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Kanngiesser P, Sunderarajan J, Hafenbrädl S, Woike JK. Children Sustain Cooperation in a Threshold Public-Goods Game Even When Seeing Others' Outcomes. Psychol Sci 2024; 35:1094-1107. [PMID: 39158941 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241267854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Many societal challenges are threshold dilemmas requiring people to cooperate to reach a threshold before group benefits can be reaped. Yet receiving feedback about others' outcomes relative to one's own (relative feedback) can undermine cooperation by focusing group members' attention on outperforming each other. We investigated the impact of relative feedback compared to individual feedback (only seeing one's own outcome) on cooperation in children from Germany and India (6- to 10-year-olds, N = 240). Using a threshold public-goods game with real water as a resource, we show that, although feedback had an effect, most groups sustained cooperation at high levels in both feedback conditions until the end of the game. Analyses of children's communication (14,374 codable utterances) revealed more references to social comparisons and more verbal efforts to coordinate in the relative-feedback condition. Thresholds can mitigate the most adverse effects of social comparisons by focusing attention on a common goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kanngiesser
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin
| | | | | | - Jan K Woike
- School of Psychology, University of Plymouth
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development
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2
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Li Q, Li N. Social Media and Adolescents' Prosocial Behavior: Evidence of the Interaction Between Short Videos and Social Value Orientation. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:3267-3281. [PMID: 39346089 PMCID: PMC11430837 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s469641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Social media significantly influences adolescents' prosocial behavior. With smartphones becoming ubiquitous, short videos have emerged as the predominant social media format for adolescents. However, the effects of adolescents' engagement with short videos on their prosocial behavior remain uncertain. This study aims to address the problem of how short videos (content and consequences) affect prosocial behavior in adolescents, and simultaneously explores the differences of this effect among individuals with different social value orientations. Methods The current study conducted two research laboratory experiments using the between-subject study design of two factors. Study 1 (N=148) reveals that viewing prosocial short videos significantly predicts adolescents' prosocial behavior more so than neutral short videos. The interaction between short video content and social value orientation on prosocial behavior illustrates that the encouraging impact of prosocial content is primarily evident in prosocial individuals, rather than in pro-self individuals. In Study 2 (N=152), we introduce new dimensions by assessing adolescents' response to varying consequences of the same prosocial behavior (ie, reward, punishment) within the short video context. Findings indicate that reward consequences significantly bolster adolescents' prosocial behavior, whereas punitive measures tend to adversely affect it. Furthermore, the interaction between the consequences of prosocial short videos and social value orientation suggests that prosocial individuals exhibit no significant behavioral difference between rewards and punishments; instead, the reward/punishment consequences notably influence the prosocial behavior of pro-self individuals. Conclusion Short videos (content and consequences) and social value orientations interactively influence adolescents' prosocial behaviors. This study underscores the need to recognize individual differences in adolescents' use of short videos and its impact on their prosocial behavior, particularly highlighting the crucial role of their social value orientations. Practically, the research offers valuable insights for parents and professionals seeking to foster adolescents' prosocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Li
- School of Educational Science, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- School of Humanities, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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3
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Li Z, Aoki T. Effects of recalling place memory on promoting cooperative behaviors in local communities. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39226583 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aimed to develop a theoretical model that explores the influence of recalling place memory on cooperative behaviors in local communities. METHODS Five hundred ninety-five Japanese residents (mean age = 49.75 years) participated in an online survey, in which they received one of the three interventions: (1) positive memory; (2) neutral memory and (3) negative memory. Participants were instructed to recall their place memories within their living areas and provide ratings for their place attachment, emotional valence, perceived self-interest, and willingness to engage in cooperative behaviors. RESULTS The results revealed that individuals who recalled positive-valenced place memories exhibited a higher willingness to engage in cooperative behaviors. Additionally, this study reveals the previously unreported mediating role of place attachment and perceived self-interest in promoting cooperative behaviors. CONCLUSION The findings hold significance in elucidating the relationship between place memory and cooperative behaviors, offering novel insights for community management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Li
- Department of International Environment and Resources Policy, Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Aoki
- Department of International Environment and Resources Policy, Graduate School of International Cultural Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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4
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Yang L, Gao Y, Ao L, Wang H, Zhou S, Liu Y. Context Modulates Perceived Fairness in Altruistic Punishment: Neural Signatures from ERPs and EEG Oscillations. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:764-782. [PMID: 38448713 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-024-01039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Social norms and altruistic punitive behaviours are both based on the integration of information from multiple contexts. Individual behavioural performance can be altered by loss and gain contexts, which produce different mental states and subjective perceptions. In this study, we used event-related potential and time-frequency techniques to examine performance on a third-party punishment task and to explore the neural mechanisms underlying context-dependent differences in punishment decisions. The results indicated that individuals were more likely to reject unfairness in the context of loss (vs. gain) and to increase punishment as unfairness increased. In contrast, fairness appeared to cause an early increase in cognitive control signal enhancement, as indicated by the P2 amplitude and theta oscillations, and a later increase in emotional and motivational salience during decision-making in gain vs. loss contexts, as indicated by the medial frontal negativity and beta oscillations. In summary, individuals were more willing to sanction violations of social norms in the loss context than in the gain context and rejecting unfair losses induced more equity-related cognitive conflict than accepting unfair gains, highlighting the importance of context (i.e., gain vs. loss) in equity-related social decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan, Hebei province, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan, Hebei province, China
| | - Lihong Ao
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan, Hebei province, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan, Hebei province, China
| | - Shuhang Zhou
- Meta Platform, Inc, 121 S Magnolia Ave, Apt 1, Millbrae, CA, 94030, USA
| | - Yingjie Liu
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan, Hebei province, China.
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5
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Li S, Huang Y, Xu C, Wu J, Qu C. Asymmetric Adaption in Social Learning: Understanding the Dilemma of Competition and Cooperation. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:721. [PMID: 39199117 PMCID: PMC11351303 DOI: 10.3390/bs14080721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The constant challenge in social interactions involves making informed decisions in the face of competitive and cooperative dilemmas. The decision-making process can be influenced by various factors present in the social context. According to the behavior-pattern-categorization framework of information acquisition, potential biases may develop at all stages of decision-making as information about social context is progressively entered and integrated. In this study, employing the Chicken Game, we investigated the influence of varying information levels within the behavior-pattern-categorization framework (i.e., competitiveness of behavior choice, uncertainty of behavior pattern, and sociality of category) on decision-making in the dilemma of competition and cooperation. Combined with reinforcement learning models, our findings from three experiments showed that participants exhibited basic complementary behavior, becoming less competitive against highly competitive opponents and vice versa. Notably, individuals exhibited varying adaptation rates to different levels of opponent competitiveness and fluctuations. Specifically, participants adapted slower to highly competitive opponents and faster to cooperative opponents. This asymmetric adaptation in social learning is related to the rate at which various levels of information are updated. The current study disentangles the different levels of information acquisition and highlights the asymmetric processing that can occur during the updating of information within each level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Li
- Faculty of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China;
| | - Yulong Huang
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Cheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China;
| | - Chen Qu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
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6
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Janssen MA, Balakrishna R, Gharavi L, Hong YC, Lee A, Nguyen C, Simeone M. Collective action within an environment of unknown unknowns: Experiences with the port of Mars Game. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308363. [PMID: 39102405 PMCID: PMC11299822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There is limited research about how groups solve collective action problems in uncertain environments, especially if groups are confronted with unknown unknowns. We aim to develop a more comprehensive view of the characteristics that allow both groups and individuals to navigate such issues more effectively. In this article, we present the results of a new online experiment where individuals make decisions of whether to contribute to the group or pursue self-interest in an environment with high uncertainty, including unknown unknowns. The behavioral game, Port of Mars is framed as a first-generation habitat on Mars where participants have to make decisions on how much to invest in the shared infrastructure to maintain system health and how much to invest in personal goals. Participants can chat during the game, and take surveys before and after the game in order to measure personality attributes and observations from the game. Initial results suggest that a higher average social value orientation and more communication are the key factors that explain why some groups are more successful than others in surviving Port of Mars. Neither other attributes of players nor the group's communication content explain the observed differences between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Janssen
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Raksha Balakrishna
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lance Gharavi
- School of Music, Dance and Theatre, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yi-Chun Hong
- Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Allen Lee
- School of Complex Adaptive Systems, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christine Nguyen
- School of Complex Adaptive Systems, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael Simeone
- School of Complex Adaptive Systems, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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7
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Le Dinh C, Fujiwara T, Pham Phu ST, Habuer. Understanding driving forces of food waste separation intention to enhance regional and local solid waste planning: application of PLS-SEM and multi-group analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:50654-50669. [PMID: 39103578 PMCID: PMC11364603 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
This study extended the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and applied it to analyse influencing factors of food waste separation intention (FSI) among households in central Vietnam. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyse the data. The heterogeneity of factors contributing to FSI in cities of three levels was examined using multi-group analysis (MGA). The results indicate that attitudes, subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioural control (PBC), awareness of benefit (AB), information publicity (IP), facility availability (FA), and trust significantly affected FSI of households. MGA results indicated the heterogeneity of impacts of PBC and attitude on FSI of households among three municipal levels. The results will serve as basic data for waste officers, solid-waste management project leaders, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and other related stakeholders to lay the foundation of food waste management planning in terms of regional scale and local scale. This study will also aid the creation of a circular economy by providing a scientific base for enhancing food waste separation at source in central Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Le Dinh
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Song Toan Pham Phu
- Faculty of Chemical Technology - Environment, The University of Danang - University of Technology and Education, 48 Cao Thang Street, Hai Chau District, Danang City, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Habuer
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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8
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Mori R, Hanaki N, Kameda T. An outside individual option increases optimism and facilitates collaboration when groups form flexibly. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5520. [PMID: 38951522 PMCID: PMC11217382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Voluntary participation is a central yet understudied aspect of collaboration. Here, we model collaboration as people's voluntary choices between joining an uncertain public goods provisioning in groups and pursuing a less profitable but certain individual option. First, we find that voluntariness in collaboration increases the likelihood of group success via two pathways, both contributing to form more optimistic groups: pessimistic defectors are filtered out from groups, and some individuals update their beliefs to become cooperative. Second, we reconcile these findings with existing literature that highlights the detrimental effects of an individual option. We argue that the impact of an outside individual option on collaboration depends on the "externality" of loners - the influence that those leaving the group still exert on group endeavors. Theoretically and experimentally, we show that if collaboration allows for flexible group formation, the negative externality of loners remains limited, and the presence of an individual option robustly aids collaborative success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Mori
- Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hanaki
- Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University, 6-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- University of Limassol, 21 Glafkou Kleride Avenue 2107, Aglandjia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Tatsuya Kameda
- Faculty of Mathematical Informatics, Meiji Gakuin University, 1518 Kamikurata-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 244-853, Japan.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Informatics, Meiji Gakuin University, 1-2-37 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8636, Japan.
- Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, N10W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida-shi, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan.
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9
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Travaglino GA, Burgmer P, Mirisola A. Alternative Systems: The Interplay Between Criminal Groups' Influence and Political Trust on Civic Honesty in the Global Context. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2024; 15:439-449. [PMID: 38572171 PMCID: PMC10984803 DOI: 10.1177/19485506231176615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Individuals' endorsement of standards of civic honesty is necessary for democracies to flourish. A critical driver of civic honesty is the relationship of trust between individuals and institutions. Research has yet to systematically assess the contextual factors that may moderate this relationship. In this study, we examined the societal influence of organized criminal groups. Criminal groups operate as alternative systems of authority that erode the reliability of institutions' moral standards. We employed a new indicator that quantifies their societal influence to test the hypothesis that the association between individuals' political trust and civic honesty would weaken in countries more strongly affected by criminal groups. Multilevel evidence across 83 representative national samples (N = 128,839) supported this hypothesis. Moreover, the association between political trust and civic honesty was negative in contexts where criminal groups' influence was more extreme. We discuss the implications of the findings and future research directions.
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10
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Prétôt L, Taylor Q, McAuliffe K. Children cooperate more with in-group members than with out-group members in an iterated face-to-face Prisoner's Dilemma Game. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 241:105858. [PMID: 38310663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Adults are more likely to cooperate with in-group members than with out-group members in the context of social dilemmas, situations in which self-interest is in conflict with collective interest. This bias has the potential to profoundly shape human cooperation, and therefore it is important to understand when it emerges in development. Here we asked whether 6- to 9-year-old children (N = 146) preferentially cooperate with in-group members in the context of a well-studied social dilemma, the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Game. We assigned children to minimal groups and paired them with unfamiliar same-age and same-gender peers. Consistent with our predictions, children were more likely to cooperate with in-group members than with out-group members in this minimal group context. This finding adds to the current literature on group bias in children's prosocial behavior by showing that it affects decision making in a context that calls on strategic cooperation. In addition, our analyses revealed an effect of gender, with girls more likely to cooperate than boys regardless of the group membership of their partner. Exploring this gender effect further, we found an interaction between gender and age across condition, with older girls showing less sensitivity to the group membership of their partner than younger girls and with older boys showing more sensitivity to the group membership of the partner than younger boys. Our findings suggest that risky cooperation in the face of social dilemmas is shaped by group bias during childhood, highlighting the potentially deeply rooted ties between cooperation and parochialism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Prétôt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Quinlan Taylor
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Katherine McAuliffe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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11
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Rauwolf P, McKinnon A, Bilderbeck AC, Rogers RD. Health factors that influence sustainable behaviour in a single-player resource management game. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:734-749. [PMID: 37715058 PMCID: PMC11061002 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Encouraging sustainable use of limited natural, social, and economic resources requires understanding the variety of ways in which people think about how resources work and how they adjust their behaviour (or not) as available resources fluctuate. Previous investigations which have focused on understanding how individuals navigate erodible resources, have tended to use group-based, common pool games. However, such social games make it difficult to disentangle whether resource erosion is linked to difficulty navigating the dynamics of the resource or caused by social factors. Here, in two experiments, we recruited 781 participants to play a single-player resource management game in which individuals were invited to harvest monetary rewards from a fully depletable but stochastically replenishing resource over time. We find that the ability to sustain a resource over successive harvesting opportunities (in order to maximize the total harvested rewards) is reliably worse in individuals reporting elevated psychological distress, the often cooccurring hazardous alcohol use, and elevated rates of delay discounting. The associations between resource outcomes, harmful alcohol use, and psychological distress remained substantial even once we had controlled for elevated discounting rates (as a form of impulsivity and a strong risk factor for these health challenges). By contrast, individuals who reported higher levels of financial literacy and general well-being achieved better resource outcomes. Our observations demonstrate that the capacity to respond effectively to the dynamics of a resource are compromised in individuals at risk of psychological and alcohol-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rauwolf
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK, LL57 2AS
| | - Arlen McKinnon
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK, LL57 2AS
| | - Amy C Bilderbeck
- P1vital Products Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, OX10 8BA
| | - Robert D Rogers
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK, LL57 2AS.
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12
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De Dreu CKW, Gross J, Romano A. Group Formation and the Evolution of Human Social Organization. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024; 19:320-334. [PMID: 37450408 PMCID: PMC10913362 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231179156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans operate in groups that are oftentimes nested in multilayered collectives such as work units within departments and companies, neighborhoods within cities, and regions within nation states. With psychological science mostly focusing on proximate reasons for individuals to join existing groups and how existing groups function, we still poorly understand why groups form ex nihilo, how groups evolve into complex multilayered social structures, and what explains fission-fusion dynamics. Here we address group formation and the evolution of social organization at both the proximate and ultimate level of analysis. Building on models of fitness interdependence and cooperation, we propose that socioecologies can create positive interdependencies among strangers and pave the way for the formation of stable coalitions and groups through reciprocity and reputation-based partner selection. Such groups are marked by in-group bounded, parochial cooperation together with an array of social institutions for managing the commons, allowing groups to scale in size and complexity while avoiding the breakdown of cooperation. Our analysis reveals how distinct group cultures can endogenously emerge from reciprocal cooperation, shows that social identification and group commitment are likely consequences rather than causes of group cooperation, and explains when intergroup relations gravitate toward peaceful coexistence, integration, or conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Gross
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich
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13
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Zhao L, Mao H, Harris PL, Lee K. Trusting young children to help causes them to cheat less. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01837-4. [PMID: 38379064 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Trust and honesty are essential for human interactions. Philosophers since antiquity have long posited that they are causally linked. Evidence shows that honesty elicits trust from others, but little is known about the reverse: does trust lead to honesty? Here we experimentally investigated whether trusting young children to help can cause them to become more honest (total N = 328 across five studies; 168 boys; mean age, 5.94 years; s.d., 0.28 years). We observed kindergarten children's cheating behaviour after they had been entrusted by an adult to help her with a task. Children who were trusted cheated less than children who were not trusted. Our study provides clear evidence for the causal effect of trust on honesty and contributes to understanding how social factors influence morality. This finding also points to the potential of using adult trust as an effective method to promote honesty in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for the Development and Care of Infants and Young Children, Hangzhou, PR China.
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Haiying Mao
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul L Harris
- Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wu Q, Bu W, Lin D, Cui L, Wu A, Zou H, Gu C. Empathy and cooperation vary with gender in Chinese junior high school adolescents. Psych J 2024; 13:55-65. [PMID: 37943005 PMCID: PMC10917101 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous research on the relationship between empathy and subcategories of prosocial behavior, specifically cooperation, has shown inconsistent findings. It has also paid limited attention to gender differences in the impact of empathy. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between empathy and cooperation in Chinese junior high school adolescents, and the gender differences, through three studies. In Study 1, 448 eighth-grade adolescents (age = 12-15 years, 55.1% males) completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Cooperative Propensity Rating Scale; the results showed that adolescent empathy was positively associated with cooperative propensity, and this association was significantly higher for males than for females. Study 2 used longitudinal data from 246 eighth-grade adolescents (age = 12-15 years, 54.5% males) to further support the positive association between empathy and cooperation propensity and the gender differences found in Study 1. Study 3 employed the public goods dilemma to examine the effects of empathic states on the cooperative behavior of 157 eighth-grade adolescents (age = 13-16 years, 48% males) by evoking empathy. Using different research methods, this study revealed a facilitative relationship between empathy and cooperation and demonstrated that empathy was more predictive of cooperation among male than among female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- School of psychologyShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weiwei Bu
- School of psychologyShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dong Lin
- School of psychologyShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liying Cui
- School of psychologyShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Aruna Wu
- School of psychologyShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hehui Zou
- School of psychologyShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chen Gu
- School of psychologyShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
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15
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Guo X, You L. The Effect of Group Identity on Chinese College Students' Social Mindfulness: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:237-248. [PMID: 38283193 PMCID: PMC10812709 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s430375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The current study examined the effect of group identity on social mindfulness, how awe mediates this effect, and lastly how empathy may moderate the various indirect pathway. Methods A total of 2041 Chinese college students were recruited from different universities or colleges to complete the questionnaire including group identity scale, awe scale, empathy scale and social mindfulness scale. This study was conducted using random and convenient sampling, as well as SPSS and its plugin PROCESS as a statistical tool. Results The present study showed that group identity was positively associated with awe and social mindfulness. Awe was positively associated with social mindfulness. Empathy further moderated the relationship between group identity and awe, awe and social mindfulness, as well as group identity and social mindfulness. Conclusion The findings of this study shed light on a correlation between group identity and social mindfulness. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the practical importance of intervening in the empathy level of students who have poor empathy in order to increase their social mindfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guo
- Center for Collaborative Innovation of Civilization Practice in New Era, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin You
- Center for Collaborative Innovation of Civilization Practice in New Era, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Choi KW, Kim HHS. Social Capital and Willingness to Comply With Anti-Pandemic Government Intervention. Res Aging 2024; 46:43-58. [PMID: 37349177 DOI: 10.1177/01640275231185788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between individual-level social capital and compliance attitudes toward health protective measures in the context of COVID-19. We drew on secondary population-based data fielded during the pandemic's initial phase (April - June of 2020). The analytic sample consists of 9124 older American adults (ages 55 and over) across 18 U.S. States and Metropolitan Statistical Areas. We estimated mixed-effects models with random intercepts and slopes. People who are better socially connected are more willing to comply with anti-pandemic government intervention. This relationship is stronger among those who are more psychologically distressed. Its magnitude also increases in more densely populated areas and places with higher numbers of coronavirus infection. Older Americans' anti-coronavirus compliance attitudes is significantly driven by preexisting interpersonal connectedness and civic engagement. The role of social capital is also contingent on the existing levels of risk factor (threat and vulnerability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Choi
- Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Hauge TC, Ferris DP, Seidler RD. Individual differences in cooperative and competitive play strategies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293583. [PMID: 37943863 PMCID: PMC10635547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cooperation and competition are common in social interactions. It is not clear how individual differences in personality may predict performance strategies under these two contexts. We evaluated whether instructions to play cooperatively and competitively would differentially affect dyads playing a Pong video game. We hypothesized that instructions to play cooperatively would result in lower overall points scored and differences in paddle control kinematics relative to when participants were instructed to play competitively. We also predicted that higher scores in prosociality and Sportspersonship would be related to better performance during cooperative than competitive conditions. METHODS Pairs of participants played a Pong video game under cooperative and competitive instructions. During competitive trials, participants were instructed to score more points against one another to win the game. During the cooperative trials, participants were instructed to work together to score as few points against one another as possible. After game play, each participant completed surveys so we could measure their trait prosociality and Sportspersonship. RESULTS Condition was a significant predictor of where along the paddle participants hit the ball, which controlled ball exit angles. Specifically, during cooperation participants concentrated ball contacts on the paddle towards the center to produce more consistent rebound angles. We found a significant correlation of Sex and the average points scored by participants during cooperative games, competitive games, and across all trials. Sex was also significantly correlated with paddle kinematics during cooperative games. The overall scores on the prosociality and Sportspersonship surveys were not significantly correlated with the performance outcomes in cooperative and competitive games. The dimension of prosociality assessing empathic concern was significantly correlated with performance outcomes during cooperative video game play. DISCUSSION No Sportspersonship survey score was able to predict cooperative or competitive game performance, suggesting that Sportspersonship personality assessments are not reliable predictors of cooperative or competitive behaviors translated to a virtual game setting. Survey items and dimensions probing broader empathic concern may be more effective predictors of cooperative and competitive performance during interactive video game play. Further testing is encouraged to assess the efficacy of prosocial personality traits as predictors of cooperative and competitive video game behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C. Hauge
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Ferris
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Rachael D. Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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18
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Baumgartner T, Guizar Rosales E, Knoch D. Neural mechanisms underlying interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainable behavior. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17357. [PMID: 37833384 PMCID: PMC10575884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intergenerational sustainability is a pressing challenge, which is exacerbated by the fact that the current generation must make sacrifices today to ensure the well-being of future generations. There are large interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainable behavior. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these interindividual differences have remained unexplored. Here, we combined fMRI with a consequential intergenerational sustainability paradigm in a sample of 72 healthy students. Specifically, we analyzed task-dependent functional activity and connectivity during intergenerational sustainable decision-making, focusing on the state-like neurophysiological processes giving rise to behavioral heterogeneity in sustainability. We found that differences in neural communication within and between the mentalizing (TPJ/DMPFC) and cognitive control (ACC/DLPFC) network are related to interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainable behavior. Specifically, the stronger the functional connectivity within and between these networks during decision-making, the more individuals behaved intergenerationally sustainably. Corroborated by mediation analyses, these findings suggest that differences in the engagement of perspective-taking and self-control processes underly interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainable behavior. By answering recent calls for leveraging behavioral and neuroscience for sustainability research, we hope to contribute to interdisciplinary efforts to advance the understanding of interindividual differences in intergenerational sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuel Guizar Rosales
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daria Knoch
- Department of Social Neuroscience and Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstrasse 8, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Pech GP, Caspar EA. Does the cowl make the monk? The effect of military and Red Cross uniforms on empathy for pain, sense of agency and moral behaviors. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1255835. [PMID: 37854147 PMCID: PMC10580073 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1255835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the embodied cognition framework, cognitive functions are not confined to the brain but are also shaped by the mutual interactions between the brain, body, and external environment. In this regard, a theory developed in 2012, called enclothed cognition, suggests an effect on wearing specific clothing on various psychological processes. However, the neuro-cognitive mechanisms underlying the impact of clothing on behavior have received less systematic investigation. The present study examined the influence of clothing on prosocial behaviors, and focused on sense of agency, and empathy for pain as neuro-cognitive processes of interest. Participants (40 in total) wore civilian, military, and Red Cross uniforms. They were paired up and assigned as either agents or victims. Agents had the option to administer real electric shocks to victims for a monetary reward of +€0.05. They could choose to shock freely (free condition) or follow the experimenter's instructions (coerced condition). We measured prosocial behavior by counting the number of shocks prevented, neural empathic response using electroencephalography with the P3 and the LPP, and sense of agency through an implicit method based on interval estimates. Findings showed that wearing the Red Cross uniform led to more prosocial behavior compared to civilian clothing. The Red Cross uniform also increased neural response to pain when participants witnessed shocks, compared to civilian or military clothing. Moreover, wearing a military uniform increased the sense of agency in the free condition, as compared to civilian clothing. This study broadens our knowledge on the impact of enclothed cognition on cognitive and psychological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume P. Pech
- Consciousness, Cognition and Computation lab, Center for Research in Cognition and Neuroscience, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie A. Caspar
- Moral & Social Brain lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Gu Z, Cheng N, Chen Y. To be appreciated or to be despised: The role of leader selection and trust in leaders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37191038 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To sustainably develop organisational goals, it is important to create conditions under which leaders are trusted and judged to be incorrupt. We proposed that and tested whether leader selection affects judgements of leader corruption. A correlational study with cross-national data and two experimental studies in China were conducted. Study 1 collected and analysed 20-year panel data on 93 countries/territories. To provide causal evidence for the results of Study 1 and account for this effect, Studies 2 and 3 manipulated leader selection and measured trust in leaders and perceptions of leader corruption. The three studies converged to show that election (vs. appointment) predicted decreased judgements of leader corruption. Furthermore, Studies 2 and 3 identified that trust in leaders is the underlying mechanism driving this leader selection effect. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of perceptions of leader corruption, the process of leader empowerment and the control of corruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibei Gu
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Nian Cheng
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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21
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Van Lange PAM, Manesi Z. Reputation Reminders: When do Eye Cues Promote Prosocial Behavior? THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 26:e8. [PMID: 37127294 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2023.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The watching eyes effect has gained significant attention in recent years both from scientists and from policy makers and professionals in the field. The phenomenon posits that the mere presence of eye cues can promote prosocial behavior. However, there is a growing debate about the generality of the effect across various measures and contexts. This review seeks to combine various distinct -and formerly isolated- perspectives by identifying four key components for effective interventions based on the watching eyes effect: Anonymity, crowdedness, costs, and exposure. Eye cues need to reduce perceived anonymity, be placed in non-crowded places, target low-cost prosocial acts and appear for a short amount of time. Next to these conditions, we discuss implications for other cues to reputation and recommend directions that will stimulate further research and applications in society.
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22
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Hsieh TY, Chaudhury B, Cross ES. Human–Robot Cooperation in Economic Games: People Show Strong Reciprocity but Conditional Prosociality Toward Robots. Int J Soc Robot 2023; 15:791-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s12369-023-00981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractUnderstanding how people socially engage with robots is becoming increasingly important as these machines are deployed in social settings. We investigated 70 participants’ situational cooperation tendencies towards a robot using prisoner’s dilemma games, manipulating the incentives for cooperative decisions to be high or low. We predicted that people would cooperate more often with the robot in high-incentive conditions. We also administered subjective measures to explore the relationships between people’s cooperative decisions and their social value orientation, attitudes towards robots, and anthropomorphism tendencies. Our results showed incentive structure did not predict human cooperation overall, but did influence cooperation in early rounds, where participants cooperated significantly more in high-incentive conditions. Exploratory analyses further revealed that participants played a tit-for-tat strategy against the robot (whose decisions were random), and only behaved prosocially toward the robot when they had achieved high scores themselves. These findings highlight how people make social decisions when their individual profit is at odds with collective profit with a robot, and advance understanding on human–robot interactions in collaborative contexts.
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23
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Li Y, Liu Z, Wang Y, Derrington E, Moisan F, Dreher JC. Spillover effects of competition outcome on future risky cooperation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5535. [PMID: 37015992 PMCID: PMC10073108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that risky cooperation is regulated by the experience of previous interactions with others. However, it is unclear how the evaluation of outcomes from competitive interactions can affect individuals' subsequent cooperative behavior. To address this issue, we examined how participants cooperated with a partner having just competed with them. While competing, participants (N = 164) were randomly assigned to receive one of four types of outcome feedback regarding their performance (victory vs. defeat vs. uncertain vs. no competition (control)). We found that both the experience of defeats and of uncertainty as competitive outcomes exerted a negative impact on the extent to which participants then engaged in cooperative behavior with their recent opponents. This only occurred when such subsequent cooperative behavior involved a high potential for incurring personal costs but not when there was no risk of incurring personal costs and a positive return. Finally, mediation analysis revealed that the effect of defeat was mediated by participants' level of interpersonal trust and the extent to which participants were willing to cooperate, while the effect of the uncertain competitive outcome was mediated only by the extent to which participants were willing to cooperate. These findings offer novel insights into how risky cooperation is modulated by previous competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Li
- Reward, Competition, and Social Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
- Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | | | - Yuqian Wang
- Reward, Competition, and Social Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
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24
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Zheng L, Peng B, Ye C, Zhang X, Qi W, Miao M. Like parent, like offspring: Intergenerational association of parental scarcity mindset with offspring's cooperative behaviors. Psych J 2023. [PMID: 36958937 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
A sense of resource availability creates a scarcity mindset, leading people to behave in a more competitive way instead of in a collaborative way. This study aims to examine the relationship between scarcity mindset and cooperative behaviors among parents and offspring, and to explore whether parents' scarcity mindset is related to their offspring's scarcity mindset and cooperative behaviors. We collected 239 parent-offspring pairs from several universities in northwest China. They completed the scarcity mindset scale and a one-shot public good game (PGG). A path model analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between scarcity mindset and cooperative behaviors for offspring and their parents, respectively. The relationship between parental scarcity mindset and offspring's cooperative behaviors was also examined. The results showed that there was a high correlation of scarcity mindset between parents and their offspring. Scarcity mindset was negatively related to cooperative behaviors among both parents and offspring. In addition, both parents' cooperative behaviors and offspring's scarcity mindset mediated the relationship between the parental scarcity mindset and offspring's cooperative behaviors. Our results supported the idea that scarcity mindset triggers competitive rather than cooperative orientation. The present findings reveal an intergenerational relationship between scarcity mindset and cooperative behaviors by highlighting the impacts of parental scarcity mindset on that of their offspring's and its additional effects on offspring's cooperative behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baozhong Peng
- School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changchun Ye
- Mental Health Education Center, Qinghai Minzu University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhang
- Mental Health Education Center, Qinghai Minzu University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Miao
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
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25
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van Kleef GA. When and how norm violators gain influence: Dominance, prestige, and the social dynamics of (counter)normative behavior. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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26
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Govaerts F, Ottar Olsen S. Consumers' values, attitudes and behaviours towards consuming seaweed food products: The effects of perceived naturalness, uniqueness, and behavioural control. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112417. [PMID: 36869446 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Seaweed has great potential as a natural, healthy, and sustainable food. Seaweed as food is novel in Western countries; thus, few studies have focused on the factors influencing consumers' behavioural tendencies towards seaweed food products. This study aimed to fill the gap by investigating the antecedents for consumers' attitudes towards as well as their consumption of seaweed food products in a representative sample of Norwegian consumers (N = 426). An extended version of the value-attitude-behaviour (VAB) theory was employed as a conceptual framework to study seaweed consumption, assessing hedonistic values and perceived uniqueness versus biospheric values and perceived naturalness. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesis. Our results showed that attitude significantly affected the consumption of seaweed food products and that perceived behavioural control positively moderated the attitude-consumption relationship. Perceived naturalness and uniqueness were associated with attitudes towards seaweed. Biospheric values directly influenced attitude, while perceived uniqueness positively moderated the hedonistic values-attitude relationship. In conclusion, this study indicates that Norwegian consumers form their positive attitudes towards seaweed food products based biospheric values and their beliefs that these products are healthy and natural.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Govaerts
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 9-13 Breivika, PO Box 6122, NO-9291 Tromsø, Norway; School of Business and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Svein Ottar Olsen
- School of Business and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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27
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Hillebrand K, Hornuf L, Müller B, Vrankar D. The social dilemma of big data: Donating personal data to promote social welfare. INFORMATION AND ORGANIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2023.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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28
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Gross J, Méder ZZ, De Dreu CK, Romano A, Molenmaker WE, Hoenig LC. The evolution of universal cooperation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd8289. [PMID: 36800427 PMCID: PMC9937576 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Humans work together in groups to tackle shared problems and contribute to local club goods that benefit other group members. Whereas benefits from club goods remain group bound, groups are often nested in overarching collectives that face shared problems like pandemics or climate change. Such challenges require individuals to cooperate across group boundaries, raising the question how cooperation can transcend beyond confined groups. Here, we show how frequent intergroup interactions allow groups to transition from group-bound to universal cooperation. With frequent intergroup interactions, reciprocity of cooperative acts permeates group boundaries and enables the evolution of universal cooperation. As soon as intergroup interactions take place frequently, people start to selectively reward cooperation aimed at benefitting everyone, irrespective of their group membership. Simulations further show that it becomes more difficult to overcome group-bound cooperation when populations are fragmented into many small groups. Our findings reveal important prerequisites for the evolution of universal cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Gross
- Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zsombor Z. Méder
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Carsten K.W. De Dreu
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angelo Romano
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Laura C. Hoenig
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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29
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Hoenig LC, Pliskin R, De Dreu CKW. Political ideology and moral dilemmas in public good provision. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2519. [PMID: 36781991 PMCID: PMC9925786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals often face dilemmas in which non-cooperation serves their self-interest and cooperation favors society at large. Cooperation is often considered the moral choice because it creates equality and fairness among citizens. Accordingly, individuals whose political ideology attaches greater value to equality than to agency and self-reliance should not only cooperate on more rather than less efficient public goods, but also more on public goods from which individuals benefit equally rather than unequally. We examine this possibility by comparing ideologically left-leaning and right-leaning individuals' cooperation on multiple public goods that varied in efficiency and (in)equality in returns. We find that left-leaning individuals cooperate more than right-leaning ones, but only on public goods that benefit everyone equally, and not more on public goods that generate inequalities. Left-leaning individuals also trust and expect others to cooperate more on equal- versus unequal-returns public goods, while self-identified right-leaning individuals do not differentiate between these. Interestingly, ideology does not predict which public good is deemed more morally appropriate to cooperate on. Results combined specify when and why self-identified leftists can(not) be expected to cooperate more than rightists and reveal how moral decision-making depends on structural elements of the public good provision problems that citizens face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Hoenig
- Department of Social, Economic, and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruthie Pliskin
- Department of Social, Economic, and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten K W De Dreu
- Department of Social, Economic, and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Public's awareness of biobanks and willingness to participate in biobanking: the moderating role of social value orientation. J Community Genet 2023:10.1007/s12687-023-00634-2. [PMID: 36662375 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-023-00634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the awareness of biobanks is considered to be a key factor in the willingness to participate in biobanking, the empirical evidence on their relationship is inconsistent. The present study investigated social value orientation as an explanatory factor in this relationship. A representative sample of 600 Slovaks completed Slider Measure to assess their social value orientation. Thereafter, they reported their level of awareness of biobanks and their willingness to provide biospecimens and personal information to biobanks. The results showed a positive relationship between awareness and willingness. Although social value orientation was not the moderator, we found that this relationship was significant only in the groups of altruists and individualists. The results remained robust after taking sociodemographic and institutional trust factors into account. Our findings imply that biobank awareness programmes should highlight both prosocial and proself motives to attract people with various social value orientations to participate in biobanking.
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31
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Sun Q, Luo S, Gao Q, Fan W, Liu Y. Intuitive thinking impedes cooperation by decreasing cooperative expectations for pro-self but not for pro-social individuals. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 163:62-78. [PMID: 36093968 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2122768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study conducted two experiments to explore the effects of intuitive thinking and social value orientation (SVO) on cooperative behavior and assess the mediating effect of cooperative expectations. It manipulated intuitive thinking by increasing the participants' need for cognitive closure, classified SVO using the triple-dominance measure, measured cooperative behavior using the prisoner's dilemma game, and considered cooperative expectations based on participants' assessments of the cooperativeness of their counterparts. Both experiments showed that intuitive thinking increased and decreased the cooperation of pro-social and pro-self individuals, respectively. In pro-self individuals, cooperative expectations mediated the effect of intuitive thinking on cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- East China Normal University.,Suzhou University of Science and Technology
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Kirkland K, Van Lange PAM, Van Doesum NJ, Acevedo-Triana C, Amiot CE, Ausmees L, Baguma P, Barry O, Becker M, Bilewicz M, Boonyasiriwat W, Castelain T, Costantini G, Dimdins G, Espinosa A, Finchilescu G, Fischer R, Friese M, Gómez Á, González R, Goto N, Halama P, Ilustrisimo RD, Jiga-Boy GM, Kuppens P, Loughnan S, Markovik M, Mastor KA, McLatchie N, Novak LM, Onyishi IE, Peker M, Rizwan M, Schaller M, Suh EM, Swann WB, Tong EMW, Torres A, Turner RN, Vauclair CM, Vinogradov A, Wang Z, Yeung VWL, Bastian B. Social mindfulness predicts concern for nature and immigrants across 36 nations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22102. [PMID: 36543793 PMCID: PMC9772369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
People cooperate every day in ways that range from largescale contributions that mitigate climate change to simple actions such as leaving another individual with choice - known as social mindfulness. It is not yet clear whether and how these complex and more simple forms of cooperation relate. Prior work has found that countries with individuals who made more socially mindful choices were linked to a higher country environmental performance - a proxy for complex cooperation. Here we replicated this initial finding in 41 samples around the world, demonstrating the robustness of the association between social mindfulness and environmental performance, and substantially built on it to show this relationship extended to a wide range of complex cooperative indices, tied closely to many current societal issues. We found that greater social mindfulness expressed by an individual was related to living in countries with more social capital, more community participation and reduced prejudice towards immigrants. Our findings speak to the symbiotic relationship between simple and more complex forms of cooperation in societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kirkland
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Van Doesum
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cesar Acevedo-Triana
- School of Psychology, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Catherine E Amiot
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Liisi Ausmees
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Peter Baguma
- Department of Educational, Organizational and Social Psychology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Oumar Barry
- Department of Psychology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maja Becker
- CLLE, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Castelain
- Serra Húnter Fellow, Department of Psychology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Girts Dimdins
- Department of Psychology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Agustín Espinosa
- Departamento Académico de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Gillian Finchilescu
- Psychology Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ronald Fischer
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ángel Gómez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto González
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nobuhiko Goto
- Graduate School of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, Japan
| | - Peter Halama
- Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, The Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ruby D Ilustrisimo
- Department of Psychology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | | | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steve Loughnan
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Marijana Markovik
- Institute for Sociological Political and Juridical Research, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Khairul A Mastor
- School of Liberal Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Neil McLatchie
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England, UK
| | - Lindsay M Novak
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ike E Onyishi
- School of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Müjde Peker
- Department of Psychology, MEF University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Psychology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Mark Schaller
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Eunkook M Suh
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William B Swann
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Eddie M W Tong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ana Torres
- Departamento de Psicologia, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rhiannon N Turner
- School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christin-Melanie Vauclair
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexander Vinogradov
- Faculty of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Zhechen Wang
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Brock Bastian
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Sieverding T, Wallis H. Young for Old - COVID-19 Related Intergenerational Prosocial Behavior. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2022.2156651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sieverding
- Department of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Wallis
- Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Magdeburg, Germany
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Milinski M, Marotzke J. Economic experiments support Ostrom's polycentric approach to mitigating climate change. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 9:442. [PMID: 36530541 PMCID: PMC9735278 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-022-01436-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The late Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom envisioned a polycentric approach to mitigating climate change rather than a centralised solution. Debating about global efforts to solve climate-change problems has yet not led to an effective global treaty. Ostrom argued that instead of focusing only on global efforts, it is better to encourage polycentric efforts to reduce the risks associated with the emission of greenhouse gases. Many problems conceptualised as 'global problems' are the cumulative results of actions taken by individuals, families, small groups, private firms, and local, regional, and national governments. Ostrom and colleagues pointed to many examples of successfully managing a common good through interaction within a community. Energy-saving actions undertaken by individuals, families and actors at a small-scale pay off and, when multiplied, may reduce emissions globally. The incentive to achieve an individual net gain may trigger human investment decisions. Here we provide experimental support for Ostrom's basic ideas using methods of experimental economics. By subdividing experimental populations in subgroups that approach sub-goals of mitigating simulated dangerous climate change combined with incentives, the 'global' solution is achieved by combined subgroup contributions exceeding the 'global' threshold for averting simulated dangerous climate change. Incentives from refunded saved energy motivate reaching sub-goals, as Ostrom suggested. By contrast, coercing free-riding subgroups through sanctioning at a cost fails, because sanctioning also hits fair individuals who then reduce their contributions. However, the power of polycentricity with numerous successful units can help mitigate climate change.
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Kristensen NP, Ohtsuki H, Chisholm RA. Ancestral social environments plus nonlinear benefits can explain cooperation in human societies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20252. [PMID: 36424400 PMCID: PMC9691629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cooperation (paying a cost to benefit others) is puzzling from a Darwinian perspective, particularly in groups with strangers who cannot repay nor are family members. The beneficial effects of cooperation typically increase nonlinearly with the number of cooperators, e.g., increasing returns when cooperation is low and diminishing returns when cooperation is high. Such nonlinearity can allow cooperation between strangers to persist evolutionarily if a large enough proportion of the population are already cooperators. However, if a lone cooperator faces a conflict between the group's and its own interests (a social dilemma), that raises the question of how cooperation arose in the first place. We use a mathematically tractable evolutionary model to formalise a chronological narrative that has previously only been investigated verbally: given that ancient humans interacted mostly with family members (genetic homophily), cooperation evolved first by kin selection, and then persisted in situations with nonlinear benefits as homophily declined or even if interactions with strangers became the norm. The model also predicts the coexistence of cooperators and defectors observed in the human population (polymorphism), and may explain why cooperators in behavioural experiments prefer to condition their contribution on the contributions of others (conditional cooperation in public goods games).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah P. Kristensen
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558 Singapore
| | - Hisashi Ohtsuki
- grid.275033.00000 0004 1763 208XDepartment of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI, Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan ,grid.275033.00000 0004 1763 208XResearch Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI, Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193 Japan
| | - Ryan A. Chisholm
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558 Singapore
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Nockur L, Pfattheicher S, Keller J. From asymmetric to symmetric consumption opportunities: Extractions from common resources by privileged and underprivileged group members. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221132722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In social dilemmas, asymmetric opportunities among actors can aggravate the conflict between individual and collective interests. We examine if and under what conditions redistributing extraction opportunities symmetrically fosters sustainable resource consumption. Participants in two studies (total n=640) completed a common resource game, first under asymmetric distribution of extraction opportunities (i.e., two advantaged group members could extract more than two disadvantaged group members) and then under symmetric distribution (i.e., all group members could extract the same amount). Advantaged (vs. disadvantaged) individuals took more from the resource in the asymmetric game and voted more often for the maintenance of the asymmetric system. Consumption was overall not more sustainable under symmetric (vs. asymmetric) distribution. We did not find evidence that these effects depend on the legitimacy of status positions. Of note, the symmetric game elicited higher satisfaction and fairness ratings in both status groups. The findings demonstrate how unequal access to resources fosters unequal consumption despite broad support for symmetry as the fairer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Nockur
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Stefan Pfattheicher
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Durrheim K, Tredoux C, Theil J, Mlangeni L, Quayle M. Cooperating with the outgroup rather than the ingroup: The effects of status, individual mobility, and group mobility on resource allocation and trust in an interactional game. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221128234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe a team game that implements a social dilemma between ingroup cooperation and defection by self-enriching outgroup exchange. We test hypotheses derived from social identity theory about how group status and belief about individual mobility and group mobility affect exchange behavior. We ran 60 experimental team games between rich and poor groups under one of four experiment conditions in a fully crossed design, manipulating the presence or absence of individual mobility and group mobility beliefs. Each game was played over 10 rounds in which participants generated wealth for self or group by allocating tokens to either the ingroup or outgroup bank or to outgroup individuals. We identify 10 exchange strategies via latent class analysis and show how class membership and resulting perceptions of group trust are predicted by the experimental conditions. The results show that rich status and individual mobility promote defecting exchanges with outgroup individuals, and that behavior under individual mobility beliefs weakens ingroup trust. In contrast, intergroup competition of the group mobility condition did not affect ingroup cooperation versus defection or trust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mike Quayle
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Limerick University, Ireland
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38
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Otten K, Frey UJ, Buskens V, Przepiorka W, Ellemers N. Human cooperation in changing groups in a large-scale public goods game. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6399. [PMID: 36302777 PMCID: PMC9613774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How people cooperate to provide public goods is an important scientific question and relates to many societal problems. Previous research studied how people cooperate in stable groups in repeated or one-time-only encounters. However, most real-world public good problems occur in groups with a gradually changing composition due to old members leaving and new members arriving. How group changes are related to cooperation in public good provision is not well understood. To address this issue, we analyze a dataset from an online public goods game comprising approximately 1.5 million contribution decisions made by about 135 thousand players in about 11.3 thousand groups with about 234 thousand changes in group composition. We find that changes in group composition negatively relate to cooperation. Our results suggest that this is related to individuals contributing less in the role of newcomers than in the role of incumbents. During the process of moving from newcomer status to incumbent status, individuals cooperate more and more in line with incumbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Otten
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich J. Frey
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vincent Buskens
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wojtek Przepiorka
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Sociology/ICS, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Utrecht University, Department of Psychology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Zhang Q, Ma J, Wang Y, Lu X, Fan C. Ripples in the pond: Evidence for contagious cooperative role modeling through moral elevation and calling in a small pre-study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1005772. [PMID: 36337499 PMCID: PMC9630473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1005772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing research has identified the importance of role models in the imitation of cooperative behaviors. This Pre-Study attempted to explore the contagion effects of cooperative models. Drawing on goal contagion theory, we proposed that encountering cooperative models could catalyze participants’ cooperation when participants joined new groups without role models, and that moral elevation and calling would play a chain-mediating role in this process. To test the hypothesis, we designed a four-person public goods game consisting of two phases in which participants were formed into teams with different people in each phase. We randomly assigned 108 participants to either a consistent contributor (CC) or control condition. The only difference was that participants in the CC condition encountered a cooperative role model (i.e., CC) in the first phase, while those in the control group did not. The results moderately supported all hypotheses. Briefly, our findings provide empirical evidence supporting the two processes of goal contagion theory: when individuals encounter a CC, they first make inferences about the CC’s goal, as reflected by moral elevation, and then adopt the model’s prosocial goals (i.e., calling), resulting in increased cooperative behaviors in new groups. These findings could extend our understanding of the contagion effect of cooperative modeling, but require high-powered replication studies before such conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghan Zhang
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Ma
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuqi Wang,
| | - Xiqian Lu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changcun Fan
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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40
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Sun Q, Molenmaker WE, Zhang Y, Liu Y, van Dijk E. Procedural fairness facilitates cooperative behavior by enhancing cooperative expectations. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Psychology Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou Jiangsu China
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Welmer E. Molenmaker
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology Unit Institute of Psychology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Yikang Zhang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Yongfang Liu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Eric van Dijk
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology Unit Institute of Psychology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
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Iwai T, de França Carvalho JV. Would you help me again? The role of moral identity, helping motivation and quality of gratitude expressions in future helping intentions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ludwig J, Strack F. Asymmetrical friendships? People are willing to risk COVID-19 infection from friends but are reluctant to pass it on to them. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 53:JASP12927. [PMID: 36249315 PMCID: PMC9539111 DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although most protective behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic come with personal costs, they will produce the largest benefit if everybody cooperates. This study explores two interacting factors that drive cooperation in this tension between private and collective interests. A preregistered experiment (N = 299) examined (a) how the quality of the relation among interacting partners (social proximity), and (b) how focusing on the risk of self-infection versus onward transmission affected intentions to engage in protective behaviors. The results suggested that risk focus was an important moderator of the relation between social proximity and protection intentions. Specifically, participants were more willing to accept the risk of self-infection from close others than from strangers, resulting in less caution toward a friend than toward a distant other. However, when onward transmission was the primary concern, participants were more reluctant to effect transmission to close others, resulting in more caution toward friends than strangers. These findings inform the debate about effective nonclinical measures against the pandemic. Practical implications for risk communication are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ludwig
- Institute for PsychologyJulius‐Maximilians‐Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Coller School of ManagementTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Fritz Strack
- Institute for PsychologyJulius‐Maximilians‐Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
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Tump AN, Wolf M, Romanczuk P, Kurvers RHJM. Avoiding costly mistakes in groups: The evolution of error management in collective decision making. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010442. [PMID: 35984855 PMCID: PMC9432742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals continuously have to balance the error costs of alternative decisions. A wealth of research has studied how single individuals navigate this, showing that individuals develop response biases to avoid the more costly error. We, however, know little about the dynamics in groups facing asymmetrical error costs and when social influence amplifies either safe or risky behavior. Here, we investigate this by modeling the decision process and information flow with a drift-diffusion model extended to the social domain. In the model individuals first gather independent personal information; they then enter a social phase in which they can either decide early based on personal information, or wait for additional social information. We combined the model with an evolutionary algorithm to derive adaptive behavior. We find that under asymmetric costs, individuals in large cooperative groups do not develop response biases because such biases amplify at the collective level, triggering false information cascades. Selfish individuals, however, undermine the group's performance for their own benefit by developing higher response biases and waiting for more information. Our results have implications for our understanding of the social dynamics in groups facing asymmetrical errors costs, such as animal groups evading predation or police officers holding a suspect at gunpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan N. Tump
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Wolf
- Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Romanczuk
- Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf H. J. M. Kurvers
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
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Sadus K, Göttmann J, Schubert AL. Predictors of stockpiling behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GESUNDHEITSWISSENSCHAFTEN = JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 31:1-17. [PMID: 35910092 PMCID: PMC9326167 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-022-01727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim With the COVID-19 pandemic, we witnessed an increase in purchases of certain products, such as toilet paper, disinfectants, or groceries. In the present study, we examined the individual and socio-psychological determinants of stockpiling behavior. For this purpose, we defined an explanatory model based on the Health Belief Model (HBM), which includes threat perceptions, barriers and benefits, and self-efficacy beliefs as main predictors of health-related behaviors, and extended the model to include social norms. Subject and methods Participants were recruited via social media platforms and data collection was conducted via an online survey. The final sample included 861 German respondents (male = 199, female = 642, mean age = 36.76, SD = 12.38). Results Perceived barriers of stockpiling, such as financial constraints or regulations in supermarkets, turned out to be the strongest predictors of stockpiling. Regarding the role of threat perception, the perceived severity of the disease in particular was positively related to stockpiling behavior. Finally, our results suggest a significant impact of social cues, showing that descriptive normative beliefs are associated with stockpiling behavior. Conclusion Based on these findings, we propose targeted interventions to a) reduce perceived benefits of stockpiling and severity beliefs related to COVID-19, b) emphasize disadvantages of stockpiling, and c) reduce media exposure of stockpiling behavior to prevent panic buying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sadus
- Institute of Psychology, Ruprecht Karl University Heidelberg, Hauptstraße 47–51, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Göttmann
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Wallstraße 3, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schubert
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Wallstraße 3, 55122 Mainz, Germany
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45
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Negotiating Sustainability Transitions: Why Does It Matter? What Are the Challenges? How to Proceed? SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Why Does It Matter [...]
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46
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Yang Z, Wang Y, Xin Z. How many masks do you buy? A simple dilemma task to differentiate between individual and social rationality. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-10. [PMID: 35756899 PMCID: PMC9208711 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prior measures on rationality overlook the individual differences in the weight people place on social rationality versus individual rationality. The current research develops and validates an individual-collective dilemma task (ICDT) to distinguish different rationality types. It was translated from a reality that, at the beginning of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, a global shortage of face masks occurred because of the jumping demand for masks as a precautionary measure. The ICDT asked participants to decide how many masks to buy in front of a shortfall of masks, which facilitated coping with a hypothetical epidemic outbreak. Based on the number of masks they selected, three rationality groups emerged. Individual rationalists preferred self-interest goals to goals of social interests; social rationalists prioritized social-interest goals; balancers assigned equal weight to both goals. The ICDT showed sound test-retest reliability and criterion-related, discriminant, and convergent validity. The present research contributes to the literature on rationality assessment and offers policy-makers a valid and reliable tool to understand the distribution of rationalists among the public. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03338-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixu Yang
- School of Labor Economics, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqiang Xin
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872 China
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Beyond Reciprocity: Forgiveness, Generosity, and Punishment in Continuing Dyadic Interactions. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7259257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a long-standing debate in philosophy and the social sciences about how selfishness and cooperation function in dyadic social exchanges. Dyads are the foundation of our social lives, and reciprocity has long been considered the dominant strategy for dyadic interactions. We will argue the repertoire of human behavior during social exchanges ranges from punishment to generosity, and that the nuances of the relationship and interaction will dictate which behavior is likely to occur. We will examine emotional consequences of punishment, reciprocity, and forgiveness in long-term dyadic social exchanges. Finally, we argue that dyads move beyond reciprocity to a more forgiving, generous strategy to reestablish cooperation, and continue the relationship when noncooperation arises, once the motivations shift has occurred.
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Curtin D, Jia F. Revisiting Social Value Orientations and Environmental Attitude-Identity-Intention in Decomposed Games. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19126961. [PMID: 35742211 PMCID: PMC9223210 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19126961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Past research has identified social value orientation (e.g., prosocial vs. proself) as possible underlying facilitators of pro-environmental intentions. However, recent studies have failed to draw a causal relationship using an experimental design such as priming. The current study attempted to address this issue by revisiting the relationship using a decomposed game. In addition, the current study extended the relationship between social value orientation and different aspects of pro-environmentalism (e.g., environmental attitude, identity, and self-reported pro-environmental intention). The “Attitude–Identity–Intention” path was explored in prosocial and proself groups. One hundred and fifty participants completed the decomposed game (prosocial and proself value orientations) and their respective environmental attitude, identity, and self-reported pro-environmental intentions (PEIs) were compared. We found that prosocial participants had higher levels of environmental identity, attitude, and self-reported participatory PEIs than proself participants, but not on the leadership PEIs. In addition, environmental identity mediated the relationship between environmental attitude and self-reported PEIs. This mediation only existed among the prosocial participants. The results suggest that the decomposed game is still a valid measure in social value orientation and the relationship can be extended to different aspects of environmentalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Curtin
- Department of Psychology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07828, USA;
- Busch School of Business, The Catholic University of American, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Fanli Jia
- Department of Psychology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07828, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Zhong X, Peng Q, Wang T. Leader reward omission and employee knowledge sharing: the moderating role of proactive personality and perceived organizational unfairness. BALTIC JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/bjm-02-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeBased on social dilemma theory, the authors analyze the impact of leader reward omission on employee knowledge sharing and the boundary conditions in their relationship.Design/methodology/approachThis study tested the theoretical hypotheses based on empirical data obtained from 264 employees using a two-wave survey method.FindingsThe results indicate that leader reward omission significantly negatively affects employee knowledge sharing. An employee's proactive personality weakens the negative relationship between them; the weakening effects of an employee's proactive personality would decrease along with the perceived increase in organizational unfairness.Originality/valueThis study provides the first insight that leader reward omission can inhibit employee knowledge-sharing behavior. In addition, this study shows that an individual proactive personality and perceived organizational unfairness moderate the relationship between leader reward omission and employee knowledge behavior. Thus, this study provides a more comprehensive understanding of whether and when leader reward omission affects employee knowledge sharing.
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Liu Y, Wang B, Van Lange PAM. The development of social value orientation: Attachment styles, number of siblings, age, and a comparison of measures. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221094216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 25 years ago, four studies examined the development of social value orientation (SVO) and uncovered that SVO was related to specific and general adult attachment, the number of siblings, and age. However, some of these findings have been challenged by two recent replication studies. The present (pre-registered) research extends these replication studies and the original research by using multiple measurements of both SVO and adult attachment on two large samples that allowed us to detect small effect sizes. With online samples ( N = 1446 and 2644) from MTurk and Prolific, we replicated earlier findings that prosociality was associated with a greater level of secure attachment and a lower level of avoidant attachment. Moreover, prosociality was positively related to the number of siblings, especially sisters, as discovered by Study 3 of the original study. However, we failed to replicate the significant relation between SVO and age. Generally, we conclude that prosocial orientation is associated—even if modestly—with secure and avoidant attachment and the number of siblings, but the link with age is a question open to future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. M. Van Lange
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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