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Marques D, Moura-Louro D, Silva IP, Matos S, Santos CND, Figueira I. Unlocking the potential of low-molecular-weight (Poly)phenol metabolites: Protectors at the blood-brain barrier frontier. Neurochem Int 2024; 179:105836. [PMID: 39151552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are an increasing group of chronic and progressive neurological disorders that ultimately lead to neuronal cell failure and death. Despite all efforts throughout decades, their burden on individuals and society still casts one of the most massive socioeconomic problems worldwide. The neuronal failure observed in NDDs results from an intricacy of events, mirroring disease complexity, ranging from protein aggregation, oxidative stress, (neuro)inflammation, and even blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, ultimately leading to cognitive and motor symptoms in patients. As a result of such complex pathobiology, to date, there are still no effective treatments to treat/halt NDDs progression. Fortunately, interest in the bioavailable low molecular weight (LMW) phenolic metabolites derived from the metabolism of dietary (poly)phenols has been rising due to their multitargeted potential in attenuating multiple NDDs hallmarks. Even if not highly BBB permeant, their relatively high concentrations in the bloodstream arising from the intake of (poly)phenol-rich diets make them ideal candidates to act within the vasculature and particularly at the level of BBB. In this review, we highlight the most recent - though still scarce - studies demonstrating LMW phenolic metabolites' ability to modulate BBB homeostasis, including the improvement of tight and adherens junctional proteins, as well as their power to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and oxidative stress levels in vitro and in vivo. Specific BBB-permeant LMW phenolic metabolites, such as simple phenolic sulfates, have been emerging as strong BBB properties boosters, pleiotropic compounds capable of improving cell fitness under oxidative and pro-inflammatory conditions. Nevertheless, further studies should be pursued to obtain a holistic overview of the promising role of LMW phenolic metabolites in NDDs prevention and management to fully harness their true therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marques
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo Moura-Louro
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês P Silva
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Matos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes Dos Santos
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Oeiras, Portugal; iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Apartado 12, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueira
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Sun X, Gu R, Bai J. Differentiation and regulation of CD4 + T cell subsets in Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:352. [PMID: 39153043 PMCID: PMC11335276 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and its hallmark pathological features are the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). It has been shown that the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is damaged in PD patients, and a large number of infiltrating T cells and inflammatory cytokines have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma of PD patients and PD animal models, including significant change in the number and proportion of different CD4+ T cell subsets. This suggests that the neuroinflammatory response caused by CD4+ T cells is an important risk factor for the development of PD. Here, we systematically review the differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets, and focus on describing the functions and mechanisms of different CD4+ T cell subsets and their secreted cytokines in PD. We also summarize the current immunotherapy targeting CD4+ T cells with a view to providing assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rou Gu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Lau K, Kotzur R, Richter F. Blood-brain barrier alterations and their impact on Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and therapy. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:37. [PMID: 39075566 PMCID: PMC11285262 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations in Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with rapidly rising prevalence. Altered tight junction and transporter protein levels, accumulation of α-synuclein and increase in inflammatory processes lead to extravasation of blood molecules and vessel degeneration. This could result in a self-perpetuating pathophysiology of inflammation and BBB alteration, which contribute to neurodegeneration. Toxin exposure or α-synuclein over-expression in animal models has been shown to initiate similar pathologies, providing a platform to study underlying mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the current knowledge on BBB alterations in PD patients and how rodent models that replicate some of these changes can be used to study disease mechanisms. Specific challenges in assessing the BBB in patients and in healthy controls are discussed. Finally, a potential role of BBB alterations in disease pathogenesis and possible implications for therapy are explored. The interference of BBB alterations with current and novel therapeutic strategies requires more attention. Brain region-specific BBB alterations could also open up novel opportunities to target specifically vulnerable neuronal subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Kotzur
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Van Roy Z, Kielian T. Tumor necrosis factor regulates leukocyte recruitment but not bacterial persistence during Staphylococcus aureus craniotomy infection. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:179. [PMID: 39044282 PMCID: PMC11264501 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniotomy is a common neurosurgery used to treat intracranial pathologies. Nearly 5% of the 14 million craniotomies performed worldwide each year become infected, most often with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which forms a biofilm on the surface of the resected bone segment to establish a chronic infection that is recalcitrant to antibiotics and immune-mediated clearance. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a prototypical proinflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in generating protective immunity to various infections. Although TNF is elevated during S. aureus craniotomy infection, its functional importance in regulating disease pathogenesis has not been explored. METHODS A mouse model of S. aureus craniotomy infection was used to investigate the functional importance of TNF signaling using TNF, TNFR1, and TNFR2 knockout (KO) mice by quantifying bacterial burden, immune infiltrates, inflammatory mediators, and transcriptional changes by RNA-seq. Complementary experiments examined neutrophil extracellular trap formation, leukocyte apoptosis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity. RESULTS TNF transiently regulated neutrophil and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment to the brain, subcutaneous galea, and bone flap as evident by significant reductions in both cell types between days 7 to 14 post-infection coinciding with significant decreases in several chemokines, which recovered to wild type levels by day 28. Despite these defects, bacterial burdens were similar in TNF KO and WT mice. RNA-seq revealed enhanced lymphotoxin-α (Lta) expression in TNF KO granulocytes. Since both TNF and LTα signal through TNFR1 and TNFR2, KO mice for each receptor were examined to assess potential redundancy; however, neither strain had any impact on S. aureus burden. In vitro studies revealed that TNF loss selectively altered macrophage responses to S. aureus since TNF KO macrophages displayed significant reductions in phagocytosis, apoptosis, IL-6 production, and bactericidal activity in response to live S. aureus, whereas granulocytes were not affected. CONCLUSION These findings implicate TNF in modulating granulocyte recruitment during acute craniotomy infection via secondary effects on chemokine production and identify macrophages as a key cellular target of TNF action. However, the lack of changes in bacterial burden in TNF KO animals suggests the involvement of additional signals that dictate S. aureus pathogenesis during craniotomy infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Van Roy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA.
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Mou J, Ning XL, Wang XY, Hou SY, Meng FB, Zhou C, Wu JW, Li C, Jia T, Wu X, Wu Y, Chen Y, Li GB. X-ray Structure-Guided Discovery of a Potent Benzimidazole Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitor That Shows Activity in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8730-8756. [PMID: 38817193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The secretory glutaminyl cyclase (sQC) and Golgi-resident glutaminyl cyclase (gQC) are responsible for N-terminal protein pyroglutamation and associated with various human diseases. Although several sQC/gQC inhibitors have been reported, only one inhibitor, PQ912, is currently undergoing clinic trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We report an X-ray crystal structure of sQC complexed with PQ912, revealing that the benzimidazole makes "anchor" interactions with the active site zinc ion and catalytic triad. Structure-guided design and optimization led to a series of new benzimidazole derivatives exhibiting nanomolar inhibition for both sQC and gQC. In a MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse model, BI-43 manifested efficacy in mitigating locomotor deficits through reversing dopaminergic neuronal loss, reducing microglia, and decreasing levels of the sQC/gQC substrates, α-synuclein, and CCL2. This study not only offers structural basis and new leads for drug discovery targeting sQC/gQC but also provides evidence supporting sQC/gQC as potential targets for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang-Li Ning
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shu-Yan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fan-Bo Meng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guo-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Plantone D, Pardini M, Righi D, Manco C, Colombo BM, De Stefano N. The Role of TNF-α in Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 13:54. [PMID: 38201258 PMCID: PMC10778385 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the role of TNF-α and its increase in biological fluids in mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The potential inhibition of TNF-α with pharmacological strategies paves the way for preventing AD and improving cognitive function in people at risk for dementia. We conducted a narrative review to characterize the evidence in relation to the involvement of TNF-α in AD and its possible therapeutic inhibition. Several studies report that patients with RA and systemic inflammatory diseases treated with TNF-α blocking agents reduce the probability of emerging dementia compared with the general population. Animal model studies also showed interesting results and are discussed. An increasing amount of basic scientific data and clinical studies underscore the importance of inflammatory processes and subsequent glial activation in the pathogenesis of AD. TNF-α targeted therapy is a biologically plausible approach for cognition preservation and further trials are necessary to investigate the potential benefits of therapy in populations at risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Plantone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.R.); (C.M.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, L.go P. Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Delia Righi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.R.); (C.M.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Carlo Manco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.R.); (C.M.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Barbara Maria Colombo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.R.); (C.M.); (N.D.S.)
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Dzamko N. Cytokine activity in Parkinson's disease. Neuronal Signal 2023; 7:NS20220063. [PMID: 38059210 PMCID: PMC10695743 DOI: 10.1042/ns20220063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the immune system to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasingly being recognised, with alterations in the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system underlying central and peripheral inflammation in PD. As chief modulators of the immune response, cytokines have been intensely studied in the field of PD both in terms of trying to understand their contribution to disease pathogenesis, and if they may comprise much needed therapeutic targets for a disease with no current modifying therapy. This review summarises current knowledge on key cytokines implicated in PD (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-1RA) that can modulate both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Cytokine activity in PD is clearly a complicated process mediated by substantial cross-talk of signalling pathways and the need to balance pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. However, understanding cytokine activity may hold promise for unlocking new insight into PD and how it may be halted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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Bower WA, Yu Y, Person MK, Parker CM, Kennedy JL, Sue D, Hesse EM, Cook R, Bradley J, Bulitta JB, Karchmer AW, Ward RM, Cato SG, Stephens KC, Hendricks KA. CDC Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Anthrax, 2023. MMWR Recomm Rep 2023; 72:1-47. [PMID: 37963097 PMCID: PMC10651316 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7206a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This report updates previous CDC guidelines and recommendations on preferred prevention and treatment regimens regarding naturally occurring anthrax. Also provided are a wide range of alternative regimens to first-line antimicrobial drugs for use if patients have contraindications or intolerances or after a wide-area aerosol release of Bacillus anthracis spores if resources become limited or a multidrug-resistant B. anthracis strain is used (Hendricks KA, Wright ME, Shadomy SV, et al.; Workgroup on Anthrax Clinical Guidelines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:e130687; Meaney-Delman D, Rasmussen SA, Beigi RH, et al. Prophylaxis and treatment of anthrax in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2013;122:885-900; Bradley JS, Peacock G, Krug SE, et al. Pediatric anthrax clinical management. Pediatrics 2014;133:e1411-36). Specifically, this report updates antimicrobial drug and antitoxin use for both postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and treatment from these previous guidelines best practices and is based on systematic reviews of the literature regarding 1) in vitro antimicrobial drug activity against B. anthracis; 2) in vivo antimicrobial drug efficacy for PEP and treatment; 3) in vivo and human antitoxin efficacy for PEP, treatment, or both; and 4) human survival after antimicrobial drug PEP and treatment of localized anthrax, systemic anthrax, and anthrax meningitis. Changes from previous CDC guidelines and recommendations include an expanded list of alternative antimicrobial drugs to use when first-line antimicrobial drugs are contraindicated or not tolerated or after a bioterrorism event when first-line antimicrobial drugs are depleted or ineffective against a genetically engineered resistant B. anthracis strain. In addition, these updated guidelines include new recommendations regarding special considerations for the diagnosis and treatment of anthrax meningitis, including comorbid, social, and clinical predictors of anthrax meningitis. The previously published CDC guidelines and recommendations described potentially beneficial critical care measures and clinical assessment tools and procedures for persons with anthrax, which have not changed and are not addressed in this update. In addition, no changes were made to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendations for use of anthrax vaccine (Bower WA, Schiffer J, Atmar RL, et al. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2019. MMWR Recomm Rep 2019;68[No. RR-4]:1-14). The updated guidelines in this report can be used by health care providers to prevent and treat anthrax and guide emergency preparedness officials and planners as they develop and update plans for a wide-area aerosol release of B. anthracis.
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Feng L, Sharma A, Wang Z, Muresanu DF, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Nozari A, Li C, Zhang Z, Lin C, Huang H, Manzhulo I, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanowired delivery of dl-3-n-butylphthalide with antibodies to alpha synuclein potentiated neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease with emotional stress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 171:47-82. [PMID: 37783563 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress is one of the most serious consequences of life leading to several chronic diseases and neurodegeneration. Recent studies show that emotional stress and other kinds of anxiety and depression adversely affects Parkinson's disease symptoms. However, the details of how stress affects Parkinson's disease is still not well known. Traumatic brain injury, stroke, diabetes, post-traumatic stress disorders are well known to modify the disease precipitation, progression and persistence. However, show stress could influence Parkinson's disease is still not well known. The present investigation we examine the role of immobilization stress influencing Parkinson's disease brain pathology in model experiments. In ore previous report we found that mild traumatic brain injury exacerbate Parkinson's disease brain pathology and nanodelivery of dl-3-n-butylphthalide either alone or together with mesenchymal stem cells significantly attenuated Parkinson's disease brain pathology. In this chapter we discuss the role of stress in exacerbating Parkinson's disease pathology and nanowired delivery of dl-3-n-butylphthalide together with monoclonal antibodies to alpha synuclein (ASNC) is able to induce significant neuroprotection. The possible mechanisms of dl-3-n-butylphthalide and ASNC induced neuroprotection and suitable clinical therapeutic strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Shijiazhuang Pharma Group NBP Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital of Chinese Medical, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziquiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital of Chinese Medical, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyun Huang
- Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wu JR, Hernandez Y, Miyasaki KF, Kwon EJ. Engineered nanomaterials that exploit blood-brain barrier dysfunction fordelivery to the brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114820. [PMID: 37054953 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly regulated physical and functional boundarythat tightly controls the transport of materials between the blood and the brain. There is an increasing recognition that the BBB is dysfunctional in a wide range of neurological disorders; this dysfunction can be symptomatic of the disease but can also play a role in disease etiology. BBB dysfunction can be exploited for the delivery of therapeutic nanomaterials. Forexample, there can be a transient, physical disruption of the BBB in diseases such as brain injury and stroke, which allows temporary access of nanomaterials into the brain. Physicaldisruption of the BBB through external energy sources is now being clinically pursued toincrease therapeutic delivery into the brain. In other diseases, the BBB takes on new properties that can beleveraged by delivery carriers. For instance, neuroinflammation induces the expression ofreceptors on the BBB that can be targeted by ligand-modified nanomaterials and theendogenous homing of immune cells into the diseased brain can be hijacked for the delivery ofnanomaterials. Lastly, BBB transport pathways can be altered to increase nanomaterial transport. In this review, we will describe changes that can occur in the BBB in disease, and how these changes have been exploited by engineered nanomaterials forincreased transport into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yazmin Hernandez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Katelyn F Miyasaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine.
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Ishihara K, Takata K, Mizutani KI. Involvement of an Aberrant Vascular System in Neurodevelopmental, Neuropsychiatric, and Neuro-Degenerative Diseases. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010221. [PMID: 36676170 PMCID: PMC9866034 DOI: 10.3390/life13010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system of the prenatal brain is crucial for the development of the central nervous system. Communication between vessels and neural cells is bidirectional, and dysfunctional communication can lead to neurodevelopmental diseases. In the present review, we introduce neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases potentially caused by disturbances in the neurovascular system and discuss candidate genes responsible for neurovascular system impairments. In contrast to diseases that can manifest during the developing stage, we have also summarized the disturbances of the neurovascular system in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, we discussed the role of abnormal vascularization and dysfunctional vessels in the development of neurovascular-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ishihara
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4656
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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12
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Determination of the Unilaterally Damaged Region May Depend on the Asymmetry of Carotid Blood Flow Velocity in Hemiparkinsonian Monkey: A Pilot Study. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 2022:4382145. [PMID: 36407681 PMCID: PMC9668443 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4382145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hemiparkinsonian nonhuman primate model induced by unilateral injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into the carotid artery is used to study Parkinson's disease. However, there have been no studies that the contralateral distribution of MPTP via the cerebral collateral circulation is provided by both the circle of Willis (CoW) and connections of the carotid artery. To investigate whether MPTP-induced unilaterally damaged regions were determined by asymmetrical cerebral blood flow, the differential asymmetric damage of striatal subregions, and examined structural asymmetries in a circle of Willis, and blood flow velocity of the common carotid artery were observed in three monkeys that were infused with MPTP through the left internal carotid artery. Lower flow velocity in the ipsilateral common carotid artery and a higher ratio of ipsilateral middle cerebral artery diameter to anterior cerebral artery diameter resulted in unilateral damage. Additionally, the unilateral damaged monkey observed the apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation behavior and the temporary increase of plasma RANTES. Contrastively, higher flow velocity in the ipsilateral common carotid artery was observed in the bilateral damaged monkey. It is suggested that asymmetry of blood flow velocity and structural asymmetry of the circle of Willis should be taken into consideration when establishing more efficient hemiparkinsonian nonhuman primate models.
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13
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Halder SK, Milner R. Exaggerated hypoxic vascular breakdown in aged brain due to reduced microglial vasculo-protection. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13720. [PMID: 36130175 PMCID: PMC9649604 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In a recent study of young mice, we showed that chronic mild hypoxia (CMH, 8% O2 ) triggers transient blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and that microglia play an important vasculo-protective function in maintaining BBB integrity. As hypoxia is a common component of many age-related diseases, here we extended these studies to aged mice and found that hypoxia-induced vascular leak was greatly amplified (5-fold to 10-fold) in aged mice, being particularly high in the olfactory bulb and midbrain. While aged mice showed no obvious difference in the early stages of hypoxic angiogenic remodeling, the compensatory increase in vascularity and vessel maturation was significantly delayed. Compared with young brain, microglia in the normoxic aged brain were markedly activated, and this was further increased under hypoxic conditions, but paradoxically, this correlated with reduced vasculo-protection. Microglial depletion studies showed that microglial still play an important vasculo-protective role in aged brain, but interestingly, partial attenuation of microglial activation with minocycline resulted in fewer vascular leaks and reduced loss of endothelial tight junction proteins. Taken together, these findings suggest that increased BBB disruption in hypoxic aged mice can be explained both by a delayed vascular remodeling response and reduced microglial vasculo-protection. Importantly, they show that overly activated microglia in the aged brain are less effective at maintaining vascular integrity, though this can be improved by reducing microglial activation with minocycline, suggesting therapeutic potential for enhancing BBB integrity in the hypoxia-predisposed elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebok K. Halder
- San Diego Biomedical Research InstituteSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Richard Milner
- San Diego Biomedical Research InstituteSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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14
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Pediaditakis I, Kodella KR, Manatakis DV, Le CY, Barthakur S, Sorets A, Gravanis A, Ewart L, Rubin LL, Manolakos ES, Hinojosa CD, Karalis K. A microengineered Brain-Chip to model neuroinflammation in humans. iScience 2022; 25:104813. [PMID: 35982785 PMCID: PMC9379671 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Species differences in brain and blood-brain barrier (BBB) biology hamper the translation of findings from animal models to humans, impeding the development of therapeutics for brain diseases. Here, we present a human organotypic microphysiological system (MPS) that includes endothelial-like cells, pericytes, glia, and cortical neurons and maintains BBB permeability at in vivo relevant levels. This human Brain-Chip engineered to recapitulate critical aspects of the complex interactions that mediate neuroinflammation and demonstrates significant improvements in clinical mimicry compared to previously reported similar MPS. In comparison to Transwell culture, the transcriptomic profiling of the Brain-Chip displayed significantly advanced similarity to the human adult cortex and enrichment in key neurobiological pathways. Exposure to TNF-α recreated the anticipated inflammatory environment shown by glia activation, increased release of proinflammatory cytokines, and compromised barrier permeability. We report the development of a robust brain MPS for mechanistic understanding of cell-cell interactions and BBB function during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantia R. Kodella
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
- University of Crete Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Heraklion, 71110 Greece
| | | | | | | | | | - Achille Gravanis
- University of Crete Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Heraklion, 71110 Greece
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Lee L. Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elias S. Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
- Endocrine Division, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Reducing neuroinflammation via therapeutic compounds and lifestyle to prevent or delay progression of Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101618. [PMID: 35395416 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder and is characterised by progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Peripheral immune cell infiltration and activation of microglia and astrocytes are observed in PD, a process called neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a fundamental response to protect the brain but, when chronic, it triggers neuronal damage. In the last decade, central and peripheral inflammation were suggested to occur at the prodromal stage of PD, sustained throughout disease progression, and may play a significant role in the pathology. Understanding the pathological mechanisms of PD has been a high priority in research, primarily to find effective treatments once symptoms are present. Evidence indicates that early life exposure to neuroinflammation as a consequence of life events, environmental or behaviour factors such as exposure to infections, pollution or a high fat diet increase the risk of developing PD. Many studies show healthy habits and products that decrease neuroinflammation also reduce the risk of PD. Here, we aim to stimulate discussion about the role of neuroinflammation in PD onset and progression. We highlight that reducing neuroinflammation throughout the lifespan is critical for preventing idiopathic PD, and present epidemiological studies that detail risk and protective factors. It is possible that introducing lifestyle changes that reduce neuroinflammation at the time of PD diagnosis may slow symptom progression. Finally, we discuss compounds and therapeutics to treat the neuroinflammation associated with PD.
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16
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Paul G, Elabi OF. Microvascular Changes in Parkinson’s Disease- Focus on the Neurovascular Unit. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:853372. [PMID: 35360216 PMCID: PMC8960855 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.853372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular alterations emerge as a common denominator for several neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), a number of observations have been made suggesting that the occurrence of vascular pathology is an important pathophysiological aspect of the disease. Specifically, pathological activation of pericytes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, pathological angiogenesis and vascular regression have been reported. This review summarizes the current evidence for the different vascular alterations in patients with PD and in animal models of PD. We suggest a possible sequence of vascular pathology in PD ranging from early pericyte activation and BBB leakage to an attempt for compensatory angiogenesis and finally vascular rarefication. We highlight different pathogenetic mechanisms that play a role in these vascular alterations including perivascular inflammation and concomitant metabolic disease. Awareness of the contribution of vascular events to the pathogenesis of PD may allow the identification of targets to modulate those mechanisms. In particular the BBB has for decades only been viewed as an obstacle for drug delivery, however, preservation of its integrity and/or modulation of the signaling at this interface between the blood and the brain may prove to be a new avenue to take in order to develop disease-modifying strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Gesine Paul,
| | - Osama F. Elabi
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Li S, Bi G, Han S, Huang R. MicroRNAs Play a Role in Parkinson’s Disease by Regulating Microglia Function: From Pathogenetic Involvement to Therapeutic Potential. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:744942. [PMID: 35126050 PMCID: PMC8814625 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.744942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a clinically common neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Microglia (MG), as an innate immune cell in the CNS, are involved in a variety of immunity and inflammatory responses in the CNS. A number of studies have shown that the overactivation of MG is one of the critical pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered to be an important class of gene expression regulators and are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological mechanisms, including immunity and inflammation. In addition, miRNAs can affect the progress of PD by regulating the expression of various MG genes and the polarization state of the MG. Here, we summarize recent articles and describe the important role of MG pathological polarization in the progression of PD, the diverse mechanisms responsible for how miRNAs regulate MG, and the potential therapeutic prospects of miRNAs for PD. We also propose that the regulation of miRNAs may be a novel protective approach against the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guorong Bi
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shunchang Han
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Huang,
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18
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Liu J, Zhang Y, Ye T, Yu Q, Yu J, Yuan S, Gao X, Wan X, Zhang R, Han W, Zhang Y. Effect of Coffee against MPTP-Induced Motor Deficits and Neurodegeneration in Mice Via Regulating Gut Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:184-195. [PMID: 35016506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of coffee against Parkinson disease (PD) remained incompletely elucidated. Numerous studies suggested that gut microbiota played a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD. Here, we explored the further mechanisms of coffee against PD via regulating gut microbiota. C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to induce a PD mouse model, then treated with coffee for 4 consecutive weeks. Behavioral tests consisting of the pole test and beam-walking test were conducted to evaluate the motor function of mice. The levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein (α-syn) were assessed for dopaminergic neuronal loss. The levels of occludin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cytochrome c (Cyt c) were detected. Moreover, microbial components were measured by 16s rRNA sequencing. Our results showed that coffee significantly improved the motor deficits and TH neuron loss, and reduced the level of α-syn in the MPTP-induced mice. Moreover, coffee increased the level of BBB tight junction protein occludin and reduced the level of astrocyte activation marker GFAP in the MPTP-induced mice. Furthermore, coffee significantly decreased the levels of proapoptotic proteins, including Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and cytochrome c, while it increased the level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, consequently preventing MPTP-induced apoptotic cascade. Moreover, coffee improved MPTP-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. These findings suggested that the neuroprotective effects of coffee on PD were involved in the regulation of gut microbiota, which might provide a novel option to elucidate the effects of coffee on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yuhe Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qingxia Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiaheng Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shushu Yuan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xinxin Wan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Weihua Han
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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19
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Kim HY, Bae CH, Kim J, Lee Y, Jeon H, Kim H, Kim S. Rumex japonicus Houtt. Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Regulating Mitochondrial Function and Gut–Brain Axis in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010141. [PMID: 35052645 PMCID: PMC8772800 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJ) has been used to treat gastrointestinal and inflammatory diseases in East Asia. However, it is unknown whether RJ can prevent PD. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of RJ in cellular and animal PD models, focused on mitochondrial function and the gut–brain axis. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with RJ (0.01 mg/mL) for 24 h, after which they were treated with the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+). MPP+-induced apoptosis increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and decreased ATP, PINK1, and DJ-1, which were inhibited by RJ. Ten-week-old C57BL/6N male mice were treated with 30 mg/kg of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 5 days and orally administered 50 or 100 mg/kg of RJ for 14 days. RJ alleviated MPTP-induced behavioral impairment, dopaminergic neuronal death, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the substantia nigra (SN) and suppressed the MPTP-induced increase in lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, α-synuclein, and apoptotic factors in the SN and colon. Moreover, RJ inhibited the MPTP-mediated disruption of the tight junction barrier in the colon and blood–brain barrier of mice. Therefore, RJ alleviates MPTP-induced inflammation and dopaminergic neuronal death by maintaining mitochondrial function and tight junctions in the brain and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Kim
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Chang-Hwan Bae
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (C.-H.B.); (Y.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Yukyoung Lee
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (C.-H.B.); (Y.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyongjun Jeon
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (C.-H.B.); (Y.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Seungtae Kim
- Korean Medicine Research Center for Healthy Aging, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (C.-H.B.); (Y.L.); (H.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-8473
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20
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Vore AS, Deak T. Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:209-249. [PMID: 34801170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug of abuse in the world and binge drinking is especially harmful to the brain, though the mechanisms by which alcohol compromises overall brain health remain somewhat elusive. A number of brain diseases and pathological states are accompanied by perturbations in Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) function, ultimately exacerbating disease progression. The BBB is critical for coordinating activity between the peripheral immune system and the brain. Importantly, BBB integrity is responsive to circulating cytokines and other immune-related signaling molecules, which are powerfully modulated by alcohol exposure. This review will highlight key cellular components of the BBB; discuss mechanisms by which permeability is achieved; offer insight into methodological approaches for assessing BBB integrity; and forecast how alcohol-induced changes in the peripheral and central immune systems might influence BBB function in individuals with a history of binge drinking and ultimately Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD).
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - T Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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21
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Jarazo J, Barmpa K, Modamio J, Saraiva C, Sabaté-Soler S, Rosety I, Griesbeck A, Skwirblies F, Zaffaroni G, Smits LM, Su J, Arias-Fuenzalida J, Walter J, Gomez-Giro G, Monzel AS, Qing X, Vitali A, Cruciani G, Boussaad I, Brunelli F, Jäger C, Rakovic A, Li W, Yuan L, Berger E, Arena G, Bolognin S, Schmidt R, Schröder C, Antony PMA, Klein C, Krüger R, Seibler P, Schwamborn JC. Parkinson's Disease Phenotypes in Patient Neuronal Cultures and Brain Organoids Improved by 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Treatment. Mov Disord 2021; 37:80-94. [PMID: 34637165 PMCID: PMC9291890 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is only partially understood despite the fact that environmental causes, risk factors, and specific gene mutations are contributors to the disease. Biallelic mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) gene involved in mitochondrial homeostasis, vesicle trafficking, and autophagy are sufficient to cause PD. Objectives We sought to evaluate the difference between controls' and PINK1 patients' derived neurons in their transition from neuroepithelial stem cells to neurons, allowing us to identify potential pathways to target with repurposed compounds. Methods Using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional models of patients' derived neurons we recapitulated PD‐related phenotypes. We introduced the usage of midbrain organoids for testing compounds. Using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9), we corrected the point mutations of three patients' derived cells. We evaluated the effect of the selected compound in a mouse model. Results PD patient‐derived cells presented differences in their energetic profile, imbalanced proliferation, apoptosis, mitophagy, and a reduced differentiation efficiency to tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) neurons compared to controls' cells. Correction of a patient's point mutation ameliorated the metabolic properties and neuronal firing rates as well as reversing the differentiation phenotype, and reducing the increased astrocytic levels. Treatment with 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin increased the autophagy and mitophagy capacity of neurons concomitant with an improved dopaminergic differentiation of patient‐specific neurons in midbrain organoids and ameliorated neurotoxicity in a mouse model. Conclusion We show that treatment with a repurposed compound is sufficient for restoring the impaired dopaminergic differentiation of PD patient‐derived cells. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Jarazo
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,OrganoTherapeutics société à responsabilité limitée simplifiée (SARL-S), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kyriaki Barmpa
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jennifer Modamio
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Cláudia Saraiva
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sònia Sabaté-Soler
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Isabel Rosety
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Gaia Zaffaroni
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa M Smits
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jihui Su
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jonathan Arias-Fuenzalida
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jonas Walter
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gemma Gomez-Giro
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Anna S Monzel
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Xiaobing Qing
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Armelle Vitali
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gerald Cruciani
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Disease Modeling and Screening Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Health, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ibrahim Boussaad
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Disease Modeling and Screening Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Institute of Health, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Christian Jäger
- Metabolomics Platform, Enzymology and Metabolism, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Wen Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Emanuel Berger
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Arena
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Silvia Bolognin
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Paul M A Antony
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Parkinson Research Clinic, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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22
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Pediaditakis I, Kodella KR, Manatakis DV, Le CY, Hinojosa CD, Tien-Street W, Manolakos ES, Vekrellis K, Hamilton GA, Ewart L, Rubin LL, Karalis K. Modeling alpha-synuclein pathology in a human brain-chip to assess blood-brain barrier disruption. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5907. [PMID: 34625559 PMCID: PMC8501050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies are characterized by the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and gliosis of the substantia nigra. Although clinical evidence and in vitro studies indicate disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Parkinson's disease, the mechanisms mediating the endothelial dysfunction is not well understood. Here we leveraged the Organs-on-Chips technology to develop a human Brain-Chip representative of the substantia nigra area of the brain containing dopaminergic neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and microvascular brain endothelial cells, cultured under fluid flow. Our αSyn fibril-induced model was capable of reproducing several key aspects of Parkinson's disease, including accumulation of phosphorylated αSyn (pSer129-αSyn), mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, and compromised barrier function. This model may enable research into the dynamics of cell-cell interactions in human synucleinopathies and serve as a testing platform for target identification and validation of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Pediaditakis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Serqet Therapeutics, Inc. 55 Cambridge Parkway, Suite 800E, Boston, MA, 02142, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias S Manolakos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Lorna Ewart
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
- Endocrine Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
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23
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Tang B, Song M, Xie X, Le D, Tu Q, Wu X, Chen M. Tumor Necrosis Factor-stimulated Gene-6 (TSG-6) Secreted by BMSCs Regulates Activated Astrocytes by Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway to Ameliorate Blood Brain Barrier Damage After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2387-2402. [PMID: 34145502 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) secreted by bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on blood brain barrier (BBB) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its related mechanisms. BMSCs and astrocytes were isolated and induced by TNF-α and LPS respectively. The effect of TSG-6 secreted by BMSCs on the proliferation and apoptosis of astrocytes and inflammatory response were assessed by CCK8, flow cytometry, and ELISA respectively. Then we studied the effects of TSG-6 secreted by BMSCs through the paracrine mechanism on the integrity of BBB after ICH via NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. We successfully isolated BMSCs and astrocytes. After LPS treatment of astrocytes, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α showed an upward trend. TSG-6 secreted by TNF-α-activated BMSCs could antagonize the inflammatory response in activated astrocytes. Through the co-culture of astrocytes and BMSCs and the ICH animal model, we found that TSG-6 regulates activated astrocytes by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and ameliorates BBB damage. Furthermore, we found that TNF-α-activated BMSCs secreted exosomes containing TSG-6 and played an anti-inflammatory effect. TSG-6 secreted by BMSCs regulates activated astrocytes by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby ameliorating BBB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Song
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xun Xie
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Le
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qiulin Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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24
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Wu YC, Sonninen TM, Peltonen S, Koistinaho J, Lehtonen Š. Blood-Brain Barrier and Neurodegenerative Diseases-Modeling with iPSC-Derived Brain Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7710. [PMID: 34299328 PMCID: PMC8307585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the delivery of oxygen and important nutrients to the brain through active and passive transport and prevents neurotoxins from entering the brain. It also has a clearance function and removes carbon dioxide and toxic metabolites from the central nervous system (CNS). Several drugs are unable to cross the BBB and enter the CNS, adding complexity to drug screens targeting brain disorders. A well-functioning BBB is essential for maintaining healthy brain tissue, and a malfunction of the BBB, linked to its permeability, results in toxins and immune cells entering the CNS. This impairment is associated with a variety of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the BBB in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, we focus on recent progress of using human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived models to study the BBB. We review the potential of novel stem cell-based platforms in modeling the BBB and address advances and key challenges of using stem cell technology in modeling the human BBB. Finally, we highlight future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chieh Wu
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Tuuli-Maria Sonninen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Sanni Peltonen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (Y.-C.W.); (T.-M.S.); (S.P.); (J.K.)
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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25
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Tiefensee Ribeiro C, Peixoto DO, Santos L, Saibro-Girardi C, Brum PO, Carazza-Kessler FG, Somensi N, Behrens LMP, Bittencourt RR, Soares LS, Silveira AK, de Oliveira J, Moreira JCF, Gasparotto J, Gelain DP. Intranasal HSP70 administration protects against dopaminergic denervation and modulates neuroinflammatory response in the 6-OHDA rat model. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100253. [PMID: 34589762 PMCID: PMC8474599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP70 is one of the main molecular chaperones involved in the cellular stress response. Besides its chaperone action, HSP70 also modulates the immune response. Increased susceptibility to toxic insults in intra- and extracellular environments has been associated with insufficient amounts of inducible HSP70 in adult neurons. On the other hand, exogenous HSP70 administration has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in experimental models of age-related disorders. In this regard, this study investigated the effects of exogenous HSP70 in an animal model of dopaminergic denervation of the nigrostriatal axis. After unilateral intrastriatal injection with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), the animals received purified recombinant HSP70 through intranasal administration (2 μg/rat/day) for 15 days. Our results indicate a neuroprotective effect of intranasal HSP70 against dopaminergic denervation induced by 6-OHDA. Exogenous HSP70 improved motor impairment and reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons caused by 6-OHDA. Moreover, HSP70 modulated neuroinflammatory response in the substantia nigra, an important event in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Specifically, HSP70 treatment reduced microglial activation and astrogliosis induced by 6-OHDA, as well as IL-1β mRNA expression in this region. Also, recombinant HSP70 increased the protein content of HSP70 in the substantia nigra of rats that received 6-OHDA. These data suggest the neuroprotection of HSP70 against dopaminergic neurons damage after cellular stress. Finally, our results indicate that HSP70 neuroprotective action against 6-OHDA toxicity is related to inflammatory response modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Tiefensee Ribeiro
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oppermann Peixoto
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Santos
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Saibro-Girardi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ozorio Brum
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávio Gabriel Carazza-Kessler
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nauana Somensi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Marques Prates Behrens
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Reykla Ramon Bittencourt
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laíssa Santos Soares
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kleber Silveira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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26
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Tras B, Eser Faki H, Ozdemir Kutahya Z, Bahcivan E, Dik B, Bozkurt B, Uney K. Treatment and protective effects of metalloproteinase inhibitors alone and in combination with N-Acetyl cysteine plus vitamin E in rats exposed to aflatoxin B 1. Toxicon 2021; 194:79-85. [PMID: 33617885 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors dexamethasone and minocycline administrations -both single and in combination with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin E-on the tissue distribution and lethal dose (LD)50 of aflatoxin (AF)B1 in rats. We performed this study on male Wistar rats (8-10 weeks) in two phases. In the first phase, rats were administered dexamethasone (5 and 20 mg/kg) and minocycline (45 and 90 mg/kg), both as single treatments and in combination with NAC (200 mg/kg) and vitamin E (600 mg/kg); these treatments followed AFB1 administration (2 mg/kg). In the second phase, the therapeutic effect value (TEV) was calculated to determine the treatment effect on the LD50 level of AFB1. The tissue affinity of AFB1 from high to low was liver, kidney, intestine, brain, heart, spleen, lung, testis, and vitreous humor, respectively. Dexamethasone at the 20 mg/kg dose significantly reduced AFB1 concentrations in the plasma and the other tissues, except for the vitreous humor. The effects of minocycline on the plasma and tissue concentrations of AFB1 varied by dose and tissue. The combinations of dexamethasone or minocycline with NAC and vitamin E increased the AFB1 concentrations in the plasma and all tissues, except for vitreous humor and liver. In male rats, the LD50 value of AFB1 was 11.86 mg/kg. The TEV of dexamethasone (20 mg/kg) was calculated to be 1.5. Dexamethasone can be administered in repeated doses at ≥20 mg/kg to increase survival in AFB1 poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunyamin Tras
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Faki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ozdemir Kutahya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cukurova, 01930, Adana, Turkey
| | - Emre Bahcivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, 36000, Kars, Turkey
| | - Burak Dik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Banu Bozkurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
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27
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Behl T, Kaur G, Sehgal A, Bhardwaj S, Singh S, Buhas C, Judea-Pusta C, Uivarosan D, Munteanu MA, Bungau S. Multifaceted Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031413. [PMID: 33573368 PMCID: PMC7866808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is the pathological condition, in which the nervous system or neuron loses its structure, function, or both, leading to progressive degeneration or the death of neurons, and well-defined associations of tissue system, resulting in clinical manifestations. Neuroinflammation has been shown to precede neurodegeneration in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). No drug is yet known to delay or treat neurodegeneration. Although the etiology and potential causes of NDs remain widely indefinable, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) evidently have a crucial role in the progression of NDs. MMPs, a protein family of zinc (Zn2+)-containing endopeptidases, are pivotal agents that are involved in various biological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The current review delineates the several emerging evidence demonstrating the effects of MMPs in the progression of NDs, wherein they regulate several processes, such as (neuro)inflammation, microglial activation, amyloid peptide degradation, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, dopaminergic apoptosis, and α-synuclein modulation, leading to neurotoxicity and neuron death. Published papers to date were searched via PubMed, MEDLINE, etc., while using selective keywords highlighted in our manuscript. We also aim to shed a light on pathophysiological effect of MMPs in the CNS and focus our attention on its detrimental and beneficial effects in NDs, with a special focus on Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Huntington's disease (HD), and discussed various therapeutic strategies targeting MMPs, which could serve as potential modulators in NDs. Over time, several agents have been developed in order to overcome challenges and open up the possibilities for making selective modulators of MMPs to decipher the multifaceted functions of MMPs in NDs. There is still a greater need to explore them in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Shaveta Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmacology, GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana 141104, Punjab, India;
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh 140401, Punjab, India; (G.K.); (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Camelia Buhas
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (C.B.); (C.J.-P.)
| | - Claudia Judea-Pusta
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (C.B.); (C.J.-P.)
| | - Diana Uivarosan
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Mihai Alexandru Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (T.B.); (S.B.); Tel.: +40-726-776-588 (S.B.)
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28
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Elabi O, Gaceb A, Carlsson R, Padel T, Soylu-Kucharz R, Cortijo I, Li W, Li JY, Paul G. Human α-synuclein overexpression in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease leads to vascular pathology, blood brain barrier leakage and pericyte activation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1120. [PMID: 33441868 PMCID: PMC7806665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Although PD is associated with these distinct histological changes, other pathological features such as microvascular alterations have been linked to neurodegeneration. These changes need to be investigated as they create a hostile brain microenvironment and may contribute to the development and progression of the disease. We use a human α-syn overexpression mouse model that recapitulates some of the pathological features of PD in terms of progressive aggregation of human α-syn, impaired striatal dopamine fiber density, and an age-dependent motor deficit consistent with an impaired dopamine release. We demonstrate for the first time in this model a compromised blood-brain barrier integrity and dynamic changes in vessel morphology from angiogenesis at earlier stages to vascular regression at later stages. The vascular alterations are accompanied by a pathological activation of pericytes already at an early stage without changing overall pericyte density. Our data support and further extend the occurrence of vascular pathology as an important pathophysiological aspect in PD. The model used provides a powerful tool to investigate disease-modifying factors in PD in a temporal sequence that might guide the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Elabi
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Abderahim Gaceb
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Carlsson
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Padel
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rana Soylu-Kucharz
- Brain Disease Biomarker Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Irene Cortijo
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
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29
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Reich N, Hölscher C. Acylated Ghrelin as a Multi-Targeted Therapy for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614828. [PMID: 33381011 PMCID: PMC7767977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much thought has been given to the impact of Amyloid Beta, Tau and Alpha-Synuclein in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the clinical failures of the recent decades indicate that there are further pathological mechanisms at work. Indeed, besides amyloids, AD and PD are characterized by the culminative interplay of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperfission, defective autophagy and mitophagy, systemic inflammation, BBB and vascular damage, demyelination, cerebral insulin resistance, the loss of dopamine production in PD, impaired neurogenesis and, of course, widespread axonal, synaptic and neuronal degeneration that leads to cognitive and motor impediments. Interestingly, the acylated form of the hormone ghrelin has shown the potential to ameliorate the latter pathologic changes, although some studies indicate a few complications that need to be considered in the long-term administration of the hormone. As such, this review will illustrate the wide-ranging neuroprotective properties of acylated ghrelin and critically evaluate the hormone's therapeutic benefits for the treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, A Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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30
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Lecours C, St-Pierre MK, Picard K, Bordeleau M, Bourque M, Awogbindin IO, Benadjal A, Ibanez FG, Gagnon D, Cantin L, Parent M, Di Paolo T, Tremblay ME. Levodopa partially rescues microglial numerical, morphological, and phagolysosomal alterations in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:81-96. [PMID: 32755645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder. The mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of Levodopa (L-Dopa)-induced dyskinesia (LID) during PD treatment remain elusive. Emerging evidence implicates functional modification of microglia in the development of LID. Thus, understanding the link between microglia and the development of LID may provide the knowledge required to preserve or promote beneficial microglial functions, even during a prolonged L-Dopa treatment. To provide novel insights into microglial functional alterations in PD pathophysiology, we characterized their density, morphology, ultrastructure, and degradation activity in the sensorimotor functional territory of the putamen, using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) cynomolgus monkeys. A subset of MPTP monkeys was treated orally with L-Dopa and developed LID similar to PD patients. Using a combination of light, confocal and transmission electron microscopy, our quantitative analyses revealed alterations of microglial density, morphology and phagolysosomal activity following MPTP intoxication that were partially normalized with L-Dopa treatment. In particular, microglial density, cell body and arborization areas were increased in the MPTP monkeys, whereas L-Dopa-treated MPTP animals presented a microglial phenotype similar to the control animals. At the ultrastructural level, microglia did not differ between groups in their markers of cellular stress or aging. Nevertheless, microglia from the MPTP monkeys displayed reduced numbers of endosomes, compared with control animals, that remained lower after L-Dopa treatment. Microglia from MPTP monkeys treated with L-Dopa also had increased numbers of primary lysosomes compared with non-treated MPTP animals, while secondary and tertiary lysosomes remained unchanged. Moreover, a decrease microglial immunoreactivity for CD68, considered a marker of phagocytosis and lysosomal activity, was measured in the MPTP monkeys treated with L-Dopa, compared with non-treated MPTP animals. Taken together, these findings revealed significant changes in microglia during PD pathophysiology that were partially rescued by L-Dopa treatment. Albeit, this L-Dopa treatment conferred phagolysosomal insufficiency on microglia in the dyskinetic Parkinsonian monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lecours
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Integrated Program of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Melanie Bourque
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ifeoluwa Oluleke Awogbindin
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Neuroimmunology Group, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Amin Benadjal
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Biologie Intégrative et Physiologie, Sorbonne Université, Paris VI, France
| | | | - Dave Gagnon
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Leo Cantin
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Therese Di Paolo
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Xiao M, Xiao ZJ, Yang B, Lan Z, Fang F. Blood-Brain Barrier: More Contributor to Disruption of Central Nervous System Homeostasis Than Victim in Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:764. [PMID: 32903669 PMCID: PMC7438939 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic but solid shield in the cerebral microvascular system. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis by regulating the exchange of materials between the circulation and the brain and protects the neural tissue from neurotoxic components as well as pathogens. Here, we discuss the development of the BBB in physiological conditions and then focus on the role of the BBB in cerebrovascular disease, including acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Finally, we summarize recent advancements in the development of therapies targeting the BBB and outline future directions and outstanding questions in the field. We propose that BBB dysfunction not only results from, but is causal in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders; the BBB is more a contributor to the disruption of CNS homeostasis than a victim in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Jie Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Pajares M, I. Rojo A, Manda G, Boscá L, Cuadrado A. Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071687. [PMID: 32674367 PMCID: PMC7408280 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the molecular bases for PD development are still little defined, extensive evidence from human samples and animal models support the involvement of inflammation in onset or progression. However, the exact trigger for this response remains unclear. Here, we provide a systematic review of the cellular mediators, i.e., microglia, astroglia and endothelial cells. We also discuss the genetic and transcriptional control of inflammation in PD and the immunomodulatory role of dopamine and reactive oxygen species. Finally, we summarize the preclinical and clinical approaches targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERcv), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915854383; Fax: +34-915854401
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Regulation of immune-driven pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease by gut microbiota. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:890-897. [PMID: 31931152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most significant medical and social burdens of our time. The prevalence of PD increases with age and the number of individuals diagnosed with PD is expected to double from 6.9 million in 2015 to 14.2 million in 2040. To date, no drugs can stop the ongoing neurodegeneration caused by PD due to its unclear and complex pathogenic mechanisms. It has been wildly recognized that both gut microbiota and neuro-immunity are involved in the pathology of PD. In this review, we intend to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on how gut microbiota involved in immune-driven pathogenesis of PD, and its potential as a new target of dietary and/or therapeutic interventions for PD.
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Newville J, Maxwell JR, Kitase Y, Robinson S, Jantzie LL. Perinatal Opioid Exposure Primes the Peripheral Immune System Toward Hyperreactivity. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:272. [PMID: 32670993 PMCID: PMC7332770 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of opioid use during pregnancy warrants investigation to reveal the impact of opioid exposure on the developing fetus. Exposure during critical periods of development could have enduring consequences for affected individuals. Particularly, evidence is mounting that developmental injury can result in immune priming, whereby subsequent immune activation elicits an exaggerated immune response. This maladaptive hypersensitivity to immune challenge perpetuates dysregulated inflammatory signaling and poor health outcomes. Utilizing an established preclinical rat model of perinatal methadone exposure, we sought to investigate the consequences of developmental opioid exposure on in vitro activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We hypothesize that PBMCs from methadone-exposed rats would exhibit abnormal chemokine and cytokine expression at baseline, with exaggerated chemokine and cytokine production following immune stimulation compared to saline-exposed controls. On postnatal day (P) 7, pup PMBCs were isolated and cultured, pooling three pups per n. Following 3 and 24 h, the supernatant from cultured PMBCs was collected and assessed for inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression at baseline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation using multiplex electrochemiluminescence. Following 3 and 24 h, baseline production of proinflammatory chemokine and cytokine levels were significantly increased in methadone PBMCs (p < 0.0001). Stimulation with LPS for 3 h resulted in increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) expression by 3.5-fold in PBMCs from methadone-exposed PBMCs compared to PBMCs from saline-exposed controls (p < 0.0001). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell hyperreactivity was still apparent at 24 h of LPS stimulation, evidenced by significantly increased TNF-α, CXCL1, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-10 production by methadone PMBCs compared to saline control PBMCs (p < 0.0001). Together, we provide evidence of increased production of proinflammatory molecules from methadone PBMCs at baseline, in addition to sustained hyperreactivity relative to saline-exposed controls. Exaggerated peripheral immune responses exacerbate inflammatory signaling, with subsequent consequences on many organ systems throughout the body, such as the developing nervous system. Enhanced understanding of these inflammatory mechanisms will allow for appropriate therapeutic development for infants who were exposed to opioids during development. Furthermore, these data highlight the utility of this in vitro PBMC assay technique for future biomarker development to guide specific treatment for patients exposed to opioids during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Newville
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jessie R. Maxwell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Yuma Kitase
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Arbez N, He X, Huang Y, Ren M, Liang Y, Nucifora FC, Wang X, Pei Z, Tessarolo L, Smith WW, Ross CA. G2019S-LRRK2 mutation enhances MPTP-linked Parkinsonism in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:580-590. [PMID: 31813996 PMCID: PMC7068031 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with a heterogeneous etiology that involves genetic and environmental factors or exogenous. Current LRRK2 PD animal models only partly reproduce the characteristics of the disease with very subtle dopaminergic neuron degeneration. We developed a new model of PD that combines a sub-toxic MPTP insult to the G2019S-LRRK2 mutation. Our newly generated mice, overexpressing mutant G2019S-LRRK2 protein in the brain, displayed a mild, age-dependent progressive motor impairment, but no reduction of lifespan. Cortical neurons from G2019S-LRRK2 mice showed an increased vulnerability to stress insults, compared with neurons overexpressing wild-type WT-LRRK2, or non-transgenic (nTg) neurons. The exposure of LRRK2 transgenic mice to a sub-toxic dose of MPTP resulted in severe motor impairment, selective loss of dopamine neurons and increased astrocyte activation, whereas nTg mice with MPTP exposure showed no deficits. Interestingly, mice overexpressing WT-LRRK2 showed a significant impairment that was milder than for the mutant G2019S-LRRK2 mice. L-DOPA treatments could partially improve the movement impairments but did not protect the dopamine neuron loss. In contrast, treatments with an LRRK2 kinase inhibitor significantly reduced the dopaminergic neuron degeneration in this interaction model. Our studies provide a novel LRRK2 gene-MPTP interaction PD mouse model, and a useful tool for future studies of PD pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Arbez
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - XiaoFei He
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark Ren
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Yideng Liang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Frederick C Nucifora
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zhong Pei
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lino Tessarolo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Wanli W Smith
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Barilar JO, Knezovic A, Perhoc AB, Homolak J, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Shared cerebral metabolic pathology in non-transgenic animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:231-250. [PMID: 32030485 PMCID: PMC7035309 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most common chronic neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by motoric dysfunction or cognitive decline in the early stage, respectively, but often by both symptoms in the advanced stage. Among underlying molecular pathologies that PD and AD patients have in common, more attention is recently paid to the central metabolic dysfunction presented as insulin resistant brain state (IRBS) and altered cerebral glucose metabolism, both also explored in animal models of these diseases. This review aims to compare IRBS and alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models. The comparison is based on the selectivity of the neurotoxins which cause experimental PD and AD, towards the cellular membrane and intracellular molecular targets as well as towards the selective neurons/non-neuronal cells, and the particular brain regions. Mitochondrial damage and co-expression of insulin receptors, glucose transporter-2 and dopamine transporter on the membrane of particular neurons as well as astrocytes seem to be the key points which are further discussed in a context of alterations in insulin signalling in the brain and its interaction with dopaminergic transmission, particularly regarding the time frame of the experimental AD/PD pathology appearance and the correlation with cognitive and motor symptoms. Such a perspective provides evidence on IRBS being a common underlying metabolic pathology and a contributor to neurodegenerative processes in representative non-transgenic animal PD and AD models, instead of being a direct cause of a particular neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department and Research Unit of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Institute of Fundamental Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Research Centre of Excellence, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 12, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Chronic Systemic Inflammation Exacerbates Neurotoxicity in a Parkinson's Disease Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4807179. [PMID: 32015787 PMCID: PMC6982359 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4807179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a crucial factor for microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. This work is aimed at assessing whether previous exposure to systemic inflammation potentiates neurotoxic damage by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and how chronic systemic inflammation participates in the physiopathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Two different models of systemic inflammation were employed to explore this hypothesis: a single administration of lipopolysaccharide (sLPS; 5 mg/kg) and chronic exposure to low doses (mLPS; 100 μg/kg twice a week for three months). After three months, both groups were challenged with MPTP. With the sLPS administration, Iba1 staining increased in the striatum and substantia nigra, and the cell viability lowered in the striatum of these mice. mLPS alone had more impact on the proinflammatory profile of the brain, steadily increasing TNFα levels, activating microglia, reducing BDNF, cell viability, and dopamine levels, leading to a damage profile similar to the MPTP model per se. Interestingly, mLPS increased MAO-B activity possibly conferring susceptibility to MPTP damage. mLPS, along with MPTP administration, exacerbated the neurotoxic effect. This effect seemed to be coordinated by microglia since minocycline administration prevented brain TNFα increase. Coadministration of sLPS with MPTP only facilitated damage induced by MPTP without significant change in the inflammatory profile. These results indicate that chronic systemic inflammation increased susceptibility to MPTP toxic effect and is an adequate model for studying the impact of systemic inflammation in Parkinson's disease.
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Xiao L, Wei F, Zhou Y, Anderson GJ, Frazer DM, Lim YC, Liu T, Xiao Y. Dihydrolipoic Acid-Gold Nanoclusters Regulate Microglial Polarization and Have the Potential To Alter Neurogenesis. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:478-495. [PMID: 31789044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the most significant features in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, and many neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia become polarized upon stimulation. The two extremes of the polarization are the neuron-destructive proinflammatory M1-like and the neuron-regenerative M2-like phenotypes. Thus, manipulating microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype is a promising therapeutic approach for CNS repair and regeneration. It has been reported that nanoparticles are potential tools for regulating microglial polarization. Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and have neuroprotective effects, suggesting the possibility of utilizing AuNCs to regulate microglial polarization and improve neuronal regeneration in CNS. In the current study, AuNCs functionalized with dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA-AuNCs), an antioxidant with demonstrated neuroprotective roles, were prepared, and their effects on polarization of a microglial cell line (BV2) were examined. DHLA-AuNCs effectively suppressed proinflammatory processes in BV2 cells by inducing polarization toward the M2-like phenotype. This was associated with a decrease in reactive oxygen species and reduced NF-kB signaling and an improvement in cell survival coupled with enhanced autophagy and inhibited apoptosis. Conditioned medium from DHLA-AuNC-treated BV2 cells was able to enhance neurogenesis in both the neuronal cell line N2a and in an ex vivo brain slice stroke model. The direct treatment of brain slices with DHLA-AuNCs also ameliorated stroke-related tissue injury and reduced astrocyte activation (astrogliosis). This study suggests that by regulating neuroinflammation to improve neuronal regeneration, DHLA-AuNCs could be a potential therapeutic agent in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Fei Wei
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Yinghong Zhou
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
- The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM) , https://research.qut.edu.au/accterm/
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - David M Frazer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - Tianqing Liu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
- The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM) , https://research.qut.edu.au/accterm/
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Photobiomodulation Mitigates Cerebrovascular Leakage Induced by the Parkinsonian Neurotoxin MPTP. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100564. [PMID: 31590236 PMCID: PMC6843129 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is commonly used to model Parkinson’s disease (PD) as it specifically damages the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Recent studies in mice have, however, provided evidence that MPTP also compromises the integrity of the brain’s vasculature. Photobiomodulation (PBM), the irradiation of tissue with low-intensity red light, mitigates MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, but whether PBM also mitigates MPTP-induced damage to the cerebrovasculature has not been investigated. This study aimed to characterize the time course of cerebrovascular disruption following MPTP exposure and to determine whether PBM can mitigate this disruption. Young adult male C57BL/6 mice were injected with 80 mg/kg MPTP or isotonic saline and perfused with fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC-labelled albumin at various time points post-injection. By 7 days post-injection, there was substantial and significant leakage of FITC-labelled albumin into both the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc; p < 0.0001) and the caudate-putamen complex (CPu; p ≤ 0.0003); this leakage partly subsided by 14 days post-injection. Mice that were injected with MPTP and treated with daily transcranial PBM (670 nm, 50 mW/cm2, 3 min/day), commencing 24 h after MPTP injection, showed significantly less leakage of FITC-labelled albumin in both the SNc (p < 0.0001) and CPu (p = 0.0003) than sham-treated MPTP mice, with levels of leakage that were not significantly different from saline-injected controls. In summary, this study confirms that MPTP damages the brain’s vasculature, delineates the time course of leakage induced by MPTP out to 14 days post-injection, and provides the first direct evidence that PBM can mitigate this leakage. These findings provide new understanding of the use of the MPTP mouse model as an experimental tool and highlight the potential of PBM as a therapeutic tool for reducing vascular dysfunction in neurological conditions.
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Oikawa S, Kai Y, Mano A, Sugama S, Mizoguchi N, Tsuda M, Muramoto K, Kakinuma Y. Potentiating a non-neuronal cardiac cholinergic system reinforces the functional integrity of the blood brain barrier associated with systemic anti-inflammatory responses. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:122-137. [PMID: 31176726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the heart-specific choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene overexpressing mice (ChAT tg) show specific phenotypes including ischemic tolerance and the CNS stress tolerance. In the current study, we focused on molecular mechanisms responsible for systemic and localized anti-inflammatory phenotypes of ChAT tg. ChAT tg were resistant to systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides due to an attenuated cytokine response. In addition, ChAT tg, originally equipped with less reactive Kupffer cells, were refractory to brain cold injury, with decreased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and reduced inflammation. This is because ChAT tg brain endothelial cells expressed more claudin-5, and their astrocytes were less reactive, causing decreased hypertrophy. Moreover, reconstruction of the BBB integrity in vitro confirmed the consolidation of ChAT tg. ChAT tg were also resistant to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neuronal toxicity due to lower mortality rate and neuronal loss of substantia nigra. Additionally, ChAT tg subjected to MPTP showed attenuated BBB disruption, as evident from reduced sodium fluorescein levels in the brain parenchyma. The activated central cholinergic pathway of ChAT tg lead to anti-convulsive effects like vagus nerve stimulation. However, DSP-4, a noradrenergic neuron-selective neurotoxin against the CNS including the locus ceruleus, abrogated the beneficial phenotype and vagotomy attenuated expression of claudin-5, suggesting the link between the cholinergic pathway and BBB function. Altogether, these findings indicate that ChAT tg possess an anti-inflammatory response potential, associated with upregulated claudin-5, leading to the consolidation of BBB integrity. These characteristics protect ChAT tg against systemic and localized inflammatory pathological disorders, which targets the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Oikawa
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuko Kai
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Asuka Mano
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Shuei Sugama
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Naoko Mizoguchi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakaido, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuda
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Muramoto
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Meikai University, Sakaido, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakinuma
- Department of Bioregulatory Science (Physiology), Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Guzman-Ruiz MA, de La Mora MB, Torres X, Meza C, Garcia E, Chavarria A. Oral Silica Nanoparticles Lack of Neurotoxic Effects in a Parkinson's Disease Model: A Possible Nanocarrier? IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2019; 18:535-541. [PMID: 31398128 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2019.2934074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NP) are an option as drug carriers due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and capacity to bind themselves to other compounds. However, until now, the effect of these particles on the brain when neurodegeneration occurs is unknown. Hence, this work focused on the in vivo evaluation of the neurotoxic effects of SiO2-NP when oxidative and inflammation are present during the development of Parkinson's disease. To determine whether SiO2-NP may act as a non-neurotoxic carrier we evaluated if the intragastric administration (ig) of SiO2-NP of 150 nm (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg administered for five consecutive days) increased neuronal damage induced with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration. SiO2-NP administration did not further decrease cell viability assessed by MTT reduction, nor increased lipid peroxidation measured by TBARS or TNF α levels in the striatum and the substantia nigra in the MPTP model. Furthermore, we observed no additional reduction in striatal dopamine levels. The present results suggest that SiO2-NP of 150 nm are suitable nanocarrier for Parkinson's disease drugs without generating any additional damage.
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Neuroprotective effects of acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) in a chronic MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model: Endothelial and microglial effects. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:86-95. [PMID: 30890473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive motor disease with clinical features emerging due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), which project to the caudate putamen (CPu) where they release dopamine (DA). The current study investigated whether acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) could ameliorate the pathology seen in an in vivoin vivo chronic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. Four treatment groups were included: 1) CONTROL receiving probenecid (PROB; 250 mg/kg) only, 2) MPTP (25 mg/kg) + PROB, 3) MPTP + ALC (100 mg/kg), and 4) ALC alone. MPTP-induced losses in tyrosine hydroxylase and DA transporter immunoreactivity in the SNc and CPu were significantly reduced by ALC. HPLC data further suggests that decreases in CPu DA levels produced by MPTP were also attenuated by ALC. Additionally, microglial activation and astrocytic reactivity induced by MPTP were greatly reduced by ALC, indicating protection against neuroinflammation. Glucose transporter-1 and the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludins-1 were also protected from MPTP-induced down-regulation by ALC. Together, data suggest that in this model, ALC protects against MPTP-induced damage to endothelial cells and loss of DA neurons in the SNc and CPu, suggesting that ALC therapy may have the potential to slow or ameliorate the progression of PD pathology in a clinical setting.
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γ-Secretase and its modulators: Twenty years and beyond. Neurosci Lett 2019; 701:162-169. [PMID: 30763650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, Wolfe, Xia, and Selkoe identified two aspartate residues in Alzheimer's presenilin protein that constitute the active site of the γ-secretase complex. Mutations in the genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin (PS) cause early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), and sequential cleavages of the APP by β-secretase and γ-secretase/presenilin generate amyloid β protein (Aβ), the major component of pathological hallmark, neuritic plaques, in brains of AD patients. Therapeutic strategies centered on targeting γ-secretase/presenilin to reduce amyloid were implemented and led to several high profile clinical trials. This review article focuses on the studies of γ-secretase and its inhibitors/modulators since the discovery of presenilin as the γ-secretase. While a lack of complete understanding of presenilin biology renders failure of clinical trials, the lessons learned from some γ-secretase modulators, while premature for human testing, provide new directions to develop potential therapeutics. Imbalanced Aβ homeostasis is an upstream event of neurodegenerative processes. Exploration of γ-secretase modulators for their roles in these processes is highly significant, e.g., decreasing neuroinflammation and levels of phosphorylated tau, the component of the other AD pathological hallmark, neurofibrillary tangles. Agents with excellent human pharmacology hold great promise in suppressing neurodegeneration in pre-symptomatic or early stage AD patients.
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Liu L, Liu X. Contributions of Drug Transporters to Blood-Brain Barriers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:407-466. [PMID: 31571171 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain interfaces comprise the cerebral microvessel endothelium forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the epithelium of the choroid plexuses forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Their main functions are to impede free diffusion between brain fluids and blood; to provide transport processes for essential nutrients, ions, and metabolic waste products; and to regulate the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS), all of which are attributed to absent fenestrations, high expression of tight junction proteins at cell-cell contacts, and expression of multiple transporters, receptors, and enzymes. Existence of BBB is an important reason that systemic drug administration is not suitable for the treatment of CNS diseases. Some diseases, such epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and diabetes, alter BBB function via affecting tight junction proteins or altering expression and function of these transporters. This chapter will illustrate function of BBB, expression of transporters, as well as their alterations under disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Nelson AR, Zlokovic BV. Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:21-78. [PMID: 30280653 PMCID: PMC6335099 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00050.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1187] [Impact Index Per Article: 237.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents neurotoxic plasma components, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the brain. At the same time, the BBB regulates transport of molecules into and out of the central nervous system (CNS), which maintains tightly controlled chemical composition of the neuronal milieu that is required for proper neuronal functioning. In this review, we first examine molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the establishment of the BBB. Then, we focus on BBB transport physiology, endothelial and pericyte transporters, and perivascular and paravascular transport. Next, we discuss rare human monogenic neurological disorders with the primary genetic defect in BBB-associated cells demonstrating the link between BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration. Then, we review the effects of genes underlying inheritance and/or increased susceptibility for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on BBB in relation to other pathologies and neurological deficits. We next examine how BBB dysfunction relates to neurological deficits and other pathologies in the majority of sporadic AD, PD, and ALS cases, multiple sclerosis, other neurodegenerative disorders, and acute CNS disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and epilepsy. Lastly, we discuss BBB-based therapeutic opportunities. We conclude with lessons learned and future directions, with emphasis on technological advances to investigate the BBB functions in the living human brain, and at the molecular and cellular level, and address key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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García-Domínguez I, Veselá K, García-Revilla J, Carrillo-Jiménez A, Roca-Ceballos MA, Santiago M, de Pablos RM, Venero JL. Peripheral Inflammation Enhances Microglia Response and Nigral Dopaminergic Cell Death in an in vivo MPTP Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:398. [PMID: 30459561 PMCID: PMC6232526 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of systemic inflammation in nigral dopaminergic cell loss remains unclear. Here, we have investigated the role of peripheral inflammation induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in the MPTP-based model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain inflammation, microglia and astroglia activation, disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and integrity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system were evaluated in response to i.p. injection of LPS, MPTP or the combination of both. Our results showed that combinative treatment exacerbates microglia activation and enhances (i) the appearance of galectin-3-positive microglia, recently identified as microglial disease-associated phenotypic marker, (ii) the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, (iii) the occurrence of A1 neurotoxic astrocytes, (iv) the breakdown of the BBB, and (v) the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Microglia activation was triggered earlier than other degenerative events, suggesting that over-activation of microglia (including different polarization states) may induce dopaminergic neuron loss by itself, initiating the endless cycle of inflammation/degeneration. Our study revitalizes the importance of peripheral inflammation as a potential risk factor for Parkinson’s disease and raises the possibility of using new anti-inflammatory therapies to improve the course of neurodegenerative diseases, including those directly aimed at modulating the deleterious activity of disease-associated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene García-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Karolina Veselá
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carrillo-Jiménez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - María Angustias Roca-Ceballos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Marti Santiago
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José L Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Pan Y, Nicolazzo JA. Impact of aging, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease on the blood-brain barrier transport of therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 135:62-74. [PMID: 29665383 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Older people are at a greater risk of medicine-induced toxicity resulting from either increased drug sensitivity or age-related pharmacokinetic changes. The scenario is further complicated with the two most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). With aging, AD and PD, there is growing evidence of altered structure and function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), including modifications to tight junctions and efflux transporters, such as P-glycoprotein. The subsequent impact on CNS drug exposure and risk of neurotoxicity from systemically-acting medicines is less well characterized. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to provide an overview of the multiple changes that occur to the BBB as a result of aging, AD and PD, and the impact that such changes have on CNS exposure of drugs, based on studies conducted in aged rodents or rodent models of disease, and in elderly people with and without AD or PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Pan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 399 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Fang X. Impaired tissue barriers as potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1031-1043. [PMID: 29681010 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier and the intestinal barrier show signs of disruption in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and animal models of nigrostriatal degeneration, and likewise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) models. A substantial body of evidence shows that defects in epithelial membrane barriers, both in the gut and within the cerebral vasculature, can result in increased vulnerability of tissues to external factors potentially participating in the pathogenesis of PD and ALS. As such, restoration of tissue barriers may prove to be a novel therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we focus on the potential of new intervention strategies for rescuing and maintaining barrier functions in PD and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Cofilin Knockdown Attenuates Hemorrhagic Brain Injury-induced Oxidative Stress and Microglial Activation in Mice. Neuroscience 2018; 383:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Li X, Wu T, Li T, Cai M, Yu Z, Xiang J, Cai D. Jia-Jian-Di-Huang-Yin-Zi decoction exerts neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons and their microenvironment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9886. [PMID: 29959371 PMCID: PMC6026152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As a classical prescription of Traditional Chinese medicine, the Jia-Jian-Di-Huang-Yin-Zi (JJDHYZ) decoction has long been used to treat movement disorders. The present study evaluated the effects of JJDHYZ on dopaminergic (DA) neurons and their survival-enhancing microenvironment as well as the possible mechanisms involved using a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. In MPTP-lesioned mice, a high dosage of JJDHYZ (34 g/kg/day) attenuated the loss of DA neurons, reversed the dopamine depletion, and improved the expression of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) compared to the untreated model group. JJDHYZ also protected the ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and tight junction proteins by inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocytes besides the increase in three types of matrix metalloproteinases in the substantia nigra. In conclusion, the JJDHYZ-high dosage (JJDHYZ-H) group exhibited the neuroprotection of DA neurons, and the underlying mechanism may be related to the survival-enhancing microenvironment of the DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhennian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiangting Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhonghai Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dingfang Cai
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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