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Novak ML, Wang GY. The effect of e-cigarettes on cognitive function: a scoping review. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1287-1297. [PMID: 38724716 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
AIM Much research has been conducted on the acute effects of nicotine on human cognitive performance, demonstrating both enhancing and impairing cognitive effects. With the relatively recent introduction of electronic cigarettes ('e-cigarettes') as a smoking cessation device, little is known about the cognitive effects of e-cigarettes specifically, either as a nicotine replacement device or in the absence of nicotine. The purpose of this review was to present an overview of evidence from empirical studies on the effect of e-cigarettes on cognitive function. APPROACH Guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews guidelines (PRISMA-ScR), SCOPUS, PubMed, and EBSCOhost were searched from 2006, the year e-cigarettes were introduced, to June 2023 for relevant papers, along with reference lists checked for additional papers. KEY FINDINGS Seven experimental and four cross-sectional survey studies were identified and included. The majority of the studies only include regular and current cigarette smokers and primarily assessed the acute cognitive effect of e-cigarettes relative to nicotine. While the findings primarily suggest either no or positive effect of e-cigarettes on cognition in cigarette smokers, associations between e-cigarettes and cognitive impairments in memory, concentration and decision making were reported in both cigarette smokers and never-smokers. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS The acute cognitive effect of e-cigarettes on regular cigarette smokers appears minimal. However, long-term cognitive effect and their effects on never-smokers are unclear. Given that the increased numbers of e-cigarette users are non-smokers and/or adolescents, research with those naïve to nicotine and a developmentally vulnerable adolescent population on its long-term effect is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Novak
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - Grace Y Wang
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia.
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.
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2
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Zhu T, Wang W, Chen Y, Kranzler HR, Li CSR, Bi J. Machine Learning of Functional Connectivity to Biotype Alcohol and Nicotine Use Disorders. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:326-336. [PMID: 37696489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging provides noninvasive tools to investigate alcohol use disorder (AUD) and nicotine use disorder (NUD) and neural phenotypes for genetic studies. A data-driven transdiagnostic approach could provide a new perspective on the neurobiology of AUD and NUD. METHODS Using samples of individuals with AUD (n = 140), individuals with NUD (n = 249), and healthy control participants (n = 461) from the UK Biobank, we integrated clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic markers to identify biotypes of AUD and NUD. We partitioned participants with AUD and NUD based on resting-state functional connectivity (FC) features associated with clinical metrics. A multitask artificial neural network was trained to evaluate the cluster-defined biotypes and jointly infer AUD and NUD diagnoses. RESULTS Three biotypes-primary NUD, mixed NUD/AUD with depression and anxiety, and mixed AUD/NUD-were identified. Multitask classifiers incorporating biotype knowledge achieved higher area under the curve (AUD: 0.76, NUD: 0.74) than single-task classifiers without biotype differentiation (AUD: 0.61, NUD: 0.64). Cerebellar FC features were important in distinguishing the 3 biotypes. The biotype of mixed NUD/AUD with depression and anxiety demonstrated the largest number of FC features (n = 5), all related to the visual cortex, that significantly differed from healthy control participants and were validated in a replication sample (p < .05). A polymorphism in TNRC6A was associated with the mixed AUD/NUD biotype in both the discovery (p = 7.3 × 10-5) and replication (p = 4.2 × 10-2) sets. CONCLUSIONS Biotyping and multitask learning using FC features can characterize the clinical and genetic profiles of AUD and NUD and help identify cerebellar and visual circuit markers to differentiate the AUD/NUD group from the healthy control group. These markers support a new growing body of literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Zhu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Data Analytics Department, Yale New Haven Health System, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jinbo Bi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
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Jacobs PS, Jee J, Fang L, Devlin E, Iannelli C, Thakuri D, Loughead J, Epperson CN, Wilson N, Roalf D, Reddy R, Nanga RPR. Application of glutamate weighted CEST in brain imaging of nicotine dependent participants in vivo at 7T. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297310. [PMID: 38363747 PMCID: PMC10871471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With nicotine dependence being a significant healthcare issue worldwide there is a growing interest in developing novel therapies and diagnostic aids to assist in treating nicotine addiction. Glutamate (Glu) plays an important role in cognitive function regulation in a wide range of conditions including traumatic brain injury, aging, and addiction. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging via ultra-high field MRI can image the exchange of certain saturated labile protons with the surrounding bulk water pool, making the technique a novel tool to investigate glutamate in the context of addiction. The aim of this work was to apply glutamate weighted CEST (GluCEST) imaging to study the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in a small population of smokers and non-smokers to determine its effectiveness as a biomarker of nicotine use. METHODS 2D GluCEST images were acquired on 20 healthy participants: 10 smokers (ages 29-50) and 10 non-smokers (ages 25-69), using a 7T MRI system. T1-weighted images were used to segment the GluCEST images into white and gray matter tissue and further into seven gray matter regions. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were performed, comparing mean GluCEST contrast between smokers and non-smokers across brain regions. RESULTS GluCEST levels were similar between smokers and non-smokers; however, there was a moderate negative age dependence (R2 = 0.531) in smokers within the cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSION Feasibility of GluCEST imaging was demonstrated for in vivo investigation of smokers and non-smokers to assess glutamate contrast differences as a potential biomarker with a moderate negative age correlation in the cingulate gyrus suggesting reward network involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Jacobs
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Joelle Jee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Liu Fang
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Emily Devlin
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Claudia Iannelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Deepa Thakuri
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - James Loughead
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Neil Wilson
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - David Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ravi Prakash Reddy Nanga
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Quam A, Biernacki K, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Janes AC. Childhood Trauma, Emotional Awareness, and Neural Correlates of Long-Term Nicotine Smoking. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2351132. [PMID: 38206627 PMCID: PMC10784870 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.51132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Temporal dynamic measures provide insight into the neurobiological properties of nicotine use. It is critical to determine whether brain-based measures are associated with substance use risk factors, such as childhood trauma-related emotion dysregulation. Objective To assess temporal dynamic differences based on smoking status and examine the associations between childhood trauma, alexithymia, nicotine smoking, and default mode network (DMN) states. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Baltimore, Maryland, area at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Participants included individuals aged 18 to 65 years who smoked nicotine long term and matched controls with no co-occurring substance use or psychiatric disorders. Participants were enrolled from August 8, 2013, to August 9, 2022. Analysis was conducted from August 2022 to July 2023. Exposure Long-term nicotine smoking. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was temporal dynamic differences based on smoking status. Coactivation pattern analysis was conducted based on 16-minute resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging; total time in, persistence of, and frequency of transitions into states were evaluated. The associations between childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), alexithymia (20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale), and DMN temporal dynamics were assessed. Results The sample included 204 participants (102 individuals who smoked nicotine and 102 control individuals) with a mean (SD) age of 37.53 (10.64) years (109 [53.4%] male). Compared with controls, individuals who smoked nicotine spent more time in the frontoinsular DMN (FI-DMN) state (mean difference, 25.63 seconds; 95% CI, 8.05-43.20 seconds; η2p = 0.04; P = .004 after Bonferroni correction). In those who smoked nicotine, greater alexithymia was associated with less time spent in the FI-DMN state (r, -0.26; 95% CI, -0.44 to -0.07; P = .007). In a moderated mediation analysis, alexithymia mediated the association between childhood trauma and time spent in the FI-DMN state only in individuals who smoked nicotine (c' = -0.24; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.03; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Compared with controls, individuals who smoked nicotine spent more time in the FI-DMN state. Among those who smoked nicotine, childhood trauma-related alexithymia was associated with less time spent in the FI-DMN state, indicating that considering trauma-related factors may reveal alternative neurobiological underpinnings of substance use. These data may aid in reconciling contradictory findings in prior literature regarding the role of FI-DMN regions in substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Quam
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn Biernacki
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy C. Janes
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wang D, Xia L, Zhang Z, Camkurt MA, Issac A, Wu E, Xiu M, Chen D, Zhang XY. Sex difference in association between cognitive and P50 deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Arch Womens Ment Health 2023; 26:793-801. [PMID: 37673838 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
A large number of studies have reported that sensory gating disorders represented by P50 inhibition may be involved in the pathophysiological process of schizophrenia. However, few studies have explored the relationship between sensory gating disorders and cognitive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to explore sex differences in the relationship between cognitive and P50 deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia, which has not been reported. A total of 183 chronic schizophrenia patients (128 males and 55 females) and 166 healthy controls (76 males and 90 females) participated in this study. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was measured for cognitive function and P50 components for the sensory gating in all participants. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales (PANSS) was used to assess the psychopathological symptoms in patients. Female patients performed significantly better than male patients in several cognitive domains of MCCB (all p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in P50 components between male and female patients (all p > 0.05). Further analysis showed that in female patients, latency of S2 was negatively correlated with reasoning and problem-solving domain of MCCB (p < 0.05), and P50 ratio was negatively correlated with social cognition domain of MCCB (p < 0.05). In male patients, there was no any correlation between P50 and cognitive domains of MCCB. Our results suggest that there is a sex difference in the association between P50 deficiency and cognitive impairment in Chinese Han patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, 100101, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, 100101, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mehmet A Camkurt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Issac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dachun Chen
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, 100101, Beijing, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Mousavi SL, Rezayof A, Alijanpour S, Delphi L, Hosseinzadeh Sahafi O. Activation of mediodorsal thalamic dopamine receptors inhibited nicotine-induced anxiety in rats: A possible role of corticolimbic NMDA neurotransmission and BDNF expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 232:173650. [PMID: 37778541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the functional interaction between the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems of the mediodorsal thalamus (MD), the ventral hippocampus (VH), and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in nicotine-induced anxiogenic-like behaviors. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level changes were measured in the targeted brain areas following the drug treatments. The percentage of time spent in the open arm (% OAT) and open arm entry (% OAE) were calculated in the elevated plus maze (EPM) to measure anxiety-related behaviors in adult male Wistar rats. Systemic administration of nicotine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg induced an anxiogenic-like response associated with decreased BDNF levels in the hippocampus and the PFC. Intra-MD microinjection of apomorphine (0.1-0.3 μg/rat) induced an anxiogenic-like response, while apomorphine inhibited nicotine-induced anxiogenic-like behaviors associated with increased hippocampal and PFC BDNF expression levels. Interestingly, the blockade of the VH or the PFC NMDA receptors via the microinjection of D-AP5 (0.3-0.5 μg/rat) into the targeted sites reversed the inhibitory effect of apomorphine (0.5 μg/rat, intra-MD) on the nicotine response and led to the decrease of BDNF levels in the hippocampus and the PFC. Also, the microinjection of a higher dose of D-AP5 (0.5 μg/rat, intra-PFC) alone produced an anxiogenic effect. These findings suggest that the functional interaction between the MD dopaminergic D1/D2-like and the VH/PFC glutamatergic NMDA receptors may be partially involved in the anxiogenic-like effects of nicotine, likely via the alteration of BDNF levels in the hippocampus and the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Leila Mousavi
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sakineh Alijanpour
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
| | - Ladan Delphi
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oveis Hosseinzadeh Sahafi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Johansson L, Guo X, Sacuiu S, Fässberg MM, Kern S, Zettergren A, Skoog I. Longstanding smoking associated with frontal brain lobe atrophy: a 32-year follow-up study in women. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072803. [PMID: 37802622 PMCID: PMC10565256 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between midlife tobacco smoking and late-life brain atrophy and white matter lesions. METHODS The study includes 369 women from the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Cigarette smoking was reported at baseline 1968 (mean age=44 years) and at follow-up in 1974-1975 and 1980-1981. CT of the brain was conducted 32 years after baseline examination (mean age=76 years) to evaluate cortical atrophy and white matter lesions. Multiple logistic regressions estimated associations between midlife smoking and late-life brain lesions. The final analyses were adjusted for alcohol consumption and several other covariates. RESULTS Smoking in 1968-1969 (adjusted OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.12 to 3.04), in 1974-1975 (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.39 to 4.04) and in 1980-1981 (OR 2.47; 95% CI 1.41 to 4.33) were associated with late-life frontal lobe atrophy (2000-2001). The strongest association was observed in women who reported smoking at all three midlife examinations (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.44 to 4.78) and in those with more frequent alcohol consumption (OR 6.02; 95% CI 1.74 to 20.84). Smoking in 1980-1981 was also associated with late-life parietal lobe atrophy (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.10 to 3.58). There were no associations between smoking and atrophy in the temporal or occipital lobe, or with white matter lesions. CONCLUSION Longstanding tobacco smoking was mainly associated with atrophy in the frontal lobe cortex. A long-term stimulation of nicotine receptors in the frontal neural pathway might be harmful for targeted brain cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Johansson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
- Department of Addiction and Dependency, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset, Goteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Simona Sacuiu
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Mellqvist Fässberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Silke Kern
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AgeCap), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
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Tian ZR, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Sharma S, Feng L, Zhang Z, Li C, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Sjöqvisst PO, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nicotine neurotoxicity exacerbation following engineered Ag and Cu (50-60 nm) nanoparticles intoxication. Neuroprotection with nanowired delivery of antioxidant compound H-290/51 together with serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 172:189-233. [PMID: 37833012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine abuse is frequent worldwide leading to about 8 millions people die every year due to tobacco related diseases. Military personnel often use nicotine smoking that is about 12.8% higher than civilian populations. Nicotine smoking triggers oxidative stress and are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Nicotine neurotoxicity induces significant depression and oxidative stress in the brain leading to neurovascular damages and brain pathology. Thus, details of nicotine neurotoxicity and factors influencing them require additional investigations. In this review, effects of engineered nanoparticles from metals Ag and Cu (50-60 nm) on nicotine neurotoxicity are discussed with regard to nicotine smoking. Military personnel often work in the environment where chances of nanoparticles exposure are quite common. In our earlier studies, we have shown that nanoparticles alone induces breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and exacerbates brain pathology in animal models. In present investigation, nicotine exposure in with Ag or Cu nanoparticles intoxicated group exacerbated BBB breakdown, induce oxidative stress and aggravate brain pathology. Treatment with nanowired H-290/51 a potent chain-breaking antioxidant together with nanowired ondansetron, a potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist significantly reduced oxidative stress, BBB breakdown and brain pathology in nicotine exposure associated with Ag or Cu nanoparticles intoxication. The functional significance of this findings and possible mechanisms of nicotine neurotoxicity are discussed based on current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; ''RoNeuro'' Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Mircea Eliade Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Suraj Sharma
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, BTH, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, BTH, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade road No.111, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dade road No.111, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Per-Ove Sjöqvisst
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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9
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Mediconda S, Abidullah M, Velidandla S. To evaluate the role of lactate dehydrogenase as biomarker in the progression of potentially malignant disorders in smokers and gutkha chewers. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2023; 27:601. [PMID: 38033964 PMCID: PMC10683924 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_29_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the role of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a biomarker in the progression of potentially malignant disorders in smokers and gutkha chewers. Material and Methods The total of 70 individuals having the habit of chewing gutkha and smoking were selected for the study and divided into four groups. Group 1: 20 individuals having the habit of smoking, Group 2: 20 individuals having the habit of chewing gutkha, Group 3: 20 individuals having the habit of smoking and gutkha chewing, and Group 4: 10 healthy individuals. Results In the present study showed that unstimulated whole saliva from group 1, group 2, and group 3 individuals, there was a significant decrease in isoenzymes LDH-1 and LDH-2 and there was no effect on LDH-3 isoenzyme. In the present study, there is a significant increase in salivary isoenzyme LDH-4. The result indicated that there is an effect of carcinogen (tobacco)-enhanced activity on salivary LDH. The present study showed 70 volunteers reported a statistical significant correlation among the groups. The individuals with habit of smoking and gutkha chewing showed P value <.001 with a significant increase in the isoenzyme LDH-4. A significant increase in the buccal micronuclei of exfoliated cells in the oral mucosal cells of smokers and gutkha chewers. This shows a positive relationship between LDH isoenzymes and the individuals with the smoking and chewing of tobacco. Conclusion There was a significant correlation between the levels of salivary LDH isoenzymes and cytomorphometric analysis of oral epithelium in smokers and gutkha chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaratna Mediconda
- Dental Department, Senior Resident at MNJ Cancer Hospital, Redhill, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammed Abidullah
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Surekha Velidandla
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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10
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Nicotine's effect on cognition, a friend or foe? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 124:110723. [PMID: 36736944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Smoking comes in form of absorption of many compounds, among which nicotine is the main psychoactive component of tobacco and its positive and negative reinforcement effects are proposed to be the key mechanism for the initiation and maintenance of smoking. Growing evidence suggests that the cognitive enhancement effects of nicotine may also contribute to the difficulty of quitting smoking, especially in individuals with psychiatric disorders. In this review, we first introduce the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition including attention, short-term memory and long-term memory. We next summarize the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition under pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, Stress-induced Anxiety, Depression, and drug-induced memory impairment. The possible mechanism underlying nicotine's effect is also explored. Finally, nicotine's detrimental effect on cognition is discussed, including in the prenatal and adolescent periods, and high-dose nicotine- and withdrawal-induced memory impairment is emphasized. Therefore, nicotine serves as both a friend and foe. Nicotine-derived compounds could be a promising strategy to alleviate neurological disease-associated cognitive deficit, however, due to nicotine's detrimental effect, continued educational programs and public awareness campaigns are needed to reduce tobacco use among pregnant women and smoking should be quitted even if it is e-cigarette, especially for the adolescents.
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Effects of psychoeducation combined with transcranial direct current stimulation on reducing cigarette craving and consumption in male smokers. Addict Behav 2023; 141:107643. [PMID: 36791642 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Psychoeducation (PE) has been widely used in smoking interventions, but its long-term effects are limited. Recent studies have reported that, in some fields, a combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cognitive training (e.g., working memory tasks) may improve cognitive outcomes; thus, we aimed to investigate whether such a combined intervention has a better effect than a PE intervention for reducing smoking cravings and cigarette consumption. In Exp. 1, 19 male smokers received four types of interventions at one-week intervals. In each session, participants were presented with audio PE (or control) while receiving 2-mA active (or sham) tDCS of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In Exp. 2, 48 male smokers were randomized into four experimental groups (PE + Active, Control + Active, PE + Sham, or Control + Sham). Each participant received one type of five-day intervention (i.e., watching a five-minute PE/Control video twice while receiving 2-mA active/sham tDCS) and was followed up for one week. The results showed (a) an enhancement effect of tDCS on PE's ability to reduce cigarette consumption; (b) that repeated PE has a cumulative effect on reducing both craving and cigarette consumption during the intervention period; and (c) that, compared with PE alone, PE combined with tDCS is capable of helping participants maintain a low intake of cigarettes over one week. These findings suggest that repeated interventions of PE combined with tDCS may be effective in reducing smoking consumption and that further studies are warranted to confirm its application.
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12
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Lee H, Jeon Y, Yoo C, Seon H, Park J, Hwang M, Baek K, Chung D. Persistent impacts of smoking on resting-state EEG in male chronic smokers and past-smokers with 20 years of abstinence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3907. [PMID: 36890138 PMCID: PMC9995515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a severe addictive health risk behavior and notorious for the high likelihood of relapse after attempted cessation. Such an addictive pattern in smoking has been associated with neurobiological changes in the brain. However, little is known whether the neural changes associated with chronic smoking persist after a long period of successful abstinence. To address this question, we examined resting state EEG (rsEEG) in chronic smokers who have been smoking for 20 years or more, past-smokers who have been successfully abstaining for 20 years or more, and never-smokers. Both current-smokers and past-smokers showed significantly decreased relative theta power than never-smokers, showcasing persistent effect of smoking on the brain. Other rsEEG features in alpha frequency band demonstrated distinctive patterns associated with active smoking, such that compared to never-smokers, only current-smokers, but not past-smokers, showed significantly higher relative power, EEG reactivity-power changes between eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions-, and coherence between channels. Furthermore, individual variabilities across these rsEEG biomarkers were accounted for by individuals' self-reported smoking history and nicotine dependence in current- and past- smokers. These data suggest the persistent effect of smoking on the brain even after sustained remission for 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeji Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-Gil, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.,Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yoonji Jeon
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-Do, 50612, South Korea
| | - Cheolin Yoo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - HeeYoung Seon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-Gil, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-Gil, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Minho Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-Gil, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Baek
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-Do, 50612, South Korea.
| | - Dongil Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-Gil, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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13
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Calakos KC, Hillmer AT, Anderson JM, LeVasseur B, Baldassarri SR, Angarita GA, Matuskey D, Kapinos M, Zheng MQ, Huang Y, Cosgrove KP. Cholinergic system adaptations are associated with cognitive function in people recently abstinent from smoking: a (-)-[ 18F]flubatine PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:683-689. [PMID: 36681758 PMCID: PMC9938267 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic system is a critical mediator of cognition in animals. People who smoke cigarettes exhibit cognitive deficits, especially during quit attempts. Few studies jointly examine the cholinergic system and cognition in people while trying to quit smoking. We used positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging with the β2-subunit containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (β2*-nAChR) partial agonist radioligand (-)-[18F]flubatine and the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine to jointly examine the cholinergic system, smoking status, and cognition. (-)-[18F]Flubatine scans and cognitive data were acquired from twenty people who recently stopped smoking cigarettes (aged 38 ± 11 years; 6 female, 14 male; abstinent 7 ± 1 days) and 27 people who never smoked cigarettes (aged 29 ± 8 years; 11 female, 16 male). A subset of fifteen recently abstinent smokers and 21 never smokers received a mid-scan physostigmine challenge to increase acetylcholine levels. Regional volume of distribution (VT) was estimated with equilibrium analysis at "baseline" and post-physostigmine. Participants completed a cognitive battery prior to (-)-[18F]flubatine injection and physostigmine administration assessing executive function (Groton Maze Learning test), verbal learning (International Shopping List test), and working memory (One Back test). Physostigmine significantly decreased cortical (-)-[18F]flubatine VT, consistent with increased cortical acetylcholine levels reducing the number of β2*-nAChR sites available for (-)-[18F]flubatine binding, at comparable magnitudes across groups (p values < 0.05). A larger magnitude of physostigmine-induced decrease in (-)-[18F]flubatine VT was significantly associated with worse executive function in people who recently stopped smoking (p values < 0.05). These findings underscore the role of the cholinergic system in early smoking cessation and highlight the importance of neuroscience-informed treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina C Calakos
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Brittany LeVasseur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen R Baldassarri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, & Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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14
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Demographics, clinical characteristics and cognitive symptoms of heavy smokers and non-heavy smokers in Chinese male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1325-1333. [PMID: 35474549 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown a high smoking rate and cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia. The effects of smoking and nicotine intake on cognitive function in schizophrenia are still controversial. In this study, we divided patients into heavy smoking and non-heavy smoking groups and compared the clinical characteristics and cognitive symptoms between the two groups in Chinese male patients with schizophrenia. A total of 154 heavy smoking patients and 372 non-heavy smoking patients were recruited. They completed a detailed questionnaire including general and socio-demographic data. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was rated for psychopathology. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess the degree of nicotine dependence. Heavy smokers were younger, started smoking earlier and had a higher FTND total score than non-heavy smoking patients. Moreover, we found that heavy smokers had significantly lower negative symptom scores and cognitive factor scores than non-heavy smokers. Logistic regression analysis showed that cognitive factor score and age of initial smoking were significantly associated with heavy smoking. Linear regression analysis showed that cognitive factor score, age of initial smoking and dose of antipsychotics were significant predictors of the amount of smoking. Our findings suggest that there are significant differences in some demographic and clinical variables between heavy and non-heavy smokers in Chinese male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Moreover, heavy smokers have less cognitive symptoms, suggesting that heavy smoking may be beneficial for cognition of patients with schizophrenia.
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15
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Rumlerová T, Kube E, Simonet N, Friso F, Politi M. Use of tobacco purge in a therapeutic community for the treatment of substance use disorders. ANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/anoc.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Rumlerová
- Department of Psychology Palacky University Vodární 6 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Eric Kube
- Independent Researcher 248 Lakeview Drive Rd Highland Lake United States
| | - Nahuel Simonet
- Independent Researcher Route de la Poudrière 27 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Fabio Friso
- Center for Drug Addiction Treatment and Research on Traditional Medicines – Takiwasi Prolongación Alerta 466, Tarapoto Peru
| | - Matteo Politi
- Center for Drug Addiction Treatment and Research on Traditional Medicines – Takiwasi Prolongación Alerta 466 Tarapoto Peru
- Department of Pharmacy University of Chieti‐Pescara Via Vestini 31 Chieti Scalo Italy
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16
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Shen J, An Y, Jiang B, Zhang P. Derivation and validation of a prediction score for postoperative delirium in geriatric patients undergoing hip fracture surgery or hip arthroplasty. Front Surg 2022; 9:919886. [PMID: 36061065 PMCID: PMC9437918 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.919886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPostoperative delirium is a common complication of patients undergoing hip fracture surgery or arthroplasty and is related to decreased survival time and physical function. In this study, we aim to build and validate a prediction score of postoperative delirium in geriatric patients undergoing hip fracture surgery or hip arthroplasty.MethodsA retrospective cohort of geriatric patients undergoing hip fracture surgery or hip arthroplasty was established. Variables of included patients were collected as candidate predictors of postoperative delirium. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and logistic regression were used to derive a predictive score for postoperative delirium. The accuracy of the score was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating curve (ROC). We used bootstrapping resamples for model calibration. The prediction score was validated in an extra cohort.ResultsThere were 1,312 patients in the derivation cohort, and the incidence of postoperative delirium was 14.33%. Of 40 variables, 9 were identified as predictors, including preoperative delirium, cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with the modified Rankin scale, diabetes with a random glucose level, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), age, application of benzodiazepines in surgery, surgical delay ≥2 days, creatine ≥90 μmol/L, and active smoker. The prediction score achieved a mean AUC of 0.848 in the derivation cohort. In the validation cohort, the mean AUC was 0.833. The prediction model was well-calibrated in the two cohorts.ConclusionBased on retrospective data, a prediction score for postoperative delirium in geriatric patients undergoing hip fracture surgery or hip arthroplasty was derived and validated. The performance of the scoring system outperformed the models from previous studies. Although the generalization ability of the score needs to be tested in similar populations, the scoring system will enable delirium risk stratification for hip fracture patients and facilitate the development of strategies for delirium prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youzhong An
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Baoguo Jiang Peixun Zhang
| | - Peixun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Baoguo Jiang Peixun Zhang
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Majmundar A, Chu M, Perez C, Hoang Y, Yuan J, Unger JB, Allem JP. Tobacco and cannabis use advertisements targeting adolescents and young adults on Snapchat in 2019. Prev Med Rep 2022; 26:101758. [PMID: 35295669 PMCID: PMC8918856 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Social media platforms offer opportunities for targeted health communication ads to improve tobacco and cannabis prevention efforts. This study described tobacco and cannabis-related ads targeted towards adolescents and young adults on Snapchat. Data comprised of publicly available tobacco (n = 70) and cannabis-related (n = 64) ads from Snapchat in 2019. Identified themes included: Health consequences (Health effects of tobacco or cannabis use), Financial & legal consequences (Adverse financial or legal implications of substance use), Quitting (Resources for cessation), Industry tactics(Tobacco industry misleads individuals), Policy advocacy (Cannabis law reforms or legalization). Ad performance metrics included average Ad Impressions (number of views per ad) and Ad Spend (cost per ad). Ads were also categorized by Sponsoring Organizations (Government or Advocacy organizations). Health Consequences was the predominant theme followed by Quitting among tobacco-related ads. Government organizations sponsored most tobacco-related ads. Tobacco-related ads targeting adolescents received mean = 4,122,071 impressions and cost mean = $10,385.6 per ad. Tobacco-related ads targeting young adults received mean = 2,151,217 impressions and cost mean = $5,382.1 per ad. Health Consequences was a predominant theme among cannabis-related ads followed by Policy Advocacy. Advocacy organizations sponsored most cannabis-related ads targeting young adults. Cannabis-related ads targeting adolescents received mean = 415,293.8 impressions and cost mean=$793.92 per ad. Cannabis-related ads targeting young adults received mean = 293,267.7 impressions, and cost mean = $740.58. Government and advocacy organization sponsored ads reached millions of adolescents and young adults on Snapchat. Prevention campaigns may consider these number of impressions and cost per ad by theme when designing platform specific ads in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Majmundar
- Surveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Inc., United States
| | - Maya Chu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, United States
| | - Cindy Perez
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, United States
| | - Yannie Hoang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, United States
| | - Jared Yuan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, United States
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, United States
| | - Jon-Patrick Allem
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, United States
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18
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Weng JC, Chuang YC, Zheng LB, Lee MS, Ho MC. Assessment of brain connectome alterations in male chronic smokers using structural and generalized q-sampling MRI. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1761-1775. [PMID: 35294980 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An association has been shown between chronic cigarette smoking and structural abnormalities in the brain areas related to several functions relevant to addictive behavior. However, few studies have focused on the structural alternations of chronic smoking by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Also, it remains unclear how structural alternations are associated with tobacco-dependence severity and the positive/negative outcome expectances. The q-sampling imaging (GQI) is an advanced diffusion MRI technique that can reconstruct more precise and consistent images of complex oriented fibers than other methods. We aimed to use GQI to evaluate the impact of the neurological structure caused by chronic smoking. Sixty-seven chronic smokers and 43 nonsmokers underwent a MRI scan. The tobacco dependence severity and the positive/negative outcome expectancies were assessed via self-report. We used GQI with voxel-based statistical analysis (VBA) to evaluate structural brain and connectivity abnormalities. Graph theoretical analysis (GTA) and network-based statistical (NBS) analysis were also performed to identify the structural network differences among groups. Chronic smokers had smaller GM and WM volumes in the bilateral frontal lobe and bilateral frontal region. The GM/WM volumes correlated with dependence severity and outcome expectancies in the brain areas involving high-level functions. Chronic smokers had shape changes in the left hippocampal head and tail and the inferior brain stem. Poorer WM integrity in chronic smokers was found in the left middle frontal region, the right superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, the right temporal region, the left parahippocampus, the left anterior internal capsule, and the right inferior parietal region. WM integrity correlated with dependence severity and outcome expectancies in brain areas involving high-level functions. Chronic smokers had decreased local segregation and global integration among the brain regions and networks. Our results provide further evidence indicating that chronic smoking may be associated with brain structure and connectivity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Cheng Weng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Graduate Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, 33302, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, 33302, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 61363, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Graduate Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, 33302, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 10051, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Bang Zheng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Graduate Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, 33302, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shih Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, 40201, Taichung, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 40201, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chou Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, 40201, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Clinical Psychological Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 40201, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, 402, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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Kim DY, Jang Y, Heo DW, Jo S, Kim HC, Lee JH. Electronic Cigarette Vaping Did Not Enhance the Neural Process of Working Memory for Regular Cigarette Smokers. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:817538. [PMID: 35250518 PMCID: PMC8894252 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.817538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) as substitute devices for regular tobacco cigarettes (r-cigs) have been increasing in recent times. We investigated neuronal substrates of vaping e-cigs and smoking r-cigs from r-cig smokers. Methods Twenty-two r-cig smokers made two visits following overnight smoking cessation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired while participants watched smoking images. Participants were then allowed to smoke either an e-cig or r-cig until satiated and fMRI data were acquired. Their craving levels and performance on the Montreal Imaging Stress Task and a 3-back alphabet/digit recognition task were obtained and analyzed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Regions-of-interest (ROIs) were identified by comparing the abstained and satiated conditions. Neuronal activation within ROIs was regressed on the craving and behavioral data separately. Results Craving was more substantially reduced by smoking r-cigs than by vaping e-cigs. The response time (RT) for the 3-back task was significantly shorter following smoking r-cigs than following vaping e-cigs (interaction: F (1, 17) = 5.3, p = 0.035). Neuronal activations of the right vermis (r = 0.43, p = 0.037, CI = [-0.05, 0.74]), right caudate (r = 0.51, p = 0.015, CI = [0.05, 0.79]), and right superior frontal gyrus (r = −0.70, p = 0.001, CI = [−0.88, −0.34]) were significantly correlated with the RT for the 3-back task only for smoking r-cigs. Conclusion Our findings suggest that insufficient satiety from vaping e-cigs for r-cigs smokers may be insignificant effect on working memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youl Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Yujin Jang
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-Woon Heo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungman Jo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jong-Hwan Lee,
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20
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Sardari M, Seddighfar M, Sardari S. Dopamine receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex implicate in nicotine enhanced morphine analgesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3311-3323. [PMID: 34383109 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is well known that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an important role in acute pain perception. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we aimed to investigate the possible involvement of the ACC dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in nicotine plus morphine-induced analgesia. METHODS The ACC's of adult male Wistar rats were bilaterally cannulated by stereotaxic instrument and the tail-flick test was used to measure the thermal pain threshold. RESULTS The results indicated that subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of nicotine (0.3 mg/kg) potentiated the analgesic response of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of morphine (3 mg/kg). Systemic administration of the same doses of nicotine or morphine alone had no effect on tail-flick latency. Intra-ACC administration of apomorphine (0.3-0.9 μg/rat), the non-selective D1/D2 receptors agonist, plus ineffective doses of nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.) plus morphine (3 mg/kg, i.p) induced analgesia in rats. In addition, the analgesia induced with co-administration of nicotine and morphine was inhibited via intra-ACC administration of SCH23390 (0.5-1 μg/rat) or sulpiride (0.5-2 μg/rat), the selective antagonists of D1 or D2 receptors, respectively. The intra-ACC microinjection of the same doses of drugs alone had no effect on tail-flick latency. Cubic interpolation analysis also confirmed that activation or inactivation of the ACC D1 and D2 receptors by different doses of drugs can modulate the nicotine-morphine analgesic response. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the ACC has an important role in acute thermal pain perception and modulates the analgesia induced by nicotine plus morphine via dopaminergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sardari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 4155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Seddighfar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 4155-6455, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Sardari
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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21
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Jo S, Kim HC, Lustig N, Chen G, Lee JH. Mixed-effects multilevel analysis followed by canonical correlation analysis is an effective fMRI tool for the investigation of idiosyncrasies. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5374-5396. [PMID: 34415651 PMCID: PMC8519860 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that regions-of-interest (ROIs) associated with idiosyncratic individual behavior can be identified from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data using statistical approaches that explicitly model individual variability in neuronal activations, such as mixed-effects multilevel analysis (MEMA). We also show that the relationship between neuronal activation in fMRI and behavioral data can be modeled using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A real-world dataset for the neuronal response to nicotine use was acquired using a custom-made MRI-compatible apparatus for the smoking of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Nineteen participants smoked e-cigarettes in an MRI scanner using the apparatus with two experimental conditions: e-cigarettes with nicotine (ECIG) and sham e-cigarettes without nicotine (SCIG) and subjective ratings were collected. The right insula was identified in the ECIG condition from the χ2 -test of the MEMA but not from the t-test, and the corresponding activations were significantly associated with the similarity scores (r = -.52, p = .041, confidence interval [CI] = [-0.78, -0.17]) and the urge-to-smoke scores (r = .73, p <.001, CI = [0.52, 0.88]). From the contrast between the two conditions (i.e., ECIG > SCIG), the right orbitofrontal cortex was identified from the χ2 -tests, and the corresponding neuronal activations showed a statistically meaningful association with similarity (r = -.58, p = .01, CI = [-0.84, -0.17]) and the urge to smoke (r = .34, p = .15, CI = [0.09, 0.56]). The validity of our analysis pipeline (i.e., MEMA followed by CCA) was further evaluated using the fMRI and behavioral data acquired from the working memory and gambling tasks available from the Human Connectome Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungman Jo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niv Lustig
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Kumar P, Sharma A, Kumar D, Sharma L. Use of Spectroscopic Methods and Their Clinical Applications in Drug Abuse: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:360-373. [PMID: 34376090 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1958196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Assurance of substance abuse in plasma and different parts of the body is vital in clinical and legal toxicology. Detection techniques are evaluated for their appropriateness in scientific and clinical sciences, where extraordinary prerequisites must be met. Recognition and affirmation are for the most part done by gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography (LC-MS), Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), Magnetic resonance imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Infrared Spectroscopy, and UV Spectroscopy. Progressed spectroscopic techniques provided helpful quantitative or qualitative data about the natural chemistry and science of exploited substances. These spectroscopic techniques are assumed as quick, precise, and some of them are non-damaging investigation apparatus that may be assumed as a substitution for previously used compound investigation. Spectroscopy with its advances in technology is centralized to novel applications in the detection of abused drug substances and clinical toxicology. These techniques have attracted growing interest as forensic tools for the early detection and monitoring of exploited drugs. This review describes the principle, role, and clinical application of various spectroscopic techniques which are utilized for the identification of drug abuse like morphine, cocaine, codeine, alcohol, amphetamines, and their metabolites in whole blood, plasma, hair, and nails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Allem JP, Dormanesh A, Majmundar A, Unger JB, Kirkpatrick MG, Choube A, Aithal A, Ferrara E, Boley Cruz T. Topics of Nicotine-Related Discussions on Twitter: Infoveillance Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e25579. [PMID: 34096875 PMCID: PMC8218215 DOI: 10.2196/25579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultural trends in the United States, the nicotine consumer marketplace, and tobacco policies are changing. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to identify and describe nicotine-related topics of conversation authored by the public and social bots on Twitter, including any misinformation or misconceptions that health education campaigns could potentially correct. METHODS Twitter posts containing the term "nicotine" were obtained from September 30, 2018 to October 1, 2019. Methods were used to distinguish between posts from social bots and nonbots. Text classifiers were used to identify topics in posts (n=300,360). RESULTS Prevalent topics of posts included vaping, smoking, addiction, withdrawal, nicotine health risks, and quit nicotine, with mentions of going "cold turkey" and needing help in quitting. Cessation was a common topic, with mentions of quitting and stopping smoking. Social bots discussed unsubstantiated health claims including how hypnotherapy, acupuncture, magnets worn on the ears, and time spent in the sauna can help in smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS Health education efforts are needed to correct unsubstantiated health claims on Twitter and ultimately direct individuals who want to quit smoking to evidence-based cessation strategies. Future interventions could be designed to follow these topics of discussions on Twitter and engage with members of the public about evidence-based cessation methods in near real time when people are contemplating cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Patrick Allem
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Allison Dormanesh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew G Kirkpatrick
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Akshat Choube
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aneesh Aithal
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emilio Ferrara
- Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tess Boley Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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24
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Association between functional brain alterations and neuropsychological scales in male chronic smokers using resting-state fMRI. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1387-1399. [PMID: 33772331 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent studies have demonstrated that cigarette smoking is related to changes in brain structure and function. However, few studies focus on functional brain differences between male chronic smokers and nonsmokers in both local spontaneous activity and whole-brain functional networks. OBJECTIVES Our study recruited 67 chronic smokers and 43 nonsmokers who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans to investigate functional activity and connectivity alterations in chronic smokers. METHODS We used the mean fractional amplitude of the low-frequency fluctuation (mfALFF) and mean regional homogeneity (mReHo) methods to investigate resting-state spontaneous activity in chronic smokers and nonsmokers. The graph theoretical analysis (GTA) and network-based statistical (NBS) analysis were also used to investigate functional connectivity alterations. RESULTS Compared with nonsmokers, chronic smokers exhibited higher activation in the reward system and portions of the prefrontal cortex but lower activation in the default mode networks (DMN) and visual-related regions. In addition, correlation analysis was conducted to assess the associations between neuroimaging findings and the severity of nicotine dependence or expectations of smoking effects. Our results showed that certain brain regions correlated with the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the positive aspect of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test Extended (DUDIT-E), and the negative aspect of the DUDIT-E, especially in the attentional control networks and hippocampus. The graph theoretical analysis (GTA) results indicated chronic smokers exhibited a trend toward increased assortativity. Our network-based statistical (NBS) analysis revealed reduced functional connections between the subnetwork in the prefrontal cortex, olfactory cortex, angular gyrus, and cingulate gyrus of chronic smokers. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that chronic smokers have neural adaptations in local spontaneous activity but remain healthy brain functional networks.
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25
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Coppens R, Rabinovich NE, Kanneganti R, Diggs HA, Wiggs K, Healey T, Huggenvik J, Rose GM, Gilbert DG. APOE genotype influences P3b amplitude and response to smoking abstinence in young adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1171-1181. [PMID: 33506304 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is strong evidence that nicotine can enhance cognitive functions and growing evidence that this effect may be larger in young healthy APOE ε4 carriers. However, the moderating effects of the APOE ε4 allele on cognitive impairments caused by nicotine deprivation in chronic smokers have not yet been studied with brain indices. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether young female carriers of the APOE ε4 allele, relative to noncarriers, would exhibit larger abstinence-induced decreases in P3b amplitude during a two-stimulus auditory oddball task. METHODS We compared parietal P3bs in female chronic smokers with either APOE ε3/ε3 (n = 54) or ε3/ε4 (n = 20) genotype under nicotine-sated conditions and after 12-17-h nicotine deprivation. RESULTS Nicotine deprivation significantly reduced P3b amplitudes in APOE ε4 carriers, but not in APOE-ε3/ε3 individuals, such that the difference seen prior to nicotine deprivation was eliminated. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that subjects with the APOE ε4 allele are more sensitive to nicotine, which could influence smoking patterns, the risk for nicotine dependence, and the cognitive effects of nicotine use in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Coppens
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Norka E Rabinovich
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | | | - Herman A Diggs
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Kristin Wiggs
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Travis Healey
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Jodi Huggenvik
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Gregory M Rose
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - David G Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
- Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Mail Code 6502, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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26
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Tiepolt S, Becker GA, Wilke S, Cecchin D, Rullmann M, Meyer PM, Barthel H, Hesse S, Patt M, Luthardt J, Wagenknecht G, Sattler B, Deuther-Conrad W, Ludwig FA, Fischer S, Gertz HJ, Smits R, Hoepping A, Steinbach J, Brust P, Sabri O. (+)-[ 18F]Flubatine as a novel α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor PET ligand-results of the first-in-human brain imaging application in patients with β-amyloid PET-confirmed Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:731-746. [PMID: 32935187 PMCID: PMC8036219 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES We present the first in-human brain PET imaging data of the new α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-targeting radioligand (+)-[18F]Flubatine. Aims were to develop a kinetic modeling-based approach to quantify (+)-[18F]Flubatine and compare the data of healthy controls (HCs) and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD); to investigate the partial volume effect (PVE) on regional (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding; and whether (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding and cognitive test data respective β-amyloid radiotracer accumulation were correlated. METHODS We examined 11 HCs and 9 mild AD patients. All subjects underwent neuropsychological testing and [11C]PiB PET/MRI examination. (+)-[18F]Flubatine PET data were evaluated using full kinetic modeling and regional as well as voxel-based analyses. RESULTS With 270-min p.i., the unchanged parent compound amounted to 97 ± 2%. Adequate fits of the time-activity curves were obtained with the 1 tissue compartment model (1TCM). (+)-[18F]Flubatine distribution volume (binding) was significantly reduced in bilateral mesial temporal cortex in AD patients compared with HCs (right 10.6 ± 1.1 vs 11.6 ± 1.4, p = 0.049; left 11.0 ± 1.1 vs 12.2 ± 1.8, p = 0.046; one-sided t tests each). PVE correction increased not only (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding of approximately 15% but also standard deviation of 0.4-70%. Cognitive test data and (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding were significantly correlated in the left anterior cingulate, right posterior cingulate, and right parietal cortex (r > 0.5, p < 0.05 each). In AD patients, (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding and [11C]PiB standardized uptake value ratios were negatively correlated in several regions; whereas in HCs, a positive correlation between cortical (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding and [11C]PiB accumulation in the white matter was found. No adverse event related to (+)-[18F]Flubatine occurred. CONCLUSION (+)-[18F]Flubatine is a safe and stable PET ligand. Full kinetic modeling can be realized by 1TCM without metabolite correction. (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding affinity was high enough to detect group differences. Of interest, correlation between white matter β-amyloid PET uptake and (+)-[18F]Flubatine binding indicated an association between white matter integrity and availability of α4β2 nAChRs. Overall, (+)-[18F]Flubatine showed favorable characteristics and has therefore the potential to serve as α4β2 nAChR-targeting PET ligand in further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Tiepolt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg-Alexander Becker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Wilke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diego Cecchin
- Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Michael Rullmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp M. Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Luthardt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wagenknecht
- Electronic Systems (ZEA-2), Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Research Centre Juelich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sattler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Fischer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gertz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - René Smits
- ABX advanced biochemical compounds GmbH, Heinrich-Gläser-Straße 10, 01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoepping
- ABX advanced biochemical compounds GmbH, Heinrich-Gläser-Straße 10, 01454 Radeberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzener Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Research Site Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Silva GM, Almeida NL, Souto JJS, Rodrigues SJ, Fernandes TP, Santos NA. Does chronic smoking affect performance on a go/no-go task? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The cognitive and behavioral effects of D-amphetamine and nicotine sensitization in adult zebrafish. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2191-2200. [PMID: 33963883 PMCID: PMC8292302 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zebrafish are growing in use as a model for understanding drug dependence and addiction. Sensitization paradigms have been a useful tool in identifying mechanisms involved in drug-induced behavioral and neurological changes, but in zebrafish have tended to focus on locomotor, rather than cognitive, endpoints. METHODS Here, we used a novel method, the FMP Y-maze, which measures continuous performance through a series of repeated binary choices (L vs R), to establish a model for assessing parameters associated with psychostimulant-induced behavioral and cognitive sensitization in adult zebrafish. RESULTS Repeat, intermittent exposure to d-amphetamine (AMPH) for 14 days increased alternations (LRLR) in the maze, suggesting improved working memory, which was enhanced further following drug challenge after a short withdrawal period, suggesting behavioral sensitization. However, this cognitive enhancement coincided with a reduction in the use of other exploration strategies, hypolocomotion, and inhibition of cognitive flexibility. Like AMPH, exposure to nicotine (NIC) increased alternations following drug challenge after chronic treatment. Repeat NIC exposure appeared to induce both cognitive and psychomotor sensitization, as evidenced by increased working memory performance (alternations) and locomotor activity, without negatively impacting other search strategies or cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSION Chronic treatment with AMPH or NIC boosts cognitive performance in adult zebrafish. Cognitive sensitization occurred with both drugs, resulting in enhanced working memory; however, repeat AMPH exposure, following a withdrawal period, resulted in inhibited cognitive flexibility, an effect not evident with repeat NIC exposure. Cognitive and behavioral sensitization paradigms in zebrafish could serve as a useful tool for assessing cognitive states which result in cognitive enhancing or impairing effects of drugs.
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Mueller SG, Meyerhoff DJ. The gray matter structural connectome and its relationship to alcohol relapse: Reconnecting for recovery. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12860. [PMID: 31860777 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gray matter (GM) atrophy associated with alcohol use disorders (AUD) affects predominantly the frontal lobes. Less is known how frontal lobe GM loss affects GM loss in other regions and how it influences drinking behavior or relapse after treatment. The profile similarity index (PSI) combined with graph analysis allows to assess how GM loss in one region affects GM loss in regions connected to it, ie, GM connectivity. The PSI was used to describe the pattern of GM connectivity in 21 light drinkers (LDs) and in 54 individuals with AUD (ALC) early in abstinence. Effects of abstinence and relapse were determined in a subgroup of 36 participants after 3 months. Compared with LD, GM losses within the extended brain reward system (eBRS) at 1-month abstinence were similar between abstainers (ABST) and relapsers (REL), but REL had also GM losses outside the eBRS. Lower GM connectivities in ventro-striatal/hypothalamic and dorsolateral prefrontal regions and thalami were present in both ABST and REL. Between-networks connectivity loss of the eBRS in ABST was confined to prefrontal regions. About 3 months later, the GM volume and connectivity losses had resolved in ABST, and insula connectivity was increased compared with LD. GM losses and GM connectivity losses in REL were unchanged. Overall, prolonged abstinence was associated with a normalization of within-eBRS connectivity and a reconnection of eBRS structures with other networks. The re-formation of structural connectivities within and across networks appears critical for cognitive-behavioral functioning related to the capacity to maintain abstinence after outpatient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne G. Mueller
- Center for imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases VAMC San Francisco San Francisco California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California San Francisco California
| | - Dieter J. Meyerhoff
- Center for imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases VAMC San Francisco San Francisco California
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging University of California San Francisco California
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Melugin PR, Nolan SO, Siciliano CA. Bidirectional causality between addiction and cognitive deficits. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 157:371-407. [PMID: 33648674 PMCID: PMC8566632 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are highly comorbid with substance use disorders. Deficits span multiple cognitive domains, are associated with disease severity across substance classes, and persist long after cessation of substance use. Furthermore, recovery of cognitive function during protracted abstinence is highly predictive of treatment adherence, relapse, and overall substance use disorder prognosis, suggesting that addiction may be best characterized as a disease of executive dysfunction. While the association between cognitive deficits and substance use disorders is clear, determining causalities is made difficult by the complex interplay between these variables. Cognitive dysfunction present prior to first drug use can act as a risk factor for substance use initiation, likelihood of pathology, and disease trajectory. At the same time, substance use can directly cause cognitive impairments even in individuals without preexisting deficits. Thus, parsing preexisting risk factors from substance-induced adaptations, and how they may interact, poses significant challenges. Here, focusing on psychostimulants and alcohol, we review evidence from clinical literature implicating cognitive deficits as a risk factor for addiction, a consequence of substance use, and the role the prefrontal cortex plays in these phenomena. We then review corresponding preclinical literature, highlighting the high degree of congruency between animal and human studies, and emphasize the unique opportunity that animal models provide to test causality between cognitive phenotypes and substance use, and to investigate the underlying neurobiology at a cellular and molecular level. Together, we provide an accessible resource for assessing the validity and utility of forward- and reverse-translation between these clinical and preclinical literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Melugin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Suzanne O Nolan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cody A Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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31
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Food Addiction and Tobacco Use Disorder: Common Liability and Shared Mechanisms. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123834. [PMID: 33334010 PMCID: PMC7765398 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As food addiction is being more commonly recognized within the scientific community, parallels can be drawn between it and other addictive substance use disorders, including tobacco use disorder. Given that both unhealthy diets and smoking are leading risk factors for disability and death, a greater understanding of how food addiction and tobacco use disorder overlap with one another is necessary. This narrative review aimed to highlight literature that investigated prevalence, biology, psychology, and treatment options of food addiction and tobacco use disorder. Published studies up to August 2020 and written in English were included. Using a biopsychosocial lens, each disorder was assessed together and separately, as there is emerging evidence that the two disorders can develop concurrently or sequentially within individuals. Commonalities include but are not limited to the dopaminergic neurocircuitry, gut microbiota, childhood adversity, and attachment insecurity. In addition, the authors conducted a feasibility study with the purpose of examining the association between food addiction symptoms and tobacco use disorder among individuals seeking tobacco use disorder treatment. To inform future treatment approaches, more research is necessary to identify and understand the overlap between the two disorders.
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32
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Almeida NL, Rodrigues SJ, Gonçalves LM, Silverstein SM, Sousa IC, Gomes GH, Butler PD, Fernandes TP, Santos NA. Opposite effects of smoking and nicotine intake on cognition. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113357. [PMID: 32823200 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our main purpose was to investigate how smoking and nicotine interacted with specific aspects of cognitive functioning. The research was conducted in two parts: (i) an investigation of cognition in heavy smokers and healthy nonsmokers, and (ii) an investigation of cognition in healthy nonsmokers enrolled in a clinical trial involving administration of nicotine gum. Results indicated that the relationship between smoking and nicotine was characterized by an inverted U-shaped effect. On the one hand, cognitive test performance of the heavy smokers group was reduced on all of the cognitive tasks used here. On the other hand, healthy nonsmokers who used 2-mg of nicotine gum performed better, whilst the 4-mg group performed worse than the 2-mg and the placebo group. Demographic data were not related to the cognitive tasks. These data suggest that small doses of nicotine can have an activating function that leads to improved cognition, while heavy smoking on a chronic (and possibly acute) basis leads to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Almeida
- Federal University of Paraiba, Department of Psychology, Joao Pessoa, Brazil; Perception, Neuroscience, and Behaviour Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Stephanye J Rodrigues
- Federal University of Paraiba, Department of Psychology, Joao Pessoa, Brazil; Perception, Neuroscience, and Behaviour Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Letícia M Gonçalves
- Federal University of Paraiba, Department of Psychology, Joao Pessoa, Brazil; Perception, Neuroscience, and Behaviour Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Isadora C Sousa
- Federal University of Paraiba, Department of Psychology, Joao Pessoa, Brazil; Perception, Neuroscience, and Behaviour Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago P Fernandes
- Federal University of Paraiba, Department of Psychology, Joao Pessoa, Brazil; Perception, Neuroscience, and Behaviour Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Natanael A Santos
- Federal University of Paraiba, Department of Psychology, Joao Pessoa, Brazil; Perception, Neuroscience, and Behaviour Laboratory, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
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Chang L, Liang H, Kandel SR, He JJ. Independent and Combined Effects of Nicotine or Chronic Tobacco Smoking and HIV on the Brain: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:658-693. [PMID: 33108618 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is highly prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. Chronic smokers with HIV showed greater cognitive deficits and impulsivity, and had more psychopathological symptoms and greater neuroinflammation than HIV non-smokers or smokers without HIV infection. However, preclinical studies that evaluated the combined effects of HIV-infection and tobacco smoking are scare. The preclinical models typically used cell cultures or animal models that involved specific HIV viral proteins or the administration of nicotine to rodents. These preclinical models consistently demonstrated that nicotine had neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, leading to cognitive enhancement. Although the major addictive ingredient in tobacco smoking is nicotine, chronic smoking does not lead to improved cognitive function in humans. Therefore, preclinical studies designed to unravel the interactive effects of chronic tobacco smoking and HIV infection are needed. In this review, we summarized the preclinical studies that demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of nicotine, the neurotoxic effects of the HIV viral proteins, and the scant literature on nicotine or tobacco smoke in HIV transgenic rat models. We also reviewed the clinical studies that evaluated the neurotoxic effects of tobacco smoking, HIV infection and their combined effects on the brain, including studies that evaluated the cognitive and behavioral assessments, as well as neuroimaging measures. Lastly, we compared the different approaches between preclinical and clinical studies, identified some gaps and proposed some future directions. Graphical abstract Independent and combined effects of HIV and tobacco/nicotine. Left top and bottom panels: Both clinical studies of HIV infected persons and preclinical studies using viral proteins in vitro or in vivo in animal models showed that HIV infection could lead to neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Right top and bottom panels: While clinical studies of tobacco smoking consistently showed deleterious effects of smoking, clinical and preclinical studies that used nicotine show mild cognitive enhancement, neuroprotective and possibly anti-inflammatory effects. In the developing brain, however, nicotine is neurotoxic. Middle overlapping panels: Clinical studies of persons with HIV who were smokers typically showed additive deleterious effects of HIV and tobacco smoking. However, in the preclinical studies, when nicotine was administered to the HIV-1 Tg rats, the neurotoxic effects of HIV were attenuated, but tobacco smoke worsened the inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 W. Baltimore Street, HSF III, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Huajun Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 W. Baltimore Street, HSF III, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Suresh R Kandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, Basic Science Building 2.300, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Johnny J He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Road, Basic Science Building 2.300, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Upregulation of nAChRs and Changes in Excitability on VTA Dopamine and GABA Neurons Correlates to Changes in Nicotine-Reward-Related Behavior. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0189-20.2020. [PMID: 32988984 PMCID: PMC7568605 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0189-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports indicate that nicotine reward is mediated through α4β2*, α6β2*, and α4α6β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs; * indicates that additional nAChR subunits may be present). Little is known about α4α6β2* nAChR involvement in reward and reinforcement because of a lack of methods that allow the direct investigation of this particular nAChR subtype. Here, we use male and female mice that contain α4-mCherry and α6-GFP nAChR subunits to show that concentrations of nicotine sufficient to evoke reward-related behavior robustly upregulate α4* and α4α6* nAChRs on midbrain dopamine (DA) and GABA neurons. Furthermore, the extent of α4α6* nAChR upregulation on ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons aligns with the magnitude of nicotine reward-related behavior. We also show that the upregulation of nAChRs is accompanied by a functional change in firing frequency of both DA and GABA neurons in the VTA that is directly linked to nicotine reward-related behavior.
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Fernandes TP, Hovis JK, Almeida N, Souto JJS, Bonifacio TA, Rodrigues S, Silva GM, Andrade MO, Silva JB, Gomes GH, Oliveira ME, Lima EH, Gomes ME, Junior MVA, Martins ML, Santos NA. Effects of Nicotine Gum Administration on Vision (ENIGMA-Vis): Study Protocol of a Double-Blind, Randomized, and Controlled Clinical Trial. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:314. [PMID: 33100983 PMCID: PMC7506462 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies reported that tobacco addiction was related to visual impairments, but one unresolved issue is whether the impairments are related to the many compounds existing in the cigarettes or to the effects of nicotine. On the other hand, nicotine gum can be used as replacement therapy or as a neuroprotective agent for some diseases. The main purpose of this controlled trial is to investigate the effects of nicotine gum on vision. The ENIGMA-Vis trial aims to compare two dosages of nicotine gum (2 and 4 mg) and a placebo gum in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 100 participants to be allocated into a single group assignment of repeated measures (two studies; N = 50 for each one). Eligibility criteria are healthy non-smokers not diagnosed with substance abuse and without an acute or chronic medical condition. Intervention will last three sessions for each participant with a window frame of 1 week per session. Study outcomes are (1) short-term effects of nicotine gum on contrast sensitivity; (2) short-term effects of nicotine gum on chromatic contrast discrimination; and (3) whether demographics, body mass index, or serum cotinine predicts response of visual processing. This study addresses an important gap in the effects of nicotine on vision. One of the main takeaways of this study is to understand the effects of nicotine on contrast sensitivity and chromatic contrast discrimination. This information will provide a further understanding of how nicotine interacts with early visual processes and help determine how the different components present during smoking can affect vision. Clinical Trial Registration Number: RBR-46tjy3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago P Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jeffery K Hovis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Natalia Almeida
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jandirlly J S Souto
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Thiago Augusto Bonifacio
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Stephanye Rodrigues
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Medeiros Silva
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Michael Oliveira Andrade
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, State University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jessica Bruna Silva
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, State University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Milena Edite Oliveira
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Eveline Holanda Lima
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Gomes
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marcos V A Junior
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lopes Martins
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Department of Speech Therapy, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Natanael A Santos
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Fernandes TP, Butler PD, Rodrigues SJ, Silva GM, Anchieta MV, Souto JJS, Gomes GHV, Almeida NL, Santos NA. Short-term effects of nicotine gum on facial detection in healthy nonsmokers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Addict Dis 2020; 39:15-25. [DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1805093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago P. Fernandes
- Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Pamela D. Butler
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Stephanye J. Rodrigues
- Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Gabriella M. Silva
- Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Jandirlly J. S. Souto
- Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Natalia L. Almeida
- Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Natanael A. Santos
- Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
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37
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Do Nicotinic Receptors Modulate High-Order Cognitive Processing? Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:550-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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McCarthy DM, Lowe SE, Morgan TJ, Cannon EN, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Bhide PG. Transgenerational transmission of behavioral phenotypes produced by exposure of male mice to saccharin and nicotine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11974. [PMID: 32686722 PMCID: PMC7371742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of non-nutritive sweeteners such as saccharin is widely prevalent. Although saccharin is considered safe for human consumption, it produces behavioral changes in experimental animals. We report that saccharin’s behavioral effects are much more pervasive than currently recognized. In a mouse model, saccharin exposure produced motor impulsivity not only in the saccharin-exposed males but also in their offspring. In addition, the offspring showed locomotor hyperactivity and working memory deficit not observed in fathers. Spermatazoal DNA was hypermethylated in the saccharin-exposed fathers, especially at dopamine receptor promoter regions, suggesting that epigenetic modification of germ cell DNA may mediate transgenerational transmission of behavioral phenotypes. Dopamine’s role in hyperactivity was further highlighted by the finding that the stimulant drug methylphenidate mitigated the hyperactivity. Nicotine is another substance that is widely used. Its use via smokeless tobacco products, some of which contain saccharin, is on the rise contributing to concerns about adverse outcomes of co-exposure to saccharin and nicotine. We found that co-exposure of male mice to saccharin and nicotine produced significant behavioral impairment in their offspring. Thus, our data point to potential adverse neurobehavioral consequences of exposure to saccharin alone or saccharin and nicotine for the exposed individuals and their descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M McCarthy
- Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115, West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Sarah E Lowe
- Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115, West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Thomas J Morgan
- Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115, West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.,School of Physician Assistant Practice, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115, West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Elisa N Cannon
- Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115, West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Thomas J Spencer
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Pradeep G Bhide
- Biomedical Sciences and Center for Brain Repair, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115, West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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Cui X, Lin Q, Liang Y. Plant-Derived Antioxidants Protect the Nervous System From Aging by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:209. [PMID: 32760268 PMCID: PMC7372124 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major disease contributing to human death and is thought to be closely related to the aging process. The rich antioxidant substances in plants have been shown to play a role in delaying aging, and in recent years, significant research has focused on also examining their potential role in AD onset and progression. Many plant-derived antioxidant research studies have provided insights for the future treatment and prevention of AD. This article reviews various types of plant-derived antioxidants with anti-aging effects on neurons. Also it distinguishes the different types of active substances that exhibit different degrees of protection for the nervous system and summarizes the mechanism thereof. Plant-derived antioxidants with neuroprotective functions can protect various components of the nervous system in a variety of ways and can have a positive impact on interventions to prevent and alleviate AD. Furthermore, when considering neuroprotective agents, glial cells also contribute to the defense of the nervous system and should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Cui
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Anderson G, Chirumbolo S, Maes M. Preventive treatments to slow substantia nigra damage and Parkinson's disease progression: A critical perspective review. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105065. [PMID: 32652199 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Restoring the lost physiological functions of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease (PD) is an important goal of PD therapy. The present article reviews a) novel drug targets that should be targeted to slow PD progression, and b) clinical and experimental research data reporting new treatments targeting immune-inflammatory and oxidative pathways. A systematic search was performed based on the major databases, i.e., ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed, CABI Direct databases, and Scopus, on relevant studies performed from 1900 to 2020. This review considers the crucial roles of mitochondria and immune-inflammatory and oxidative pathways in the pathophysiology of PD. High levels of oxidative stress in the substantia nigra, as well as modifications in glutathione regulation, contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, with a decline in complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain reported in PD patients. Many papers suggest that targeting antioxidative systems is a crucial aspect of preventive and protective therapies, even justifying the utilization of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation to fortify the protection afforded by intracellular glutathione. Dietary recommended panels including ketogenetic diet, muscular exercise, nutraceutical supplementation including NAC, glutathione, nicotine, caffeine, melatonin, niacin, and butyrate, besides to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and memantine treatment are important aspects of PD therapy. The integration of neuro-immune, antioxidant, and nutritional approaches to treatment should afford better neuroprotection, including by attenuating neuroinflammation, nitro-oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegenerative processes. Future research should clarify the efficacy, and interactions, of nicotine receptor agonists, gut microbiome-derived butyrate, melatonin, and NSAIDs in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Motaghinejad M, Farokhi N, Motevalian M, Safari S. Molecular, histological and behavioral evidences for neuroprotective effects of minocycline against nicotine-induced neurodegeneration and cognition impairment: Possible role of CREB-BDNF signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res 2020; 386:112597. [PMID: 32198107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neurodegeneration is one of the serious adverse effects of stimulant agents such as nicotine. Minocycline possess established neuroprotective properties. The role of CREB-BDNF signaling pathway in mediating the neuroprotective effects of minocycline against nicotine-induced neurodegeneration in rats was evaluated in current study. METHODS Seventy adult male rats were divided randomly into seven groups. Group 1 and 2, received 0.7 ml/rat of normal saline (i.p) and nicotine (10 mg/kg, s.c) respectively. Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6, treated concurrently with nicotine (10 mg/kg) and minocycline (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg, i.p, respectively) for 21 days. Group 7 received minocycline alone (40 mg/kg, i.p) for 21 days. From 17th to 21 st days of experiment, Morris water maze (MWM) was used to evaluate learning and spatial memory in rats treated in different groups. According to the critical role of hippocampus in cognitive behavior, hippocampal neurodegenerative parameters (oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers) and also cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were evaluated in isolated hippocampus in day 22 of experiment and after drug treatment. Also hippocampal cell density and tissue changes were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULT Nicotine administration impaired the learning and spatial memory in rats and simultaneous treatment with various doses of minocycline attenuated the nicotine-induced cognition disturbances. In addition, nicotine treatment increased lipid peroxidation and the levels of oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and Bax protein, while decreasing reduced form of glutathione (GSH), Bcl-2 protein, P-CREB and BDNF levels in the hippocampus of experimental animals. Nicotine also reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the hippocampus. Minocycline attenuated nicotine-induced neurodegeneration and elevating CREB (both forms) and BDNF levels. Also minocycline treatment alone increases the cognitive activity and increased CREB (both forms) and BDNF levels and decreased oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptotic biomarkers. Minocycline at high doses cause inhibition of nicotine induced cell density and changes in both area of dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 in hippocampus. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that minocycline, probably through activation of P-CREB/BDNF signaling pathway, confers neuroprotection against nicotine-induced neurodegeneration in rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negin Farokhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12-h abstinence-induced functional connectivity density changes and craving in young smokers: a resting-state study. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 13:953-962. [PMID: 29926324 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studying the neural correlates of craving to smoke is of great importance to improve treatment outcomes in smoking addiction. According to previous studies, the critical roles of striatum and frontal brain regions had been revealed in addiction. However, few studies focused on the hub of brain regions in the 12 h abstinence induced craving in young smokers. Thirty-one young male smokers were enrolled in the present study. A within-subject experiment design was carried out to compare functional connectivity density between 12-h smoking abstinence and smoking satiety conditions during resting state in young adult smokers by using functional connectivity density mapping (FCDM). Then, the functional connectivity density changes during smoking abstinence versus satiety were further used to examine correlations with abstinence-induced changes in subjective craving. We found young adult smokers in abstinence state (vs satiety) had higher local functional connectivity density (lFCD) and global functional connectivity density (gFCD) in brain regions including striatal subregions (i.e., bilateral caudate and putamen), frontal regions (i.e., anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC)) and bilateral insula. We also found higher lFCD during smoking abstinence (vs satiety) in bilateral thalamus. Additionally, the lFCD changes of the left ACC, bilateral caudate and right OFC were positively correlated with the changes in craving induced by abstinence (i.e., abstinence minus satiety) in young adult smokers. The present findings improve the understanding of the effects of acute smoking abstinence on the hubs of brain gray matter in the abstinence-induces craving and may contribute new insights into the neural mechanism of abstinence-induced craving in young smokers in smoking addiction.
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Wulff S, Nielsen MØ, Rostrup E, Svarer C, Jensen LT, Pinborg L, Glenthøj BY. The relation between dopamine D 2 receptor blockade and the brain reward system: a longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia patients. Psychol Med 2020; 50:220-228. [PMID: 30642415 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718004099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic symptoms have been linked to salience abnormalities in the brain reward system, perhaps caused by a dysfunction of the dopamine neurotransmission in striatal regions. Blocking dopamine D2 receptors dampens psychotic symptoms and normalises reward disturbances, but a direct relationship between D2 receptor blockade, normalisation of reward processing and symptom improvement has not yet been demonstrated. The current study examined the association between blockade of D2 receptors in the caudate nucleus, alterations in reward processing and the psychopathology in a longitudinal study of antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients. METHODS Twenty-two antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients (10 males, mean age 23.3) and 23 healthy controls (12 males, mean age 23.5) were examined with single-photon emission computed tomography using 123I-labelled iodobenzamide. Reward disturbances were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a modified version of the monetary-incentive-delay task. Patients were assessed before and after 6 weeks of treatment with amisulpride. RESULTS In line with previous results, patients had a lower fMRI response at baseline (0.2 ± 0.5 v. 0.7 ± 0.6; p = 0.008), but not at follow-up (0.5 ± 0.6 v. 0.6 ± 0.7), and a change in the fMRI signal correlated with improvement in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive symptoms (ρ = -0.435, p = 0.049). In patients responding to treatment, a correlation between improvement in the fMRI signal and receptor occupancy was found (ρ = 0.588; p = 0.035). CONCLUSION The results indicate that salience abnormalities play a role in the reward system in schizophrenia. In patients responding to a treatment-induced blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, the psychotic symptoms may be ameliorated by normalising salience abnormalities in the reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Wulff
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mette Ødegaard Nielsen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Egill Rostrup
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Functional Imaging Unit, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Claus Svarer
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Lars Thorbjørn Jensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lars Pinborg
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Birte Yding Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
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Vyas S, Kothari S, Kachhwaha S. Nootropic medicinal plants: Therapeutic alternatives for Alzheimer’s disease. J Herb Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ooi BG, Dutta D, Kazipeta K, Chong NS. Influence of the E-Cigarette Emission Profile by the Ratio of Glycerol to Propylene Glycol in E-Liquid Composition. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13338-13348. [PMID: 31460462 PMCID: PMC6705204 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (E-cig) is popular because of the perception that they are less addictive and safer compared to the traditional cigarettes. Nevertheless, there are still harmful effects associated with chemicals emitted from E-cig. Identifying the sources of the emitted compounds can be challenging because of the differences in the design of E-cig devices and the variability in the composition of E-cig liquids used in these devices. In this study, the emission profiles from impurity-free E-liquids containing only propylene glycol and glycerol in various percentage ratios along with two commercially available E-liquids were evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study approach allows the elucidation of the transformation pathways of the major emitted compounds without the confounding effects of existing impurities or flavor ingredients added to E-liquids. Analysis of the vapor phases of E-cig emissions detected toxicants such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzaldehyde, as well as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds. The amount of glycerol in the E-liquids has a major effect on the concentration of these hazardous compounds emitted because the concentration of these chemicals increased with increasing glycerol percentage in the E-liquid. Acetaldehyde and acrolein increased by 175-fold and 28-fold, respectively, when the glycerol composition was increased from 0 to 80%. Benzaldehyde, naphthalene, diphenyl ether, and glycerol along with menthol and nicotine that were present in the commercial E-liquids were also detected in the aerosol condensates. The cascade impactor data on the distribution of the nicotine and menthol in different size fractions from >2.5 to <2.5 μm allow the estimates of the extent of toxicant deposition in different parts of the pulmonary system including the oropharynx region, the trachea as well as inside the alveoli and bronchioles. In summary, users of E-cig are exposed to harmful chemicals even if the E-liquids contain only propylene glycol and glycerol without flavorings, nicotine, or impurities. Furthermore, this study shows that E-liquids containing higher percentages of glycerol will produce higher levels of toxicants compared to E-liquids with similar percentages of propylene glycol. This finding has important implications to E-cigarette vendors and manufacturers, consumers, and regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beng G. Ooi
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 68, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Dibyendu Dutta
- Department
of Professional Science, Middle Tennessee
State University, P.O. Box 83, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Kavya Kazipeta
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 68, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Ngee S. Chong
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 68, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
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Abstract
The use of nicotine products among adolescents is now designated as a national epidemic by the United States Surgeon General. The largest one-year increase ever recorded for substance use in the adolescent population should sound the alarm for Nurse Practitioners (NPs) practicing in family health and pediatrics. Vaping, or the use of e-cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), has been purported by the vaping industry as a less harmful alternative for tobacco users in their attempt to quit smoking. In adolescents, vaping represents a dangerous and highly addictive health behavior. Initiatives on both the state and federal levels have begun to address marketing and access to young users. However, the active involvement of NPs on the front line of primary care will be necessary to combat this imposing threat. The protection of our young patients from nicotine addiction and the education of patients and families about the potential dangers of e-cigarettes are imperative to prevent harm. This article addresses concerns related to e-cigarette use in the adolescent population and the important role NPs can play in promoting their health and well-being.
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Avelar AJ, Akers AT, Baumgard ZJ, Cooper SY, Casinelli GP, Henderson BJ. Why flavored vape products may be attractive: Green apple tobacco flavor elicits reward-related behavior, upregulates nAChRs on VTA dopamine neurons, and alters midbrain dopamine and GABA neuron function. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107729. [PMID: 31369741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While nicotine is the primary addictive component in tobacco products, additional flavors have become a concern with the growing popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). For this reason, we have begun to investigate popular tobacco and ENDS flavors. Here, we examined farnesol, a chemical flavorant used in green apple and fruit flavors in ENDS e-liquids, for its ability to produce reward-related behavior. Using male and female 3-6 month old C57BL/6 J mice and farnesol doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg we identified a sex-dependent effect in a conditioned place preference assay: farnesol-alone produces reward-related behavior in only male mice. Despite this sex-dependent effect, 1.0 mg/kg farnesol enhances locomotor activity in both male and female mice. To understand farnesol's effect on reward-related behavior, we used whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and confocal microscopy to investigate changes in putative dopamine and GABA neurons. For these approaches, we utilized genetically modified mice that contain fluorescent nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Our electrophysiological assays with male mice revealed that farnesol treatment increases ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neuron firing frequency and this may be due to a decrease in inhibitory tone from GABA neurons. Our microscopy assays revealed that farnesol treatment produces a significant upregulation of α6* nAChRs in male mice but not female mice. This was supported by an observed increase in α6* nAChR function in additional electrophysiology assays. These data provide evidence that popular tobacco flavorants may alter smoking-related behavior and promote the need to examine additional ENDS flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Avelar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Austin T Akers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Zachary J Baumgard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Skylar Y Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Gabriella P Casinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Brandon J Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marshall University, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA.
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Yu D, Yuan K, Cheng J, Guan Y, Li Y, Bi Y, Zhai J, Luo L, Liu B, Xue T, Lu X. Reduced Thalamus Volume May Reflect Nicotine Severity in Young Male Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2019. [PMID: 28651369 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Nicotine acts as an agonist at presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and to facilitate synaptic release of several neurotransmitters including dopamine and glutamate. The thalamus has the highest density of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, which may make this area more vulnerable to the addictive effects of nicotine. However, the volume of thalamus abnormalities and the association with smoking behaviors in young smokers remains unknown. Methods Thirty-six young male smokers and 36 age-, gender- and education-matched nonsmokers participated in the current study. The nicotine dependence severity and cumulative effect were assessed with the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and pack-years. We used subcortical volume analyses method in FreeSurfer to investigate the thalamus volume differences between young smokers and nonsmokers. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between thalamus volume and smoking behaviors (pack-years and FTND) in young smokers. Results and Conclusions Relative to nonsmokers, the young smokers showed reduced volume of bilateral thalamus. In addition, the left thalamus volume was correlated with FTND in young smokers. It is hoped that our findings can shed new insights into the neurobiology of young smokers. Implications In this article, we investigated the changes of thalamus volume in young male smokers compared with nonsmokers. Reduced left thalamus volume was correlated with FTND in young smokers, which may reflect nicotine severity in young male smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiadong Cheng
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanyan Guan
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangding Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Multi-source Information Mining and Security, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanzhi Bi
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinquan Zhai
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaoqi Lu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Image Processing, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
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de la Salle S, Inyang L, Impey D, Smith D, Choueiry J, Nelson R, Heera J, Baddeley A, Ilivitsky V, Knott V. Acute separate and combined effects of cannabinoid and nicotinic receptor agonists on MMN-indexed auditory deviance detection in healthy humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 184:172739. [PMID: 31283908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of concomitant cannabis and nicotine use has implications for sensory and cognitive processing. While nicotine tends to enhance function in these domains, cannabis use has been associated with both sensory and cognitive impairments, though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Additionally, the interaction of the nicotinic (nAChR) and cannabinoid (CB1) receptor systems has received limited study in terms of sensory/cognitive processes. This study involving healthy volunteers assessed the acute separate and combined effects of nabilone (a CB1 agonist) and nicotine on sensory processing as assessed by auditory deviance detection and indexed by the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential. It was hypothesized that nabilone would impair auditory discriminability as shown by diminished MMN amplitudes, but not when administered in combination with nicotine. 20 male non-smokers and non-cannabis-users were assessed using a 5-stimulus 'optimal' multi-feature MMN paradigm within a randomized, placebo controlled design (placebo; nabilone [0.5 mg]; nicotine [6 mg]; and nicotine + nabilone). Treatment effects were region- and deviant-dependent. At the temporal regions (mastoid sites), MMN was reduced by nabilone and nicotine separately, whereas co-administration resulted in no impairment. At the frontal region, MMN was enhanced by co-administration of nicotine and nabilone, with no MMN effects being found with separate treatment. These neural effects have relevance for sensory/cognitive processes influenced by separate and simultaneous use of cannabis and tobacco and may have treatment implications for disorders associated with sensory dysfunction and impairments in endocannabinoid and nicotinic cholinergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara de la Salle
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence Inyang
- Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Impey
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dylan Smith
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joelle Choueiry
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Renee Nelson
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jasmit Heera
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley Baddeley
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vadim Ilivitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Verner Knott
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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50
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Meyhöfer I, Kasparbauer AM, Steffens M, Ettinger U. Effects of nicotine on smooth pursuit eye movements in healthy non-smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2259-2271. [PMID: 30874860 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist nicotine has been argued to improve attention via enhanced filtering of irrelevant stimuli. Here, we tested this hypothesis in the context of smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs), an oculomotor function previously shown to improve with nicotine in some but not all studies. OBJECTIVES In order to test whether nicotine improves performance particularly when the inhibition of distracting stimuli is required, SPEM was elicited in conditions with or without peripheral distractors. Additionally, different target frequencies were employed in order to parametrically vary general processing demands on the SPEM system. METHODS Healthy adult non-smokers (N = 18 females, N = 13 males) completed a horizontal sinusoidal SPEM task at different target frequencies (0.2 Hz, 0.4 Hz, 0.6 Hz) in the presence or absence of peripheral distractors in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design using a 2 mg nicotine gum. RESULTS Nicotine increased peak pursuit gain relative to placebo (p < .001), but an interaction with distractor condition (p = .001) indicated that this effect was most pronounced in the presence of distractors. Catch-up saccade frequency was reduced by nicotine (p = .01), particularly at higher target frequencies (two-way interaction, p = .04). However, a three-way interaction (p = .006) indicated that the reduction with nicotine was strongest at the highest target frequency (0.6 Hz) only without distractors, whereas in the presence of distractors, it was strongest at 0.4-Hz target frequency. There were no effects of nicotine on subjective state measures. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings support a role of both distractor inhibition and general processing load in the effects of nicotine on smooth pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Maria Steffens
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
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