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Chesters RA, Zhu J, Coull BM, Baidoe-Ansah D, Baumer L, Palm L, Klinghammer N, Chen S, Hahm A, Yagoub S, Cantacorps L, Bernardi D, Ritter K, Lippert RN. Fasting-induced activity changes in MC3R neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402754. [PMID: 39107065 PMCID: PMC11303869 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain controls energy homeostasis by regulating food intake through signaling within the melanocortin system. Whilst we understand the role of the hypothalamus within this system, how extra-hypothalamic brain regions are involved in controlling energy balance remains unclear. Here we show that the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) is expressed in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT). We tested whether fasting would change the activity of MC3R neurons in this region by assessing the levels of c-Fos and pCREB as neuronal activity markers. We determined that overnight fasting causes a significant reduction in pCREB levels within PVT-MC3R neurons. We then questioned whether perturbation of MC3R signaling, during fasting, would result in altered refeeding. Using chemogenetic approaches, we show that modulation of MC3R activity, during the fasting period, does not impact body weight regain or total food intake in the refeeding period. However, we did observe significant differences in the pattern of feeding-related behavior. These findings suggest that the PVT is a region where MC3R neurons respond to energy deprivation and modulate refeeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Chesters
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bethany M Coull
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Baidoe-Ansah
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lea Baumer
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Lydia Palm
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Niklas Klinghammer
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Seve Chen
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anneke Hahm
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Selma Yagoub
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Lídia Cantacorps
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Bernardi
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Katrin Ritter
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Rachel N Lippert
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition https://ror.org/05xdczy51, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Rius-Bonet J, Macip S, Massip-Salcedo M, Closa D. Effects of Fasting on THP1 Macrophage Metabolism and Inflammatory Profile. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9029. [PMID: 39201723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Fasting can affect the body's inflammatory response, and this has been linked to potential health benefits, including improvements for people with rheumatic diseases. In this work, we evaluated, in vitro, how changes in nutrient availability alter the inflammatory response of macrophages. Macrophage-differentiated THP1 cells were cultured, deprived of FCS or subjected to cycles of FCS deprivation and restoration to mimic intermittent fasting. Changes in the macrophage phenotype, the cells' response to inflammatory stimuli and the level of mitochondrial alteration were assessed. The results indicate that while periods of serum starvation are associated with a decrease in IL1β and TNFα expression, consistent with an anti-inflammatory response, intermittent serum starvation cycles promote a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Rapid changes in reducing capacity and mitochondrial response were also observed. Of note, while some changes, such as the production of oxygen free radicals, were reversed with refeeding, others, such as a decrease in reducing capacity, were maintained and even increased. This study shows that different fasting protocols can have diverging effects and highlights that time-limited nutrient changes can significantly affect macrophage functions in cell cultures. These findings help elucidate some of the mechanisms by which specific fasting dietary interventions could help control inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rius-Bonet
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory-South, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Macip
- FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory-South, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Marta Massip-Salcedo
- FoodLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Mechanisms of Cancer and Aging Laboratory-South, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Closa
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Wu G, Ma T, Hancock CE, Gonzalez S, Aryal B, Vaz S, Chan G, Palarca-Wong M, Allen N, Chung CI, Shu X, Liu Q. Opposing GPCR signaling programs protein intake setpoint in Drosophila. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00841-9. [PMID: 39197448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Animals defend a target level for their fundamental needs, including food, water, and sleep. Deviation from the target range, or "setpoint," triggers motivated behaviors to eliminate that difference. Whether and how the setpoint itself is encoded remains enigmatic for all motivated behaviors. Employing a high-throughput feeding assay in Drosophila, we demonstrate that the protein intake setpoint is set to different values in male, virgin female, and mated female flies to meet their varying protein demands. Leveraging this setpoint variability, we found, remarkably, that the information on the intake setpoint is stored within the protein hunger neurons as the resting membrane potential. Two RFamide G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways, by tuning the resting membrane potential in opposite directions, coordinately program and adjust the protein intake setpoint. Together, our studies map the protein intake setpoint to a single trackable physiological parameter and elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying setpoint determination and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Wu
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tianji Ma
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Clare E Hancock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Santiago Gonzalez
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Binod Aryal
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sharon Vaz
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gabrielle Chan
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Madison Palarca-Wong
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nick Allen
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chan-I Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xiaokun Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Qili Liu
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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4
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Dong H, Wang S, Hu C, Wang M, Zhou T, Zhou Y. Neuroprotective Effects of Intermittent Fasting in the Aging Brain. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2024; 80:175-185. [PMID: 38631305 DOI: 10.1159/000538782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders is old age. Nutritional interventions that delay aging, such as calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF), as well as pharmaceuticals that affect the pathways linking nutrition and aging processes, have been developed in recent decades and have been shown to alleviate the effects of aging on the brain. SUMMARY CR is accomplished by alternating periods of ad libitum feeding and fasting. In animal models, IF has been shown to increase lifespan and slow the progression and severity of age-related pathologies such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. According to recent research, dietary changes can help older people with dementia retain brain function. However, the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of IF on the aging brain and related questions in this area of study (i.e., the potential of IF to treat neurodegenerative disorders) remain to be examined. KEY MESSAGES This review addresses the hypothesis that IF may have translational potential in protecting the aged brain while summarizing the research supporting the putative neuroprotective mechanisms of IF in animal models. Additionally, given the emerging understanding of the connection between aging and dementia, our investigations may offer a fresh perspective on the use of dietary interventions for enhancing brain function and preventing dementia in elderly individuals. Finally, the absence of guidelines regarding the application of IF in patients hampers its broad utilization in clinical practice, and further studies are needed to improve our knowledge of the long-term effects of IF on dementia before it can be widely prescribed. In conclusion, IF may be an ancillary intervention for preserving memory and cognition in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenji Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Equipment, Ba Yi Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xindu District People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
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5
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Munoz M, Solis C, McCann M, Park J, Rafael-Clyke K, Chowdhury SAK, Jiang Y, Rosas PC. P21-activated kinase-1 signaling is required to preserve adipose tissue homeostasis and cardiac function. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04968-4. [PMID: 38430300 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
While P21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1) has been extensively studied in relation to cardiovascular health and glucose metabolism, its roles within adipose tissue and cardiometabolic diseases are less understood. In this study, we explored the effects of PAK1 deletion on energy balance, adipose tissue homeostasis, and cardiac function utilizing a whole-body PAK1 knockout (PAK1-/-) mouse model. Our findings revealed that body weight differences between PAK1-/- and WT mice emerged at 9 weeks of age, with further increases observed at 12 weeks. Furthermore, PAK1-/- mice displayed increased fat mass and decreased lean mass at 12 weeks, indicating a shift towards adiposity. In conjunction with the increased body weight, PAK1-/- mice had increased food intake and reduced energy expenditure. At a mechanistic level, PAK1 deletion boosted the expression of lipogenic markers while diminishing thermogenic markers expression in adipose tissues, contributing to reduced energy expenditure and the overall obesogenic phenotype. Moreover, our findings highlighted a significant impact on cardiac function following PAK1 deletion, including alterations in calcium kinetics and compromised systolic and lusitropy functions. In summary, our study emphasizes the significant role of PAK1 in weight regulation and cardiac function, enriching our comprehension of heart health and metabolism. These findings could potentially facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic targets in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Munoz
- Divison of Endocrinology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Solis
- Department of Health, Nutrition & Food Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Maximilian McCann
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jooman Park
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Koreena Rafael-Clyke
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shamim A K Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paola C Rosas
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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6
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Hu X, Peng J, Tang W, Xia Y, Song P. A circadian rhythm-restricted diet regulates autophagy to improve cognitive function and prolong lifespan. Biosci Trends 2023; 17:356-368. [PMID: 37722875 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2023.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Diet and circadian rhythms have been found to have a profound impact on health, disease, and aging. Skipping breakfast, eating late, and overeating have adverse effects on the body's metabolism and increase the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Disturbance of circadian rhythms has been associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other diseases. Abnormal deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins in the brain and impaired synaptic function are linked to cognitive dysfunction. A restrictive diet following the circadian rhythm can affect the metabolism of lipids, glucose, and amino acids such as branched chain amino acids and cysteine. These metabolic changes contribute to autophagy through molecular mechanisms such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), rapamycin (mTOR), D-β-hydroxybutyrate (D-BHB), and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Autophagy, in turn, promotes the removal of abnormally deposited proteins and damaged organelles and improves cognitive function, ultimately prolonging lifespan. In addition, a diet restricted to the circadian rhythm induces increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the forebrain region, regulating autophagy and increasing synaptic plasticity, thus enhancing cognitive function. Consequently, circadian rhythm-restricted diets could serve as a promising non-pharmacological treatment for preventing and improving cognitive dysfunction and prolonging lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
- International Health Care Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Peipei Song
- Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Leung A, Rangamani P. Computational modeling of AMPK and mTOR crosstalk in glutamatergic synapse calcium signaling. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:34. [PMID: 37460570 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal energy consumption is vital for information processing and memory formation in synapses. The brain consists of just 2% of the human body's mass, but consumes almost 20% of the body's energy budget. Most of this energy is attributed to active transport in ion signaling, with calcium being the canonical second messenger of synaptic transmission. Here, we develop a computational model of synaptic signaling resulting in the activation of two protein kinases critical in metabolic regulation and cell fate, AMP-Activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and investigate the effect of glutamate stimulus frequency on their dynamics. Our model predicts that frequencies of glutamate stimulus over 10 Hz perturb AMPK and mTOR oscillations at higher magnitudes by up to 36% and change the area under curve (AUC) by 5%. This dynamic difference in AMPK and mTOR activation trajectories potentially differentiates high frequency stimulus bursts from basal neuronal signaling leading to a downstream change in synaptic plasticity. Further, we also investigate the crosstalk between insulin receptor and calcium signaling on AMPK and mTOR activation and predict that the pathways demonstrate multistability dependent on strength of insulin signaling and metabolic consumption rate. Our predictions have implications for improving our understanding of neuronal metabolism, synaptic pruning, and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leung
- Chemical Engineering Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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8
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Cao R, Tian H, Zhang Y, Liu G, Xu H, Rao G, Tian Y, Fu X. Signaling pathways and intervention for therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e283. [PMID: 37303813 PMCID: PMC10248034 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents one of the fastest growing epidemic metabolic disorders worldwide and is a strong contributor for a broad range of comorbidities, including vascular, visual, neurological, kidney, and liver diseases. Moreover, recent data suggest a mutual interplay between T2DM and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Pioneering discoveries throughout the past few decades have established notable links between signaling pathways and T2DM pathogenesis and therapy. Importantly, a number of signaling pathways substantially control the advancement of core pathological changes in T2DM, including IR and β cell dysfunction, as well as additional pathogenic disturbances. Accordingly, an improved understanding of these signaling pathways sheds light on tractable targets and strategies for developing and repurposing critical therapies to treat T2DM and its complications. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the history of T2DM and signaling pathways, and offer a systematic update on the role and mechanism of key signaling pathways underlying the onset, development, and progression of T2DM. In this content, we also summarize current therapeutic drugs/agents associated with signaling pathways for the treatment of T2DM and its complications, and discuss some implications and directions to the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Huimin Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Geng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Guocheng Rao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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9
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Grzelka K, Wilhelms H, Dodt S, Dreisow ML, Madara JC, Walker SJ, Wu C, Wang D, Lowell BB, Fenselau H. A synaptic amplifier of hunger for regaining body weight in the hypothalamus. Cell Metab 2023; 35:770-785.e5. [PMID: 36965483 PMCID: PMC10160008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Restricting caloric intake effectively reduces body weight, but most dieters fail long-term adherence to caloric deficit and eventually regain lost weight. Hypothalamic circuits that control hunger drive critically determine body weight; yet, how weight loss sculpts these circuits to motivate food consumption until lost weight is regained remains unclear. Here, we probe the contribution of synaptic plasticity in discrete excitatory afferents on hunger-promoting AgRP neurons. We reveal a crucial role for activity-dependent, remarkably long-lasting amplification of synaptic activity originating from paraventricular hypothalamus thyrotropin-releasing (PVHTRH) neurons in long-term body weight control. Silencing PVHTRH neurons inhibits the potentiation of excitatory input to AgRP neurons and diminishes concomitant regain of lost weight. Brief stimulation of the pathway is sufficient to enduringly potentiate this glutamatergic hunger synapse and triggers an NMDAR-dependent gaining of body weight that enduringly persists. Identification of this activity-dependent synaptic amplifier provides a previously unrecognized target to combat regain of lost weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grzelka
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Wilhelms
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Dodt
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Dreisow
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph C Madara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samuel J Walker
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chen Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daqing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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10
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Yang Y, Reid MA, Hanse EA, Li H, Li Y, Ruiz BI, Fan Q, Kong M. SAPS3 subunit of protein phosphatase 6 is an AMPK inhibitor and controls metabolic homeostasis upon dietary challenge in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1368. [PMID: 36914647 PMCID: PMC10011557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of AMPK is tightly associated with metabolic perturbations upon over nutrition, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying are not clear. Here, we demonstrate the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 regulatory subunit 3, SAPS3, is a negative regulator of AMPK. SAPS3 is induced under high fat diet (HFD) and recruits the PP6 catalytic subunit to deactivate phosphorylated-AMPK, thereby inhibiting AMPK-controlled metabolic pathways. Either whole-body or liver-specific deletion of SAPS3 protects male mice against HFD-induced detrimental consequences and reverses HFD-induced metabolic and transcriptional alterations while loss of SAPS3 has no effects on mice under balanced diets. Furthermore, genetic inhibition of AMPK is sufficient to block the protective phenotype in SAPS3 knockout mice under HFD. Together, our results reveal that SAPS3 is a negative regulator of AMPK and suppression of SAPS3 functions as a guardian when metabolism is perturbed and represents a potential therapeutic strategy to treat metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Michael A Reid
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Eric A Hanse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Haiqing Li
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Yuanding Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Bryan I Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Qi Fan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mei Kong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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11
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Korgan AC, Oliveira-Abreu K, Wei W, Martin SLA, Bridges ZJD, Leal-Cardoso JH, Kaczorowski CC, O'Connell KMS. High sucrose consumption decouples intrinsic and synaptic excitability of AgRP neurons without altering body weight. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:224-235. [PMID: 36725979 PMCID: PMC10023568 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE As the obesity epidemic continues, the understanding of macronutrient influence on central nervous system function is critical for understanding diet-induced obesity and potential therapeutics, particularly in light of the increased sugar content in processed foods. Previous research showed mixed effects of sucrose feeding on body weight gain but has yet to reveal insight into the impact of sucrose on hypothalamic functioning. Here, we explore the impact of liquid sucrose feeding for 12 weeks on body weight, body composition, caloric intake, and hypothalamic AgRP neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. METHODS Patch-clamp electrophysiology of hypothalamic AgRP neurons, metabolic phenotyping and food intake were performed on C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS While mice given sugar-sweetened water do not gain significant weight, they do show subtle differences in body composition and caloric intake. When given sugar-sweetened water, mice show similar alterations to AgRP neuronal excitability as in high-fat diet obese models. Increased sugar consumption also primes mice for increased caloric intake and weight gain when given access to a HFD. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that elevated sucrose consumption increased activity of AgRP neurons and altered synaptic excitability. This may contribute to obesity in mice and humans with access to more palatable (HFD) diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Korgan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Klausen Oliveira-Abreu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Wei Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Zoey J D Bridges
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | - Catherine C Kaczorowski
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M S O'Connell
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Dobrigna M, Poëa-Guyon S, Rousseau V, Vincent A, Toutain A, Barnier JV. The molecular basis of p21-activated kinase-associated neurodevelopmental disorders: From genotype to phenotype. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1123784. [PMID: 36937657 PMCID: PMC10017488 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1123784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the identification of numerous genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) has reshaped our understanding of their etiology, there are still major obstacles in the way of developing therapeutic solutions for intellectual disability (ID) and other NDDs. These include extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity, rarity of recurrent pathogenic variants, and comorbidity with other psychiatric traits. Moreover, a large intragenic mutational landscape is at play in some NDDs, leading to a broad range of clinical symptoms. Such diversity of symptoms is due to the different effects DNA variations have on protein functions and their impacts on downstream biological processes. The type of functional alterations, such as loss or gain of function, and interference with signaling pathways, has yet to be correlated with clinical symptoms for most genes. This review aims at discussing our current understanding of how the molecular changes of group I p21-activated kinases (PAK1, 2 and 3), which are essential actors of brain development and function; contribute to a broad clinical spectrum of NDDs. Identifying differences in PAK structure, regulation and spatio-temporal expression may help understanding the specific functions of each group I PAK. Deciphering how each variation type affects these parameters will help uncover the mechanisms underlying mutation pathogenicity. This is a prerequisite for the development of personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Dobrigna
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Sandrine Poëa-Guyon
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Véronique Rousseau
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Aline Vincent
- Department of Genetics, EA7450 BioTARGen, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital of Tours, UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Vianney Barnier
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Vianney Barnier,
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13
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Ho MCW, Tabuchi M, Xie X, Brown MP, Luu S, Wang S, Kolodkin AL, Liu S, Wu MN. Sleep need-dependent changes in functional connectivity facilitate transmission of homeostatic sleep drive. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4957-4966.e5. [PMID: 36240772 PMCID: PMC9691613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
How the homeostatic drive for sleep accumulates over time and is released remains poorly understood. In Drosophila, we previously identified the R5 ellipsoid body (EB) neurons as putative sleep drive neurons1 and recently described a mechanism by which astrocytes signal to these cells to convey sleep need.2 Here, we examine the mechanisms acting downstream of the R5 neurons to promote sleep. EM connectome data demonstrate that R5 neurons project to EPG neurons.3 Broad thermogenetic activation of EPG neurons promotes sleep, whereas inhibiting these cells reduces homeostatic sleep rebound. Perforated patch-clamp recordings reveal that EPG neurons exhibit elevated spontaneous firing following sleep deprivation, which likely depends on an increase in extrinsic excitatory inputs. Our data suggest that cholinergic R5 neurons participate in the homeostatic regulation of sleep, and epistasis experiments indicate that the R5 neurons act upstream of EPG neurons to promote sleep. Finally, we show that the physical and functional connectivity between the R5 and EPG neurons increases with greater sleep need. Importantly, dual patch-clamp recordings demonstrate that activating R5 neurons induces cholinergic-dependent excitatory postsynaptic responses in EPG neurons. Moreover, sleep loss triggers an increase in the amplitude of these responses, as well as in the proportion of EPG neurons that respond. Together, our data support a model whereby sleep drive strengthens the functional connectivity between R5 and EPG neurons, triggering sleep when a sufficient number of EPG neurons are activated. This process could enable the proper timing of the accumulation and release of sleep drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C W Ho
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Masashi Tabuchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiaojun Xie
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Matthew P Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Skylar Luu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Serena Wang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sha Liu
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research and Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mark N Wu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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14
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Kulhanek D, Abrahante Llorens JE, Buckley L, Tkac I, Rao R, Paulsen ME. Female and male C57BL/6J offspring exposed to maternal obesogenic diet develop altered hypothalamic energy metabolism in adulthood. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E448-E466. [PMID: 36342228 PMCID: PMC9639756 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity is exceedingly common and strongly linked to offspring obesity and metabolic disease. Hypothalamic function is critical to obesity development. Hypothalamic mechanisms causing obesity following exposure to maternal obesity have not been elucidated. Therefore, we studied a cohort of C57BL/6J dams, treated with a control or high-fat-high-sugar diet, and their adult offspring to explore potential hypothalamic mechanisms to explain the link between maternal and offspring obesity. Dams treated with obesogenic diet were heavier with mild insulin resistance, which is reflective of the most common metabolic disease in pregnancy. Adult offspring exposed to maternal obesogenic diet had no change in body weight but significant increase in fat mass, decreased glucose tolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, elevated plasma leptin, and elevated plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone. In addition, offspring exposed to maternal obesity had decreased energy intake and activity without change in basal metabolic rate. Hypothalamic neurochemical profile and transcriptome demonstrated decreased neuronal activity and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Collectively, these results indicate that maternal obesity without diabetes is associated with adiposity and decreased hypothalamic energy production in offspring. We hypothesize that altered hypothalamic function significantly contributes to obesity development. Future studies focused on neuroprotective strategies aimed to improve hypothalamic function may decrease obesity development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Offspring exposed to maternal diet-induced obesity demonstrate a phenotype consistent with energy excess. Contrary to previous studies, the observed energy phenotype was not associated with hyperphagia or decreased basal metabolic rate but rather decreased hypothalamic neuronal activity and energy production. This was supported by neurochemical changes in the hypothalamus as well as inhibition of hypothalamic oxidative phosphorylation pathway. These results highlight the potential for neuroprotective interventions in the prevention of obesity with fetal origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Kulhanek
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Lauren Buckley
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ivan Tkac
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Megan E Paulsen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minnesota Institute for the Developing Brain, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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15
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Wang L, Suyama S, Lee SA, Ueta Y, Seino Y, Sharp GWG, Yada T. Fasting inhibits excitatory synaptic input on paraventricular oxytocin neurons via neuropeptide Y and Y1 receptor, inducing rebound hyperphagia, and weight gain. Front Nutr 2022; 9:994827. [PMID: 36337662 PMCID: PMC9627337 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.994827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasting with varying intensities is used to treat obesity-related diseases. Re-feeding after fasting exhibits hyperphagia and often rebound weight gain. However, the mechanisms underlying the hyperphagia and rebound remain elusive. Here we show that 24 h food restriction (24 h FR) and milder 50% FR, both depress synaptic transmission in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and induce acute hyperphagia in rats. 24 h FR is followed by weight rebound but 50% FR is not. Orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) via the Y1 receptor (Y1R) inhibited the miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) on anorexigenic oxytocin neurons in the PVN. 24 h FR and 50% FR activated this neuronal pathway to induce acute hyperphagia on Days 1-3 and Days 1-2 after FR, respectively. 24 h FR induced large mEPSC depression, recurrent hyperphagia on Days 9-12 and rebound weight gain on Days 12-17, whereas 50% FR induced moderate mEPSC depression and sustained weight reduction. Transverse data analysis on Day 1 after 24 h FR and 50% FR demonstrated saturation kinetics for the mEPSC depression-hyperphagiacurve, implying hysteresis. The results reveal FR-driven synaptic plasticity in the NPY-Y1R-oxytocin neurocircuit that drives acute hyperphagia. FR with the intensity that regulates the synapse-feeding relay without hysteresis is the key for successful dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Suyama
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Samantha A. Lee
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yutaka Seino
- Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Geoffrey W. G. Sharp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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16
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Aerobic Exercise Improves Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Related Cognitive Impairment by Inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 and Enhancing AMPK/SIRT1 Pathways in Mice. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:6010504. [PMID: 35578689 PMCID: PMC9107038 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6010504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent risk factor for cognitive impairment. Aerobic exercise can improve T2DM-related cognitive impairment; however, the possible mechanisms remain elusive. Thus, we assessed db/m mice and leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice that did or did not perform aerobic exercise (8 m/min, 60 min/day, and 5 days/week for 12 weeks). In this study, cognitive function was significantly impaired in the T2DM mice; aerobic exercise improved cognitive impairment through activating the AMPK/SIRT1 signalling pathway and inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 signalling pathway in T2DM mice. However, after the application of RO8191 (JAK2 activator) or Compound C (AMPK inhibitor), the positive improvement of the exercise was evidently suppressed. Taken together, our data indicated that long-term aerobic exercise improves type 2 diabetes mellitus-related cognitive impairment by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 and enhancing AMPK/SIRT1 pathways in mice.
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17
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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18
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Gaspari S, Quenneville S, Rodriguez Sanchez‐Archidona A, Thorens B, Croizier S. Structural and molecular characterization of paraventricular thalamic glucokinase-expressing neuronal circuits in the mouse. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:1773-1949. [PMID: 35303367 PMCID: PMC9542162 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT) is a structure highly interconnected with several nuclei ranging from forebrain to hypothalamus and brainstem. Numerous rodent studies have examined afferent and efferent connections of the PVT and their contribution to behavior, revealing its important role in the integration of arousal cues. However, the majority of these studies used a region‐oriented approach, without considering the neuronal subtype diversity of the nucleus. In the present study, we provide the anatomical and transcriptomic characterization of a subpopulation of PVT neurons molecularly defined by the expression of glucokinase (Gck). Combining a genetically modified mouse model with viral tracing approaches, we mapped both the anterograde and the retrograde projections of Gck‐positive neurons of the anterior PVT (GckaPVT). Our results demonstrated that GckaPVT neurons innervate several nuclei throughout the brain axis. The strongest connections are with forebrain areas associated with reward and stress and with hypothalamic structures involved in energy balance and feeding regulation. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of the Gck‐expressing neurons revealed that they are enriched in receptors for hypothalamic‐derived neuropeptides, adhesion molecules, and obesity and diabetes susceptibility transcription factors. Using retrograde labeling combined with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we identify that GckaPVT neurons receive direct inputs from well‐defined hypothalamic populations, including arginine‐vasopressin‐, melanin‐concentrating hormone‐, orexin‐, and proopiomelanocortin‐expressing neurons. This detailed anatomical and transcriptomic characterization of GckaPVT neurons provides a basis for functional studies of the integration of homeostatic and hedonic aspects of energy homeostasis, and for deciphering the potential role of these neurons in obesity and diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevasti Gaspari
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Simon Quenneville
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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19
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Salvati KA, Ritger ML, Davoudian PA, O’Dell F, Wyskiel DR, Souza GMPR, Lu AC, Perez-Reyes E, Drake JC, Yan Z, Beenhakker MP. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2332-2346. [PMID: 35134125 PMCID: PMC9337815 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism regulates neuronal activity and modulates the occurrence of epileptic seizures. Here, using two rodent models of absence epilepsy, we show that hypoglycaemia increases the occurrence of spike-wave seizures. We then show that selectively disrupting glycolysis in the thalamus, a structure implicated in absence epilepsy, is sufficient to increase spike-wave seizures. We propose that activation of thalamic AMP-activated protein kinase, a sensor of cellular energetic stress and potentiator of metabotropic GABAB-receptor function, is a significant driver of hypoglycaemia-induced spike-wave seizures. We show that AMP-activated protein kinase augments postsynaptic GABAB-receptor-mediated currents in thalamocortical neurons and strengthens epileptiform network activity evoked in thalamic brain slices. Selective thalamic AMP-activated protein kinase activation also increases spike-wave seizures. Finally, systemic administration of metformin, an AMP-activated protein kinase agonist and common diabetes treatment, profoundly increased spike-wave seizures. These results advance the decades-old observation that glucose metabolism regulates thalamocortical circuit excitability by demonstrating that AMP-activated protein kinase and GABAB-receptor cooperativity is sufficient to provoke spike-wave seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Salvati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory and Weil Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew L Ritger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Pasha A Davoudian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Finnegan O’Dell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Daniel R Wyskiel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - George M P R Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Adam C Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- The Robert M. Berne Center for Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- The Robert M. Berne Center for Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mark P Beenhakker
- Correspondence to: Mark P. Beenhakker Department of Pharmacology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA E-mail:
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20
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He Y, Cai X, Liu H, Conde KM, Xu P, Li Y, Wang C, Yu M, He Y, Liu H, Liang C, Yang T, Yang Y, Yu K, Wang J, Zheng R, Liu F, Sun Z, Heisler L, Wu Q, Tong Q, Zhu C, Shu G, Xu Y. 5-HT recruits distinct neurocircuits to inhibit hunger-driven and non-hunger-driven feeding. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7211-7224. [PMID: 34290371 PMCID: PMC8776930 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is primarily a consequence of consuming calories beyond energetic requirements, but underpinning drivers have not been fully defined. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal Raphe nucleus (5-HTDRN) regulate different types of feeding behavior, such as eating to cope with hunger or for pleasure. Here, we observed that activation of 5-HTDRN to hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (5-HTDRN → ARH) projections inhibits food intake driven by hunger via actions at ARH 5-HT2C and 5-HT1B receptors, whereas activation of 5-HTDRN to ventral tegmental area (5-HTDRN → VTA) projections inhibits non-hunger-driven feeding via actions at 5-HT2C receptors. Further, hunger-driven feeding gradually activates ARH-projecting 5-HTDRN neurons via inhibiting their responsiveness to inhibitory GABAergic inputs; non-hunger-driven feeding activates VTA-projecting 5-HTDRN neurons through reducing a potassium outward current. Thus, our results support a model whereby parallel circuits modulate feeding behavior either in response to hunger or to hunger-independent cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Brain Glycemic and Metabolism Control Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Xing Cai
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hailan Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Krisitine M Conde
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meng Yu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hesong Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tingting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kaifan Yu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julia Wang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rong Zheng
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lora Heisler
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Qi Wu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Canjun Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Energy matters: presynaptic metabolism and the maintenance of synaptic transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 23:4-22. [PMID: 34782781 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic activity imposes large energy demands that are met by local adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ATP drives action potentials, supports synapse assembly and remodelling, and fuels synaptic vesicle filling and recycling, thus sustaining synaptic transmission. Given their polarized morphological features - including long axons and extensive branching in their terminal regions - neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining presynaptic energy homeostasis, particularly during intensive synaptic activity. Recent studies have started to uncover the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in activity-dependent and energy-sensitive regulation of presynaptic energetics, or 'synaptoenergetics'. These conceptual advances have established the energetic regulation of synaptic efficacy and plasticity as an exciting research field that is relevant to a range of neurological disorders associated with bioenergetic failure and synaptic dysfunction.
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22
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Gudden J, Arias Vasquez A, Bloemendaal M. The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain and Cognitive Function. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093166. [PMID: 34579042 PMCID: PMC8470960 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of diet and the gut-brain axis for brain health and cognitive function is increasingly acknowledged. Dietary interventions are tested for their potential to prevent and/or treat brain disorders. Intermittent fasting (IF), the abstinence or strong limitation of calories for 12 to 48 h, alternated with periods of regular food intake, has shown promising results on neurobiological health in animal models. In this review article, we discuss the potential benefits of IF on cognitive function and the possible effects on the prevention and progress of brain-related disorders in animals and humans. We do so by summarizing the effects of IF which through metabolic, cellular, and circadian mechanisms lead to anatomical and functional changes in the brain. Our review shows that there is no clear evidence of a positive short-term effect of IF on cognition in healthy subjects. Clinical studies show benefits of IF for epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis on disease symptoms and progress. Findings from animal studies show mechanisms by which Parkinson’s disease, ischemic stroke, autism spectrum disorder, and mood and anxiety disorders could benefit from IF. Future research should disentangle whether positive effects of IF hold true regardless of age or the presence of obesity. Moreover, variations in fasting patterns, total caloric intake, and intake of specific nutrients may be relevant components of IF success. Longitudinal studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) will provide a window into the long-term effects of IF on the development and progress of brain-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jip Gudden
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.G.); (A.A.V.)
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.G.); (A.A.V.)
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Bloemendaal
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.G.); (A.A.V.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Sharma VK, Lahiri M. Interplay between p300 and HDAC1 regulate acetylation and stability of Api5 to regulate cell proliferation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16427. [PMID: 34385547 PMCID: PMC8361156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Api5, is a known anti-apoptotic and nuclear protein that is responsible for inhibiting cell death in serum-starved conditions. The only known post-translational modification of Api5 is acetylation at lysine 251 (K251). K251 acetylation of Api5 is responsible for maintaining its stability while the de-acetylated form of Api5 is unstable. This study aimed to find out the enzymes regulating acetylation and deacetylation of Api5 and the effect of acetylation on its function. Our studies suggest that acetylation of Api5 at lysine 251 is mediated by p300 histone acetyltransferase while de-acetylation is carried out by HDAC1. Inhibition of acetylation by p300 leads to a reduction in Api5 levels while inhibition of deacetylation by HDAC1 results in increased levels of Api5. This dynamic switch between acetylation and deacetylation regulates the localisation of Api5 in the cell. This study also demonstrates that the regulation of acetylation and deacetylation of Api5 is an essential factor for the progression of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Mayurika Lahiri
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
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24
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Muraleedharan R, Dasgupta B. AMPK in the brain: its roles in glucose and neural metabolism. FEBS J 2021; 289:2247-2262. [PMID: 34355526 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an integrative metabolic sensor that maintains energy balance at the cellular level and plays an important role in orchestrating intertissue metabolic signaling. AMPK regulates cell survival, metabolism, and cellular homeostasis basally as well as in response to various metabolic stresses. Studies so far show that the AMPK pathway is associated with neurodegeneration and CNS pathology, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. AMPK dysregulation has been reported in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other neuropathies. AMPK activation appears to be both neuroprotective and pro-apoptotic, possibly dependent upon neural cell types, the nature of insults, and the intensity and duration of AMPK activation. While embryonic brain development in AMPK null mice appears to proceed normally without any overt structural abnormalities, our recent study confirmed the full impact of AMPK loss in the postnatal and aging brain. Our studies revealed that Ampk deletion in neurons increased basal neuronal excitability and reduced latency to seizure upon stimulation. Three major pathways, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen turnover, contribute to utilization of glucose in the brain. AMPK's regulation of aerobic glycolysis in astrocytic metabolism warrants further deliberation, particularly glycogen turnover and shuttling of glucose- and glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes to neurons during activation. In this minireview, we focus on recent advances in AMPK and energy-sensing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biplab Dasgupta
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
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25
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Varela L, Stutz B, Song JE, Kim JG, Liu ZW, Gao XB, Horvath TL. Hunger-promoting AgRP neurons trigger an astrocyte-mediated feed-forward autoactivation loop in mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144239. [PMID: 33848272 DOI: 10.1172/jci144239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic feeding circuits have been identified as having innate synaptic plasticity, mediating adaption to the changing metabolic milieu by controlling responses to feeding and obesity. However, less is known about the regulatory principles underlying the dynamic changes in agouti-related protein (AgRP) perikarya, a region crucial for gating of neural excitation and, hence, feeding. Here we show that AgRP neurons activated by food deprivation, ghrelin administration, or chemogenetics decreased their own inhibitory tone while triggering mitochondrial adaptations in neighboring astrocytes. We found that it was the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA released by AgRP neurons that evoked this astrocytic response; this in turn resulted in increased glial ensheetment of AgRP perikarya by glial processes and increased excitability of AgRP neurons. We also identified astrocyte-derived prostaglandin E2, which directly activated - via EP2 receptors - AgRP neurons. Taken together, these observations unmasked a feed-forward, self-exciting loop in AgRP neuronal control mediated by astrocytes, a mechanism directly relevant for hunger, feeding, and overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Varela
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bernardo Stutz
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jae Eun Song
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Gao
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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26
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Acetyl-CoA Metabolism and Histone Acetylation in the Regulation of Aging and Lifespan. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040572. [PMID: 33917812 PMCID: PMC8068152 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA is a metabolite at the crossroads of central metabolism and the substrate of histone acetyltransferases regulating gene expression. In many tissues fasting or lifespan extending calorie restriction (CR) decreases glucose-derived metabolic flux through ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) to reduce cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels to decrease activity of the p300 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) stimulating pro-longevity autophagy. Because of this, compounds that decrease cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA have been described as CR mimetics. But few authors have highlighted the potential longevity promoting roles of nuclear acetyl-CoA. For example, increasing nuclear acetyl-CoA levels increases histone acetylation and administration of class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors increases longevity through increased histone acetylation. Therefore, increased nuclear acetyl-CoA likely plays an important role in promoting longevity. Although cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) promotes aging by decreasing autophagy in some peripheral tissues, increased glial AMPK activity or neuronal differentiation can stimulate ACSS2 nuclear translocation and chromatin association. ACSS2 nuclear translocation can result in increased activity of CREB binding protein (CBP), p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF), and other HATs to increase histone acetylation on the promoter of neuroprotective genes including transcription factor EB (TFEB) target genes resulting in increased lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Much of what is known regarding acetyl-CoA metabolism and aging has come from pioneering studies with yeast, fruit flies, and nematodes. These studies have identified evolutionary conserved roles for histone acetylation in promoting longevity. Future studies should focus on the role of nuclear acetyl-CoA and histone acetylation in the control of hypothalamic inflammation, an important driver of organismal aging.
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27
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Nuzzaci D, Cansell C, Liénard F, Nédélec E, Ben Fradj S, Castel J, Foppen E, Denis R, Grouselle D, Laderrière A, Lemoine A, Mathou A, Tolle V, Heurtaux T, Fioramonti X, Audinat E, Pénicaud L, Nahon JL, Rovère C, Benani A. Postprandial Hyperglycemia Stimulates Neuroglial Plasticity in Hypothalamic POMC Neurons after a Balanced Meal. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3067-3078.e5. [PMID: 32130907 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies in rodents evidenced synaptic remodeling in neuronal circuits that control food intake. However, the physiological relevance of this process is not well defined. Here, we show that the firing activity of anorexigenic POMC neurons located in the hypothalamus is increased after a standard meal. Postprandial hyperactivity of POMC neurons relies on synaptic plasticity that engages pre-synaptic mechanisms, which does not involve structural remodeling of synapses but retraction of glial coverage. These functional and morphological neuroglial changes are triggered by postprandial hyperglycemia. Chemogenetically induced glial retraction on POMC neurons is sufficient to increase POMC activity and modify meal patterns. These findings indicate that synaptic plasticity within the melanocortin system happens at the timescale of meals and likely contributes to short-term control of food intake. Interestingly, these effects are lost with a high-fat meal, suggesting that neuroglial plasticity of POMC neurons is involved in the satietogenic properties of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danaé Nuzzaci
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Fabienne Liénard
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Nédélec
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Selma Ben Fradj
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Unité "Biologie Fonctionnelle & Adaptative," CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Unité "Biologie Fonctionnelle & Adaptative," CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Raphael Denis
- Unité "Biologie Fonctionnelle & Adaptative," CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Amélie Laderrière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Aleth Lemoine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alexia Mathou
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Tony Heurtaux
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Laboratoire NutriNeuro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- StromaLab, CNRS, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
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28
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Smith NK, Grueter BA. Hunger-driven adaptive prioritization of behavior. FEBS J 2021; 289:922-936. [PMID: 33630426 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to survive, an animal must adapt its behavioral priorities to accommodate changing internal and external conditions. Hunger, a universally recognized interoceptive signal, promotes food intake though increasingly well-understood neural circuits. Less understood, is how hunger is integrated into the neural computations that guide nonfeeding behaviors. Within the brain, agouti-related peptide neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus have been found to powerfully stimulate feeding in addition to mediating other hunger-driven behavioral phenotypes. In this review, we compile the behavioral plasticity downstream of hunger and present identified or potential molecular and neural circuit mechanisms. We catalogue hunger's ability to increase exploration, decrease anxiety, and alter social behavior, among other phenotypes. Finally, we suggest paths forward for understanding hunger-driven behavioral adaptation and discuss the benefits of understanding state-dependent modulation of neural circuits controlling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Smith
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brad A Grueter
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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29
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Zhang K, Wang Y, Fan T, Zeng C, Sun ZS. The p21-activated kinases in neural cytoskeletal remodeling and related neurological disorders. Protein Cell 2020; 13:6-25. [PMID: 33306168 PMCID: PMC8776968 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine p21-activated kinases (PAKs), as main effectors of the Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac, represent a group of important molecular switches linking the complex cytoskeletal networks to broad neural activity. PAKs show wide expression in the brain, but they differ in specific cell types, brain regions, and developmental stages. PAKs play an essential and differential role in controlling neural cytoskeletal remodeling and are related to the development and fate of neurons as well as the structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines. PAK-mediated actin signaling and interacting functional networks represent a common pathway frequently affected in multiple neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Considering specific small-molecule agonists and inhibitors for PAKs have been developed in cancer treatment, comprehensive knowledge about the role of PAKs in neural cytoskeletal remodeling will promote our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying neurological diseases, which may also represent potential therapeutic targets of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifan Zhang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tianda Fan
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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30
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Bermeo K, Castro H, Arenas I, Garcia DE. AMPK mediates regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels by leptin in isolated neurons from arcuate nucleus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E1112-E1120. [PMID: 33103452 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal control of the energy homeostasis requires the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. This structure integrates peripheral and central signals concerning the energy state of the body. It comprises two populations of neurons releasing anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides, among others. Both populations are regulated by leptin, an anorexigenic hormone, released by white adipose tissue. Voltage-gated calcium entry is critical to promote neurotransmitter and hormone release. It is already known that calcium channel current is inhibited by leptin in orexigenic neurons. However, fine-tuning details of calcium channel regulation in arcuate nucleus by leptin remain to be elucidated. This work aimed to investigate whether 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) underlies the leptin-induced inhibition of calcium channels. By using patch-clamping methods, immunocytochemical, and biochemical reagents, we recorded calcium channel currents in orexigenic neuropeptide Y neurons of the arcuate nucleus of rats. Consistently, leptin inhibition of the calcium channel current was not only prevented by AMPK inhibition with Compound C but also hampered with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside. Furthermore, leptin selectively inhibited L-type calcium channel current amplitude without major changes in voltage dependence or current kinetics. These results support for the first time the key role of AMPK in the maintenance and regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels. Together, they advance our understanding of the regulation of calcium channels in the central nervous system and emerging questions concerning food intake and energy balance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results readily support the hypothesis that AMPK is responsible for the maintenance of the calcium current and mediates the fine-tuning modulation of the leptin response. The novelty of these results strengthens the critical role of AMPK in the general energy balance and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bermeo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - H Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - I Arenas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - D E Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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31
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Quenneville S, Labouèbe G, Basco D, Metref S, Viollet B, Foretz M, Thorens B. Hypoglycemia-Sensing Neurons of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Require AMPK-Induced Txn2 Expression but Are Dispensable for Physiological Counterregulation. Diabetes 2020; 69:2253-2266. [PMID: 32839348 PMCID: PMC7576557 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) is involved in the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia. VMN neurons activated by hypoglycemia (glucose-inhibited [GI] neurons) have been assumed to play a critical although untested role in this response. Here, we show that expression of a dominant negative form of AMPK or inactivation of AMPK α1 and α2 subunit genes in Sf1 neurons of the VMN selectively suppressed GI neuron activity. We found that Txn2, encoding a mitochondrial redox enzyme, was strongly downregulated in the absence of AMPK activity and that reexpression of Txn2 in Sf1 neurons restored GI neuron activity. In cell lines, Txn2 was required to limit glucopenia-induced reactive oxygen species production. In physiological studies, absence of GI neuron activity after AMPK suppression in the VMN had no impact on the counterregulatory hormone response to hypoglycemia or on feeding. Thus, AMPK is required for GI neuron activity by controlling the expression of the antioxidant enzyme Txn2. However, the glucose-sensing capacity of VMN GI neurons is not required for the normal counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia. Instead, it may represent a fail-safe system in case of impaired hypoglycemia sensing by peripherally located glucose detection systems that are connected to the VMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Quenneville
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwenaël Labouèbe
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Basco
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salima Metref
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Lee SS, Wu MN. Neural circuit mechanisms encoding motivational states in Drosophila. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 64:135-142. [PMID: 32563845 PMCID: PMC7669672 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Animals engage in motivated behaviors, such as feeding and mating behaviors, to ensure their own survival and the survival of their species. However, the neural circuits mediating the generation and persistence of these motivational drives remain poorly understood. Here we review recent studies on the circuit mechanisms underlying motivational states in Drosophila, with a focus on feeding, courtship, and aggression. These studies shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms by, which key drive neurons receive relevant input signals, integrate information, and decide on a specific behavioral output. We also discuss conceptual models for integrating these circuit mechanisms, distinguishing between those for homeostatically-regulated versus non-homeostatically-regulated motivated behaviors. We suggest that the ability to trigger persistence of a motivated behavior may be a feature of integrator or apex/command neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark N Wu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Li S, Xiong GJ, Huang N, Sheng ZH. The cross-talk of energy sensing and mitochondrial anchoring sustains synaptic efficacy by maintaining presynaptic metabolism. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1077-1095. [PMID: 33020662 PMCID: PMC7572785 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria supply ATP essential for synaptic transmission. Neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining energy homoeostasis at synapses. Regulation of mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring is critical for neurons to meet increased energy consumption during sustained synaptic activity. However, mechanisms recruiting and retaining presynaptic mitochondria in sensing synaptic ATP levels remain elusive. Here we reveal an energy signalling axis that controls presynaptic mitochondrial maintenance. Activity-induced presynaptic energy deficits can be rescued by recruiting mitochondria through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p21-activated kinase (PAK) energy signalling pathway. Synaptic activity induces AMPK activation within axonal compartments and AMPK-PAK signalling triggers phosphorylation of myosin VI, which drives mitochondrial recruitment and syntaphilin-mediated anchoring on presynaptic filamentous actin. This pathway maintains presynaptic energy supply and calcium clearance during intensive synaptic activity. Disrupting this signalling cross-talk triggers local energy deficits and intracellular calcium build-up, leading to impaired synaptic efficacy during trains of stimulation and reduced recovery from synaptic depression after prolonged synaptic activity. Our study reveals a mechanistic cross-talk between energy sensing and mitochondria anchoring to maintain presynaptic metabolism, thus fine-tuning short-term synaptic plasticity and prolonged synaptic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunan Li
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gui-Jing Xiong
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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34
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Minokoshi Y, Nakajima KI, Okamoto S. Homeostatic versus hedonic control of carbohydrate selection. J Physiol 2020; 598:3831-3844. [PMID: 32643799 DOI: 10.1113/jp280066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Macronutrient intake is associated with cardiometabolic health, ageing and longevity, but the mechanisms underlying its regulation have remained unclear. Most rodents increase carbohydrate selection under certain physiological and pathological conditions such as fasting. When presented with a choice between a basally preferable high-fat diet (HFD) and a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) such as a high-sucrose diet, fasted mice first eat the HFD and then switch to the HCD during the first few hours of refeeding and continue to eat the HCD up to 24 h in the two-diet choice approach. Such consumption of an HCD after fasting reverses the fasting-induced increase in the plasma concentration of ketone bodies more rapidly than does refeeding with an HFD alone. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-regulated neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) that express corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are necessary and sufficient for the fasting-induced selection of carbohydrate over an HFD in mice. These neurons appear to contribute to a fasting-induced increase in the positive valence of carbohydrate without affecting the preference for more palatable and energy-dense diets such as an HFD. Identification of the neural circuits in which AMPK-regulated CRH neurons in the PVH of mice are embedded should shed new light on the physiological and molecular mechanisms responsible for macronutrient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Nakajima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shiki Okamoto
- Second Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
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Ghosh Dastidar S, Das Sharma S, Chakraborty S, Chattarji S, Bhattacharya A, Muddashetty RS. Distinct regulation of bioenergetics and translation by group I mGluR and NMDAR. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48037. [PMID: 32351028 PMCID: PMC7271334 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity is responsible for the high energy consumption in the brain. However, the cellular mechanisms draining ATP upon the arrival of a stimulus are yet to be explored systematically at the post-synapse. Here, we provide evidence that a significant fraction of ATP is consumed upon glutamate stimulation to energize mGluR-induced protein synthesis. We find that both mGluR and NMDAR alter protein synthesis and ATP consumption with distinct kinetics at the synaptic-dendritic compartments. While mGluR activation leads to a rapid and sustained reduction in neuronal ATP levels, NMDAR activation has no immediate impact on the same. ATP consumption correlates inversely with the kinetics of protein synthesis for both receptors. We observe a persistent elevation in protein synthesis within 5 minutes of mGluR activation and a robust inhibition of the same within 2 minutes of NMDAR activation, assessed by the phosphorylation status of eEF2 and metabolic labeling. However, a delayed protein synthesis-dependent ATP expenditure ensues after 15 minutes of NMDAR stimulation. We identify a central role for AMPK in the correlation between protein synthesis and ATP consumption. AMPK is dephosphorylated and inhibited upon mGluR activation, while it is phosphorylated upon NMDAR activation. Perturbing AMPK activity disrupts receptor-specific modulations of eEF2 phosphorylation and protein synthesis. Our observations, therefore, demonstrate that the regulation of the AMPK-eEF2 signaling axis by glutamate receptors alters neuronal protein synthesis and bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhriti Ghosh Dastidar
- Institute for Stem Cell Sciences and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
- Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalIndia
| | - Shreya Das Sharma
- Institute for Stem Cell Sciences and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
- The University of Trans‐Disciplinary Health Sciences and TechnologyBangaloreIndia
| | - Sumita Chakraborty
- Institute for Stem Cell Sciences and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- Institute for Stem Cell Sciences and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
- National Center for Biological SciencesBangaloreIndia
| | - Aditi Bhattacharya
- Institute for Stem Cell Sciences and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
| | - Ravi S Muddashetty
- Institute for Stem Cell Sciences and Regenerative MedicineBangaloreIndia
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Huang R, Song T, Su H, Lai Z, Qin W, Tian Y, Dong X, Wang L. High-fat diet enhances starvation-induced hyperactivity via sensitizing hunger-sensing neurons in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:e53103. [PMID: 32324135 PMCID: PMC7274782 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the central nervous system to regulate food intake can be disrupted by sustained metabolic challenges such as high-fat diet (HFD), which may contribute to various metabolic disorders. Previously, we showed that a group of octopaminergic (OA) neurons mediated starvation-induced hyperactivity, an important aspect of food-seeking behavior (Yu et al., 2016). Here we find that HFD specifically enhances this behavior. Mechanistically, HFD increases the excitability of these OA neurons to a hunger hormone named adipokinetic hormone (AKH), via increasing the accumulation of AKH receptor (AKHR) in these neurons. Upon HFD, excess dietary lipids are transported by a lipoprotein LTP to enter these OA+AKHR+ neurons via the cognate receptor LpR1, which in turn suppresses autophagy-dependent degradation of AKHR. Taken together, we uncover a mechanism that links HFD, neuronal autophagy, and starvation-induced hyperactivity, providing insight in the reshaping of neural circuitry under metabolic challenges and the progression of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University & Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College, Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina
- Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
| | | | - Haifeng Su
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Zeliang Lai
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University & Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College, Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina
- Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
| | - Wusa Qin
- Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhenChina
| | - Yinjun Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xuan Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Liming Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Control of food approach and eating by a GABAergic projection from lateral hypothalamus to dorsal pons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8611-8615. [PMID: 32229573 PMCID: PMC7165479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909340117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of lateral hypothalamic (LH) neurons produces eating in sated animals and increases activity of dopamine neurons. The present study shows that the activation of dopamine neurons failed to induce eating. Rather, food approach and eating were observed via activation of LH fibers that project through the VTA, continuing caudally and terminating in a brainstem region medial to the locus coeruleus (LC). We found that activation of GABA neurons in this peri-LC region is both necessary and sufficient for LH stimulation-induced eating, whereas their role in normal homeostatic feeding appears negligible. These findings suggest that this circuit orchestrates just one of the multiple aspects of eating: a compulsive consumption of food in the absence of a physiological stimulus of hunger. Electrical or optogenetic stimulation of lateral hypothalamic (LH) GABA neurons induces rapid vigorous eating in sated animals. The dopamine system has been implicated in the regulation of feeding. Previous work has suggested that a subset of LH GABA neurons projects to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and targets GABA neurons, inhibiting them and thereby disinhibiting dopaminergic activity and release. Furthermore, stimulation-induced eating is attenuated by dopamine lesions or receptor antagonists. Here we explored the involvement of dopamine in LH stimulation-induced eating. LH stimulation caused sated mice to pick up pellets of standard chow with latencies that varied based on stimulation intensity; once food was picked up, animals ate for the remainder of the 60-s stimulation period. However, lesion of VTA GABA neurons failed to disrupt this effect. Moreover, direct stimulation of VTA or substantia nigra dopamine cell bodies failed to induce food approach or eating. Looking further, we found that some LH GABA fibers pass through the VTA to more caudal sites, where they synapse onto neurons near the locus coeruleus (LC). Similar eating was induced by stimulation of LH GABA terminals or GABA cell bodies in this peri-LC region. Lesion of peri-LC GABA neurons blocked LH stimulation-induced eating, establishing them as a critical downstream circuit element for LH neurons. Surprisingly, lesions did not alter body weight, suggesting that this system is not involved in the hunger or satiety mechanisms that govern normal feeding. Thus, we present a characterization of brain circuitry that may promote overeating and contribute to obesity.
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38
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Mei X, Tan G, Qing W. AMPK activation increases postoperative cognitive impairment in intermittent hypoxia rats via direct activating PAK2. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Steinberg GR, Carling D. AMP-activated protein kinase: the current landscape for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 18:527-551. [PMID: 30867601 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a central regulator of energy homeostasis, many exciting insights into its structure, regulation and physiological roles have been revealed. While exercise, caloric restriction, metformin and many natural products increase AMPK activity and exert a multitude of health benefits, developing direct activators of AMPK to elicit beneficial effects has been challenging. However, in recent years, direct AMPK activators have been identified and tested in preclinical models, and a small number have entered clinical trials. Despite these advances, which disease(s) represent the best indications for therapeutic AMPK activation and the long-term safety of such approaches remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress Group, Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
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40
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The Synaptic Autophagy Cycle. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:2589-2604. [PMID: 31866297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved pathway in which proteins and organelles are delivered to the lysosome for degradation. In neurons, autophagy was originally described as associated with disease states and neuronal survival. Over the last decade, however, evidence has accumulated that autophagy controls synaptic function in both the axon and dendrite. Here, we review this literature, highlighting the role of autophagy in the pre- and postsynapse, synaptic plasticity, and behavior. We end by discussing open questions in the field of synaptic autophagy.
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41
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Xu S, Kang UG. Behavioral cross-sensitization between cocaine and ethanol is accompanied by parallel changes in the activity of AMPK system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 183:32-37. [PMID: 31199934 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization is thought to be relevant to the psychopathology of drug addiction. A previous study from our research group demonstrated cross-sensitization between cocaine and ethanol. Although these findings suggest a common mechanism of action between these two drugs, little is known about the molecular or cellular aspects of this commonality. The AMPK pathway functions as an intracellular energy sensor and plays a critical role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. Thus, the present study examined AMPK signaling following reciprocal cross-sensitization between cocaine and ethanol in the rat prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were repeatedly treated with either cocaine (15 mg/kg, 5 times) or ethanol (0.5 g/kg, 15 times) and then challenged reciprocally with the other drug. When sensitized to either cocaine or ethanol, the phosphorylation in response to additional challenges with the same drug was enhanced, indicating the development of sensitization. However, responses to the cocaine challenge were enhanced in the ethanol-sensitized state, whereas the responses to the ethanol challenge were not apparently enhanced in the cocaine-sensitized state. This was likely due to the ceiling effect of cocaine sensitization, which suggested that cocaine had more robust effects than ethanol. Although the same changes were found for two upstream kinases of AMPK (LKB1 and CaMK4), TAK1 responded differently and was not affected by acute challenges from either cocaine or ethanol. In the prefrontal cortex, there was an increase in activity, whereas there was a decrease in activity in the dorsal striatum. This difference might be due to dopamine D1 receptor dominance in the prefrontal cortex and D2 receptor dominance in the dorsal striatum. Taken together, these results suggest that both cocaine and ethanol may share overlapping molecular pathways in the process of behavioral sensitization. However, the action of cocaine was stronger than that of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Xu
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Gu Kang
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Okamoto S, Sato T, Tateyama M, Kageyama H, Maejima Y, Nakata M, Hirako S, Matsuo T, Kyaw S, Shiuchi T, Toda C, Sedbazar U, Saito K, Asgar NF, Zhang B, Yokota S, Kobayashi K, Foufelle F, Ferré P, Nakazato M, Masuzaki H, Shioda S, Yada T, Kahn BB, Minokoshi Y. Activation of AMPK-Regulated CRH Neurons in the PVH is Sufficient and Necessary to Induce Dietary Preference for Carbohydrate over Fat. Cell Rep 2019; 22:706-721. [PMID: 29346768 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Food selection is essential for metabolic homeostasis and is influenced by nutritional state, food palatability, and social factors such as stress. However, the mechanism responsible for selection between a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and a high-fat diet (HFD) remains unknown. Here, we show that activation of a subset of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-positive neurons in the rostral region of the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) induces selection of an HCD over an HFD in mice during refeeding after fasting, resulting in a rapid recovery from the change in ketone metabolism. These neurons manifest activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) during food deprivation, and this activation is necessary and sufficient for selection of an HCD over an HFD. Furthermore, this effect is mediated by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1c (CPT1c). Thus, our results identify the specific neurons and intracellular signaling pathway responsible for regulation of the complex behavior of selection between an HCD and an HFD. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Okamoto
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Second Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tateyama
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Division of Biophysics and Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Haruaki Kageyama
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Care, Kiryu University, 606-7 Kasakake-cho Azami, Midori, Gunma 379-2392, Japan
| | - Yuko Maejima
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirako
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, 1288 Magome, Iwatsuki-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 339-8539, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Sanda Kyaw
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Tetsuya Shiuchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Chitoku Toda
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Udval Sedbazar
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kumiko Saito
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nur Farehan Asgar
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yokota
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Ferré
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masuzaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hematology, Rheumatology), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Division of Peptide Drug Innovation, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Homeostatic Regulation, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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Serrenho D, Santos SD, Carvalho AL. The Role of Ghrelin in Regulating Synaptic Function and Plasticity of Feeding-Associated Circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:205. [PMID: 31191250 PMCID: PMC6546032 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity of the neuronal circuits associated with feeding behavior is regulated by peripheral signals as a response to changes in the energy status of the body. These signals include glucose, free fatty acids, leptin and ghrelin and are released into circulation, being able to reach the brain. Ghrelin, a small peptide released from the stomach, is an orexigenic hormone produced in peripheral organs, and its action regulates food intake, body weight and glucose homeostasis. Behavioral studies show that ghrelin is implicated in the regulation of both hedonic and homeostatic feeding and of cognition. Ghrelin-induced synaptic plasticity has been described in neuronal circuits associated with these behaviors. In this review, we discuss the neuromodulatory mechanisms induced by ghrelin in regulating synaptic plasticity in three main neuronal circuits previously associated with feeding behaviors, namely hypothalamic (homeostatic feeding), ventral tegmental (hedonic and motivational feeding) and hippocampal (cognitive) circuits. Given the central role of ghrelin in regulating feeding behaviors, and the altered ghrelin levels associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and anorexia, it is of paramount relevance to understand the effects of ghrelin on synaptic plasticity of neuronal circuits associated with feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Serrenho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra D Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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44
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Baldini G, Phelan KD. The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:R1-R33. [PMID: 30812013 PMCID: PMC6500576 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The initial discovery that ob/ob mice become obese because of a recessive mutation of the leptin gene has been crucial to discover the melanocortin pathway to control appetite. In the melanocortin pathway, the fed state is signaled by abundance of circulating hormones such as leptin and insulin, which bind to receptors expressed at the surface of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to promote processing of POMC to the mature hormone α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). The α-MSH released by POMC neurons then signals to decrease energy intake by binding to melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) expressed by MC4R neurons to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Conversely, in the 'starved state' activity of agouti-related neuropeptide (AgRP) and of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing neurons is increased by decreased levels of circulating leptin and insulin and by the orexigenic hormone ghrelin to promote food intake. This initial understanding of the melanocortin pathway has recently been implemented by the description of the complex neuronal circuit that controls the activity of POMC, AgRP/NPY and MC4R neurons and downstream signaling by these neurons. This review summarizes the progress done on the melanocortin pathway and describes how obesity alters this pathway to disrupt energy homeostasis. We also describe progress on how leptin and insulin receptors signal in POMC neurons, how MC4R signals and how altered expression and traffic of MC4R change the acute signaling and desensitization properties of the receptor. We also describe how the discovery of the melanocortin pathway has led to the use of melanocortin agonists to treat obesity derived from genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Baldini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kevin D. Phelan
- Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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45
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Liu L, Yi J, Ray WK, Vu LT, Helm RF, Siegel PB, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Fasting differentially alters the hypothalamic proteome of chickens from lines with the propensity to be anorexic or obese. Nutr Diabetes 2019; 9:13. [PMID: 30931934 PMCID: PMC6443654 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-019-0081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus is the ultimate modulator of appetite and energy balance and therefore sensitive to changes in nutritional state. Chicks from lines selected for low (LWS) and high (HWS) body weight are hypophagic and compulsive eaters, respectively, and differ in their propensity to become obese and in their hypothalamic mRNA response to fasting. METHODS As fasting-induced changes in hypothalamic proteins are unknown, we investigated the hypothalamic proteomes of 5-day old LWS and HWS chicks in the fed and fasted states using a label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach. RESULTS A total of 744 proteins were identified in the chicken hypothalamus, and 268 differentially abundant proteins were identified among four pairwise comparisons. Ninety-five proteins were associated with the response to fasting in HWS chicks, and 23 proteins were associated with the response to fasting in LWS chicks. Fasting-responsive proteins in HWS chicks were significantly enriched in ATP metabolic processes, glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism, and ribosome function. There was no enrichment for any pathways in LWS chicks in response to fasting. In the fasted and fed states, 159 and 119 proteins differed between HWS and LWS, respectively. Oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle, and carbon metabolism were the main pathways associated with differences between the two lines of chicks. Enzymes associated with metabolic pathways differed between HWS and LWS in both nutritional states, including fumarase, aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial GOT2, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, chondrogenesis associated lipocalin, sialic acid synthase, arylamine N-acetyltransferase, pineal gland isozyme NAT-3, and succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial. CONCLUSIONS These results provide insights into the hypothalamic metabolic pathways that are affected by nutritional status and the regulation of appetite and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqing Yi
- Virginia Tech, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - W Keith Ray
- Virginia Tech, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lucas T Vu
- Virginia Tech, Department of Chemical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Richard F Helm
- Virginia Tech, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Paul B Siegel
- Virginia Tech, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mark A Cline
- Virginia Tech, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Virginia Tech, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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46
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Wang B, Cheng KKY. Hypothalamic AMPK as a Mediator of Hormonal Regulation of Energy Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113552. [PMID: 30423881 PMCID: PMC6274700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a cellular energy sensor and regulator, adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organs. Activation of hypothalamic AMPK maintains energy balance by inducing appetite to increase food intake and diminishing adaptive thermogenesis in adipose tissues to reduce energy expenditure in response to food deprivation. Numerous metabolic hormones, such as leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin and insulin, exert their energy regulatory effects through hypothalamic AMPK via integration with the neural circuits. Although activation of AMPK in peripheral tissues is able to promote fatty acid oxidation and insulin sensitivity, its chronic activation in the hypothalamus causes obesity by inducing hyperphagia in both humans and rodents. In this review, we discuss the role of hypothalamic AMPK in mediating hormonal regulation of feeding and adaptive thermogenesis, and summarize the diverse underlying mechanisms by which central AMPK maintains energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baile Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kenneth King-Yip Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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47
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Lockie SH, Stark R, Mequinion M, Ch’ng S, Kong D, Spanswick DC, Lawrence AJ, Andrews ZB. Glucose Availability Predicts the Feeding Response to Ghrelin in Male Mice, an Effect Dependent on AMPK in AgRP Neurons. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3605-3614. [PMID: 30204871 PMCID: PMC6169619 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic feedback from the periphery to the brain results from a dynamic physiologic fluctuation of nutrients and hormones, including glucose and fatty acids, ghrelin, leptin, and insulin. The specific interactions between humoral factors and how they influence feeding is largely unknown. We hypothesized that acute glucose availability may alter how the brain responds to ghrelin, a hormonal signal of energy availability. Acute glucose administration suppressed a range of ghrelin-induced behaviors as well as gene expression changes in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons after ghrelin administration. Knockdown of the energy-sensing molecule AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in AgRP neurons resulted in loss of the glucose effect, and mice responded as though pretreated with saline. Conversely, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), which decreases glucose availability, potentiated ghrelin-induced feeding and increased hypothalamic NPY mRNA levels. AMPK knockdown did not alter the additive effect of 2-DG and ghrelin on feeding. Our findings support the idea that computation of energy status is dynamic, is informed by multiple signals, and responds to acute fluctuations in metabolic state. These observations are broadly relevant to the investigation of neuroendocrine control of feeding and highlight the underappreciated complexity of control within these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Lockie
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathieu Mequinion
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Ch’ng
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dong Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David C Spanswick
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Dammann K, Khare V, Coleman C, Berdel H, Gasche C. p-21 Activated Kinase as a Molecular Target for Chemoprevention in Diabetes. Geriatrics (Basel) 2018; 3:geriatrics3040073. [PMID: 31011108 PMCID: PMC6371191 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics3040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis: Anti-diabetic drugs modulate p-21 activated kinase (PAK) signaling. Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with increased cancer risk. PAK signaling is implicated in cellular homeostasis when regulated, and cancer when unrestrained. Recent reports provided a role for PAK signaling in glucose homeostasis, but the role of PAKs in the pathogenesis of T2DM is unknown. Here, we performed a mini-meta-analysis to explore if anti-diabetic drugs modify PAK signaling pathways, and provide insight regarding modulation of these pathways, to potentially reduce diabetes-associated cancer risk. Methods: PAK interacting partners in T2DM were identified using the online STRING database. Correlation studies were performed via systematic literature review to understand the effect of anti-diabetic drugs on PAK signaling. A mini-meta-analysis correlated multiple clinical studies and revealed the overall clinical response rate and percentage of adverse events in piogliazone (n = 53) and metformin (n = 91) treated patients with PAK-associated diseases. Results: A total of 30 PAK interacting partners were identified (10: reduced beta-cell mass; 10: beta-cell dysfunction; 10: obesity-insulin resistance), which were highly associated with Wnt, and G-protein signaling. The anti-diabetic drug metformin activated signaling pathways upstream; whereas pioglitazone inhibited pathways downstream of PAK. Overall, clinical response upon pioglitazone treatment was 53%. Seventy-nine percent of pioglitazone and 75% of metformin treated patients had adverse events. Pioglitazone reduced molecular-PAK biomarkers of proliferation (Ki67 and CyclinD1), and metformin had the opposite effect. Conclusions: PAK signaling in T2DM likely involves Wnt and G-protein signaling, which may be altered by the anti-diabetic drugs metformin and pioglitazone. Apart from the therapeutic limitations of adverse events, pioglitazone may be promising in chemoprevention. However long-term multi-centered studies, which initiate pioglitazone treatment early will be required to fully assess the full potential of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Dammann
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical University of the Americas, Devens, MA 01434, USA.
| | - Vineeta Khare
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Clyde Coleman
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Henrik Berdel
- Department of Acute Care and Trauma Surgery, University of Kentucky HealthCare, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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49
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Xu J, Bartolome CL, Low CS, Yi X, Chien CH, Wang P, Kong D. Genetic identification of leptin neural circuits in energy and glucose homeostases. Nature 2018; 556:505-509. [PMID: 29670283 PMCID: PMC5920723 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone produced in white adipose tissue, acts in the brain to communicate fuel status, suppress appetite following a meal, promote energy expenditure, and maintain blood glucose stability1,2. Dysregulations of leptin or its receptors (LepR) result in severe obesity and diabetes3–5. Although intensive studies on leptin have transformed obesity and diabetes research2,6, clinical applications of the molecule are still limited7 which, at least in part, is due to the complexity and our incomplete understanding of the underlying neural circuits. The hypothalamic neurons expressing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) were posited as the first-order leptin-responsive neurons. Selective deletion of LepR in these neurons with Cre-loxP system, however, failed to or marginally recapitulated obesity and diabetes in LepR-deficient Leprdb/db mice, suggesting that AgRP or POMC neurons are not directly required8–10. The primary neural targets for leptin are thus still unclear. Here, we conduct a systematic, unbiased survey of leptin-responsive neurons in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and exploit CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic ablation of LepR in vivo. Unexpectedly, we find that AgRP neurons but not POMC neurons integrate the primary action of leptin to regulate both energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Leptin deficiency disinhibits AgRP neurons, and their chemogenetic inhibition reverses both diabetic hyperphagia and hyperglycemia. In sharp contrast with prior studies, we show that CRISPR-mediated deletion of LepR in AgRP neurons causes severe obesity and diabetes, fatefully replicating the phenotype of Leprdb/db mice. We also uncover divergent mechanisms underlying leptin’s acute and chronic inhibition of AgRP neurons (i.e., presynaptic potentiation of GABAergic neurotransmission and postsynaptic activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, respectively). Our findings provide the framework underlying the neurobiological mechanisms of leptin and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher L Bartolome
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Program of Neuroscience, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cho Shing Low
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Program of Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinchi Yi
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hao Chien
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dong Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Program of Neuroscience, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA. .,Program of Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.
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50
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Mattson MP, Moehl K, Ghena N, Schmaedick M, Cheng A. Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:63-80. [PMID: 29321682 PMCID: PMC5913738 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, individuals whose brains and bodies functioned well in a fasted state were successful in acquiring food, enabling their survival and reproduction. With fasting and extended exercise, liver glycogen stores are depleted and ketones are produced from adipose-cell-derived fatty acids. This metabolic switch in cellular fuel source is accompanied by cellular and molecular adaptations of neural networks in the brain that enhance their functionality and bolster their resistance to stress, injury and disease. Here, we consider how intermittent metabolic switching, repeating cycles of a metabolic challenge that induces ketosis (fasting and/or exercise) followed by a recovery period (eating, resting and sleeping), may optimize brain function and resilience throughout the lifespan, with a focus on the neuronal circuits involved in cognition and mood. Such metabolic switching impacts multiple signalling pathways that promote neuroplasticity and resistance of the brain to injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Keelin Moehl
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Nathaniel Ghena
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Maggie Schmaedick
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Aiwu Cheng
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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