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Novoa MB, Aguirre N, Valentini B, Signorini M, Aznar N, Vanzini V, Torioni-de-Echaide S. Development and Bayesian validation of a competitive inhibition ELISA for detection of antibodies against Brucella abortus in cattle. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107319. [PMID: 38972562 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella abortus, responsible for abortions in cows. It is endemic in low- and middle-income countries, where the brucellosis control and eradication programs are based on compulsory vaccination, detection of infected cattle through serologic assays, and culling of infected animals at slaughterhouses. The development of high sensitivity and specificity, and low-cost serologic assays guarantee their implementation in countries where the disease is endemic. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immune assay (ciELISA) to detect anti-B. abortus antibodies in sera from cattle. The developed ciELISA was validated using 2833 serum samples from dairy and beef cattle. From these, 1515 sera were from uninfected cows that belonged to free of brucellosis herds and 1318 were from infected cows that belonged positive to brucellosis herds. Sera were analyzed with the developed ciELISA, the buffer plate antigen (BPA) test, and the complement fixation test (CFT). The brucellosis status of the herds was officially established according to the country legislation and consistent for at least 5 years and was defined for each cow using the CFT as gold standard. The cutoff for the ciELISA was calculated using a ROC curve and its sensitivity and specificity were analyzed using the Bayesian Latent Class Model (BLCM) approach. The agreement among tests was calculated using the kappa (κ) value. In addition, 15 calves were vaccinated with 3 × 1010 viable cells of B. abortus Strain 19 vaccine, and the dynamics of antibodies were measured by CFT, buffered plate antigen (BPA) test, and the developed ciELISA. The obtained cutoff for ciELISA was ≥ 47 percentage of inhibition (% I), at the BLCM approach the sensitivity was 99.01 % (95 % CI: 97.55-100) and the specificity 98.74 % (95 % CI: 97.68-99.8). The κ between the ciELISA and BPA was κ = 0.88 and between the ciELISA and CFT κ = 0.95. Antibodies against B. abortus were detected in all the vaccinated calves 7 days after vaccination (AV) by the three assays, at day 135 AV all the calves were negative to CFT (15/15), 93.3 % (14/15) to ciELISA and 73.3 % (11/15) to BPA, and at day 190 AV all the calves were negative to the three assays. The developed ciELISA showed a very good performance, could detect the majority of vaccinated animals as negative after 135 days and could be used for the detection of anti-B. abortus antibodies in serum samples for the brucellosis control and eradication program.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Novoa
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe CP 2300, Argentina.
| | - Nerina Aguirre
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe CP 2300, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Valentini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe CP 2300, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe CP 2300, Argentina
| | - Natalia Aznar
- Instituto de Patobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Veterinarias y Agronomicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingam, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victor Vanzini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe CP 2300, Argentina
| | - Susana Torioni-de-Echaide
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe CP 2300, Argentina
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Dadar M, Alamian S. Detection and characterization of Brucella species in rodents: A threat for the persistence of brucellosis in livestock farms. Res Vet Sci 2024; 176:105339. [PMID: 38941712 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by various Brucella species, poses a significant threat to global public health and livestock industries. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap concerning the presence of Brucella spp. in rodents on livestock farms in Iran. Both bacteriological and molecular surveys were conducted to assess the prevalence of Brucella spp. in these rodent populations. A total of 16 rodents were captured in four seropositive dairy cattle farms (n = 7) and two seropositive sheep farms (n = 9) and were then examined for the presence of the Brucella-infection. Five cow milk samples and 53 bovine lymph node samples from these farms were also tested for Brucella spp. Lymph node samples from dairy cattle farms contained 32 B. abortus biovar 3 isolates and one B. melitensis Rev1 vaccine isolate. The bacterial culture of rodents identified 12.5% of them (Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus) harboring Brucella strains in dairy cattle farms. The rodents had B. abortus biovar 3 and B. melitensis biovar 1, suggesting a reservoir for these bacteria. A two-step molecular assay, utilizing the Omp28 sequences in tissue samples of rodents, demonstrated that 68.75% (n = 11) of the tested rodents yielded positive results. Bruce-ladder PCR and wboA typing on isolated bacteria revealed a close relationship to field strain of Brucella species. The study reveals that rodents on seropositive livestock farms in Iran harbor Brucella spp., indicating a potential reservoir for these bacteria. This highlights the importance of monitoring rodent populations through the molecular and bacterial methods to manage and control brucellosis in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Saeed Alamian
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Ahad AA, Hussein HA, Arog HA, Abdi MM. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors in camels and its herders in selected districts of Somali Pastoral Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2024; 229:106240. [PMID: 38850872 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis poses a major public and animal health problem in many parts of the world, particularly in pastoral settings, however, seroepidemological studies are scarce. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis and to identify the associated risk factors for camels and occupational individuals from three purposively selected districts of the Somali pastoral region in Eastern Ethiopia. Serum samples were serially diluted using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) as a screening test and a competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA) test as a confirmatory test. From a total of 450 camels and 250 human serum samples tested, the overall seroprevalence was confirmed to be 2.9 % (95 % CI, 1.5-4.9) in camels and 2.0 % (95 % CI, 0.2-3.7) in humans. In camels, abortion and retained fetal membrane (RFM) were significant risk factors for Brucella seropositivity (p<0.05). However, in humans, RFM disposal differed significantly (p<0.05). The fact that brucellosis is found in both camels and humans highlights the importance of implementing a coordinated One Health approach to control and eliminate the disease. This would ensure improved public health and increased livestock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Adan Ahad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia.
| | - Hassan Abdi Hussein
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia
| | - Hassan Abdi Arog
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia
| | - Mahad Mohamed Abdi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia
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Ahad AA, Megersa B, Edao BM. Brucellosis in camel, small ruminants, and Somali pastoralists in Eastern Ethiopia: a One Health approach. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1276275. [PMID: 38596459 PMCID: PMC11002772 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1276275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a neglected bacterial zoonotic disease with economic and public health importance in pastoral communities of sub-Saharan Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022, to estimate the prevalence and identify the associated risk factors causing brucellosis in animals and associated with occupational diseases in humans from three selected districts of "the Somali Pastoral region," Eastern Ethiopia. In this study, 1,000 serum samples were screened for anti-Brucella spp. antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and further confirmed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). A structured questionnaire was used to collect the biodata of tested animals and animal attendants to test the association between explanatory and outcome variables. The overall animal level prevalence was 5% (95% CI, 6.1-7.2.0) in small ruminants, 2.9% (95% CI, 1.5-4.9) in camels, and 2.0% (95% CI, 0.2-3.7) in occupationally linked humans. Herd size and herd history of retained fetal membranes were risk factors associated with Brucella spp. seropositivity in animals (p < 0.05). Disposing of retained fetal membranes was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with Brucella spp. seropositivity in humans. Evidence of brucellosis in various livestock species and associated seropositivity in humans indicates the need for a coordinated One Health approach, considering sociocultural dynamics of pastoral communities in controlling brucellosis to safe guard public health and increase livestock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Adan Ahad
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Bekele Megersa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Wen X, Wang Y, Shao Z. The spatiotemporal trend of human brucellosis in China and driving factors using interpretability analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4880. [PMID: 38418566 PMCID: PMC10901783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brucellosis has reemerged in China, with a distinct change in its geographical distribution. The incidence of human brucellosis has significantly risen in inland regions of China. To gain insights into epidemic characteristics and identify factors influencing the geographic spread of human brucellosis, our study utilized the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm and interpretable machine learning techniques. The results showed a consistent upward trend in the incidence of human brucellosis, with a significant increase of 8.20% from 2004 to 2021 (95% CI: 1.70, 15.10). The northern region continued to face a serious human situation, with a gradual upward trend. Meanwhile, the western and southern regions have experienced a gradual spread of human brucellosis, encompassing all regions of China over the past decade. Further analysis using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) demonstrated that higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and increased funding for education have the potential to reduce the spread. Conversely, the expansion of human brucellosis showed a positive correlation with bed availability per 1000 individuals, humidity, railway mileage, and GDP. These findings strongly suggest that socioeconomic factors play a more significant role in the spread of human brucellosis than other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Central Sterile Services Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, China.
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Rostami S, Rashidian E, Jaydari A, Rahimi H. Investigation of the Proportion of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in Sheep and Goat Milk. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:6751152. [PMID: 38044961 PMCID: PMC10691893 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6751152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the implementation of brucellosis eradication programs in Iran, this disease is still endemic and highly prevalent among ruminants in this country. The infection of small ruminants with Brucella abortus may play a significant role in the continuation of brucellosis among the herds of ruminants. This study investigated the proportion of B. abortus and Brucella melitensis in 150 samples of sheep and goat's raw milk which were obtained from Lorestan and Hamadan provinces in the western part of Iran using the PCR method. The results revealed that among the Brucella spp. positive samples, 26.5% and 73.4% of the samples were infected with B. abortus and B. melitensis, respectively. The incidence rates of B. abortus among the sheep and goats samples were 6.8% and 12.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference between goats and sheep regarding the proportion of B. abortus. Three samples (2%) (2 goats and one sheep) were simultaneously infected with both B. melitensis and B. abortus. This article renews our knowledge about the causative agent of brucellosis in small ruminants and shows that B. abortus has a relatively high prevalence among those animals in the western regions of Iran, and its role as one of the main factors of abortion among small ruminants should not be ignored. The information provided in the present study is important for the surveillance program, as eradication programs and strategies to prevent the spread of B. abortus among small ruminants that have not been vaccinated against this microorganism may be adapted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Rostami
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Rashidian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Amin Jaydari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Heidar Rahimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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Novoa MB, Aguirre N, Ormaechea N, Palmero S, Valentini B, Vanzini V, Molineri AI. Evaluation of frequency of antibodies against Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella melitensis, risk factors and spatial distribution of infection in goat and sheep flocks from Argentina. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 46:100939. [PMID: 37935540 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella melitensis are pathogens that cause abortion in small ruminants. Besides, B. melitensis and T. gondii are zoonotic pathogens. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of antibodies against N. caninum, T. gondii and B. melitensis in sheep and goats from three provinces of the center region of Argentina. In addition, the spatial distribution of the infected flocks/herds and risk factors were evaluated. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2015 through 2016. Serum samples from 4783 goats and 1524 sheep from 186 goat, 51 sheep and 38 mixed flocks/herds were analyzed. Competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) were performed for detection of antibodies against N. caninum and IFAT for T. gondii. The buffered plate antigen test and complement fixation test were performed for detection of antibodies against B. melitensis. The frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies was 41.2% and 29.7% for sheep and goats, respectively. The frequency of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 17.2% and 14% for sheep and goats, respectively. About 97.1% of the sheep flocks, 79.4% of the goat herds and the 91.3% of the mixed flocks had seropositive animals to T. gondii. About 61.8% of the sheep flocks, 58% of the goat herds and the 82.6% of the mixed flocks had seropositive animals to N. caninum. All the analyzed animals were negative to anti-B. melitensis antibodies. For T. gondii, a significant cluster of high risk of seropositive flocks/herds was detected in the littoral of the Parana River. The province of origin of the flock/herd was the only variable associated to T. gondii positivity (p = 0.003). Animals from Santiago del Estero and Santa Fe Provinces had 3.48 and 1.77 times more risk to be positive to T. gondii than animals from Entre Ríos Province, respectively. For N. caninum, a cluster of high risk of seropositive flocks/herds was detected in the north of Santa Fe Province. The only explanatory variable associated to N. caninum positivity was animal species (p = 0.003). Sheep had 1.73 times more risk to be positive to N. caninum than goats. The absence of antibodies against B. melitensis in all the analyzed animals is an important finding for the public health of the region. Since bordering provinces have infected flocks/herds, brucellosis in small ruminants should be under epidemiologic surveillance in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Belen Novoa
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Nerina Aguirre
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nadia Ormaechea
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Kreder 2805, CP 3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Palmero
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Kreder 2805, CP 3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Valentini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Victor Vanzini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana Ines Molineri
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Gao S, Peng R, Zeng Z, Zhai J, Yang M, Liu X, Sharav T, Chen Z. Risk transboundary transmission areas and driving factors of brucellosis along the borders between China and Mongolia. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 56:102648. [PMID: 37813322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brucellosis is a common and neglected zoonotic infectious disease worldwide caused by Brucella. However, transboundary transmissions among countries, particularly those with high incidences, are seldom investigated. In the present study, by taking China and Mongolia as examples, we aim to identify transboundary transmission risk and driving factors of brucellosis along borders. METHODS 167 brucellosis outbreak locations along the border between China and Mongolia were collected. Wildlife distribution and cross-border activities were mapped. Maximum entropy approach modeling was conducted to predict the potential risk of prevalence of brucellosis with meteorological factors, geographical environment, economic development, living habits et al. The accuracy of the models was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), Kappa test, and correctly classified instances (CCI). RESULTS The spatial model performed excellent predictive performance with the predictor variables of soils, pastures, goat density, mean precipitation of the wettest month, temperature seasonality, and population density, which with the contribution and permutation important in 27.2 %, 31.9; 23.3 %, 6.8; 18.0 %, 17.2; 11.2 %, 18.1; 10. 3 %, 15.2; 10.0 %, 10.8. The calculated AUC, SD, Kappa, and CCI are 0.870, 0.001, 0.882, and 0.883, respectively. The distribution map of brucellosis showed high-risk areas along the borders. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified high-risk areas and the driving effect of brucellosis along the borders between China and Mongolia. Moreover, there is the possibility of cross-border wildlife activities in high-risk areas, which increases the risk of cross-border brucellosis transmission. The funding provides clues for cooperative prevention and control of brucellosis by reducing transboundary transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510275, PR China
| | - Ruihao Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510275, PR China
| | - Zan Zeng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Innovative Institute of Zoonoses, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, PR China
| | - Mingwei Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510275, PR China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510275, PR China
| | - Tumenjargal Sharav
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Science, Khan-Uul District, Zaisan, 17042, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510275, PR China; Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Innovative Institute of Zoonoses, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, PR China.
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Mwampashi R, Cutright E, Fast CD, Bonfoh B, Kazwala RR, Mathew C. Scent detection of Brucella abortus by African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei). BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:226. [PMID: 37904151 PMCID: PMC10614360 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a contagious zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. While the disease has been eradicated in most developed countries, it remains endemic in sub-Saharan Africa where access to reliable diagnostics is limited. African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei) have been trained to detect the scent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to increase case detection in sub-Saharan Africa. Given the similar diagnostic challenges facing brucellosis and tuberculosis, we explored the feasibility of training African giant pouched rats to detect Brucella. RESULTS After 3 months of training, rats reliably identified cultured Brucella, achieving an average sensitivity of 93.56% (SD = 0.650) and specificity of 97.65% (SD = 0.016). Rats readily generalized to novel, younger Brucella cultures that presumably generated a weaker volatile signal and correctly identified at least one out of three fecal samples spiked with Brucella culture during a final test of feasibility. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, these experiments are the first to demonstrate Brucella emits a unique odor profile that scent detection animals can be trained to identify. Importantly, cultured E. coli samples were included throughout training and test to ensure the rats learned to specifically identify Brucella bacteria rather than any bacteria in comparison to bacteria-free culture medium. E. coli controls therefore served a crucial function in determining to what extent Brucella abortus emits a unique odor signature. Further research is needed to determine if a Brucella-specific volatile signature is present within clinical samples. If confirmed, the present results suggest trained rats could serve as a valuable, novel method for the detection of Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mwampashi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ellie Cutright
- APOPO, SUA-APOPO Rodent Project, Tiba Road, PO Box 3078, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Cynthia D Fast
- APOPO, SUA-APOPO Rodent Project, Tiba Road, PO Box 3078, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.
- Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Swiss Centre for Scientific Research, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Coletha Mathew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Wu A, Wang Y, Ali A, Xu Z, Zhang D, Zhumanov K, Sheng J, Yi J. Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against brucellosis fused to IgG-fc by an immunoinformatics approach. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1238634. [PMID: 37937155 PMCID: PMC10625910 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1238634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucella, a type of intracellular Gram-negative bacterium, has unique features and acts as a zoonotic pathogen. It can lead to abortion and infertility in animals. Eliminating brucellosis becomes very challenging once it spreads among both humans and animals, putting a heavy burden on livestock and people worldwide. Given the increasing spread of brucellosis, it is crucial to develop improved vaccines for susceptible animals to reduce the disease's impact. Methods In this study, we effectively used an immunoinformatics approach with advanced computer software to carefully identify and analyze important antigenic parts of Brucella abortus. Subsequently, we skillfully designed chimeric peptides to enhance the vaccine's strength and effectiveness. We used computer programs to find four important parts of the Brucella bacteria that our immune system recognizes. Then, we carefully looked for eight parts that are recognized by a type of white blood cell called cytotoxic T cells, six parts recognized by T helper cells, and four parts recognized by B cells. We connected these parts together using a special link, creating a strong new vaccine. To make the vaccine even better, we added some extra parts called molecular adjuvants. These included something called human β-defensins 3 (hBD-3) that we found in a database, and another part that helps the immune system called PADRE. We attached these extra parts to the beginning of the vaccine. In a new and clever way, we made the vaccine even stronger by attaching a part from a mouse's immune system to the end of it. This created a new kind of vaccine called MEV-Fc. We used advanced computer methods to study how well the MEV-Fc vaccine interacts with certain receptors in the body (TLR-2 and TLR-4). Results In the end, Immunosimulation predictions showed that the MEV-Fc vaccine can make the immune system respond strongly, both in terms of cells and antibodies. Discussion In summary, our results provide novel insights for the development of Brucella vaccines. Although further laboratory experiments are required to assess its protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yueli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Adnan Ali
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kairat Zhumanov
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kazakhstan Kazakh State Agricultural University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Jinliang Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Nandini P, Jakka P, Murugan S, Mazumdar V, Kumar D, Prakash R, Barbuddhe SB, Radhakrishnan G. Immuno-profiling of Brucella proteins for developing improved vaccines and DIVA capable serodiagnostic assays for brucellosis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1253349. [PMID: 37860136 PMCID: PMC10582347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1253349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis remains a worldwide zoonotic disease with a serious impact on public health and livestock productivity. Controlling brucellosis in livestock is crucial for limiting human infections in the absence of effective human vaccines. Brucellosis control measures are majorly dependent on rigorous monitoring of disease outbreaks and mass vaccination of livestock. Live attenuated vaccines are available for livestock vaccination that play a vital role in brucellosis control programs in many countries. Even though the existing animal vaccines confer protection against brucellosis, they carry some drawbacks, including their infectivity to humans and interference with sero-monitoring. The available serodiagnostic assays for brucellosis depend on detecting anti-LPS antibodies in the serum. Since diagnosis plays a vital role in controlling brucellosis, developing improved serodiagnostic assays with enhanced specificity, sensitivity and DIVA capability is required. Therefore, it is essential to identify novel antigens for developing improved vaccines and serodiagnostic assays for brucellosis. In the present study, we performed a high throughput immunoprofiling of B. melitensis protein microarray using brucellosis-positive human and animal serum samples. The screening identified several serodominant proteins of Brucella that exhibited common or differential reactivity with sera from animals and humans. Subsequently, we cloned, expressed, and purified ten serodominant proteins, followed by analyzing their potential to develop next-generation vaccines and improved serodiagnostic assays for brucellosis. Further, we demonstrated the protective efficacy of one of the serodominant proteins against the B. melitensis challenge in mice. We found that the seroreactive protein, Dps (BMEI1980), strongly reacted with brucellosis-positive serum samples, but it did not react with sera from B. abortus S19-vaccinated cattle, indicating DIVA capability. A prototype lateral flow assay and indirect ELISA based on Dps protein exhibited high sensitivity, specificity, and DIVA capability. Thus, the present study identified promising candidates for developing improved vaccines and affordable, DIVA-capable serodiagnostic assays for animal and human brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachita Nandini
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Padmaja Jakka
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Subathra Murugan
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Varadendra Mazumdar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Richa Prakash
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
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Mwatondo A, Muturi M, Akoko J, Nyamota R, Nthiwa D, Maina J, Omolo J, Gichuhi S, Mureithi MW, Bett B. Seroprevalence and related risk factors of Brucella spp. in livestock and humans in Garbatula subcounty, Isiolo county, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011682. [PMID: 37844102 PMCID: PMC10602376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that affects both animals and humans, causing debilitating illness in humans and socio-economic losses in livestock-keeping households globally. The disease is endemic in many developing countries, including Kenya, but measures to prevent and control the disease are often inadequate among high-risk populations. This study aimed to investigate the human and livestock seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors of Brucella spp. in a pastoralist region of northern Kenya. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a two-stage cluster sampling method to select households, livestock, and humans for sampling. Blood samples were collected from 683 humans and 2157 animals, and Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on potential risk factors associated with human and animal exposures. Risk factors associated with Brucella spp. exposures in humans and livestock were identified using Multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The results indicated an overall livestock Brucella spp. seroprevalence of 10.4% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 9.2-11.7). Camels had the highest exposure rates at 19.6% (95% CI: 12.4-27.3), followed by goats at 13.2% (95% CI: 9.3-17.1), cattle at 13.1% (95% CI: 11.1-15.3) and sheep at 5.4% (95% CI: 4.0-6.9). The herd-level seroprevalence was 51.7% (95% CI: 47.9-55.7). Adult animals (Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 2.3, CI: 1.3-4.0), female animals (aOR = 1.7, CI: 1.1-2.6), and large herd sizes (aOR = 2.3, CI: 1.3-4.0) were significantly associated with anti-brucella antibody detection while sheep had significantly lower odds of Brucella spp. exposure compared to cattle (aOR = 1.3, CI: 0.8-2.1) and camels (aOR = 2.4, CI: 1.2-4.8). Human individual and household seroprevalences were 54.0% (95% CI: 50.2-58.0) and 86.4% (95% CI: 84.0-89.0), respectively. Significant risk factors associated with human seropositivity included being male (aOR = 2.1, CI:1.3-3.2), residing in Sericho ward (aOR = 1.6, CI:1.1-2.5) and having no formal education (aOR = 3.0, CI:1.5-5.9). There was a strong correlation between human seropositivity and herd exposure (aOR = 1.6, CI:1.2-2.3). CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence of high human and livestock exposures to Brucella spp. and identifies important risk factors associated with disease spread. These findings emphasize the need for targeted prevention and control measures to curb the spread of brucellosis and implement a One Health surveillance to ensure early detection of the disease in Isiolo County, Northern Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athman Mwatondo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Josphat Maina
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jack Omolo
- County Government of Kilifi, Department of Agriculture, Livestock Development and Fisheries, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Gichuhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marianne W. Mureithi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Avalos A, Durand B, Mendoza F, Ramirez C, Maldonado V, Zanella G. Risk factors associated to bovine brucellosis seroprevalence in the eastern region of Paraguay. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105979. [PMID: 37544080 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In Paraguay, whose main economic activity is cattle raising, bovine brucellosis is an endemic disease. Between May 2019 and October 2020, a national prevalence survey was implemented by the Paraguayan Veterinary Services. In the frame of that survey, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the eastern region of Paraguay to identify the risk factors that could be associated with brucellosis-positive farms and to estimate the bovine brucellosis seroprevalence and farmers' awareness about the disease. A questionnaire was administered to farmers to collect data on potential risk factors for bovine brucellosis as well as awareness on the disease. A logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors associated with a farm brucellosis positive status. Blood samples were collected from 2551 cattle on 133 farms. The overall apparent seroprevalence was 27.8 % (95 % CI: 20.4-36.3 %) at the farm level, and 5.5 % (95 % CI: 4.7-6.5 %) at the animal level. Among 18 potential risk factors, four were associated with a farm brucellosis positive status. Farm size was associated with a higher risk of positive status in medium (20-80 cows) and large farms (>80 cows), compared with small farms (<20 cows). Barn disinfection had a protective effect on the risk of positive status. Conversely, presence of dogs and not incinerating/burying aborted material increased this risk. Even if 89 % of the farmers acknowledged being aware of the bovine brucellosis transmission to humans, only 46% of these farmers declared using protective gloves during calving or when handling abortions. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of implementing biosecurity measures and proper disposal of aborted material to control the disease. Therefore, to control the disease in Paraguay, vaccination campaigns should be accompanied by awareness campaigns addressing good farm management practices to minimize the risk of introduction and maintenance of brucellosis as well as the risk of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaias Avalos
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, 94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Felipe Mendoza
- National University of Asuncion, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Paraguay
| | - Carlos Ramirez
- National Animal Health and Quality Service (SENACSA), General Directorate of Animal Health, Identity and Traceability, Paraguay
| | - Victor Maldonado
- National Animal Health and Quality Service (SENACSA), General Directorate of Animal Health, Identity and Traceability, Paraguay
| | - Gina Zanella
- Paris-Est University, Anses, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France.
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Grattarola C, Petrella A, Lucifora G, Di Francesco G, Di Nocera F, Pintore A, Cocumelli C, Terracciano G, Battisti A, Di Renzo L, Farina D, Di Francesco CE, Crescio MI, Zoppi S, Dondo A, Iulini B, Varello K, Mignone W, Goria M, Mattioda V, Giorda F, Di Guardo G, Janowicz A, Tittarelli M, De Massis F, Casalone C, Garofolo G. Brucella ceti Infection in Striped Dolphins from Italian Seas: Associated Lesions and Epidemiological Data. Pathogens 2023; 12:1034. [PMID: 37623994 PMCID: PMC10459742 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella ceti infections have been increasingly reported in cetaceans. In this study, we analyzed all cases of B. ceti infection detected in striped dolphins stranded along the Italian coastline between 2012 and 2021 (N = 24). We focused on the pathogenic role of B. ceti through detailed pathological studies, and ad hoc microbiological, biomolecular, and serological investigations, coupled with a comparative genomic analysis of the strains. Neurobrucellosis was observed in 20 animals. The primary histopathologic features included non-suppurative meningoencephalitis (N = 9), meningitis (N = 6), and meningoencephalomyelitis (N = 5), which was also associated with typical lesions in other tissues (N = 8). Co-infections were detected in more than half of the cases, mostly involving Cetacean Morbillivirus (CeMV). The 24 B. ceti isolates were assigned primarily to sequence type 26 (ST26) (N = 21) and, in a few cases, ST49 (N = 3). The multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) data showed that strains from Italy clustered into four genetically distinct clades. Plotting these clades onto a geographic map suggests a link between their phylogeny and the topographical distribution. These results support the role of B. ceti as a primary neurotropic pathogen for striped dolphins and highlight the utility of WGS data in understanding the evolution of this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Grattarola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Antonio Petrella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (A.P.); (D.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Lucifora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 89852 Vibo Valentia, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Di Francesco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.D.F.); (L.D.R.)
| | - Fabio Di Nocera
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Antonio Pintore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Cristiano Cocumelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Lazio e della Toscana, 00178 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico del Lazio e della Toscana, 00178 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Ludovica Di Renzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.D.F.); (L.D.R.)
| | - Donatella Farina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (A.P.); (D.F.)
| | | | - Maria Ines Crescio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Barbara Iulini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Katia Varello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Walter Mignone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Goria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Virginia Mattioda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Federica Giorda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Giovanni Di Guardo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.E.D.F.); (G.D.G.)
| | - Anna Janowicz
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (M.T.); (F.D.M.)
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (M.T.); (F.D.M.)
| | - Fabrizio De Massis
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (M.T.); (F.D.M.)
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (M.I.C.); (S.Z.); (A.D.); (B.I.); (K.V.); (W.M.); (M.G.); (V.M.); (F.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.J.); (M.T.); (F.D.M.)
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Efrem GH, Mihreteab B, Ghebremariam MK, Okbamichael T, Ghebresilasie Y, Mor SM, Mamo G. Prevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors in dairy cattle in Maekel and Debub Regions, Eritrea. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177572. [PMID: 37396997 PMCID: PMC10311105 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. It is considered endemic in Eritrea, however, the current prevalence status and related risk factors in animals are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis in dairy cattle in Maekel and Debub regions, Eritrea. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted between August 2021 and February 2022. A total of 2,740 dairy cattle from 214 herds in 10 sub-regions of Eritrea were selected for blood and data collection. Blood samples were tested using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and positive samples were confirmed using competitive (c-ELISA). Data on risk factors was collected using questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression. Results In total, 34/2740 animals tested positive by RBPT. Of these, 29 were confirmed positive by c-ELISA, giving an apparent and estimated true individual-level prevalence of 1.1% (95% CI: 0.7, 1.5%) and 1.3% (95% CI: 0.9, 1.8%), respectively. Sixteen herds (7.5%) tested positive by RBPT and of these 15 herds (7.0%) were confirmed positive by c-ELISA, giving an estimated true herd-level prevalence of 7.0% (95% CI: 4.0, 10.7). Animal and herd-level apparent prevalence was 1.6 and 9.2% in Maekel, while in Debub it was 0.6 and 5.5%, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that non-pregnant lactating cows (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.35; p = 0.042) were more likely to be Brucella sero-positive. History of abortion on the farm (aOR = 5.71; p = 0.026) and larger number of cows in the herd (aOR = 1.14; p < 0.001) were associated with brucellosis sero-positivity in herds. Conclusion Brucellosis prevalence was low in the study areas. Nonetheless, this low prevalence may increase if the disease is not controlled. Therefore, testing animals before movement, good farming practices, sanitary measures, and an awareness raising program on brucellosis are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghebremeskel Habteyohannes Efrem
- National Animal and Plant Health, Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bereket Mihreteab
- Pathology Laboratory, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Michael K. Ghebremariam
- Division of Pathology, Public Health & Disease Investigation, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tekeste Okbamichael
- Serology Laboratory, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Yosief Ghebresilasie
- Vaccine Production Unit, National Animal and Plant Health Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Siobhan M. Mor
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institution (ILRI), Nairobi, Ethiopia
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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The Development of Diagnostic and Vaccine Strategies for Early Detection and Control of Human Brucellosis, Particularly in Endemic Areas. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030654. [PMID: 36992237 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the most serious zoonotic diseases worldwide. This disease affects both human and animal health, in addition to being one of the most widespread zoonotic illnesses in the Middle East and Northern Africa. Human brucellosis generally presents in a diverse and non-specific manner, making laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis critical to the patient’s recovery. A coordinated strategy for diagnosing and controlling brucellosis throughout the Middle East is required, as this disease cannot be known to occur without reliable microbiological, molecular, and epidemiological evidence. Consequently, the current review focuses on the current and emerging microbiological diagnostic tools for the early detection and control of human brucellosis. Laboratory assays such as culturing, serology, and molecular analysis can frequently be used to diagnose brucellosis. Although serological markers and nucleic acid amplification techniques are extremely sensitive, and extensive experience has been gained with these techniques in the laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis, a culture is still considered to be the “gold standard” due to the importance of this aspect of public health and clinical care. In endemic regions, however, serological tests remain the primary method of diagnosis due to their low cost, user-friendliness, and strong ability to provide a negative prediction, so they are commonly used. A nucleic acid amplification assay, which is highly sensitive, specific, and safe, is capable of enabling rapid disease diagnosis. Patients who have reportedly fully healed may continue to have positive molecular test results for a long time. Therefore, cultures and serological methods will continue to be the main tools for diagnosing and following up on human brucellosis for as long as no commercial tests or studies demonstrate adequate interlaboratory reproducibility. As there is no approved vaccine that prevents human brucellosis, vaccination-based control of animal brucellosis has become an important part of the management of human brucellosis. Over the past few decades, several studies have been conducted to develop Brucella vaccines, but the problem of controlling brucellosis in both humans and animals remains challenging. Therefore, this review also aims to present an updated overview of the different types of brucellosis vaccines that are currently available.
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De la Rosa-Ramos MA, Arellano-Reynoso B, Hernández-Badillo E, Guerra-Infante FM, Mancilla-Herrera I, Chaki SP, Ficht TA, Suárez-Güemes F. Evaluation of the goat cellular immune response to rBtuB-Hia-FlgK peptides from Brucella melitensis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 94:101944. [PMID: 36638645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by Brucella; B. melitensis is the most prevalent species in goats and humans. Previously, three B. melitensis peptides, rBtuB-Hia-FlgK showed antigen-specific immune responses in rodent models. The goal of this study was to evaluate the goat Th1/Th2 immune response to B. melitensis peptides. Twenty-eight animals were separated into four groups and were immunized with the rBtuB-Hia-FlgK peptides cocktail, adjuvant, PBS and Rev-1 vaccine, respectively. Peripheral blood samples were collected on days 0, 15, and 80 post-inoculation. The CD4+ and CD8+ T cells proliferation, and cytokine production of the Th-1 (IL-2, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) and Th-2 profiles (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10) were evaluated. An increase of CD4+/CD8+ at 15 days post-vaccination was observed and continued until the 80th. In addition, the IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 mRNA expression were typically induced by the 15th day, but only IFN-γ levels were observed at day 80 post-immunization. Brucella pathogenesis is distinguished by the presence of a large amount of Th-1 cytokines. Although a reduced amount of IFN-γ in the culture supernatant was accurately detected compared with Rev-1 after 15 days, it could be influenced by the sampling schedule, as a higher cytokine production might be induced as early as the first-week post-vaccination. The results indicate that rBtuB-Hia-FlgK induced an immune response similar to the Rev-1 vaccine. The possible use of inert molecules with the unique ability to typically induce cellular response similar to attenuated vaccine represents an attractive option that should not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A De la Rosa-Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - B Arellano-Reynoso
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - E Hernández-Badillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Fernando M Guerra-Infante
- Departamento de Infectología e Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPerIER), Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - I Mancilla-Herrera
- Departamento de Infectología e Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPerIER), Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - S P Chaki
- Texas A&M University, Veterinary Pathobiology, TAMUs 4467, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - T A Ficht
- Texas A&M University, Veterinary Pathobiology, TAMUs 4467, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - F Suárez-Güemes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Shevtsov A, Cloeckaert A, Berdimuratova K, Shevtsova E, Shustov AV, Amirgazin A, Karibayev T, Kamalova D, Zygmunt MS, Ramanculov Y, Vergnaud G. Brucella abortus in Kazakhstan, population structure and comparison with worldwide genetic diversity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1106994. [PMID: 37032899 PMCID: PMC10073595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1106994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus is the main causative agent of brucellosis in cattle, leading to severe economic consequences in agriculture and affecting public health. The zoonotic nature of the infection increases the need to control the spread and dynamics of outbreaks in animals with the incorporation of high resolution genotyping techniques. Based on such methods, B. abortus is currently divided into three clades, A, B, and C. The latter includes subclades C1 and C2. This study presents the results of whole-genome sequencing of 49 B. abortus strains isolated in Kazakhstan between 1947 and 2015 and of 36 B. abortus strains of various geographic origins isolated from 1940 to 2004. In silico Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) allowed to assign strains from Kazakhstan to subclades C1 and to a much lower extend C2. Whole-genome Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (wgSNP) analysis of the 46 strains of subclade C1 with strains of worldwide origins showed clustering with strains from neighboring countries, mostly North Caucasia, Western Russia, but also Siberia, China, and Mongolia. One of the three Kazakhstan strains assigned to subclade C2 matched the B. abortus S19 vaccine strain used in cattle, the other two were genetically close to the 104 M vaccine strain. Bayesian phylodynamic analysis dated the introduction of B. abortus subclade C1 into Kazakhstan to the 19th and early 20th centuries. We discuss this observation in view of the history of population migrations from Russia to the Kazakhstan steppes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Shevtsov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- *Correspondence: Alexandr Shevtsov,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yerlan Ramanculov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Gilles Vergnaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Gilles Vergnaud,
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Pascual DW, Goodwin ZI, Bhagyaraj E, Hoffman C, Yang X. Activation of mucosal immunity as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating brucellosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018165. [PMID: 36620020 PMCID: PMC9814167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease of livestock that is commonly asymptomatic until an abortion occurs. Disease in humans results from contact of infected livestock or consumption of contaminated milk or meat. Brucella zoonosis is primarily caused by one of three species that infect livestock, Bacillus abortus in cattle, B. melitensis in goats and sheep, and B. suis in pigs. To aid in disease prophylaxis, livestock vaccines are available, but are only 70% effective; hence, improved vaccines are needed to mitigate disease, particularly in countries where disease remains pervasive. The absence of knowing which proteins confer complete protection limits development of subunit vaccines. Instead, efforts are focused on developing new and improved live, attenuated Brucella vaccines, since these mimic attributes of wild-type Brucella, and stimulate host immune, particularly T helper 1-type responses, required for protection. In considering their development, the new mutants must address Brucella's defense mechanisms normally active to circumvent host immune detection. Vaccination approaches should also consider mode and route of delivery since disease transmission among livestock and humans is believed to occur via the naso-oropharyngeal tissues. By arming the host's mucosal immune defenses with resident memory T cells (TRMs) and by expanding the sources of IFN-γ, brucellae dissemination from the site of infection to systemic tissues can be prevented. In this review, points of discussion focus on understanding the various immune mechanisms involved in disease progression and which immune players are important in fighting disease.
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Kydyshov K, Usenbaev N, Berdiev S, Dzhaparova A, Abidova A, Kebekbaeva N, Abdyraev M, Wareth G, Brangsch H, Melzer F, Neubauer H, Pletz MW. First record of the human infection of Brucella melitensis in Kyrgyzstan: evidence from whole-genome sequencing-based analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:120. [PMID: 36482466 PMCID: PMC9730661 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis, a zoonosis mainly transmitted by consumption of unpasteurized dairy products as well as direct contact with infected animals, is endemic in Kyrgyzstan. However, Brucella species in humans have not been investigated and the origin of the disease remains poorly known in wide parts of Сentral Asia. Thus, molecular characterization of the circulating strains is a critical first step in understanding Brucella diversity in the country. METHODS In this study, isolates were collected from patients with suspected brucellosis from different regions in Kyrgyzstan between 2019 and 2020. The detection and identification of Brucella was carried out by Bruce-ladder PCR. Next generation sequencing was used to sequence the 89 Brucella isolates, which were genotyped by cgSNP and cgMLST to identify epidemiological connection between Brucella isolates as well as placing them in the context of the global Brucella phylogeny. RESULTS The Brucella strains isolated from all regions of Kyrgyzstan were identified as B. melitensis. Based on cgSNP analysis, 18 sequence types were differentiated. The highest numbers of different sequence types were found in Batken (n = 8), Osh (n = 8) and Jalal-Abad (n = 6) oblasts. According to cgSNP and cgMLST analyses, different B. melitensis lineages circulate in Kyrgyzstan, all of them belonging to the Eastern Mediterranean group of the global Brucella phylogeny with the highest similarity to strains from Turkmenistan, Iran and Turkey. CONCLUSION In the present study, B. melitensis was identified as a causative agent of human brucellosis in Kyrgyzstan and different lineages could be identified. Since this study focused on isolates of human origin, the identity of Brucella species and lineages circulating among animal populations remains elusive. Implementing culture techniques and use of most recent molecular, bioinformatic and epidemiological tools are needed to set up a One Health approach to combat brucellosis in Kyrgyzstan. Further, other Сentral Asian countries need to take part in this effort as brucellosis is a transboundary disease in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalysbek Kydyshov
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nurbolot Usenbaev
- Republican Center for Quarantine and Highly Dangerous Infections of Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Stalbek Berdiev
- Republican Center for Quarantine and Highly Dangerous Infections of Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Aigul Dzhaparova
- Republican Center for Quarantine and Highly Dangerous Infections of Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Aziza Abidova
- Republican Center for Quarantine and Highly Dangerous Infections of Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Nuraiym Kebekbaeva
- Republican Center for Quarantine and Highly Dangerous Infections of Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Murat Abdyraev
- Kyrgyz Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hanka Brangsch
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W. Pletz
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, Germany
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21
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Development of CRISPR-Mediated Nucleic Acid Detection Technologies and Their Applications in the Livestock Industry. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13112007. [PMID: 36360244 PMCID: PMC9690124 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid rate of virus transmission and pathogen mutation and evolution highlight the necessity for innovative approaches to the diagnosis and prevention of infectious diseases. Traditional technologies for pathogen detection, mostly PCR-based, involve costly/advanced equipment and skilled personnel and are therefore not feasible in resource-limited areas. Over the years, many promising methods based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and the associated protein systems (CRISPR/Cas), i.e., orthologues of Cas9, Cas12, Cas13 and Cas14, have been reported for nucleic acid detection. CRISPR/Cas effectors can provide one-tube reaction systems, amplification-free strategies, simultaneous multiplex pathogen detection, visual colorimetric detection, and quantitative identification as alternatives to quantitative PCR (qPCR). This review summarizes the current development of CRISPR/Cas-mediated molecular diagnostics, as well as their design software and readout methods, highlighting technical improvements for integrating CRISPR/Cas technologies into on-site applications. It further highlights recent applications of CRISPR/Cas-based nucleic acid detection in livestock industry, including emerging infectious diseases, authenticity and composition of meat/milk products, as well as sex determination of early embryos.
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22
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Charypkhan D, Rüegg SR. One Health evaluation of brucellosis control in Kazakhstan. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277118. [PMID: 36322602 PMCID: PMC9629608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the main livestock disease risks in Kazakhstan. It's been endemic there since 1930, accounting for over 1300 human cases per annum. The economic loss was 45 million USD in 2015 alone. Since 1952, Kazakhstan has implemented various control strategies with little success. One Health approaches have been suggested to tackle brucellosis, however, there is a lack of evidence for best practices to operationalise One Health in the literature, and methods for implementation are not established. The intention of this study was to introduce the One Health approach during the evaluation phase of the policy cycle. A two-day workshop was organized by the authors to familiarize participants with the evaluation methodology. Twenty-one specialists representing veterinary and public health sector, together with researchers, took part in this study. For two weeks following the workshop, first author conducted individual interviews with workshop participants to obtain individual scorings to assess knowledge integration capacity (One Health-ness). The evaluation results show that there is a lack of knowledge about the perceived damage caused by brucellosis to animal owners and other stakeholders. There is insufficient data available about farmers' practices, interests and motivations, and also data is missing for important transmission processes such as the amount of unsafe dairy consumption. The absence of such data illustrates the extent of the uncertainty to which decision-makers are exposed despite well-elaborated transmission models and supports the importance of co-producing solutions with participatory methods. The results suggest the need for broader involvement of stakeholders. Outputs of this study could help navigate the initial stages of One Health operationalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duriya Charypkhan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Section of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Brucellosis, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon R. Rüegg
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Section of Epidemiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Holzer K, Wareth G, El-Diasty M, Abdel-Hamid NH, Hamdy MER, Moustafa SA, Linde J, Bartusch F, Abdel-Glil MY, Sayour AE, Elbauomy EM, Elhadidy M, Melzer F, Beyer W. Tracking the distribution, genetic diversity and lineage of Brucella melitensis recovered from humans and animals in Egypt based on core-genome SNP analysis and in silico MLVA-16. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3952-3963. [PMID: 36383491 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most common neglected zoonotic diseases globally, with a public health significance and a high economic loss in the livestock industry caused by the bacteria of the genus Brucella. In this study, 136 Egyptian Brucella melitensis strains isolated from animals and humans between 2001 and 2020 were analysed by examining the whole-core-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) in comparison to the in silico multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA-16). Almost all Egyptian isolates were belonging to the West Mediterranean clade, except two isolates from buffalo and camel were belonging to the American and East Mediterranean clades, respectively. A significant correlation between the human case of brucellosis and the possible source of infection from animals was found. It seems that several outbreak strains already existing for many years have been spread over long distances and between many governorates. The cgSNP analysis, in combination with epidemiological metadata, allows a better differentiation than the MLVA-16 genotyping method and, hence, the source definition and tracking of outbreak strains. The MLVA based on the currently used 16 markers is not suitable for this task. Our results revealed 99 different cgSNP genotypes with many different outbreak strains, both older and widely distributed ones and rather newly introduced ones as well. This indicates several different incidents and sources of infections, probably by imported animals from other countries to Egypt. Comparing our panel of isolates to public databases by cgSNP analysis, the results revealed near relatives from Italy. Moreover, near relatives from the United States, France, Austria and India were found by in silico MLVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Holzer
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany.,Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Moshtohor, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Diasty
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nour H Abdel-Hamid
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E R Hamdy
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shawky A Moustafa
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Moshtohor, Egypt
| | - Jörg Linde
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Bartusch
- IT Center (ZDV), High-Performance and Cloud Computing Group, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mostafa Y Abdel-Glil
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Ashraf E Sayour
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Essam M Elbauomy
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Beyer
- Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Peng Q, Xiang Z, Chen Y, Wang G, Wu X, Guo A, Robertson ID. A case study investigating the effects of emergency vaccination with Brucella abortus A19 vaccine on a dairy farm undergoing an abortion outbreak in China. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBrucellosis is an important zoonosis that results in substantial economic losses to the livestock industry through abortions and reduced milk yield. This study investigated an abortion outbreak in a dairy herd and then explored the effects of emergency vaccination with Brucella abortus A19 vaccine on the incidence of abortion and milk yield. A full dose of vaccine (6 × 1010—12 × 1010 colony forming units, CFU) was administered subcutaneously to calves and non-pregnant heifers, and a reduced dose (6 × 108—12 × 108 CFU) to adult cows and pregnant replacement heifers. Rose Bengal Test was used to screen Brucella infection status and then positive samples were tested with a C-ELISA. Animals that tested positive for both tests were considered positive to Brucella spp. The animal-level seroprevalence of brucellosis was 23.1% (95% CI: 17.0, 30.2), and the attributable fraction of abortions in seropositive animals was 89.1% (95% CI: 64.3, 96.7). The odds of seropositivity were significantly higher in cows that aborted compared to cows that calved normally (OR = 21.4, 95% CI: 4.4, 168.4). Cows in sheds A2 and C1 were 10.2 (95% CI: 1.4, 128.0) and 17.0 (95% CI: 2.8, 190.3) times more likely to be seropositive than cows in shed B1. Antibodies were not detectable in most heifers 12 months post-vaccination. The effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing abortions was estimated to be 56.8% (95% CI: 15.8, 77.8) for the entire herd, but increased to 86.7% (95% CI: 4.4, 98.1) when only primiparous heifers were considered. Furthermore, a significant increase in the average herd 305-day milk yield one-year after vaccination was also observed relative to that in the previous three years. It is concluded that emergency vaccination of a dairy herd undergoing an abortion outbreak with the A19 vaccine effectively reduced the incidence of abortion and indirectly increased milk yield one-year after vaccination.
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Goodwin ZI, Yang X, Hoffman C, Pascual DW. Live mucosal vaccination stimulates potent protection via varied CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets against wild-type Brucella melitensis 16M challenge. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995327. [PMID: 36263034 PMCID: PMC9574439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-emerging zoonotic pathogen Brucella spp. continues to impact developing countries and persists in expanding populations of wildlife species in the US, constantly threatening infection of our domestic herds. The development of improved animal and human vaccines remains a priority. In this study, immunity to a novel live attenuated B. melitensis strain, termed znBM-mC, was characterized. An oral prime, intranasal (IN) boost strategy conferred exquisite protection against pulmonary challenge, with wild-type (wt) B. melitensis providing nearly complete protection in the lungs and spleens from brucellae colonization. Vaccination with znBM-mC showed an IFN-γ+ CD8+ T-cell bias in the lungs as opposed to Rev 1-vaccinated mice showing IFN-γ+ CD4+ T-cell inclination. Lung CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEMs) increased over 200-fold; and lung CD4+ and CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRMs) increased more than 250- and 150-fold, respectively. These T cells served as the primary producers of IFN-γ in the lungs, which was essential for vaccine clearance and the predominant cytokine generated pre-and post-challenge with wt B. melitensis 16M; znBM-mC growth could not be arrested in IFN-γ−/− mice. Increases in lung TNF-α and IL-17 were also induced, with IL-17 being mostly derived from CD4+ T cells. Vaccination of CD4−/−, CD8−/−, and B6 mice with znBM-mC conferred full protection in the lungs and spleens post-pulmonary challenge with virulent B. melitensis; vaccination of IL-17−/− mice resulted in the protection of the lungs, but not the spleen. These data demonstrate the efficacy of mucosal vaccine administration for the generation of protective memory T cells against wt B. melitensis.
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26
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Darbandi A, Alamdary SZ, Koupaei M, Ghanavati R, Heidary M, Talebi M. Evaluation of immune responses to Brucella vaccines in mouse models: A systematic review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:903890. [PMID: 36118342 PMCID: PMC9478790 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.903890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionDespite the accessibility of several live attenuated vaccines for animals, currently, there is no licensed vaccine for brucellosis in human populations. Available and confirmed animal vaccines may be harmful and considered inappropriate for humans. Thus, human vaccines for brucellosis are required. We aimed to evaluate the effects of Brucella vaccines on mouse models and discuss the potential mechanisms of these vaccines for the design of the appropriate human vaccines.Materials and methodsA systematic search was carried out in Web of Science, Embase, and PubMed/Medline databases. The following MeSH terms were applied: brucellosis, vaccine, Brucella, and vaccination. The original manuscripts describing the Brucella vaccines on mouse models were included. The review articles, editorials, correspondences, case reports, case series, duplicate publications, and articles with insufficient data were excluded.ResultsOf the 163 full texts that were screened, 17 articles reached to inclusion criteria. Combining the results of these trials revealed a reduction in bacterial load and colonization rate of Brucella in the spleen, an increase in inflammatory markers, especially IFN-γ and IL-4, and the highest levels of antibody classes in vaccinated animals compared to animals challenged with various virulent strains of Brucella. The majority of studies found that different anti-Brucella vaccines induced a significant protective effect in animals challenged with Brucella strains. Additionally, mice were given the highest level of Brucella vaccine protection and significant clearance of Brucella strains when the immunization was delivered via the IP (intraperitoneal) or IP-IN (intranasal) routes.ConclusionBrucella is responsible for half-million new cases globally annually, and the lack of a proper human vaccine poses the risk of brucellosis. A variety of vaccines are used to prevent brucellosis. Subunit vaccines and recombinant human vaccines have higher safety and protective properties. Although vaccination helps brucellosis control, it does not eradicate the disease. Thus, we recommend the following strategies. (a) establishment of a registration system; (b) close monitoring of slaughterhouses, markets, and herds; (c) training veterinarians; (d) legal protection of the consequences of non-compliance with preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Darbandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Koupaei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Mohsen Heidary
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Malihe Talebi
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Novoa MB, Aguirre NP, Valentini B, Torioni-de-Echaide S, Lisandro Signorini M, Evangelina Primo M, Elena S, René Vanzini V. Development, validation and field evaluation of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Brucella abortus in bulk and individual milk samples in dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105740. [PMID: 35973325 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is an abortigenic and zoonotic disease. In cattle, it is mainly caused by Brucella abortus. The disease is endemic in low- and middle-income countries, being considered a neglected zoonotic disease. In these countries, it is of high importance to develop and validate sensitive, specific and low-cost diagnostic assays for brucellosis. The aim of the present study was the development of an indirect enzyme-linked immune assay (iELISA) to detect anti-B. abortus antibodies in milk samples. We purified the lipopolysaccharide antigen from B. abortus and produced an anti-bovine IgG monoclonal antibody to develop an iELISA (iELISAINTA). The iELISAINTA was validated using 1730 bulk milk samples and 1734 individual milk samples. The sampled dairy herds had at least 3 years of consistency at their positive or negative official brucellosis status. Individual milk samples were taken in parallel with serum samples from the cows. The status of the cows was defined by the result of the complement fixation test (CFT) performed with their serum sample. The reproducibility of the assay was evaluated in two laboratories. In addition, we evaluated the performance of the assay in the field, using 4385 bulk milk samples and 968 individual milk samples. The results of the iELISAINTA were compared with those obtained using the officially accepted brucellosis techniques: iELISA from Canada (iELISACFIA) in milk samples, and the buffered plate antigen (BPA) and the CFT in serum samples. At validation, the sensitivity (Se) of the iELISAINTA in bulk milk samples was 98.61 %, and the specificity (Sp) 98.79 % with a ≥ 10 % of positivity (PP) cutoff. In individual milk samples, the Se was 98.04 %, and the Sp 98.56 % with a ≥ 16 PP cutoff. The chance-corrected agreement kappa value (κ) between the results obtained in the different laboratories was κ = 0.87. In the field evaluation, in bulk milk samples the κ value between the iELISAINTA and the iELISACFIA was κ = 0.86. On individual milk samples, the κ values were: between the iELISAINTA and the iELISACFIA κ = 0.79, between the iELISAINTA and BPA was κ = 0.85, and between the iELISAINTA and CFT κ = 0.82. The developed iELISAINTA showed a very good performance and it could be used as a screening assay for anti-B. abortus antibodies detection in individual milk samples and for epidemiologic surveillance in bulk milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Novoa
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Nerina Patricia Aguirre
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Valentini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Susana Torioni-de-Echaide
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Lisandro Signorini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Evangelina Primo
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Elena
- Laboratorio de Referencia de la OIE para Brucelosis, Dirección General de Laboratorio y Control Técnico (DiLab), Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Martínez CP 1640, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victor René Vanzini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34, km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Wainaina M, Lindahl JF, Dohoo I, Mayer-Scholl A, Roesel K, Mbotha D, Roesler U, Grace D, Bett B, Al Dahouk S. Longitudinal Study of Selected Bacterial Zoonoses in Small Ruminants in Tana River County, Kenya. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081546. [PMID: 36013964 PMCID: PMC9414833 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, Q fever, and leptospirosis are priority zoonoses worldwide, yet their epidemiology is understudied, and studies investigating multiple pathogens are scarce. Therefore, we selected 316 small ruminants in irrigated, pastoral, and riverine settings in Tana River County and conducted repeated sampling for animals that were initially seronegative between September 2014 and June 2015. We carried out serological and polymerase chain reaction tests and determined risk factors for exposure. The survey-weighted serological incidence rates were 1.8 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.3–2.5) and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.7–2.3) cases per 100 animal-months at risk for Leptospira spp. and C. burnetii, respectively. We observed no seroconversions for Brucella spp. Animals from the irrigated setting had 6.83 (95% CI: 2.58–18.06, p-value = 0.01) higher odds of seropositivity to C. burnetii than those from riverine settings. Considerable co-exposure of animals to more than one zoonosis was also observed, with animals exposed to one zoonosis generally having 2.5 times higher odds of exposure to a second zoonosis. The higher incidence of C. burnetii and Leptospira spp. infections, which are understudied zoonoses in Kenya compared to Brucella spp., demonstrate the need for systematic prioritization of animal diseases to enable the appropriate allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wainaina
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (S.A.D.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.R.); (D.M.)
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian Dohoo
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Kristina Roesel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.R.); (D.M.)
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Deborah Mbotha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.R.); (D.M.)
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Delia Grace
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- Animal & Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (J.F.L.); (D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (S.A.D.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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29
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Babo SAY, Fokou G, Yapi RB, Mathew C, Dayoro AK, Kazwala RR, Bonfoh B. Gendered asymmetry of access to knowledge for brucellosis control among pastoral communities in north-west Côte d'Ivoire. PASTORALISM 2022; 12:28. [PMID: 35761971 PMCID: PMC9226107 DOI: 10.1186/s13570-022-00241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an infectious zoonotic disease considered as a threat to public health and pastoralist livelihoods. Symptoms of the disease can lead to gender-specific ailments such as abortions in women and orchitis in men. Pastoralists and their families are at high risk of contracting the disease. Access to health information reinforces existing knowledge and contributes to disease prevention. However, in developing countries, interventions for knowledge sharing on zoonotic diseases predominantly target men. This study aimed to describe mechanisms of knowledge production and transfer on brucellosis according to gender, by assessing the way knowledge affects behaviours of pastoral communities. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among a pastoral community (PC) of the Folon region in north-west Côte d’Ivoire. The study included transhumant pastoralists, sedentary livestock owners, shepherds and their wives. By using mixed methods, 26 semi-structured interviews were conducted, and 320 questionnaires were completed. Statistical analysis with chi-square (χ2) comparison tests was performed to compare variables between men and women. Findings were interpreted through the concept of specialisation of the social exclusion theory. We found that gender influences access to information on brucellosis and transfer of knowledge on brucellosis appeared gender-biased, especially from veterinarians towards men in the community. The social labour division and interventions of veterinarians through awareness reinforce the knowledge gap on brucellosis between men and women. Men and women consume raw milk, whilst only men in general handle animal discharges with bare hands. To improve the control of brucellosis, knowledge on best practice should be shared with pastoral communities using the One Health approach that encourages mutual learning. Innovative strategies based on gender daily tasks such as safe dairy processing by women and safe animal husbandry to expand their herd for men can be the entry point for the prevention of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane A Y Babo
- Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Gilbert Fokou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard B Yapi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre d'Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | | | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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30
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Tober AV, Govender D, Russo IRM, Cable J. The microscopic five of the big five: Managing zoonotic diseases within and beyond African wildlife protected areas. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 117:1-46. [PMID: 35878948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
African protected areas strive to conserve the continent's great biodiversity with a targeted focus on the flagship 'Big Five' megafauna. Though often not considered, this biodiversity protection also extends to the lesser-known microbes and parasites that are maintained in these diverse ecosystems, often in a silent and endemically stable state. Climate and anthropogenic change, and associated diversity loss, however, are altering these dynamics leading to shifts in ecological interactions and pathogen spill over into new niches and hosts. As many African protected areas are bordered by game and livestock farms, as well as villages, they provide an ideal study system to assess infection dynamics at the human-livestock-wildlife interface. Here we review five zoonotic, multi-host diseases (bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, Rift Valley fever, schistosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis)-the 'Microscopic Five'-and discuss the biotic and abiotic drivers of parasite transmission using the iconic Kruger National Park, South Africa, as a case study. We identify knowledge gaps regarding the impact of the 'Microscopic Five' on wildlife within parks and highlight the need for more empirical data, particularly for neglected (schistosomiasis) and newly emerging (cryptosporidiosis) diseases, as well as zoonotic disease risk from the rising bush meat trade and game farm industry. As protected areas strive to become further embedded in the socio-economic systems that surround them, providing benefits to local communities, One Health approaches can help maintain the ecological integrity of ecosystems, while protecting local communities and economies from the negative impacts of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya V Tober
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Danny Govender
- SANParks, Scientific Services, Savanna and Grassland Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Isa-Rita M Russo
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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31
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Cross-Sectional Study of Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine Brucellosis in Selected Districts of Jimma Zone, South Western Oromia, Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9549942. [PMID: 35789646 PMCID: PMC9250430 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9549942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis is one of the most widespread but neglected zoonotic diseases in developing countries where it is an endemic and growing problem causing public health impacts. Developing a cost-effective control strategy of the disease can only be guaranteed by knowledge of the disease epidemiology that defines its risk profiles. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate epidemiological aspects of bovine brucellosis in selected districts of Jimma zone. A cross-sectional study with multistage sampling techniques was conducted on 424 cattle to evaluate its seroprevalence. Likewise, 114 households were included for the investigation of risk factors. SPSS version 20 for data analysis and C-ELISA test for antibody detection were used. Moreover, the chi-square test for univariable analysis and logistic regression model for multivariable analysis were employed to assess association between seropositivity and risk factors. From this study, 3.3% (95% CI: 1.82-5.48) and 12.3% (95% CI: 6.88-19.75) seroprevalence of the disease was detected with the highest proportion found at Kersa district (6.5 (95% CI: 1.37-17.90) and (21.4 (95% CI: 4.66-50.80)) followed by Seka Chokorsa (1.76 (95% CI: 0.37-5.07) and (6.7 (95% CI: 1.40-18.27)) and Mana (1.75 (95% CI: 0.21-6.20) and (7.1 (95% CI: 0.88-23.50)) at individual animals and herd levels, respectively. Cattle of poor body condition, pregnant, and cows with history of abortion and repeat breeding were found 4.8 (95% CI: 2.00-22.74), 4.3 (95% CI: 1.43-13.04), 3.3 (95% CI: 1.07-10.21), and 2.7 (95% CI: 1.86-8.15) times more likely seropositive than their counterparts, respectively. Besides these, mixed feeding style was highly associated with seropositive reactors than separate feeding (AOR = 8.3; 95% CI: 1.76-38.99). These findings depicted substantial areas to be addressed in implementation of appropriate and immediate control actions and establishment of intervention mechanisms of bovine brucellosis.
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32
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Orr B, Westman ME, Norris JM, Repousis S, Ma G, Malik R. Detection of Brucella spp. during a serosurvey of pig-hunting and regional pet dogs in eastern Australia. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:360-366. [PMID: 35607254 PMCID: PMC9543532 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. Brucella suis serotype 1 is thought to be maintained in the Australian feral pig population, with disease prevalence higher in Queensland (Qld) than New South Wales (NSW). Pig hunting is a popular recreational activity in rural Qld and NSW, with feral pigs in these states thought to carry B. suis. Brucellosis associated with B. suis has been diagnosed in dogs engaged in pig hunting in some of these areas. A total of 431 dogs from northern Qld and north‐west NSW were recruited. Two distinct cohorts of clinically healthy dogs were tested – (1) 96 dogs from central, north and far north Queensland actively engaged in pig‐hunting and (2) 335 dogs from rural and remote north‐west NSW that were primarily companion (non‐pig hunting) animals. Serum samples were tested for antibodies to Brucella spp. using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) test followed by complement fixation testing (CFT) for RBT‐positive samples. A subset of samples was retested using RBT and CFT. Seven dogs were considered seropositive for B. suis from Qld and remote NSW, including 4/96 (4.2%; 95% CI 3.5% to 4.3%) from the pig‐hunting cohort and 3/335 (0.9%) from the regional pet dog cohort. The use of RBT and CFT in dogs to detect anti‐Brucella antibodies requires validation. Veterinarians treating pig‐hunting dogs and physicians treating pig hunters in central, north and far north Qld need to be aware of the zoonotic risk posed by B. suis to these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Orr
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M E Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI), Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Repousis
- SydPath, St Vincent's Hospital, 390 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Ma
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Malik
- School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Tilahun A, Kegno S, Adugna T, Mamuye D. A Seroprevalence Study of Brucellosis in Boran (Zebu) Breeds of Pastoral Area. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:91-99. [PMID: 35591876 PMCID: PMC9113493 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s361226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Alebachew Tilahun
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Alebachew Tilahun, Tel +251-949-0220-68, Email
| | - Silto Kegno
- Wolaita Sodo University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Adugna
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Eckstein S, Ehmann R, Gritli A, Ben Rhaiem M, Ben Yahia H, Diehl M, Wölfel R, Handrick S, Ben Moussa M, Stoecker K. Viral and Bacterial Zoonotic Agents in Dromedary Camels from Southern Tunisia: A Seroprevalence Study. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040727. [PMID: 35456778 PMCID: PMC9028256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 clearly demonstrated the potential of zoonotic diseases to cause severe harm to public health. Having limited access to medical care combined with severe underreporting and a lack of active surveillance, Africa carries a high burden of neglected zoonotic diseases. Therefore, the epidemiological monitoring of pathogen circulation is essential. Recently, we found extensive Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) prevalence in free-roaming dromedary camels from southern Tunisia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the seroprevalence, and thus the risk posed to public health, of two additional viral and two bacterial pathogens in Tunisian dromedaries: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Coxiella burnetii and Brucella spp. via ELISA. With 73.6% seropositivity, most animals had previously been exposed to the causative agent of Q fever, C. burnetii. Additionally, 7.4% and 1.0% of the dromedaries had antibodies against Brucella and RVFV, respectively, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of FMDV. Our studies revealed considerable immunological evidence of various pathogens within Tunisian dromedary camels. Since these animals have intense contact with humans, they pose a high risk of transmitting serious zoonotic diseases during active infection. The identification of appropriate countermeasures is therefore highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eckstein
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-992692-3990
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Abderraouf Gritli
- Veterinary Service, General Directorate of Military Health, Ministry of National Defense, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.G.); (M.B.R.); (H.B.Y.)
| | - Mohamed Ben Rhaiem
- Veterinary Service, General Directorate of Military Health, Ministry of National Defense, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.G.); (M.B.R.); (H.B.Y.)
| | - Houcine Ben Yahia
- Veterinary Service, General Directorate of Military Health, Ministry of National Defense, Tunis 1000, Tunisia; (A.G.); (M.B.R.); (H.B.Y.)
| | - Manuel Diehl
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Susann Handrick
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Mohamed Ben Moussa
- Department of Virology, Military Hospital of Instruction of Tunis, Tunis 1008, Tunisia;
| | - Kilian Stoecker
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology (IMB), 80937 Munich, Germany; (R.E.); (M.D.); (R.W.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
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35
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Baroncelli S, Tarantino M, Galluzzo CM, Liotta G, Orlando S, Sagno JB, Luhanga R, Andreotti M, Petrucci P, Amici R, Marazzi MC, Adone R, Giuliano M. Seroprevalence of Brucella Infection in a Cohort of HIV-Positive Malawian Pregnant Women Living in Urban Areas. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:263-266. [PMID: 35333643 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The seroprevalence of Brucella infection in sub-Saharan regions is high, and no recent data are available for Malawi, a country in which >60% of the population is involved in agropastoral activity. Aim: To evaluated the seroprevalence of Brucella in a cohort of HIV-positive pregnant women, living in an urban setting in Malawi. Methods: Sera of 201 pregnant women were tested for Brucella IgG. The Rose Bengal Plate Test and Serum Agglutination Tube test were used to determine antibody titer. Results: Five out of 201 (2.48%) women show positivity to Brucella, consistent with a past exposition to the infection. All five women delivered healthy infants, but two of them reported previous abortion/stillbirths, with a higher rate than those of the rest of the cohort (40% vs. 21.5%). Conclusions: This is one of the first reports of exposure of pregnant women to Brucella infection in Malawi, providing evidence of Brucella occurrence in an urban setting. Control programs should be introduced to reduce its impact on animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baroncelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Tarantino
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Liotta
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Orlando
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Petrucci
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Amici
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Adone
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Giuliano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Rome, Italy
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Shome R, Kalleshamurthy T, Nagaraj C, Rathore Y, Ramanjinappa KD, Skariah S, Mohandoss N, Shome BR, Chanda MM, Hemadri D. Countrywide cross-sectional study of swine brucellosis sero-prevalence in Indian subcontinent during 2018-2019. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:114. [PMID: 35217897 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis in swine is a contagious disease with greater zoonotic potential caused by Brucella suis. The study describes PAN India swine brucellosis sero-prevalence in 5431 stratified random serum samples collected during 2018-2019 from 26 out of 29 states and two out of seven union territories. The serum samples were tested for anti-Brucella antibodies by indirect ELISA and overall, 4.33% apparent prevalence (AP) was recorded. The AP is ≥ 10% in five states among 26 states, P ≥ 50% in four districts out of 117 districts screened and cent percent prevalence in two epi units out of 264 sampled. Significantly high seropositivity (p < 0.05) in male (6.08%) than female pigs (3.46%) and in ≥ 24-month-old pigs indicated older and male pigs as potential carriers of the disease. The study recorded endemicity of the swine brucellosis in few regions of India requiring periodical surveillance for control of the disease. Brucella testing of boars before breeding and awareness among farmers and veterinarians will aid in reduction of disease burden in the absence of vaccination policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India.
| | - Triveni Kalleshamurthy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Chaitra Nagaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Yashaswini Rathore
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Kavana Doddajala Ramanjinappa
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Somy Skariah
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Nagalingam Mohandoss
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Mohammed Mudassar Chanda
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, India
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Werner KA, Poehlein A, Schneider D, El-Said K, Wöhrmann M, Linkert I, Hübner T, Brüggemann N, Prost K, Daniel R, Grohmann E. Thermophilic Composting of Human Feces: Development of Bacterial Community Composition and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Pool. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:824834. [PMID: 35250940 PMCID: PMC8895236 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.824834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In times of climate change, practicing sustainable, climate-resilient, and productive agriculture is of primordial importance. Compost from different resources, now treated as wastes, could be one form of sustainable fertilizer creating a resilience of agriculture to the adverse effects of climate change. However, the safety of the produced compost regarding human pathogens, pharmaceuticals, and related resistance genes must be considered. We have assessed the effect of thermophilic composting of dry toilet contents, green cuttings, and straw, with and without biochar, on fecal indicators, the bacterial community, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Mature compost samples were analyzed regarding fecal indicator organisms, revealing low levels of Escherichia coli that are in line with German regulations for fertilizers. However, one finding of Salmonella spp. exceeded the threshold value. Cultivation of bacteria from the mature compost resulted in 200 isolates with 36.5% of biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) species. The majority is known as opportunistic pathogens that likewise occur in different environments. A quarter of the isolated BSL-2 strains exhibited multiresistance to different classes of antibiotics. Molecular analysis of total DNA before and after composting revealed changes in bacterial community composition and ARGs. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed a decline of the two most abundant phyla Proteobacteria (start: 36-48%, end: 27-30%) and Firmicutes (start: 13-33%, end: 12-16%), whereas the abundance of Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and Planctomycetes rose. Groups containing many human pathogens decreased during composting, like Pseudomonadales, Bacilli with Bacillus spp., or Staphylococcaceae and Enterococcaceae. Gene-specific PCR showed a decline in the number of detectable ARGs from 15 before to 8 after composting. The results reveal the importance of sufficiently high temperatures lasting for a sufficiently long period during the thermophilic phase of composting for reducing Salmonella to levels matching the criteria for fertilizers. However, most severe human pathogens that were targeted by isolation conditions were not detected. Cultivation-independent analyses also indicated a decline in bacterial orders comprising many pathogenic bacteria, as well as a decrease in ARGs. In summary, thermophilic composting could be a promising approach for producing hygienically safe organic fertilizer from ecological sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A. Werner
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Department of Microbiology, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneider
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Khaliel El-Said
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Department of Microbiology, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wöhrmann
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Department of Microbiology, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Linkert
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Department of Microbiology, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hübner
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katharina Prost
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grohmann
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Department of Microbiology, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Germany
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Aliyev J, Alakbarova M, Garayusifova A, Omarov A, Aliyeva S, Fretin D, Godfroid J. Identification and molecular characterization of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis isolated from milk in cattle in Azerbaijan. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:71. [PMID: 35168621 PMCID: PMC8845251 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azerbaijan currently ranks thirteenth in global incidence of human brucellosis, with an estimated annual incidence through 2000 at over 50 cases per million. Brucella melitensis has been isolated from patients and is thought to have been acquired through contact with small ruminants or as a foodborne infection. To reduce the burden of human brucellosis, the Azerbaijani government began in 2002, a nationwide vaccination control campaign in small ruminants. There is serological evidence of bovine brucellosis (presumably due to Brucella abortus) in Azerbaijan, but no prevalence estimates were available when this study started in March 2017. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Brucella spp. from cow milk in the Ganja region, where brucellosis takes a heavy toll on humans and livestock. RESULTS Blood and milk samples were collected from cows (n = 1075) in early lactation (up to 90-days) in farms that had a history of previous positive serological results and abortions. Twenty-two out of 57 milk samples collected from seropositive cows, showed growth on Farrell's media, when incubated with 5% CO2. Eight additional milk samples showed growth in the absence of CO2. The classical biotyping classified them as Brucella abortus (22) and Brucella melitensis (8). RT-PCR confirmed that strains belonged to the genus Brucella. MLVA profiles were obtained for DNA extracted from two B. abortus and six B. melitensis strains. While the B. abortus genetic profile was described in the MLVA database, matching the profile of B. abortus strains isolated in East Europe, Central Asia and China, we found a new genotype for the B. melitensis strains isolated in Azerbaijan, clustering with strains belonging to the American clade, rarely identified in the region. CONCLUSION Despite the implementation of the vaccination program in small ruminants, our results suggest that spill-over events of B. melitensis from small ruminants to cattle have occurred. However, cattle are likely to be primarily infected with B. abortus, which warranted the implementation of a bovine brucellosis program. Such a program started in fall 2017. In the Ganja region, cattle should be considered as a potential source of B. abortus and B. melitensis for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyhun Aliyev
- Department of Epizootology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ASAU - Azerbaijan State Agricultural University, 450, Ataturk Avenue, AZ 2000, Ganja, Azerbaijan
| | - Mahnur Alakbarova
- Goygol Regional Testing Laboratory, Azerbaijan Food Safety Institute, Heydar Aliyev Ave. 142, Goygol, Azerbaijan
| | - Aytan Garayusifova
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UW - The University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Asaf Omarov
- Life Science Department, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, AZ1096, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Saida Aliyeva
- Black & Veatch Special Projects Corp, Maryam Plaza, 12 B.Baghirova, AZ1065, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - David Fretin
- Sciensano, Veterinary Bacteriology, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Postbox 6050, Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Alzuheir I, Al Zabadi H, Abu Helal M. Occupational Exposure Assessment and Seroprevalence of Brucella Specific Antibodies Among Veterinarians in the Northern Palestine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:813900. [PMID: 35071397 PMCID: PMC8770863 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.813900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is one of the most popular zoonosis in the world caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella. The disease is considered an occupational risk to persons dealing with animals and animal products. Brucellosis is endemic in livestock in Palestine. Yet, few studies investigated human brucellosis in Palestine. We aimed to estimate Brucella seropositivity among veterinary healthcare professionals in Northern Palestine, and to assess the associated risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in four governorates in the Northern West Bank (Jenin, Nablus, Qalqylia, and Tulkarm). A sample of 100 veterinarians was collected. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to assess risk factors. Blood samples were collected to be screened for the presence of anti-Brucella IgG using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: The seroprevalence of Brucellosis by ELISA was 76%. Risk factors included working in the public sector, dealing with animals' vaccination, longer period of exposure, and advancing in age. Conclusions: Brucellosis is a high-risk occupational disease among veterinarians. Its prevalence rate among veterinary healthcare workers in the Northern West Bank, Palestine was very high compared to neighboring countries and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alzuheir
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Hamzeh Al Zabadi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.,Public Health Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Muhammed Abu Helal
- Public Health Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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40
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Tulu D. Bovine Brucellosis: Epidemiology, Public Health Implications, and Status of Brucellosis in Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:21-30. [PMID: 35028300 PMCID: PMC8752066 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s347337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that causes serious problems in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Brucella abortus is the primary cause of brucellosis in cattle, and Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis also occasionally cause Brucella infection in cattle. Abortion and the retained fetal membrane are typical signs in females, whereas orchitis and bursitis are the known signs in male cattle. Brucellosis is typically transmitted to healthy cattle by direct or indirect contact with diseased cattle or their discharges. Humans can acquire brucellosis through the consumption of unpasteurized milk or milk products, and through contact with diseased cattle or their discharges. The occurrence of bovine brucellosis is affected by different factors related to the management system, host, and environmental factors. In Ethiopia, the occurrence of brucellosis is high in pastoral and mixed cattle management systems, wherever humans live closely with cattle and so have a higher probability of picking up the Brucella organism. The most suitable technique in the management of Brucella infection is the vaccination of young female cattle. Brucella abortus can also be eradicated by the isolation of diseased cattle, administration of immunizing agents, and test-and-slaughter methods. Therefore, it is important to implement applicable management techniques and to increase public awareness about the transmission of brucellosis, and further research should be conducted on brucellosis in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Dereje Tulu Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 34, Tepi, Ethiopia Email
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41
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Porter I, Neal T, Walker Z, Hayes D, Fowler K, Billups N, Rhoades A, Smith C, Smith K, Staker BL, Dranow DM, Mayclin SJ, Subramanian S, Edwards TE, Myler PJ, Asojo OA. Crystal structures of FolM alternative dihydrofolate reductase 1 from Brucella suis and Brucella canis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2022; 78:31-38. [PMID: 34981773 PMCID: PMC8725004 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21013078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the bacterial genus Brucella cause brucellosis, a zoonotic disease that affects both livestock and wildlife. Brucella are category B infectious agents that can be aerosolized for biological warfare. As part of the structural genomics studies at the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), FolM alternative dihydrofolate reductases 1 from Brucella suis and Brucella canis were produced and their structures are reported. The enzymes share ∼95% sequence identity but have less than 33% sequence identity to other homologues with known structure. The structures are prototypical NADPH-dependent short-chain reductases that share their highest tertiary-structural similarity with protozoan pteridine reductases, which are being investigated for rational therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imani Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Trinity Neal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Zion Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Dylan Hayes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Kayla Fowler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Nyah Billups
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Anais Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Christian Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Kaelyn Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Bart L Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David M Dranow
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J Mayclin
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandhya Subramanian
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas E Edwards
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter J Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Oluwatoyin A Asojo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 100 William R. Harvey Way, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
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Govindasamy K, Thompson PN, Harris BN, Rossouw J, Abernethy DA, Etter EMC. Bovine Brucellosis in Gauteng, South Africa: Seroprevalence amongst Cattle Handlers and Variables Associated with Seropositive Cattle Herds, 2014-2016. Pathogens 2021; 10:1547. [PMID: 34959502 PMCID: PMC8706623 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Africa, the prevalence of cattle handler exposure to Brucella on cattle farms is unknown and risk factors and cattle symptoms associated with infected cattle herds are unavailable. To address this gap, a case-control study of cattle herds was conducted in Gauteng province and farm workers and veterinary officials were tested for exposure to Brucella. Seroprevalence amongst farm workers exposed to case herds ranged from 4.0% (BrucellaCapt®) to 16.7% (IgG ELISA®), compared to those exposed to control herds, where seroprevalence ranged from 1.9% (BrucellaCapt®) to 5.7% (IgG ELISA®). Seroprevalence amongst veterinary officials was significantly greater compared to farm workers exposed to case herds for the outcome RBT+ IgM- IgG+ (OR = 11.1, 95% CI: 2.5-49.9, p = 0.002) and RBT- IgM- IgG+ (OR = 6.3, 95% CI: 2.3-17.3, p < 0.001). Risk factors associated with being an infected herd were: being a government-sponsored farm vs. private farm (OR 4.0; 95% CI: 1.4-11.3; p = 0.009), beef vs. dairy herd (OR 7.9; 95% CI: 1.4-44.9; p = 0.020), open vs. closed herd (OR 3.3; 95% CI: 1.1-10.4; p = 0.038) and the presence of antelope on the farm (OR 29.4; 95% CI: 4.0-218.2; p = 0.001). Abortions (OR = 5.1; 95% CI: 2.0-13.3; p < 0.001), weak calves in the herd (OR = 8.0; 95% CI: 2.6-24.4; p < 0.001), reduction in number of calves born (OR = 9.0; 95% CI: 2.1-43.6; p < 0.001), reduction in conception rate (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 0.8-18.3; p = 0.046), hygromas in cattle (p = 0.011) and farmers reporting brucellosis-like symptoms in their farm workers or in him/herself (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.3-8.7; p = 0.006) were more likely to be associated with Brucella infected herds than control herds. This evidence can be used in strategic planning to protect both human and herd health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krpasha Govindasamy
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (P.N.T.); (E.M.C.E.)
| | - Peter N. Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (P.N.T.); (E.M.C.E.)
| | - Bernice N. Harris
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0031, South Africa;
| | - Jennifer Rossouw
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa;
| | - Darrell A. Abernethy
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa;
- Aberystwyth School of Veterinary Science, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK
| | - Eric M. C. Etter
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; (P.N.T.); (E.M.C.E.)
- CIRAD, UMR AnimalS Health Territories Risks Ecosystems (ASTRE), 34070 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, 34070 Montpellier, France
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Njeru J, Nthiwa D, Akoko J, Oyas H, Bett B. Incidence of Brucella infection in various livestock species raised under the pastoral production system in Isiolo County, Kenya. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:342. [PMID: 34717610 PMCID: PMC8556948 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We implemented a longitudinal study to determine the incidence of Brucella infection in cattle, camels, sheep and goats that were being raised in a pastoral area in Isiolo County, Kenya. An initial cross-sectional survey was implemented to identify unexposed animals for follow up; that survey used 141 camels, 216 cattle, 208 sheep and 161 goats. Sera from these animals were screened for Brucella spp. using the Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT), a modified RBPT, and an indirect multispecies Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). Results of RBPT and iELISA were interpreted in parallel to determine seroprevalence. A total of 30 camels, 31 cattle, 22 sheep and 32 goats that were seronegative by all the above tests were recruited in a subsequent longitudinal study for follow up. These animals were followed for 12 months and tested for anti-Brucella antibodies using iELISA. Seroconversion among these animals was defined by a positive iELISA test following a negative iELISA result in the previous sampling period. All seropositive samples were further tested using real-time PCR-based assays to identify Brucella species. These analyses targeted the alkB and BMEI1162 genes for B. abortus, and B. melitensis, respectively. Data from the longitudinal study were analysed using Cox proportional hazards model that accounted for within-herds clustering of Brucella infections. Results The overall incidence rate of Brucella infection was 0.024 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.014–0.037) cases per animal-months at risk. Brucella infection incidence in camels, cattle, goats and sheep were 0.053 (0.022–0.104), 0.028 (0.010–0.061), 0.013 (0.003–0.036) and 0.006 (0.0002–0.034) cases per animal-month at risk, respectively. The incidence rate of Brucella infection among females and males were 0.020 (0.009–0.036) and 0.016 (0.004–0.091), respectively. Real-time PCR analyses showed that B. abortus was more prevalent than B. melitensis in the area. Results of multivariable Cox regression analysis identified species (camels and cattle) as an important predictor of Brucella spp. exposure in animals. Conclusions This study estimated an overall brucellosis incidence of 0.024 cases per animal-months at risk with camels and cattle having higher incidence than sheep and goats. These results will inform surveillance studies in the area. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03036-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Njeru
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya.
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Harry Oyas
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Unit, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Reyes AWB, Huy TXN, Vu SH, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Choi JS, Lee JH, Kim S. Protection of palmitic acid treatment in RAW264.7 cells and BALB/c mice during Brucella abortus 544 infection. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e18. [PMID: 33774934 PMCID: PMC8007444 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously elucidated the protective mechanism of Korean red ginseng oil (RGO) against Brucella abortus infection, and our phytochemical analysis revealed that palmitic acid (PA) was an abundant component of RGO. Consequently, we investigated the contribution of PA against B. abortus. Objectives We aimed to investigate the efficacy of PA against B. abortus infection using a murine cell line and a murine model. Methods Cell viability, bactericidal, internalization, and intracellular replication, western blot, nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide (O2-) analyses and flow cytometry were performed to determine the effects of PA on the progression of B. abortus infection in macrophages. Flow cytometry for cytokine analysis of serum samples and bacterial counts from the spleens were performed to determine the effect of PA in a mouse model. Results PA did not affect the growth of B. abortus. PA treatment in macrophages did not change B. abortus uptake but it did attenuate the intracellular survivability of B. abortus. Incubation of cells with PA resulted in a modest increase in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. Compared to control cells, reduced nitrite accumulation, augmented O2-, and enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed in PA-treated B. abortus-infected cells. Mice orally treated with PA displayed a decreased serum interleukin-10 level and enhanced bacterial resistance. Conclusions Our results suggest that PA participates in the control of B. abortus within murine macrophages, and the in vivo study results confirm its efficacy against the infection. However, further investigations are encouraged to completely characterize the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of B. abortus infection by fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Son Hai Vu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jin Ju Lee
- Bacterial Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jeong Soo Choi
- Bacterial Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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45
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Bodenham RF, Mazeri S, Cleaveland S, Crump JA, Fasina FO, de Glanville WA, Haydon DT, Kazwala RR, Kibona TJ, Maro VP, Maze MJ, Mmbaga BT, Mtui-Malamsha NJ, Shirima GM, Swai ES, Thomas KM, Bronsvoort BMD, Halliday JEB. Latent class evaluation of the performance of serological tests for exposure to Brucella spp. in cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009630. [PMID: 34428205 PMCID: PMC8384210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis endemic in many countries, including regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluated diagnostic tools for the detection of exposure to Brucella spp. are important for disease surveillance and guiding prevention and control activities. METHODS AND FINDINGS Bayesian latent class analysis was used to evaluate performance of the Rose Bengal plate test (RBT) and a competitive ELISA (cELISA) in detecting Brucella spp. exposure at the individual animal-level for cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania. Median posterior estimates of RBT sensitivity were: 0.779 (95% Bayesian credibility interval (BCI): 0.570-0.894), 0.893 (0.636-0.989), and 0.807 (0.575-0.966), and for cELISA were: 0.623 (0.443-0.790), 0.409 (0.241-0.644), and 0.561 (0.376-0.713), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Sensitivity BCIs were wide, with the widest for cELISA in sheep. RBT and cELISA median posterior estimates of specificity were high across species models: RBT ranged between 0.989 (0.980-0.998) and 0.995 (0.985-0.999), and cELISA between 0.984 (0.974-0.995) and 0.996 (0.988-1). Each species model generated seroprevalence estimates for two livestock subpopulations, pastoralist and non-pastoralist. Pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were: 0.063 (0.045-0.090), 0.033 (0.018-0.049), and 0.051 (0.034-0.076), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Non-pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were below 0.01 for all species models. Series and parallel diagnostic approaches were evaluated. Parallel outperformed a series approach. Median posterior estimates for parallel testing were ≥0.920 (0.760-0.986) for sensitivity and ≥0.973 (0.955-0.992) for specificity, for all species models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Brucella spp. surveillance in Tanzania using RBT and cELISA in parallel at the animal-level would give high test performance. There is a need to evaluate strategies for implementing parallel testing at the herd- and flock-level. Our findings can assist in generating robust Brucella spp. exposure estimates for livestock in Tanzania and wider sub-Saharan Africa. The adoption of locally evaluated robust diagnostic tests in setting-specific surveillance is an important step towards brucellosis prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F. Bodenham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - William A. de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T. Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tito J. Kibona
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Venance P. Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Michael J. Maze
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Niwael J. Mtui-Malamsha
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gabriel M. Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Emanuel S. Swai
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kate M. Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barend M. deC. Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jo E. B. Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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46
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Jakipov Y, Mustafin M, Valdovska A, Baiseitov S, Aitkulova A. Genetic identification of the causative agent of Brucellosis. POTRAVINARSTVO 2021. [DOI: 10.5219/1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of animal husbandry suffers various kinds of losses due to the spread of infectious diseases among animals, in particular Brucellosis. A challenge faced by Brucella researchers has been the accurate identification of new isolates within the genus while preserving sufficient, and not excessive, biosafety and biosecurity requirements. The availability of discriminatory molecular typing tools to inform and assist conventional epidemiological approaches would be invaluable in controlling these infections, but efforts have been hampered by the genetic homogeneity of the genus. In this work, for better identification of infection, for control and monitor the source of outbreaks in prosperous areas was carried out identification of Brucella spp. strains which circulating in the Kostanay region. For this was used using multilocus analysis of a variable number of tandem repeats sequenced by 16 s – PNK on a genetic analyzer (sequencer). According to the results of a study of cattle, cultures of microorganisms were infected: No. 4, 5, 7, 8. Comparison of the obtained results with similar results of domestic and foreign works by A. Shevtsov, G. Borrello, P. Le Fleche, G. Garofolo suggest that the genotyping of local strains has an importance in the molecular epizootology of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
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47
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Mburu CM, Bukachi SA, H. Tokpa K, Fokou G, Shilabukha K, Ezekiel M, Bonfoh B, Kazwala R, Kreppel K. Lay attitudes and misconceptions and their implications for the control of brucellosis in an agro-pastoral community in Kilombero district, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009500. [PMID: 34111114 PMCID: PMC8219154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a priority zoonotic disease in Tanzania that causes ill-health in people and affects livestock productivity. Inadequate awareness and behavior risking transmission can impede control efforts. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 333 livestock owners in three villages in the Kilombero district, Tanzania, to understand their awareness, knowledge and behavior associated with brucellosis. Six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), two in each village, were conducted, as well as an additional FGD with male herders from one of the villages. Factors associated with knowledge on brucellosis, food consumption and animal husbandry behavior risking transmission of this disease, were identified using generalized linear models. Predictors for knowledge of brucellosis were being male and having a higher educational level, while age was positively associated with a higher level of knowledge. Faith and ethnicity were associated with the performance of practices risking transmission. Following traditional religion and belonging to the Wamaasai ethnicity significantly increased the odds of carrying out these practices. Qualitative analysis gave insight into risk practices and reasoning. Of the 333 respondents, 29% reported that they had experienced abortions in their herds, 14% witnessed retained placentas, and 8% had seen still-births in their cattle within the previous year. However, survey results also showed that only 7.2% of participants had heard about brucellosis as a disease in livestock. Of those who had heard about brucellosis in livestock, 91% associated abortions with it and 71% knew that humans can get infected through raw milk consumption. People overwhelmingly attributed symptoms and transmission of brucellosis in livestock to infection with trypanosomiasis and to supernatural reasons instead. In the community, consumption of raw milk was valued and handling of aborted material was not considered a risk for infection. This agro-pastoralist community holds on to long-held beliefs and practices and lacks understanding of the biomedical concept of brucellosis. Transmission routes and symptoms of brucellosis in humans and livestock are completely unknown. The disparity between risk perception and actual transmission risk related to animal handling and consumption of animal products presents a challenge for disease awareness communication. This study recommends focused community engagement and sensitization to address the limited awareness and misconceptions among agro-pastoralists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Mburu
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kathrin H. Tokpa
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
| | - Gilbert Fokou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
| | - Khamati Shilabukha
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mangi Ezekiel
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire
| | | | - Katharina Kreppel
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
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48
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Akoko JM, Pelle R, Lukambagire AS, Machuka EM, Nthiwa D, Mathew C, Fèvre EM, Bett B, Cook EAJ, Othero D, Bonfoh B, Kazwala RR, Shirima G, Schelling E, Halliday JEB, Ouma C. Molecular epidemiology of Brucella species in mixed livestock-human ecosystems in Kenya. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8881. [PMID: 33893352 PMCID: PMC8065124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by several species of the genus Brucella, is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and animal species worldwide. Information on the Brucella species circulating in different hosts in Kenya is largely unknown, thus limiting the adoption of targeted control strategies. This study was conducted in multi-host livestock populations in Kenya to detect the circulating Brucella species and assess evidence of host-pathogen associations. Serum samples were collected from 228 cattle, 162 goats, 158 sheep, 49 camels, and 257 humans from Narok and Marsabit counties in Kenya. Information on age, location and history of abortion or retained placenta were obtained for sampled livestock. Data on age, gender and location of residence were also collected for human participants. All samples were tested using genus level real-time PCR assays with primers specific for IS711 and bcsp31 targets for the detection of Brucella. All genus positive samples (positive for both targets) were further tested with a speciation assay for AlkB and BMEI1162 targets, specific for B. abortus and B. melitensis, respectively. Samples with adequate quantities aggregating to 577 were also tested with the Rose Bengal Test (RBT). A total of 199 (33.3%) livestock and 99 (38.5%) human samples tested positive for genus Brucella. Animal Brucella PCR positive status was positively predicted by RBT positive results (OR = 8.3, 95% CI 4.0-17.1). Humans aged 21-40 years had higher odds (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.6) of being Brucella PCR positive compared to the other age categories. The data on detection of different Brucella species indicates that B. abortus was detected more often in cattle (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.6) and camels (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.3), while B. melitensis was detected more in sheep (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 2.0-6.7) and goats (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.1). Both B. abortus and B. melitensis DNA were detected in humans and in multiple livestock host species, suggesting cross-transmission of these species among the different hosts. The detection of these two zoonotic Brucella species in humans further underpins the importance of One Health prevention strategies that target multiple host species, especially in the multi-host livestock populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Akoko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya.
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub KE, Nairobi, Kenya.
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub KE, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Eunice M Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub KE, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | | | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Doreen Othero
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Gabriel Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
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49
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Whatmore AM, Foster JT. Emerging diversity and ongoing expansion of the genus Brucella. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104865. [PMID: 33872784 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable genetic diversity and breadth of host species has been uncovered in the Brucella genus over the past decade, fundamentally changing our concept of what it means to be a Brucella. From ocean fishes and marine mammals, to pond dwelling amphibians, forest foxes, desert rodents, and cave-dwelling bats, Brucella have revealed a variety of previously unknown niches. Classical microbiological techniques have been able to help us classify many of these new strains but at times have limited our ability to see the true relationships among or within species. The closest relatives of Brucella are soil bacteria and the adaptations of Brucella spp. to live intracellularly suggest that the genus has evolved to live in vertebrate hosts. Several recently discovered species appear to have phenotypes that are intermediate between soil bacteria and core Brucella, suggesting that they may represent ancestral traits that were subsequently lost in the traditional species. Remarkably, the broad relationships among Brucella species using a variety of sequence and fragment-based approaches have been upheld when using comparative genomics with whole genomes. Nonetheless, genomes are required for fine-scale resolution of many of the relationships and for understanding the evolutionary history of the genus. We expect that the coming decades will reveal many more hosts and previously unknown diversity in a wide range of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Whatmore
- OIE and FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Jeffrey T Foster
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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50
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Deka RP, Shome R, Dohoo I, Magnusson U, Randolph DG, Lindahl JF. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Brucella Infection in Dairy Animals in Urban and Rural Areas of Bihar and Assam, India. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040783. [PMID: 33918538 PMCID: PMC8070207 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed seropositivity of Brucella infection in dairy animals and risk factors associated with it. The cross-sectional study used multi-stage, random sampling in the states of Bihar and Assam in India. In total, 740 dairy animals belonging to 534 households of 52 villages were covered under this study. Serological testing was conducted by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Animal-level Brucella seropositivity was found to be 15.9% in Assam and 0.3% in Bihar. Seropositivity in urban areas (18.7%) of Assam was found to be higher than in rural areas (12.4%). Bihar was excluded from the risk factor analysis, as only one Brucella seropositive sample was detected in the state. A total of 30 variables were studied for assessing risk factors, of which 15 were selected for multivariable regression analyses following a systematic process. Finally, only three risk factors were identified as statistically significant. It was found that animals belonging to districts having smaller-sized herds were less likely (p < 0.001) to be Brucella seropositive than animals belonging to districts having larger-sized herds. Furthermore, the chance of being Brucella seropositive increased (p = 0.007) with the increase in age of dairy animals, but decreased (p = 0.072) with the adoption of artificial insemination (AI) for breeding. We speculated that the identified risk factors in Assam likely explained the reason behind lower Brucella seropositivity in Bihar, and therefore any future brucellosis control program should focus on addressing these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Pratim Deka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (U.M.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Animal & Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-943-554-7126
| | - Rajeswari Shome
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bangalore 560064, India;
| | - Ian Dohoo
- Professor Emeritus—Epidemiology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada;
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (U.M.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Delia Grace Randolph
- Department of Animal & Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Food Safety System, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent ME44TB, UK
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (U.M.); (J.F.L.)
- Department of Animal & Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
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