. Therefore, examining changes in the microbiome may be helpful in preclinical AD screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyung Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Genome and Company, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (DYL); (HP)
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (DYL); (HP)
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Luo J, Chen Y, Tang G, Li Z, Yang X, Shang X, Huang T, Huang G, Wang L, Han Y, Zhou Y, Wang C, Wu B, Guo Q, Gong B, Li M, Wang R, Yang J, Cui W, Zhong J, Zhong LL, Guo J. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease progression, severity and outcome, and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869846. [PMID: 36439158 PMCID: PMC9699794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to explore the alterations in gut microbiota composition and cytokine responses related to disease progression, severity, and outcomes in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS Fecal microbiota communities of 64 patients with ICH, 46 coronary heart disease controls, and 23 healthy controls were measured by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene. Serum concentrations of a broad spectrum of cytokines were examined by liquid chips and ELISA. Relationships between clinical phenotypes, microbiotas, and cytokine responses were analyzed in the group with ICH and stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP), the major complication of ICH. RESULTS In comparison with the control groups, the gut microbiota of the patients with ICH had increased microbial richness and diversity, an expanded spectrum of facultative anaerobes and opportunistic pathogens, and depletion of anaerobes. Enterococcus enrichment and Prevotella depletion were more significant in the ICH group and were associated with the severity and functional outcome of ICH. Furthermore, Enterococcus enrichment and Prevotella depletion were also noted in the SAP group in contrast to the non-SAP group. Enterococci were also promising factors in the prognosis of ICH. The onset of ICH induced massive, rapid activation of the peripheral immune system. There were 12 cytokines (Eotaxin, GM-CSF, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-23, IL-1RA, IP-10, RANTES, and TNF-α) changed significantly with prolongation of ICH, and the Th2 responses correlated with the 90-day outcomes. Cytokines TNF-α, IP-10, IL-1RA, IL-8, IL-18, and MIP-1β in SAP group significantly differed from non-SAP group. Among these cytokines, only IP-10 levels decreased in the SAP group. Enterococcus was positively associated with IL-1RA and negatively associated with IP-10, while Prevotella was inversely associated in both the ICH and SAP groups. CONCLUSION This study revealed that gut dysbiosis with enriched Enterococcus and depleted Prevotella increased the risk of ICH and subsequently SAP. The altered gut microbiota composition and serum cytokine profiles are potential biomarkers that reflect the inciting physiologic insult/stress involved with ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielian Luo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghai Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Genetic Testing Lab, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Yangjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangjiang, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Han
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuexiang Zhou
- Department of Community Healthcare Service, Shenzhen FuYong People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuyang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Biological Resource Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Genetic Testing Lab, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihua Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoying Gong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengzhen Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Research Team of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Cerebral Hemorrhage, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiecong Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanzhen Cui
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linda Ld Zhong
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianwen Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Gao J, Zhao X, Hu S, Huang Z, Hu M, Jin S, Lu B, Sun K, Wang Z, Fu J, Weersma RK, He X, Zhou H. Gut microbial DL-endopeptidase alleviates Crohn's disease via the NOD2 pathway. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1435-1449.e9. [PMID: 36049483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pattern-recognition receptor NOD2 senses bacterial muropeptides to regulate host immunity and maintain homeostasis. Loss-of-function mutations in NOD2 are associated with Crohn's disease (CD), but how the variations in microbial factors influence NOD2 signaling and host pathology is elusive. We demonstrate that the Firmicutes peptidoglycan remodeling enzyme, DL-endopeptidase, increased the NOD2 ligand level in the gut and impacted colitis outcomes. Metagenomic analyses of global cohorts (n = 857) revealed that DL-endopeptidase gene abundance decreased globally in CD patients and negatively correlated with colitis. Fecal microbiota from CD patients with low DL-endopeptidase activity predisposed mice to colitis. Administering DL-endopeptidase, but not an active site mutant, alleviated colitis via the NOD2 pathway. Therapeutically restoring NOD2 ligands with a DL-endopeptidase-producing Lactobacillus salivarius strain or mifamurtide, a clinical analog of muramyl dipeptide, exerted potent anti-colitis effects. Our study suggests that the depletion of DL-endopeptidase contributes to CD pathogenesis through NOD2 signaling, providing a therapeutically modifiable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Xinmei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shixian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Zhenhe Huang
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Mengyao Hu
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Shaoqin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Bingyun Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands.
| | - Xiaolong He
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China; Department of Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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25
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Carrico AW, Cherenack EM, Rubin LH, McIntosh R, Ghanooni D, Chavez JV, Klatt NR, Paul RH. Through the Looking-Glass: Psychoneuroimmunology and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in the Modern Antiretroviral Therapy Era. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:984-994. [PMID: 36044613 PMCID: PMC9553251 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression, substance use disorders, and other neuropsychiatric comorbidities are common in people with HIV (PWH), but the underlying mechanisms are not sufficiently understood. HIV-induced damage to the gastrointestinal tract potentiates residual immune dysregulation in PWH receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. However, few studies among PWH have examined the relevance of microbiome-gut-brain axis: bidirectional crosstalk between the gastrointestinal tract, immune system, and central nervous system. METHODS A narrative review was conducted to integrate findings from 159 articles relevant to psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) and microbiome-gut-brain axis research in PWH. RESULTS Early PNI studies demonstrated that neuroendocrine signaling via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system could partially account for the associations of psychological factors with clinical HIV progression. This review highlights the need for PNI studies examining the mechanistic relevance of the gut microbiota for residual immune dysregulation, tryptophan catabolism, and oxytocin release as key biological determinants of neuropsychiatric comorbidities in PWH (i.e., body-to-mind pathways). It also underscores the continued relevance of neuroendocrine signaling via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and oxytocin release in modifying microbiome-gut-brain axis functioning (i.e., mind-to-body pathways). CONCLUSIONS Advancing our understanding of PNI and microbiome-gut-brain axis pathways relevant to depression, substance use disorders, and other neuropsychiatric comorbidities in PWH can guide the development of novel biobehavioral interventions to optimize health outcomes. Recommendations are provided for biobehavioral and neurobehavioral research investigating bidirectional PNI and microbiome-gut-brain axis pathways among PWH in the modern antiretroviral therapy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Carrico
- From the Department of Public Health Sciences (Carrico, Cherenack, Ghanooni, Chavez), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Departments of Neurology (Rubin) and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Rubin), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Epidemiology (Rubin), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology (McIntosh), University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences, Coral Gables, Florida; Department of Surgery (Klatt), University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Psychological Sciences (Paul), University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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26
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Laman JD. Cutting edge technologies in chronic inflammation research. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31 Suppl 1:17-21. [PMID: 36059185 PMCID: PMC9539701 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This concise review provides the broad background and selection from the literature for a Keynote lecture at EHSF 2022 on state of the art technologies in inflammation research, with an emphasis on disease of the skin and the nervous system. The value of ex vivo skin explant models is discussed, as well as the innovative use of animal models, wherein the crucial roles of antigen experience and "wild" microbiota are emphasized. Spectral flow cytometry allowing large surface marker panels to be explored is touched upon, as well as multiplex technology for cytokines and other analytes important for inflammation and tissue damage. Single-cell sequencing and in situ transcriptomics (spatial profiling) now provide exciting granular information on functional cell subsets, interactions and plasticity. A selection of novel research and diagnostic tools for antibodies against linear peptides or gangliosides is presented. Finally, the review discusses a new anti-inflammatory strategy against skin inflammation with a panel of protease inhibitors derived from the protein fraction of industrial starch potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Laman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Botti G, Bianchi A, Pavan B, Tedeschi P, Albanese V, Ferraro L, Spizzo F, Del Bianco L, Dalpiaz A. Effects of Microencapsulated Ferulic Acid or Its Prodrug Methyl Ferulate on Neuroinflammation Induced by Muramyl Dipeptide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10609. [PMID: 36078325 PMCID: PMC9518205 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid (Fer) is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are possibly useful against neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the ability of Fer to permeate the brain, its fast elimination from the body does not allow its therapeutic use to be optimized. The present study proposes the preparation and characterization of tristearin- or stearic acid-based solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) as sustained delivery and targeting systems for Fer. The microparticles were produced by conventional hot emulsion techniques. The synthesis of the methyl ester of Fer (Fer-Me) allowed its encapsulation in the SLMs to increase. Fer-Me was hydrolyzed to Fer in rat whole blood and liver homogenate, evidencing its prodrug behavior. Furthermore, Fer-Me displayed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The amount of encapsulated Fer-Me was 0.719 ± 0.005% or 1.507 ± 0.014% in tristearin or stearic acid SLMs, respectively. The tristearin SLMs were able to control the prodrug release, while the stearic acid SLMs induced a significant increase of its dissolution rate in water. Jointly, the present results suggest that the tristearin SLMs loaded with Fer-Me could be a potential formulation against peripheral neuropathic pain; conversely, the stearic acid SLMs could be useful for Fer-Me uptake in the brain after nasal administration of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Botti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Pavan
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation—Section of Physiology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Tedeschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Albanese
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara and LTTA Center, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federico Spizzo
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, via G. Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Del Bianco
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, via G. Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dalpiaz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Prasad R, Patton MJ, Floyd JL, Fortmann S, DuPont M, Harbour A, Wright J, Lamendella R, Stevens BR, Oudit GY, Grant MB. Plasma Microbiome in COVID-19 Subjects: An Indicator of Gut Barrier Defects and Dysbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9141. [PMID: 36012406 PMCID: PMC9409329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is a well-established route of infection and target for viral damage by SARS-CoV-2. This is supported by the clinical observation that about half of COVID-19 patients exhibit gastrointestinal (GI) complications. We aimed to investigate whether the analysis of plasma could provide insight into gut barrier dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 infection. Plasma samples of COVID-19 patients (n = 146) and healthy individuals (n = 47) were collected during hospitalization and routine visits. Plasma microbiome was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing and gut permeability markers including fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2), peptidoglycan (PGN), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both patient cohorts. Plasma samples of both cohorts contained predominately Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and Actinobacteria. COVID-19 subjects exhibit significant dysbiosis (p = 0.001) of the plasma microbiome with increased abundance of Actinobacteria spp. (p = 0.0332), decreased abundance of Bacteroides spp. (p = 0.0003), and an increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio (p = 0.0003) compared to healthy subjects. The concentration of the plasma gut permeability marker FABP2 (p = 0.0013) and the gut microbial antigens PGN (p < 0.0001) and LPS (p = 0.0049) were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects. These findings support the notion that the intestine may represent a source for bacteremia and contribute to worsening COVID-19 outcomes. Therapies targeting the gut and prevention of gut barrier defects may represent a strategy to improve outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University BLVD, VH490, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Michael John Patton
- Hugh Kaul Precision Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jason Levi. Floyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University BLVD, VH490, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Seth Fortmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University BLVD, VH490, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mariana DuPont
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University BLVD, VH490, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Angela Harbour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University BLVD, VH490, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce R. Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University BLVD, VH490, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Jang HM, Kim JK, Joo MK, Shin YJ, Lee KE, Lee CK, Kim HJ, Kim DH. Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidilactici deteriorate Enterobacteriaceae-induced depression and colitis in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9389. [PMID: 35672451 PMCID: PMC9174183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis is closely associated with the outbreak of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and psychiatric disorder. The Enterobacteriaceae population was higher in the feces of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD-F) than in those of healthy control volunteers (HC-F). The Enterococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae populations were higher in the feces of IBD patients with depression (IBD/D+-F) vs. the feces of IBD patients without depression (IBD/D--F). Therefore, we examined the effects of Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Cronobacter sakazakii, Enterococcus faecium, and Pediococcus acidolactici overpopulated in IBD/D+-F and their byproducts LPS and exopolysaccharide (EPS) on the occurrence of depression and colitis in mice. Oral gavages of Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, and Cronobacter sakazakii belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, singly or together, caused dose-dependently colitis and depression-like behaviors in germ-free and specific-pathogen-free mice. Although Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidolactici did not significantly cause colitis and depression-like behaviors, they significantly deteriorated Klebsiella oxytoca- or Escherichia coli-induced colitis, neuroinflammation, and anxiety/depression-like behaviors and increased blood LPS, corticosterone, and IL-6 levels. The EPSs from Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidolactici also worsened Klebsiella oxytoca LPS-induced colitis, neuroinflammation, and depression-like behaviors in mice and increased the translocation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated LPS into the hippocampus. However, Bifidobacterium longum, which was lower in IBD/D+-F vs. IBD/D--F, or its EPS suppressed them. In conclusion, Enterococcus faecium and Pediococcus acidolactici, known as a probiotic strain, and their EPSs may be a risk factor for the outbreak of depression and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Min Jang
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, 26, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Joo
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Yoon-Jung Shin
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Eon Lee
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Chang Kyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Li C, Liang Y, Qiao Y. Messengers From the Gut: Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites on Host Regulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:863407. [PMID: 35531300 PMCID: PMC9073088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut is the natural habitat for trillions of microorganisms, known as the gut microbiota, which play indispensable roles in maintaining host health. Defining the underlying mechanistic basis of the gut microbiota-host interactions has important implications for treating microbiota-associated diseases. At the fundamental level, the gut microbiota encodes a myriad of microbial enzymes that can modify various dietary precursors and host metabolites and synthesize, de novo, unique microbiota-derived metabolites that traverse from the host gut into the blood circulation. These gut microbiota-derived metabolites serve as key effector molecules to elicit host responses. In this review, we summarize recent studies in the understanding of the major classes of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and peptidoglycan fragments (PGNs) on their regulatory effects on host functions. Elucidation of the structures and biological activities of such gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the host represents an exciting and critical area of research.
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Acute Cerebellar Inflammation and Related Ataxia: Mechanisms and Pathophysiology. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030367. [PMID: 35326323 PMCID: PMC8946185 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum governs motor coordination and motor learning. Infection with external microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, induces the release and production of inflammatory mediators, which drive acute cerebellar inflammation. The clinical observation of acute cerebellitis is associated with the emergence of cerebellar ataxia. In our animal model of the acute inflammation of the cerebellar cortex, animals did not show any ataxia but hyperexcitability in the cerebellar cortex and depression-like behaviors. In contrast, animal models with neurodegeneration of the cerebellar Purkinje cells and hypoexcitability of the neurons show cerebellar ataxia. The suppression of the Ca2+-activated K+ channels in vivo is associated with a type of ataxia. Therefore, there is a gap in our interpretation between the very early phase of cerebellar inflammation and the emergence of cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we discuss the hypothesized scenario concerning the emergence of cerebellar ataxia. First, compared with genetically induced cerebellar ataxias, we introduce infection and inflammation in the cerebellum via aberrant immunity and glial responses. Especially, we focus on infections with cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, dengue virus, and SARS-CoV-2, potential relevance to mitochondrial DNA, and autoimmunity in infection. Second, we review neurophysiological modulation (intrinsic excitability, excitatory, and inhibitory synaptic transmission) by inflammatory mediators and aberrant immunity. Next, we discuss the cerebellar circuit dysfunction (presumably, via maintaining the homeostatic property). Lastly, we propose the mechanism of the cerebellar ataxia and possible treatments for the ataxia in the cerebellar inflammation.
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Luan M, Jin J, Wang Y, Li X, Xie A. Association of PGLYRP2 gene polymorphism and sporadic Parkinson's disease in northern Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2022; 775:136547. [PMID: 35218888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gut inflammation is increasingly corroborated to take part in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The PGLYRP2 gene has been proven to increase susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The present study aimed to explore the genetic relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the PGLYRP2 gene and the risk of sporadic PD in the Han population of northern China. The genotypes of the rs3813135 T/C, rs733731 C/T and rs892145 A/T polymorphisms of the PGLYRP2 gene in 400 Chinese Han patients with PD and 400 healthy age-and sex-matched individuals were identified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The results showed that the frequency of the rs892145 AT heterozygote significantly differed between the PD and control groups (OR = 1.459, 95%CI = 1.459-1.039, P = 0.029), as well as the early-onset PD and control groups (P = 0.024). The rs3813135 polymorphism yielded only one significant result: C allele was more common in the male PD group than in the male control group (P = 0.045). Conversely, no significant difference in the genotype frequency of rs733731 was found between the PD and control groups. Five common haplotypes were assessed, of which the TTA and TCA haplotypes were related to PD susceptibility. In summary, our results indicated that the PGLYRP2 gene is associated with sporadic PD in the Chinese Han population, in which the rs892145 AT heterozygote might increase the risk of PD and possibly the risk of early-onset PD. Moreover, linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed these three PGLYRP2 polymorphisms has a strong linkage in causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Luan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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33
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Gao Y, Fan Y, Yang Z, Ma Q, Zhao B, He X, Gao F, Qian L, Wang W, Chen C, Chen Y, Gao C, Ma X, Zhu F. Systems biological assessment of altered cytokine responses to bacteria and fungi reveals impaired immune functionality in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1205-1216. [PMID: 34728799 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that complex interactions between the immune system and brain have important etiological and therapeutic implications in schizophrenia. However, the detailed cellular and molecular basis of immune dysfunction in schizophrenia remains poorly characterized. To better understand the immune changes and molecular pathways, we systemically compared the cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients with schizophrenia and controls against bacterial, fungal, and purified microbial ligands, and identified aberrant cytokine response patterns to various pathogens, as well as reduced cytokine production after stimulation with muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in schizophrenia. Subsequently, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on unstimulated and stimulated PBMCs from patients and controls and revealed widespread suppression of antiviral and inflammatory programs as well as impaired chemokine/cytokine-receptor interaction networks in various immune cell subpopulations of schizophrenic patients after MDP stimulation. Moreover, serum MDP levels were elevated in these patients and correlated with the course of the disease, suggesting increased bacterial translocation along with disease progression. In vitro assays revealed that MDP pretreatment altered the functional response of normal PBMCs to its re-stimulation, which partially recapitulated the impaired immune function in schizophrenia. In conclusion, we delineated the molecular and cellular landscape of impaired immune function in schizophrenia, and proposed a mutual interplay between innate immune impairment, reduced pathogen clearance, increased MDP translocation along schizophrenia development, and blunted innate immune response. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms that drive systemic immune activation, neuroinflammation, and brain abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yajuan Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zai Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qingyan Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Fengjie Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yunchun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chengge Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiancang Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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34
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Sun Q, Liu X, Li X. Peptidoglycan-based immunomodulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:981-993. [PMID: 35076738 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a unique component in the cytoderm of prokaryotes which can be recognized by different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in eukaryotes, followed by a cascade of immune responses via different pathways. This review outlined the basic structure of PGN, its immunologic functions. The immunomodulation pathways mediated by PGN were elaborated. PGN induces specific immunity through stimulating different cytokine release and Th1/Th2-dominated immune responses during humoral/cellular immune response. The nonspecific immunity activation by PGN involves immunomodulation by different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including PGN recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The sources and classification of PGRPs were summarized. In view of the stimulating activities of PGN and its monomers, the potential application of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected. This review provides systematic information on PGN functionalities from the point of immunoregulation, which might be useful in the deep exploitation of PGN.Key points. The immunological functions of PGN were illustrated. Cellular and humoral immunomodulation by PGN were outlined. The use of PGN as vaccine or adjuvant was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshen Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiuliang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150500, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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35
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Stimmer L, Confais J, Jong A, Veth J, Fovet CM, Horellou P, Massonneau J, Perrin A, Miotello G, Avazeri E, Hart B, Deiva K, Le Grand R, Armengaud J, Bajramovic JJ, Contamin H, Serguera C. Recombinant myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein quality modifies evolution of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in macaques. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1513-1522. [PMID: 34376778 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) is a well-recognized model for the study of human acquired demyelinating diseases (ADD), a group of inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, myelin loss, and neurological impairment of variable severity. In rodents, EAE is typically induced by active immunization with a combination of myelin-derived antigen and a strong adjuvant as complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), containing components of the mycobacterial wall, while myelin antigen alone or associated with other bacterial components, as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), often fails to induce EAE. In contrast to this, EAE can be efficiently induced in non-human primates by immunization with the recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rhMOG), produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli), purified and formulated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), which lacks bacterial elements. Here, we provide evidence indicating how trace amounts of bacterial contaminants within rhMOG may influence the course and severity of EAE in the cynomolgus macaque immunized with rhMOG/IFA. The residual amount of E. coli contaminants, as detected with mass spectrometry within rhMOG protein stocks, were found to significantly modulate the severity of clinical, radiological, and histologic hallmarks of EAE in macaques. Indeed, animals receiving the purest rhMOG showed milder disease severity, increased numbers of remissions, and reduced brain damage. Histologically, these animals presented a wider diversity of lesion types, including changes in normal-appearing white matter and prephagocytic lesions. Non-human primates EAE model with milder histologic lesions reflect more accurately ADD and permits to study of the pathogenesis of disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Stimmer
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France. .,INSERM, UMR 1127, Paris Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France.
| | | | - Anke't Jong
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Veth
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Claire-Maëlle Fovet
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Horellou
- Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julie Massonneau
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Audrey Perrin
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Département Médicaments et Technologie pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Emilie Avazeri
- Département Médicaments et Technologie pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Bert't Hart
- Department Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, Netherlands and University of Groningen, Department Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kumaran Deiva
- Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Reference Center for Rare Inflammatory and Auto-immune Brain and Spinal Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Inserm UMR 1184 and Institut de biologie François Jacob, Infectious Diseases Models for Innovative Therapies (IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologie pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jeffrey J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ché Serguera
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM, UMR 1127, Paris Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France.,Asfalia Biologics, Paris Brain & Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France
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36
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Ding M, Lang Y, Shu H, Shao J, Cui L. Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Epilepsy: A Review on Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742449. [PMID: 34707612 PMCID: PMC8542678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, and regulates intestinal homeostasis and the central nervous system via neural networks and neuroendocrine, immune, and inflammatory pathways. The development of sequencing technology has evidenced the key regulatory role of the gut microbiota in several neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Epilepsy is a complex disease with multiple risk factors that affect more than 50 million people worldwide; nearly 30% of patients with epilepsy cannot be controlled with drugs. Interestingly, patients with inflammatory bowel disease are more susceptible to epilepsy, and a ketogenic diet is an effective treatment for patients with intractable epilepsy. Based on these clinical facts, the role of the microbiome and the gut-brain axis in epilepsy cannot be ignored. In this review, we discuss the relationship between the gut microbiota and epilepsy, summarize the possible pathogenic mechanisms of epilepsy from the perspective of the microbiota gut-brain axis, and discuss novel therapies targeting the gut microbiota. A better understanding of the role of the microbiota in the gut-brain axis, especially the intestinal one, would help investigate the mechanism, diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and treatment of intractable epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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37
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Martín-Sanz P, García-Del Portillo F, Laparra JM, Boscá L. NOD1 in the interplay between microbiota and gastrointestinal immune adaptations. Pharmacol Res 2021; 171:105775. [PMID: 34273489 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that detects bacterial peptidoglycan fragments and other danger signals, has been linked to inflammatory pathologies. NOD1, which is expressed by immune and non-immune cells, is activated after recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). This recognition triggers host defense responses and both immune memory and tolerance can also be achieved during these processes. Since the gut microbiota is currently considered a master regulator of human physiology central in health and disease and the intestine metabolizes a wide range of nutrients, drugs and hormones, it is a fact that dysbiosis can alter tissues and organs homeostasis. These systemic alterations occur in response to gastrointestinal immune adaptations that are not yet fully understood. Even if previous evidence confirms the connection between the microbiota, the immune system and metabolic disorders, much remains to be discovered about the contribution of NOD1 to low-grade inflammatory pathologies such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This review compiles the most recent findings in this area, while providing a dynamic and practical framework with future approaches for research and clinical applications on targeting NOD1. This knowledge can help to rate the consequences of the disease and to stratify the patients for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Moisés Laparra
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA Food), Ctra, Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Ghezzi L, Cantoni C, Pinget GV, Zhou Y, Piccio L. Targeting the gut to treat multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e143774. [PMID: 34196310 DOI: 10.1172/jci143774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis (GBA) refers to the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems, together linking brain and gut functions. Perturbations of the GBA have been reported in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), suggesting a possible role in disease pathogenesis and making it a potential therapeutic target. While research in the area is still in its infancy, a number of studies revealed that pwMS are more likely to exhibit altered microbiota, altered levels of short chain fatty acids and secondary bile products, and increased intestinal permeability. However, specific microbes and metabolites identified across studies and cohorts vary greatly. Small clinical and preclinical trials in pwMS and mouse models, in which microbial composition was manipulated through the use of antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and probiotic supplements, have provided promising outcomes in preventing CNS inflammation. However, results are not always consistent, and large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking. Herein, we give an overview of how the GBA could contribute to MS pathogenesis, examine the different approaches tested to modulate the GBA, and discuss how they may impact neuroinflammation and demyelination in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ghezzi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gabriela V Pinget
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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39
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Prasad R, Patton MJ, Floyd JL, Vieira CP, Fortmann S, DuPont M, Harbour A, Jeremy CS, Wright J, Lamendella R, Stevens BR, Grant MB. Plasma microbiome in COVID-19 subjects: an indicator of gut barrier defects and dysbiosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33851159 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.06.438634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The gut is a well-established route of infection and target for viral damage by SARS-CoV-2. This is supported by the clinical observation that about half of COVID-19 patients exhibit gastrointestinal ( GI ) symptoms. We asked whether the analysis of plasma could provide insight into gut barrier dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 infection. Plasma samples of COVID-19 patients (n=30) and healthy control (n=16) were collected during hospitalization. Plasma microbiome was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing, metatranscriptomic analysis, and gut permeability markers including FABP-2, PGN and LPS in both patient cohorts. Almost 65% (9 out 14) COVID-19 patients showed abnormal presence of gut microbes in their bloodstream. Plasma samples contained predominately Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria . The abundance of gram-negative bacteria ( Acinetobacter, Nitrospirillum, Cupriavidus, Pseudomonas, Aquabacterium, Burkholderia, Caballeronia, Parabhurkholderia, Bravibacterium, and Sphingomonas ) was higher than the gram-positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus ) in COVID-19 subjects. The levels of plasma gut permeability markers FABP2 (1282±199.6 vs 838.1±91.33; p=0.0757), PGN (34.64±3.178 vs 17.53±2.12; p<0.0001), and LPS (405.5±48.37 vs 249.6±17.06; p=0.0049) were higher in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects. These findings support that the intestine may represent a source for bacteremia and may contribute to worsening COVID-19 outcomes. Therapies targeting the gut and prevention of gut barrier defects may represent a strategy to improve outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
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40
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Elesh IF, Marey MA, Zinnah MA, Akthar I, Kawai T, Naim F, Goda W, Rawash ARA, Sasaki M, Shimada M, Miyamoto A. Peptidoglycan Switches Off the TLR2-Mediated Sperm Recognition and Triggers Sperm Localization in the Bovine Endometrium. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619408. [PMID: 33643300 PMCID: PMC7905083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the uterine mucosal immune system simultaneously recognizes and reacts to most bacteria as well as allogenic sperm mainly through the Toll-like receptors (TLR)2/4 signaling pathway. Here, we characterized the impact of pathogen-derived TLR2/4 ligands (peptidoglycan (PGN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) on the immune crosstalk of sperm with the bovine endometrial epithelium. The real-time PCR analysis showed that the presence of low levels of PGN, but not LPS, blocked the sperm-induced inflammatory responses in bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) in vitro. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that PGN prevented the sperm-induced phosphorylation of JNK in BEECs. Activation or blockade of the TLR2 system in the endometrial epithelium verified that TLR2 signaling acts as a commonly-shared pathway for PGN and sperm recognition. The impairment of endometrial sperm recognition, induced by PGN, subsequently inhibited sperm phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Moreover, using an ex vivo endometrial explant that more closely resembles those in vivo conditions, showed that sperm provoked a mild and reversible endometrial tissue injury and triggered PMN recruitment into uterine glands, while PGN inhibited these events. Of note, PGN markedly increased the sperm attachment to uterine glands, and relatively so in the surface epithelium. However, addition of the anti-CD44 antibody into a PGN-sperm-explant co-culture completely blocked sperm attachment into glands and surface epithelia, indicating that the CD44 adhesion molecule is involved in the PGN-triggered sperm attachment to the endometrial epithelium. Together, these findings demonstrate that, the presence of PGN residues disrupts sperm immune recognition and prevents the physiological inflammation induced by sperm in the endometrial epithelium via the MyD88-dependent pathway of TLR2 signaling, possibly leading to impairment of uterine clearance and subsequent embryo receptivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Fouad Elesh
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali Marey
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Ali Zinnah
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Ihshan Akthar
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawai
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Fayrouz Naim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wael Goda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Abdel Rahman A Rawash
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Motoki Sasaki
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimada
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Akio Miyamoto
- Global Agromedicine Research Center (GAMRC), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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MacCain WJ, Tuomanen EI. Mini-Review: Bioactivities of Bacterial Cell Envelopes in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:588378. [PMID: 33194834 PMCID: PMC7649116 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.588378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute bacterial meningitis, recognition of the bacterial envelope by immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) generates a robust response that is essential to clear bacteria. This response is further amplified during treatment when lytic antibiotics, required for cure, also generate a burst of highly inflammatory cell envelope debris. Different peptidoglycan (PG) subcomponents interact with neurons, glia, and the blood brain barrier resulting in the entire symptom complex of meningitis. Recently, this CNS-cell envelope signaling axis has been extended to non-inflammatory recognition of cell wall components circulating from endogenous bacteria to the brain resulting in both benefit and chronic damage. This review will describe the molecular details of a broad array of cell envelope-induced responses in the CNS and what current strategies can be implemented to improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J MacCain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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Kohl HM, Castillo AR, Ochoa-Repáraz J. The Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis: Can Genetically Engineered Probiotics Treat the Disease? Diseases 2020; 8:diseases8030033. [PMID: 32872621 PMCID: PMC7563507 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the intestinal microbiota as a critical regulator of the development and function of the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. Experimental work in animal models has provided the foundation for clinical studies to investigate associations between microbiota composition and function and human disease, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Initial work done using an animal model of brain inflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests the existence of a microbiota-gut-brain axis connection in the context of MS, and microbiome sequence analyses reveal increases and decreases of microbial taxa in MS intestines. In this review, we discuss the impact of the intestinal microbiota on the immune system and the role of the microbiome-gut-brain axis in the neuroinflammatory disease MS. We also discuss experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that modulating the intestinal microbiota through genetically modified probiotics may provide immunomodulatory and protective effects as a novel therapeutic approach to treat this devastating disease.
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43
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Bacterial Peptidoglycans from Microbiota in Neurodevelopment and Behavior. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:729-743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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