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Deroissart J, Binder CJ, Porsch F. Role of Antibodies and Their Specificities in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:2154-2168. [PMID: 39114917 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.319843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease that is modulated by innate and adaptive immunity including humoral immunity. Importantly, antibody alterations achieved by genetic means or active and passive immunization strategies in preclinical studies can improve or aggravate atherosclerosis. Additionally, a wide range of epidemiological data demonstrate not only an association between the total levels of different antibody isotypes but also levels of antibodies targeting specific antigens with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Here, we discuss the potential role of atherogenic dyslipidemia on the antibody repertoire and review potential antibody-mediated effector mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis development highlighting the major atherosclerosis-associated antigens that trigger antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Deroissart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Florentina Porsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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2
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Farina CJ, Davidson MH, Shah PK, Stark C, Lu W, Shirodaria C, Wright T, Antoniades CA, Nilsson J, Mehta NN. Inhibition of oxidized low-density lipoprotein with orticumab inhibits coronary inflammation and reduces residual inflammatory risk in psoriasis: a pilot randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:678-680. [PMID: 38523341 PMCID: PMC11135636 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael H Davidson
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Prediman K Shah
- Department of Cardiology and Smidt Heart Institute, Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Stark
- Abcentra, 1925 Century Park E #1700, Los Angeles, CA 90067, USA
| | - Wenqi Lu
- Abcentra, 1925 Century Park E #1700, Los Angeles, CA 90067, USA
| | | | - Timothy Wright
- Abcentra, 1925 Century Park E #1700, Los Angeles, CA 90067, USA
| | - Charalambos A Antoniades
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Acute Multidisciplinary Imaging and Interventional Centre, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Abcentra, 1925 Century Park E #1700, Los Angeles, CA 90067, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Roper BWR, Tiede C, Abdul-Zani I, Cuthbert GA, Jade D, Al-Aufi A, Critchley WR, Saikia Q, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Sawamura T, McPherson MJ, Harrison MA, Tomlinson DC, Ponnambalam S. "Affimer" synthetic protein scaffolds block oxidized LDL binding to the LOX-1 scavenger receptor and inhibit ERK1/2 activation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105325. [PMID: 37805141 PMCID: PMC10641530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, a variety of lipid-protein particles control the systemic flow of triacylglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids between cells in different tissues. The chemical modification by oxidation of these particles can trigger pathological responses, mediated by a group of membrane proteins termed scavenger receptors. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) scavenger receptor binds to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and mediates both signaling and trafficking outcomes. Here, we identified five synthetic proteins termed Affimers from a phage display library, each capable of binding recombinant LOX-1 extracellular (oxLDL-binding) domain with high specificity. These Affimers, based on a phytocystatin scaffold with loop regions of variable sequence, were able to bind to the plasma membrane of HEK293T cells exclusively when human LOX-1 was expressed. Binding and uptake of fluorescently labeled oxLDL by the LOX-1-expressing cell model was inhibited with subnanomolar potency by all 5 Affimers. ERK1/2 activation, stimulated by oxLDL binding to LOX-1, was also significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) by preincubation with LOX-1-specific Affimers, but these Affimers had no direct agonistic effect. Molecular modeling indicated that the LOX-1-specific Affimers bound predominantly via their variable loop regions to the surface of the LOX-1 lectin-like domain that contains a distinctive arrangement of arginine residues previously implicated in oxLDL binding, involving interactions with both subunits of the native, stable scavenger receptor homodimer. These data provide a new class of synthetic tools to probe and potentially modulate the oxLDL/LOX-1 interaction that plays an important role in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby W R Roper
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Izma Abdul-Zani
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gary A Cuthbert
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Dhananjay Jade
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ahmed Al-Aufi
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Queen Saikia
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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4
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Mattsson J, Ljungars A, Carlsson A, Svensson C, Nilsson B, Ohlin M, Frendéus B. Sequence enrichment profiles enable target-agnostic antibody generation for a broad range of antigens. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100475. [PMID: 37323567 PMCID: PMC10261905 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic drug discovery (PDD) enables the target-agnostic generation of therapeutic drugs with novel mechanisms of action. However, realizing its full potential for biologics discovery requires new technologies to produce antibodies to all, a priori unknown, disease-associated biomolecules. We present a methodology that helps achieve this by integrating computational modeling, differential antibody display selection, and massive parallel sequencing. The method uses the law of mass action-based computational modeling to optimize antibody display selection and, by matching computationally modeled and experimentally selected sequence enrichment profiles, predict which antibody sequences encode specificity for disease-associated biomolecules. Applied to a phage display antibody library and cell-based antibody selection, ∼105 antibody sequences encoding specificity for tumor cell surface receptors expressed at 103-106 receptors/cell were discovered. We anticipate that this approach will be broadly applicable to molecular libraries coupling genotype to phenotype and to the screening of complex antigen populations for identification of antibodies to unknown disease-associated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mattsson
- BioInvent, Research, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Ljungars
- BioInvent, Research, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Carolin Svensson
- BioInvent, Research, Lund, Sweden
- Section of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- SciLifeLab Human Antibody Therapeutics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Frendéus
- BioInvent, Research, Lund, Sweden
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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5
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Aghajanian H, Rurik JG, Epstein JA. CAR-based therapies: opportunities for immuno-medicine beyond cancer. Nat Metab 2022; 4:163-169. [PMID: 35228742 PMCID: PMC9947862 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the most exciting new therapies for cancer involves the use of autologous T cells that are engineered to recognize and destroy cancerous cells. Patients with previously untreatable B cell leukaemias and lymphomas have been cured, and efforts are underway to extend this success to other tumours. Here, we discuss recent studies and emerging research aimed to extend this approach beyond oncology in areas such as cardiometabolic disorders, autoimmunity, fibrosis and senescence. We also summarize new technologies that may help to reduce the cost and increase access to related forms of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haig Aghajanian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joel G. Rurik
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan A. Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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6
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Marchini T, Abogunloko T, Wolf D. Modulating Autoimmunity against LDL: Development of a Vaccine against Atherosclerosis. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:447-457. [PMID: 34942658 PMCID: PMC8702296 DOI: 10.1055/a-1661-1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAtherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall that leads to the build-up of occluding atherosclerotic plaques. Its clinical sequelae, myocardial infarction and stroke, represent the most frequent causes of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial pathology that involves traditional risk factors and chronic low-grade inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque and systemically. This process is accompanied by a strong autoimmune response that involves autoreactive T cells in lymph nodes and atherosclerotic plaques, as well as autoantibodies that recognize low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its main protein component apolipoprotein B (ApoB). In the past 60 years, numerous preclinical observations have suggested that immunomodulatory vaccination with LDL, ApoB, or its peptides has the potential to specifically dampen autoimmunity, enhance tolerance to atherosclerosis-specific antigens, and protect from experimental atherosclerosis in mouse models. Here, we summarize and discuss mechanisms, challenges, and therapeutic opportunities of immunomodulatory vaccination and other strategies to enhance protective immunity in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoteo Marchini
- Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tijani Abogunloko
- Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Promoting athero-protective immunity by vaccination with low density lipoprotein-derived antigens. Atherosclerosis 2021; 335:89-97. [PMID: 34462127 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses activated by LDL particles that have been trapped and oxidized in the arterial wall play an important role in atherosclerosis. Some of these immune responses are protective by facilitating the removal of pro-inflammatory and toxic lipid species formed as result of LDL oxidation. However, should these protective immune responses be insufficient, other more potent pro-inflammatory immune responses instead contributing to disease progression will gradually become dominant. The importance of the balance between protective and pathogenic immunity is particularly apparent when it comes to the adaptive immune system where pro-inflammatory T helper 1 (Th1) type T cells aggravate atherosclerosis, while regulatory T cells (Tregs) have an opposing role. As oxidized LDL is a key autoantigen in atherosclerosis, it has become an interesting possibility that immune-modulatory therapy that favors the activity of apolipoprotein B peptide-specific Tregs could be developed into a novel treatment strategy for prevention/stabilization of atherosclerosis and ischemic cardiovascular events. Indeed, several such oxidized LDL tolerance vaccines have shown promising results in animal models of atherosclerosis. This review will discuss the experimental background for development of atherosclerosis vaccines based on LDL-derived antigens as well as the challenges involved in translating these findings into clinical application.
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Lyu J, Fukunaga K, Imachi H, Sato S, Kobayashi T, Saheki T, Ibata T, Yoshimura T, Iwama H, Murao K. Oxidized LDL Downregulates ABCA1 Expression via MEK/ERK/LXR Pathway in INS-1 Cells. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093017. [PMID: 34578896 PMCID: PMC8465850 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired insulin secretion is one of the main causes of type 2 diabetes. Cholesterol accumulation-induced lipotoxicity contributes to impaired insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. However, the detailed mechanism in this process remains unclear. In this study, we proved that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) reduced insulin content, decreased PDX-1 expression, and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in INS-1 cells, which were rescued by addition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). OxLDL receptors and cholesterol content were increased by OxLDL. Consistently, OxLDL suppressed cholesterol transporter ABCA1 expression and transcription in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Inhibition of MEK by its specific inhibitor, PD98059, altered the effect of OxLDL on ABCA1 transcription and activation of ERK. Next, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that liver X receptor (LXR) could directly bind to ABCA1 promoter and this binding was inhibited by OxLDL. Furthermore, OxLDL decreased the nuclear LXR expression, which was prevented by HDL. LXR-enhanced ABCA1 transcription was suppressed by OxLDL, and the effect was cancelled by mutation of the LXR-binding sites. In summary, our study shows that OxLDL down-regulates ABCA1 expression by MEK/ERK/LXR pathway, leading to cholesterol accumulation in INS-1 cells, which may result in impaired insulin synthesis and GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Lyu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China;
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.F.); (H.I.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.I.); (T.Y.)
| | - Kensaku Fukunaga
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.F.); (H.I.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.I.); (T.Y.)
| | - Hitomi Imachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.F.); (H.I.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.I.); (T.Y.)
| | - Seisuke Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.F.); (H.I.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.I.); (T.Y.)
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.F.); (H.I.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.I.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takanobu Saheki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.F.); (H.I.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.I.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tomohiro Ibata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.F.); (H.I.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.I.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takafumi Yoshimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.F.); (H.I.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.I.); (T.Y.)
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Koji Murao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (K.F.); (H.I.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (T.S.); (T.I.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Ji E, Lee S. Antibody-Based Therapeutics for Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115770. [PMID: 34071276 PMCID: PMC8199089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing due to the aging of societies. Atherosclerosis, a type of chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in arteries, is considered to be the main cause of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease or stroke. In addition, the inflammatory response caused by atherosclerosis confers a significant effect on chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatic arthritis. Here, we review the mechanism of action of the main causes of atherosclerosis such as plasma LDL level and inflammation; furthermore, we review the recent findings on the preclinical and clinical effects of antibodies that reduce the LDL level and those that neutralize the cytokines involved in inflammation. The apolipoprotein B autoantibody and anti-PCSK9 antibody reduced the level of LDL and plaques in animal studies, but failed to significantly reduce carotid inflammation plaques in clinical trials. The monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 (alirocumab, evolocumab), which are used as a treatment for hyperlipidemia, lowered cholesterol levels and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Antibodies that neutralize inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-12/23) have shown promising but contradictory results and thus warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Ji
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Sahmin Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence:
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10
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Yao Mattisson I, Rattik S, Björkbacka H, Ljungcrantz I, Terrinoni M, Lebens M, Holmgren J, Fredrikson GN, Gullstrand B, Bengtsson AA, Nilsson J, Wigren M. Immune responses against oxidized LDL as possible targets for prevention of atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 140:106863. [PMID: 33857652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and traditional therapies including statins provide insufficient protection. Impaired removal of apoptotic material is a common pathogenic mechanism in both SLE and atherosclerosis and is considered to be a key factor in the development of autoimmunity. Since oxidized LDL and apoptotic material bind to the same receptors, we aimed to investigate if targeting the oxidized LDL autoimmunity can affect atherosclerosis in SLE. To investigate the possible role of oxidized LDL autoimmunity in the accelerated atherosclerosis associated with SLE we used a hypercholesterolemic SLE mouse model (B6.lpr.ApoE-/- mice). Promoting LDL tolerance through mucosal immunization with an apolipoprotein B-100 peptide p45 (amino acids 661-680) and cholera toxin B-subunit fusion protein increased regulatory T cells and B cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and reduced plaque development in the aorta by 33%. Treatment with the oxidized LDL-specific antibody Orticumab reduced aortic atherosclerosis by 43%, subvalvular plaque area by 50% and the macrophage content by 31%. The present study provides support for oxLDL as a possible target for prevention of cardiovascular complications in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Yao Mattisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Sara Rattik
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Manuela Terrinoni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Lebens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Holmgren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran K Hansson
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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12
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Abstract
Adaptive as well as innate immune responses contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Studies performed in experimental animals have revealed that some of these immune responses are protective while others contribute to the progression of disease. These observations suggest that it may be possible to develop novel therapies for cardiovascular disease by selectively modulating such atheroprotective and proatherogenic immunity. Recent advances in cancer treatment using immune check inhibitors and CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T-cell therapy serve as excellent examples of the possibilities of targeting the immune system to combat disease. LDL (low-density lipoprotein) that has accumulated in the artery wall is a key autoantigen in atherosclerosis, and activation of antigen-specific T helper 1–type T cells is thought to fuel plaque inflammation. Studies aiming to prove this concept by immunizing experimental animals with oxidized LDL particles unexpectedly resulted in activation of atheroprotective immunity involving regulatory T cells. This prompted several research groups to try to develop vaccines against atherosclerosis. In this review, we will discuss the experimental and clinical data supporting the possibility of developing immune-based therapies for lowering cardiovascular risk. We will also summarize ongoing clinical studies and discuss the challenges associated with developing an effective and safe atherosclerosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nilsson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (J.N.)
| | - Göran K. Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute, Sweden (G.K.H.)
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13
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Itabe H, Kato R, Sawada N, Obama T, Yamamoto M. The Significance of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Body Fluids as a Marker Related to Diseased Conditions. Curr Med Chem 2019. [PMID: 29521196 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180307114855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is known to be involved in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. The presence of oxLDL in the human circulatory system and in atherosclerotic lesions has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies. Studies have shown the significance of circulating oxLDL in various systemic diseases, including acute myocardial infarction and diabetic mellitus. Several different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures to measure oxLDL were utilized. Evidence has been accumulating that reveals changes in oxLDL levels under certain pathological conditions. Since oxLDL concentration tends to correlate with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, the ratio of ox-LDL and LDL rather than oxLDL concentration alone has also been focused. In addition to circulating plasma, LDL and oxLDL are found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), where the ratio of oxLDL to LDL in GCF is much higher than in plasma. LDL and oxLDL levels in GCF show an increase in diabetic patients and periodontal patients, suggesting that GCF might be useful in examining systemic conditions. GCF oxLDL increased when the teeth were affected by periodontitis. It is likely that oxLDL levels in plasma and GCF could reflect oxidative stress and transfer efficacy in the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Kato
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sawada
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Obama
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Purnell JQ, Urbanski HF, Kievit P, Roberts CT, Bethea CL. Estradiol Replacement Timing and Obesogenic Diet Effects on Body Composition and Metabolism in Postmenopausal Macaques. Endocrinology 2019; 160:899-914. [PMID: 30753523 PMCID: PMC6435013 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Whether hormone replacement therapy has beneficial metabolic effects in postmenopausal women remains controversial because of between-study differences in menopausal duration, estrogen formulations, and diet. Additionally, animal studies have not reflected the typical human obesogenic, Western-style diet (WSD). In this study, we determined the effects of immediate 17β-estradiol (ImE) or delayed 17β-estradiol treatment on weight and metabolism parameters in old ovo-hysterectomized rhesus macaques consuming a WSD over a 30-month period. The placebo and ImE groups exhibited progressive gains in weight and fat mass, which ImE initially attenuated but did not prevent. Progression of insulin resistance (IR) was lessened by ImE compared with placebo under both fasting and IV glucose-stimulated conditions, plateauing in all groups between 24 and 30 months. Consequently, relative euglycemia was maintained through lower stimulated insulin levels with ImE than with placebo. Bone mineral density decreased in the placebo group but was maintained in the ImE group, whereas bone mineral content was unaffected by placebo and increased with ImE. Daily activity was reduced while macaques consumed a WSD and was not affected by ImE. Over time, total cholesterol, triglyceride, very-low-density cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, and IL-8 levels increased or trended upward in all animals, with only the change in HDL-C affected by ImE. Delayed estrogen treatment (months 24 to 30) had no significant impact on body composition or glucometabolic parameters. In summary, detrimental WSD-induced changes in body composition and metabolism were only temporarily ameliorated by ImE, with the important exception of glucose homeostasis, which benefited from E replacement even as body composition worsened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Q Purnell
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Correspondence: Jonathan Q. Purnell, MD, Oregon Health & Science University, Mailstop MDYMI, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239. E-mail:
| | - Henryk F Urbanski
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Cynthia L Bethea
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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15
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Canter RJ, Le CT, Beerthuijzen JM, Murphy WJ. Obesity as an immune-modifying factor in cancer immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:487-497. [PMID: 29762866 PMCID: PMC6113103 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ri1017-401rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has achieved breakthrough status in many advanced stage malignancies and is rapidly becoming the fourth arm of cancer treatment. Although cancer immunotherapy has generated significant excitement because of the potential for complete and sometimes durable responses, there is also the potential for severe and occasionally life-threatening toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome and severe autoimmunity. A large body of work also points to a "metainflammatory" state in obesity associated with impairment of immune responses. Because immune checkpoint blockade (and other cancer immunotherapies) have altered the landscape of immunotherapy in cancer, it is important to understand how immune responses are shaped by obesity and how obesity may modify both immunotherapy responses and potential toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Canter
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Catherine T Le
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Johanna M.T. Beerthuijzen
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - William J. Murphy
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
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16
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van Leeuwen EM, Emri E, Merle BMJ, Colijn JM, Kersten E, Cougnard-Gregoire A, Dammeier S, Meester-Smoor M, Pool FM, de Jong EK, Delcourt C, Rodrigez-Bocanegra E, Biarnés M, Luthert PJ, Ueffing M, Klaver CCW, Nogoceke E, den Hollander AI, Lengyel I. A new perspective on lipid research in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 67:56-86. [PMID: 29729972 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgency to find new treatment strategies that could prevent or delay the onset or progression of AMD. Different classes of lipids and lipoproteins metabolism genes have been associated with AMD in a multiple ways, but despite the ever-increasing knowledge base, we still do not understand fully how circulating lipids or local lipid metabolism contribute to AMD. It is essential to clarify whether dietary lipids, systemic or local lipoprotein metabolismtrafficking of lipids in the retina should be targeted in the disease. In this article, we critically evaluate what has been reported in the literature and identify new directions needed to bring about a significant advance in our understanding of the role for lipids in AMD. This may help to develop potential new treatment strategies through targeting the lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eszter Emri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Benedicte M J Merle
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Johanna M Colijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Kersten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Audrey Cougnard-Gregoire
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Magda Meester-Smoor
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eiko K de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Everson Nogoceke
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
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17
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Al-Mashhadi AL, Poulsen CB, von Wachenfeldt K, Robertson AK, Bentzon JF, Nielsen LB, Thygesen J, Tolbod LP, Larsen JR, Moestrup SK, Frendéus B, Mortensen B, Drouet L, Al-Mashhadi RH, Falk E. Diet-Induced Abdominal Obesity, Metabolic Changes, and Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Minipigs. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:6823193. [PMID: 29682581 PMCID: PMC5845503 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6823193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are major risk factors for atherosclerotic diseases; however, a causal link remains elusive. Animal models resembling human MetS and its complications, while important, are scarce. We aimed at developing a porcine model of human MetS. METHODS Forty pigs with familial hypercholesterolemia were fed a high fat + fructose diet for 30 weeks. Metabolic assessments and subcutaneous fat biopsies were obtained at 18 and 30 weeks, and fat distribution was assessed by CT-scans. Postmortem, macrophage density, and phenotype in fat tissues were quantified along with atherosclerotic burden. RESULTS During the experiment, we observed a >4-fold in body weight, a significant but small increase in fasting glucose (4.1 mmol/L), insulin (3.1 mU/L), triglycerides (0.5 mmol/L), and HDL cholesterol (2.6 mmol/L). Subcutaneous fat correlated with insulin resistance, but intra-abdominal fat correlated inversely with insulin resistance and LDL cholesterol. More inflammatory macrophages were found in visceral versus subcutaneous fat, and inflammation decreased in subcutaneous fat over time. CONCLUSIONS MetS based on human criteria was not achieved. Surprisingly, visceral fat seemed part of a healthier metabolic and inflammatory profile. These results differ from human findings, and further research is needed to understand the relationship between obesity and MetS in porcine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ludvigsen Al-Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Bo Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Bo Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Thygesen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Poulsen Tolbod
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Rolighed Larsen
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Kragh Moestrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Brynjulf Mortensen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Drouet
- Institute of Vessels and Blood, Hospital Lariboisiere, Paris, France
| | - Rozh H. Al-Mashhadi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erling Falk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Havel PJ, Kievit P, Comuzzie AG, Bremer AA. Use and Importance of Nonhuman Primates in Metabolic Disease Research: Current State of the Field. ILAR J 2017; 58:251-268. [PMID: 29216341 PMCID: PMC6074797 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its multiple metabolic sequelae, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and fatty liver disease, are becoming increasingly widespread in both the developed and developing world. There is an urgent need to identify new approaches for the prevention and treatment of these costly and prevalent metabolic conditions. Accomplishing this will require the use of appropriate animal models for preclinical and translational investigations in metabolic disease research. Although studies in rodent models are often useful for target/pathway identification and testing hypotheses, there are important differences in metabolic physiology between rodents and primates, and experimental findings in rodent models have often failed to be successfully translated into new, clinically useful therapeutic modalities in humans. Nonhuman primates represent a valuable and physiologically relevant model that serve as a critical translational bridge between basic studies performed in rodent models and clinical studies in humans. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence, including a number of specific examples, in support of the use of nonhuman primate models in metabolic disease research, as well as some of the disadvantages and limitations involved in the use of nonhuman primates. The evidence taken as a whole indicates that nonhuman primates are and will remain an indispensable resource for evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel therapeutic strategies targeting clinically important metabolic diseases, including dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis, and potentially the cognitive decline and dementia associated with metabolic dysfunction, prior to taking these therapies into clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Havel
- Peter J. Havel, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California. Paul Kievit, PhD, is an assistant professor at Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon and Director of the Obese NHP Resource at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon. Anthony G. Comuzzie, PhD, is a senior scientist at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Department of Genetics at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas and currently the Executive Director of The Obesity Society, Silver Springs, Maryland. Andrew A. Bremer, MD, PhD, is Scientific Program Director in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Kievit
- Peter J. Havel, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California. Paul Kievit, PhD, is an assistant professor at Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon and Director of the Obese NHP Resource at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon. Anthony G. Comuzzie, PhD, is a senior scientist at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Department of Genetics at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas and currently the Executive Director of The Obesity Society, Silver Springs, Maryland. Andrew A. Bremer, MD, PhD, is Scientific Program Director in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Peter J. Havel, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California. Paul Kievit, PhD, is an assistant professor at Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon and Director of the Obese NHP Resource at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon. Anthony G. Comuzzie, PhD, is a senior scientist at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Department of Genetics at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas and currently the Executive Director of The Obesity Society, Silver Springs, Maryland. Andrew A. Bremer, MD, PhD, is Scientific Program Director in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- Peter J. Havel, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Nutrition, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California. Paul Kievit, PhD, is an assistant professor at Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon and Director of the Obese NHP Resource at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon. Anthony G. Comuzzie, PhD, is a senior scientist at the Southwest National Primate Research Center and the Department of Genetics at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas and currently the Executive Director of The Obesity Society, Silver Springs, Maryland. Andrew A. Bremer, MD, PhD, is Scientific Program Director in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Abbasi Oshaghi E, Goodarzi MT, Higgins V, Adeli K. Role of resveratrol in the management of insulin resistance and related conditions: Mechanism of action. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 54:267-293. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1343274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Abbasi Oshaghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Victoria Higgins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Gisterå A, Hermansson A, Strodthoff D, Klement ML, Hedin U, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ. Vaccination against T-cell epitopes of native ApoB100 reduces vascular inflammation and disease in a humanized mouse model of atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2017; 281:383-397. [PMID: 28194913 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The T-cell response to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the vessel wall plays a critical role in atherosclerotic plaque formation and stability. In this study, we used a new translational approach to investigate epitopes from human apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), the protein component of LDL, which triggers T-cell activation. We also evaluated the potential of two selected native ApoB100 epitopes to modulate atherosclerosis in human ApoB100-transgenic Ldlr-/- (HuBL) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS HuBL mice were immunized with human atherosclerotic plaque homogenate to boost cellular autoimmune response to tissue-derived ApoB100 epitopes. In vitro challenge of splenocytes from immunized mice with a library of overlapping native peptides covering human ApoB100 revealed several sequences eliciting T-cell proliferation. Of these sequences, peptide (P) 265 and P295 were predicted to bind several human leucocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and induced high levels of interferon (IFN)-γ. Vaccination of HuBL mice with these peptides mounted a strong adaptive immune response to native ApoB100, including high levels of epitope-specific plasma IgGs. Interestingly, P265 and P295 vaccines significantly decreased plaque size, reduced macrophage infiltration and increased IgG1 deposition in the plaques. Purified IgGs from vaccinated mice displayed anti-inflammatory properties against macrophages in vitro, reducing their response to LPS in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION We identified two specific epitopes from human native ApoB100 that trigger T-cell activation and protect HuBL mice against atherosclerosis when used in a vaccine. Our data suggest that vaccination-induced protective mechanisms may be mediated at least in part through specific antibody responses to LDL that inhibit macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gisterå
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Hermansson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Strodthoff
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Klement
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G N Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - G K Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D F J Ketelhuth
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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REPLY: Treatment with oxLDL antibody reduces cathepsin S expression in atherosclerosis via down-regulating ADAR1-mediated RNA editing. Int J Cardiol 2017; 229:8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Su J, Zhou H, Liu X, Nilsson J, Fredrikson GN, Zhao M. oxLDL antibody inhibits MCP-1 release in monocytes/macrophages by regulating Ca 2+ /K + channel flow. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:929-940. [PMID: 27995732 PMCID: PMC5387129 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
oxLDL peptide vaccine and its antibody adoptive transferring have shown a significantly preventive or therapeutic effect in atherosclerotic animal model. The molecular mechanism behind this is obscure. Here, we report that oxLDL induces MCP‐1 release in monocytes/macrophages through their TLR‐4 (Toll‐like receptor 4) and ERK MAPK pathway and is calcium/potassium channel‐dependent. Using blocking antibodies against CD36, TLR‐4, SR‐AI and LOX‐1, only TLR‐4 antibody was found to have an inhibitory effect and ERK MAPK‐specific inhibitor (PD98059) was found to have a dramatic inhibitory effect compared to inhibitors of other MAPK group members (p38 and JNK MAPKs) on oxLDL‐induced MCP‐1 release. The release of cytokines and chemokines needs influx of extracellular calcium and imbalance of efflux of potassium. Nifedipine, a voltage‐dependent calcium channel (VDCC) inhibitor, and glyburide, an ATP‐regulated potassium channel (K+ATP) inhibitor, inhibit oxLDL‐induced MCP‐1 release. Potassium efflux and influx counterbalance maintains the negative potential of macrophages to open calcium channels, and our results suggest that oxLDL actually induces the closing of potassium influx channel – inward rectifier channel (Kir) and ensuing the opening of calcium channel. ERK MAPK inhibitor PD98059 inhibits oxLDL‐induced Ca2+/Kir channel alterations. The interfering of oxLDL‐induced MCP‐1 release by its monoclonal antibody is through its FcγRIIB (CD32). Using blocking antibodies against FcγRI (CD64), FcγRIIB (CD32) and FcγRIII (CD16), only CD32 blocking antibody was found to reverse the inhibitory effect of oxLDL antibody on oxLDL‐induced MCP‐1 release. Interestingly, oxLDL antibody specifically inhibits oxLDL‐induced ERK MAPK activation and ensuing Ca2+/Kir channel alterations, and MCP‐1 release. Thus, we found a molecular mechanism of oxLDL antibody on inhibition of oxLDL‐induced ERK MAPK pathway and consequent MCP‐1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Scania University Hospital, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Poulsen CB, Al-Mashhadi AL, von Wachenfeldt K, Bentzon JF, Nielsen LB, Al-Mashhadi RH, Thygesen J, Tolbod L, Larsen JR, Frøkiær J, Tawakol A, Vucic E, Fredrickson J, Baruch A, Frendéus B, Robertson AKL, Moestrup SK, Drouet L, Falk E. Treatment with a human recombinant monoclonal IgG antibody against oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis-prone pigs reduces cathepsin S in coronary lesions. Int J Cardiol 2016; 215:506-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the retention and accumulation of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins, particularly low-density lipoprotein, in the artery wall. In the arterial intima, lipoprotein components that are generated through oxidative, lipolytic, and proteolytic activities lead to the formation of several danger-associated molecular patterns, which can activate innate immune cells as well as vascular cells. Moreover, self- and non-self-antigens, such as apolipoprotein B-100 and heat shock proteins, can contribute to vascular inflammation by triggering the response of T and B cells locally. This process can influence the initiation, progression, and stability of plaques. Substantial clinical and experimental data support that the modulation of adaptive immune system may be used for treating and preventing atherosclerosis. This may lead to the development of more selective and less harmful interventions, while keeping host defense mechanisms against infections and tumors intact. Approaches such as vaccination might become a realistic option for cardiovascular disease, especially if they can elicit regulatory T and B cells and the secretion of atheroprotective antibodies. Nevertheless, difficulties in translating certain experimental data into new clinical therapies remain a challenge. In this review, we discuss important studies on the function of T- and B-cell immunity in atherosclerosis and their manipulation to develop novel therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Göran K Hansson
- From the Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Nilsson J. Can Antibodies Protect Us Against Cardiovascular Disease? EBioMedicine 2016; 9:29-30. [PMID: 27381475 PMCID: PMC4972560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 20502 Malmö, Sweden.
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26
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Asciutto G, Wigren M, Fredrikson GN, Mattisson IY, Grönberg C, Alm R, Björkbacka H, Dias NV, Edsfeldt A, Gonçalves I, Nilsson J. Apolipoprotein B-100 Antibody Interaction With Atherosclerotic Plaque Inflammation and Repair Processes. Stroke 2016; 47:1140-3. [PMID: 26965851 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.012677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Treatment with IgG against the malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified apolipoprotein B-100 epitope p45 reduces atherosclerosis in experimental models. This study investigated the association between p45 IgG autoantibodies and plaque inflammation in subjects with advanced cardiovascular disease. METHODS Native and MDA-p45 IgG levels were analyzed by ELISA in 349 carotid endarterectomy patients. In a subcohort of 195 subjects, endarterectomy samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and ELISA to determine plaque constituents and inflammation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy donors. RESULTS Patients with preoperative events of neurological ischemia had lower levels of native p45 IgG. Low levels of MDA-p45 IgG were associated with increased risk of postoperative cardiovascular death during a mean follow-up of 54 months. High plasma levels of native p45 IgG were associated with increased plaque content of collagen and smooth muscle cell growth factors, as well as with lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors to recombinant MDA-p45 IgG in presence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and stimulated release of smooth muscle cell growth factors. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms previous experimental findings of anti-inflammatory properties of apolipoprotein B-100 p45 antibodies and provides the first clinical evidence of associations between p45 IgG autoantibody levels and atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, plaque repair as well as prevalent and incident cardiovascular events in carotid endarterectomy patients. These findings suggest the possibility that treatment with anti-p45 antibodies may have beneficial effects in advanced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Asciutto
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Wigren
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Caitriona Grönberg
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ragnar Alm
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nuno V Dias
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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27
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Hörl G, Froehlich H, Ferstl U, Ledinski G, Binder J, Cvirn G, Stojakovic T, Trauner M, Koidl C, Tafeit E, Amrein K, Scharnagl H, Jürgens G, Hallström S. Simvastatin Efficiently Lowers Small LDL-IgG Immune Complex Levels: A Therapeutic Quality beyond the Lipid-Lowering Effect. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148210. [PMID: 26840480 PMCID: PMC4739583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated a polyethylene glycol non-precipitable low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfraction targeted by IgG and the influence of statin therapy on plasma levels of these small LDL-IgG-immune complexes (LDL-IgG-IC). LDL-subfractions were isolated from 6 atherosclerotic subjects and 3 healthy individuals utilizing iodixanol density gradient ultracentrifugation. Cholesterol, apoB and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in each fraction by enzymatic testing, dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The levels of LDL-IgG-IC were quantified densitometrically following lipid electrophoresis, particle size distribution was assessed with dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatography. The influence of simvastatin (40 mg/day for three months) on small LDL-IgG-IC levels and their distribution among LDL-subfractions (salt gradient separation) were investigated in 11 patients with confirmed coronary artery disease (CAD). We demonstrate that the investigated LDL-IgG-IC are small particles present in atherosclerotic patients and healthy subjects. In vitro assembly of LDL-IgG-IC resulted in particle density shifts indicating a composition of one single molecule of IgG per LDL particle. Normalization on cholesterol levels revealed MDA values twice as high for LDL-subfractions rich in small LDL-IgG-IC if compared to dominant LDL-subfractions. Reactivity of affinity purified small LDL-IgG-IC to monoclonal antibody OB/04 indicates a high degree of modified apoB and oxidative modification. Simvastatin therapy studied in the CAD patients significantly lowered LDL levels and to an even higher extent, small LDL-IgG-IC levels without affecting their distribution. In conclusion simvastatin lowers levels of small LDL-IgG-IC more effectively than LDL-cholesterol and LDL-apoB levels in atherosclerotic patients. This antiatherogenic effect may additionally contribute to the known beneficial effects of this drug in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Hörl
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Center of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Harald Froehlich
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrika Ferstl
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Center of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ledinski
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Center of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Josepha Binder
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Cvirn
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Center of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stojakovic
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Koidl
- Institute of Hygiene, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Erwin Tafeit
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Center of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Amrein
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Jürgens
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Center of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Seth Hallström
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Center of Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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28
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Svenungsson E, Engelbertsen D, Wigren M, Gustafsson JT, Gunnarsson I, Elvin K, Jensen-Urstad K, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J. Decreased levels of autoantibodies against apolipoprotein B-100 antigens are associated with cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:417-26. [PMID: 25959453 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased production of autoantibodies is a characteristic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and there is evidence that several of these autoantibodies may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) in SLE. Autoantibodies against the apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 peptides p45 and p210 have been associated with a lower CVD risk in non-SLE cohorts. The aim of the present study was to investigate how SLE affects the occurrence of these potentially protective autoantibodies. The study cohort consisted of 434 SLE patients and 322 age- and sex-matched population controls. Antibodies against native and malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified p45 and p210 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SLE patients had significantly lower levels of p210 immunoglobulin (Ig)G and p45 IgM (both the native and malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified forms). SLE patients with manifest CVD (myocardial infarction, ischaemic cerebrovascular disease or peripheral vascular disease) had lower levels p210 IgG and p45 IgM than SLE patients without CVD. Decreased levels of these autoantibodies were also observed in SLE patients with permanent organ damage, as assessed by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Damage Index (SDI). The present findings show that patients with SLE, a condition generally characterized by abundance of autoantibodies of multiple specificities, have reduced levels of antibodies against the apo B-100 antigens p45 and p210 and that the levels of these antibodies are reduced further in SLE patients with CVD. These observations suggest the possibility that an impaired antibody-mediated removal of damaged LDL particles may contribute to the development of vascular complications and organ damage in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Svenungsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Wigren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Gustafsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Elvin
- Unit of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Jensen-Urstad
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
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29
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Asciutto G, Dias NV, Edsfeldt A, Alm R, Fredrikson GN, Gonçalves I, Nilsson J. Low levels of IgG autoantibodies against the apolipoprotein B antigen p210 increases the risk of cardiovascular death after carotid endarterectomy. Atherosclerosis 2015; 239:289-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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McGee WK, Bishop CV, Pohl CR, Chang RJ, Marshall JC, Pau FK, Stouffer RL, Cameron JL. Effects of hyperandrogenemia and increased adiposity on reproductive and metabolic parameters in young adult female monkeys. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1292-304. [PMID: 24735887 PMCID: PMC4042098 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00310.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with hyperandrogenemia are overweight or obese, which exacerbates morbidities associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To examine the ability of testosterone (T) to generate PCOS-like symptoms, monkeys received T or cholesterol (control) implants (n = 6/group) beginning prepubertally. As previously reported, T-treated animals had increased neuroendocrine drive to the reproductive axis [increased luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency] at 5 yr, without remarkable changes in ovarian or metabolic features. To examine the combined effects of T and obesity, at 5.5 yr (human equivalent age: 17 yr), monkeys were placed on a high-calorie, high-fat diet typical of Western cultures [Western style diet (WSD)], which increased body fat from <2% (pre-WSD) to 15-19% (14 mo WSD). By 6 mo on WSD, LH pulse frequency in the controls increased to that of T-treated animals, whereas LH pulse amplitude decreased in both groups and remained low. The numbers of antral follicles present during the early follicular phase increased in both groups on the WSD, but maximal follicular size decreased by 50%. During the late follicular phase, T-treated females had greater numbers of small antral follicles than controls. T-treated monkeys also had lower progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Although fasting insulin did not vary between groups, T-treated animals had decreased insulin sensitivity after 1 yr on WSD. Thus, while WSD consumption alone led to some features characteristic of PCOS, T + WSD caused a more severe phenotype with regard to insulin insensitivity, increased numbers of antral follicles at midcycle, and decreased circulating luteal phase progesterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K McGee
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon;
| | - C V Bishop
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - C R Pohl
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - R J Chang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - J C Marshall
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - F K Pau
- The Endocrine Technology Support Laboratory, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - R L Stouffer
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - J L Cameron
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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31
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Abstract
The connection between inflammation, autoimmunity, and atherosclerosis is long established. In this issue of Immunity, Lim et al. (2014) demonstrate that oxidized low-density lipoprotein is one of the key environmental factors driving the development of inflammatory T helper 17 cells in atherosclerosis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Although rodent models provide insight into the mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), they are limited in their translatability to humans. The nonhuman primate (NHP) shares important metabolic similarities with the human, making it an ideal model for the investigation of type 2 diabetes and use in preclinical trials. This review highlights the key contributions in the field over the last year using the NHP model. RECENT FINDINGS The NHP has not only provided novel insight into the normal and pathological processes that occur within the islet, but has also allowed for the preclinical testing of novel pharmaceutical targets for obesity and T2DM. Particularly, administration of fibroblast growth factor-21 in the NHP resulted in weight loss and improvements in metabolic health, supporting rodent studies and recent clinical trials. In addition, the NHP was used to demonstrate that a novel melanocortin-4 receptor agonist did not cause adverse cardiovascular effects. Finally, this model has been used to provide evidence that glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies do not induce pancreatitis in the healthy NHP. SUMMARY The insight gained from studies using the NHP model has allowed for a better understanding of the processes driving T2DM and has promoted the development of well tolerated and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynley D Pound
- aDivision of Diabetes, Obesity, & Metabolism bDivision of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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33
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Almagro JC, Gilliland GL, Breden F, Scott JK, Sok D, Pauthner M, Reichert JM, Helguera G, Andrabi R, Mabry R, Bléry M, Voss JE, Laurén J, Abuqayyas L, Barghorn S, Ben-Jacob E, Crowe JE, Huston JS, Johnston SA, Krauland E, Lund-Johansen F, Marasco WA, Parren PWHI, Xu KY. Antibody engineering and therapeutics, The Annual Meeting of the Antibody Society: December 8-12, 2013, Huntington Beach, CA. MAbs 2014; 6:577-618. [PMID: 24589717 PMCID: PMC4011904 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The 24th Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics meeting brought together a broad range of participants who were updated on the latest advances in antibody research and development. Organized by IBC Life Sciences, the gathering is the annual meeting of The Antibody Society, which serves as the scientific sponsor. Preconference workshops on 3D modeling and delineation of clonal lineages were featured, and the conference included sessions on a wide variety of topics relevant to researchers, including systems biology; antibody deep sequencing and repertoires; the effects of antibody gene variation and usage on antibody response; directed evolution; knowledge-based design; antibodies in a complex environment; polyreactive antibodies and polyspecificity; the interface between antibody therapy and cellular immunity in cancer; antibodies in cardiometabolic medicine; antibody pharmacokinetics, distribution and off-target toxicity; optimizing antibody formats for immunotherapy; polyclonals, oligoclonals and bispecifics; antibody discovery platforms; and antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Devin Sok
- The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | | | - Gustavo Helguera
- CONICET; Laboratorio Biotecnología Farmacéutica; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - James E Voss
- The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Juha Laurén
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Tarrytown, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kai Y Xu
- University of Maryland; Baltimore, MD USA
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Chyu KY, Shah PK. Advances in immune-modulating therapies to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 2:56-66. [PMID: 24757525 PMCID: PMC3991155 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613514327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to hypercholesterolemia, innate and adaptive immune mechanisms play a critical role in atherogenesis, thus making immune-modulation therapy a potentially attractive way of managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These immune-modulation strategies include both active and passive immunization and confer beneficial reduction in atherosclerosis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results and we review current knowledge on the complex role of the immune system and the potential for immunization as an immune-modulation therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yuh Chyu
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Prediman K Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 South San Vicente Boulevard, Suite A-3307, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Nour Eldin EEM, Almarzouki A, Assiri AM, Elsheikh OM, Mohamed BEA, Babakr AT. Oxidized low density lipoprotein and total antioxidant capacity in type-2 diabetic and impaired glucose tolerance Saudi men. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:94. [PMID: 25221629 PMCID: PMC4161898 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins (LDL) convert these native particles into pathogenic, immunogenic and atherogenic particles. Factors enhance LDL oxidation are poorly understood, especially in conditions of hyperglycemia. The present study was conducted to investigate which metabolic conditions are associated with the promotion of LDL oxidation in different glycemic situations. METHODS Adult male participants (274) were selected from patients admitted to the outpatient department of Diabetes Center in Al-Noor Specialized Hospital in Makkah and other citizens and residents in the city. The studied group was classified into three sub-groups: Group-I: control group of non-diabetic normal subjects, Group-II: subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and Group-III: cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Measurement of fasting blood glucose, 2 hour post-prandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, ox-LDL, Total Antoxidant capacity (TAC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were performed. The obtained results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Oxidation of native LDL increase nearly two folds in Type-2 DM group compared to controls. There is also significant increase in Ox-LDL of IGT group compared to controls. The correlation between Ox-LDL concentration and HbA1c in the whole population of the study confirms the increased Ox-LDL in subjects with hyperglycemia. A negative correlation exists between the concentration of Ox-LDL and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in each studied group and in the whole population of the study as well. A positive correlation also exists between Ox-LDL concentrations and LDL values, more clear in controls and Type-2 DM, while this correlation was not significant in IGT group. The ratio of LDL oxidation as expressed by ox-LDL/LDL was increased in IGT group compared to control. More significant increase was observed in type-2 DM group. CONCLUSION We concluded that the concentration of Ox-LDL increased in subjects with type-2 DM and IGT compared to controls. Moreover, oxidation of native LDL was associated with low levels of TAC and positively correlated with LDL levels, total cholesterol, HbA1c, body mass index (BMI) and increased age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah Almarzouki
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudia Arabia
| | - Adel Mohamed Assiri
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Abdia, Makkah Saudia Arabia
| | - Osman Mohammed Elsheikh
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Abdullatif Taha Babakr
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudia Arabia
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