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Sofer Y, Osher E, Abu Ahmad W, Yacobi Bach M, Even Zohar N, Zaid D, Golani N, Moshe Y, Tordjman K, Stern N, Greenman Y. Gender-affirming hormone therapy effect on cortisol levels in trans males and trans females. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2024; 100:164-169. [PMID: 37933843 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown differences in baseline and stimulated cortisol levels between men and women. Whether this difference is secondary to sex hormones or to other factors, such as genetic or epigenetic changes, is unknown. We investigated the effect of gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis of transgender subjects in an effort to throw light on this question. METHODS Ten transgender males (TM) and eight transgender females (TF) underwent a low-dose (1 µg) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test before and 6 months after GAHT initiation. Serum total, free and salivary cortisol (SC) levels were measured at baseline and at 20, 30 and 40 min. RESULTS For the TM, all three levels were significantly lower at several time points after ACTH injection compared to pretreatment levels following 6 months of treatment (p < .05). Likewise, the overall SC response as calculated by the area under the curve was significantly lower (p = .0053). For the TF, the basal total cortisol (TC) level increased after 6 months of treatment (p < .01) while ACTH-stimulated SC levels decreased significantly. The basal ACTH levels were significantly lower following hormonal therapy (p < .001). CONCLUSION Stimulated salivary cortisol levels decreased significantly after 6 months of GAHT in both male and female transgender subjects, possibly reflecting a decreased state of anxiety associated with treatment initiation. Additionally, basal and stimulated serum TC levels increased after hormonal treatment in the TF, probably secondary to the effect of oestrogen on cortisol-binding globulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Sofer
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Osher
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wiessam Abu Ahmad
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Yacobi Bach
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naomi Even Zohar
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dana Zaid
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nehama Golani
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaffa Moshe
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karen Tordjman
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Naftali Stern
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yona Greenman
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Dominguez-Menendez G, Poggi H, Ochoa-Molina F, D'Apremont I, Moore R, Allende F, Solari S, Martinez-Aguayo A. Extremely and very preterm children who were born appropriate for gestational age show no differences in cortisol concentrations or diurnal rhythms compared to full-term children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:1018-1027. [PMID: 37795843 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the diurnal variations in cortisol and cortisone concentrations in serum and saliva among extremely preterm (EPT), very preterm (VPT), and full-term (FT) children, all born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). METHODS EPT, VPT, and FT children, all born AGA, were recruited from two healthcare centers. Cortisol and cortisone concentrations in serum and saliva were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC‒MS). Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric tests. RESULTS A total of 101 children (5.0-8.9 years old) were included in this study: EPT=18, VPT=43 and FT=40. All groups had similar distributions in terms of age, birth weight standard deviation score (SDS) and BMI (SDS), showing no differences in serum ACTH, cortisol, or cortisone levels. Additionally, salivary cortisol and cortisone concentrations decreased significantly throughout the day (p-values<0.0001). Salivary cortisol concentrations were below the limit of detection (0.55 nmol/L) before dinner and before bedtime in approximately one-third and two-thirds of all children, respectively. Salivary cortisone was detectable in all but one sample. CONCLUSIONS The diurnal cortisol rhythm was preserved in all preterm children, regardless of their gestational age, and no differences in cortisol concentrations among the groups were found. This may have significant implications for the clinical management and follow-up of preterm individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Dominguez-Menendez
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Paediatric, University of British Columbia/BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Helena Poggi
- Endocrinology Units, Paediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Ochoa-Molina
- Endocrinology Units, Paediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivonne D'Apremont
- Endocrinology Units, Paediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosario Moore
- Endocrinology Units, Paediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fidel Allende
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Macul, Chile
| | - Sandra Solari
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Macul, Chile
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Aguayo
- Endocrinology Units, Paediatrics Division, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Isakovic B, Bertoldi B, Tuvblad C, Cucurachi S, Raine A, Baker L, Ling S, Evans BE. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsivity during adolescence in relation to psychopathic personality traits later in life. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 241:104055. [PMID: 37866039 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychopathic personality traits have been linked to low physiological arousal, particularly among high risk and forensic samples. A core indicator of physiological arousal is the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; however, findings of a link between HPA axis functioning and psychopathic personality traits have been inconsistent. Furthermore, given sex differences in both HPA axis responsivity and psychopathic personality traits, the association may be expected to differ between men and women. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HPA axis responsivity in mid-adolescence and psychopathic personality traits in early adulthood and determine whether the association was moderated by sex. We examined this link in a general population sample of twins (N = 556). Adolescents participated in a psychosocial stress task during which samples of salivary cortisol were collected (11-15 years) and reported psychopathic personality traits using the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (19-20 years). Multilevel linear regression models were estimated in which psychopathic personality traits (boldness, meanness and disinhibition), and their interactions with sex, were regressed on HPA axis responsivity. The study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (osf.io/gs2a8). Preliminary analyses showed that cortisol levels did not increase significantly during the stressor task but decreased during recovery. Results showed that there was no association between HPA axis responsivity in mid-adolescence and psychopathic personality traits in early adulthood. The associations were not moderated by sex. Findings suggest that HPA axis responsivity in mid-adolescence did not serve as a biological marker for psychopathic personality traits among young adults from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belma Isakovic
- School of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Bridget Bertoldi
- Clinical Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Catherine Tuvblad
- School of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sara Cucurachi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Laura Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Shichun Ling
- School of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; School of Criminal Justice and Criminalistics, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Brittany E Evans
- School of Behavioural, Social and Legal Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Corbett BA, McGonigle T, Muscatello RA, Liu J, Vandekar S. The developmental trajectory of diurnal cortisol in autistic and neurotypical youth. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37435752 PMCID: PMC10784411 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing age and puberty affect the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis maturation, which is likely associated with an increase in environmental demands (e.g., social) and vulnerability for the onset of psychiatric conditions (e.g., depression). There is limited research as to whether such patterns are consonant in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a condition marked by social challenges, dysregulation of the HPA axis, and higher rates of depression setting the stage for enhanced vulnerability during this developmental period.The current study interrogated diurnal cortisol by examining (1) cortisol expression longitudinally over the pubertal transition between autistic and neurotypical youth, (2) the trajectory of diurnal cortisol and the unique contributions of age vs. puberty, and (3) potential sex differences. As hypothesized, results indicate autistic compared to typically developing youth demonstrate a shallower diurnal slope and elevated evening cortisol. These differences were in the context of higher cortisol and flatter rhythms based on age and pubertal development. Also, sex-based differences emerged such that females in both groups had higher cortisol, flatter slopes, and higher evening cortisol than males. The results show that despite the trait-like stability of diurnal cortisol, HPA maturation is impacted by age, puberty, sex, as well as an ASD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe A. Corbett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Trey McGonigle
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachael A. Muscatello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Simon Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Grigoropoulou M, Kapetanakis EI, Attilakos A, Charalampopoulos A, Dimopoulou A, Vamvakas E, Mavrigiannaki E, Zavras N. Investigating Non-Pharmacological Stress Reduction Interventions in Pediatric Patients Confirmed with Salivary Cortisol Levels: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Rep 2023; 15:349-359. [PMID: 37368364 DOI: 10.3390/pediatric15020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For many children, hospitalization can lead to a state of increased anxiety. Being away from home, the invasive procedures undertaken, and the uncertainty of the outcome cause an uncomfortable situation in anticipation of real or imagined hazards. This systematic review aims to assess current evidence on the types of non-pharmacological interventions used and their impact on children's anxiety or distress levels when they visit the hospital for planned or unplanned admissions. The Databases PubMed, Psych INFO, and Google Scholar were queried for papers published from January 2000 to March 2023 reporting the use of non-pharmacological interventions interacting with children in hospital or clinical environments and confirmed with saliva cortisol levels. A total of nine studies were retrieved. Across these studies, four different strategies of non-pharmacological interventions were used. Anxiety and distress were found to be reduced in the majority of the studies as confirmed with salivary cortisol. Overall, there is evidence that non-pharmacological interventions hold a promising role in reducing levels of anxiety or distress in children as confirmed with saliva cortisol. However, research on saliva cortisol as a tool of anxiety measurement requires higher quality studies to strengthen the evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanouil I Kapetanakis
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Achilleas Attilakos
- Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Anestis Charalampopoulos
- Third Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Dimopoulou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstratios Vamvakas
- Second Department of Critical Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Mavrigiannaki
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Zavras
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
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Stam JV, Kallen VL, Westenberg PM. Associations between Autonomic and Endocrine Reactivity to Stress in Adolescence: Related to the Development of Anxiety? Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060869. [PMID: 36981526 PMCID: PMC10048500 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Internalizing disorders in adolescence have been associated with disturbances in autonomic and endocrine functioning. Because the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system play a central role in regulating both the autonomic and the endocrine systems, their joint functioning is hypothesized to provide information about the potential development of internalizing symptoms throughout adolescence, notably in the preclinical stage. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 198 adolescents from the general population. Heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance levels (SCLs) were measured before, during, and after a public speaking task. These autonomic parameters were associated with cortisol response to the task in the complete sample as well as in low- and high-anxiety adolescents separately. Self-reported social anxiety, low HRV, and high SCL recovery values were predictive of cortisol response. Importantly, in low-anxiety adolescents, only HRV during the task predicted the cortisol response, whereas, in their highly anxious peers, both HRV and SCL were strongly associated with this response. In the latter finding, age was a prominent factor. Additional analyses supported the idea that the interaction of autonomic and endocrine reactivity is subject to natural development. These findings provide evidence that adolescence might be a period of highly interactive emotional–neurobiological development, particularly with respect to the development of stress management skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline V. Stam
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Sciences (TNO), Department of Human Behavior & Training, Kampweg 55, 3769 DE Soesterberg, The Netherlands
- Unit Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-6-27622113
| | - Victor L. Kallen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Sciences (TNO), Department of Human Behavior & Training, Kampweg 55, 3769 DE Soesterberg, The Netherlands
- Unit Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P. Michiel Westenberg
- Unit Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cohen N, Faleschini S, Rifas-Shiman SL, Bouchard L, Doyon M, Simard O, Arguin M, Fink G, Alman AC, Kirby R, Chen H, Wilson R, Fryer K, Perron P, Oken E, Hivert MF. Associations of maternal glucose markers in pregnancy with cord blood glucocorticoids and child hair cortisol levels. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:88-95. [PMID: 35801348 PMCID: PMC9825683 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to maternal hyperglycemia in utero has been associated with adverse metabolic outcomes in offspring. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between maternal hyperglycemia and offspring cortisol levels. We assessed associations of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with cortisol biomarkers in two longitudinal prebirth cohorts: Project Viva included 928 mother-child pairs and Gen3G included 313 mother-child pairs. In Project Viva, GDM was diagnosed in N = 48 (5.2%) women using a two-step procedure (50 g glucose challenge test, if abnormal followed by 100 g oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]), and in N = 29 (9.3%) women participating in Gen3G using one-step 75 g OGTT. In Project Viva, we measured cord blood glucocorticoids and child hair cortisol levels during mid-childhood (mean (SD) age: 7.8 (0.8) years) and early adolescence (mean (SD) age: 13.2 (0.9) years). In Gen3G, we measured hair cortisol at 5.4 (0.3) years. We used multivariable linear regression to examine associations of GDM with offspring cortisol, adjusting for child age and sex, maternal prepregnancy body mass index, education, and socioeconomic status. We additionally adjusted for child race/ethnicity in the cord blood analyses. In both Project Viva and Gen3G, we observed null associations of GDM and maternal glucose markers in pregnancy with cortisol biomarkers in cord blood at birth (β = 16.6 nmol/L, 95% CI -60.7, 94.0 in Project Viva) and in hair samples during childhood (β = -0.56 pg/mg, 95% CI -1.16, 0.04 in Project Viva; β = 0.09 pg/mg, 95% CI -0.38, 0.57 in Gen3G). Our findings do not support the hypothesis that maternal hyperglycemia is related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Cohen
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sabrina Faleschini
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Clinical Department of Laboratory medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Saguenay–Lac-St-Jean – Hôpital Universitaire de Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada
| | - Myriam Doyon
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Simard
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melina Arguin
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Fink
- Department of Medical Biology, University Health and Social Service Center of the Estrie, Fleurimont, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amy C. Alman
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Russell Kirby
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Henian Chen
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ronee Wilson
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kimberly Fryer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Patrice Perron
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Diabetes Unit, Boston, MA, USA
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Linnemann P, Friedrich N, Nauck M, Teismann H, Berger K. The relationship between cortisol awakening response and trait resilience in two patient cohorts and one population-based cohort. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 24:429-438. [PMID: 36239666 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2129445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined (1) the proportion of cortisol awakening non-responders, (2) the association between cortisol awakening response (CAR) and trait resilience, and (3) the association between CAR increase and trait resilience in two patient cohorts (depression and myocardial infarction [CVD]) and one population-based cohort. METHODS Eight hundred and eighty study participants delivered CAR scores (response and increase) based on three self-collected saliva samples and a trait resilience score. Descriptive data of CAR non-responders were reported and calculated. Associations between CAR response/increase and trait resilience, sociodemographic and compliance variables were evaluated using multiple logistic and multiple linear regression analyses stratified by cohort. RESULTS The proportion of CAR non-responders was high in all cohorts (57% depression cohort, 53.4% CVD cohort, 51.6% control cohort). In the depression cohort age was associated with CAR response and increase. In the CVD cohort salivary collection on a weekday was associated with CAR response and awakening time with CAR increase. In the control cohort age was associated with CAR response and sex with CAR increase. CONCLUSIONS We observed many CAR non-responders and significant associations between CAR response and CAR increase with single sociodemographic and compliance variables. We did not find significant relationships between CAR response or increase and trait resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Linnemann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henning Teismann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Munster, Germany
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Ma L, Liu X, Yan N, Gan Y, Wu Y, Li Y, Chu M, Chiu DT, Ma L. Associations Between Different Cortisol Measures and Adiposity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:879256. [PMID: 35811977 PMCID: PMC9260431 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.879256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined associations between hair, salivary, serum, and urinary cortisol concentration with adiposity-related indicators in children, and explored their potential effects modification by age, sex, cortisol measurement method, and country developmental context. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for studies examining at least one of the four aforementioned cortisol with objectively measured adiposity-related outcomes in children. Meta-analyses of cross-sectional studies revealed that hair cortisol concentration was associated with fat mass index (FMI)-standard deviation score (SDS)/FMI z-score (pooled-β = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.08) and BMI/BMI z-score (pooled-β = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.25), and these associations were significant among children aged ≤ 12 years (pooled-β = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.26) and >12 years (pooled-β = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.22), children from developed countries (pooled β = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.21) and developing countries (pooled-β = 0.193, 95% CI: 0.188, 0.198), and in studies extracting cortisol via LC-MS/MS (pooled-β = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.29) but not ELISA (pooled-β = 0.08, 95% CI: −0.06, 0.22). Meta-analyses of both cohort and cross-sectional studies revealed non-significant associations of morning salivary cortisol concentration and total daily cortisol output with BMI/BMI z-score. Serum cortisol concentration was not associated with BMI or waist circumference. Meta-analysis of urinary cortisol concentration and adiposity was hindered by insufficient data. These findings further corroborate understanding of chronic stress’ physiological contribution to increased pediatric obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Na Yan
- School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yiqun Gan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Chu
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Dorothy T. Chiu
- Community Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dorothy T. Chiu,
| | - Le Ma
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Le Ma,
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Cortisol trajectories measured prospectively across thirty years of female development following exposure to childhood sexual abuse: Moderation by epigenetic age acceleration at midlife. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 136:105606. [PMID: 34896740 PMCID: PMC8724404 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lasting changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are a potential indication of the biological embedding of early life adversity, yet, prospective and repeatedly collected data are needed to confirm this relation. Likewise, integrating information from multiple biological systems, such as the HPA axis and the epigenome, has the potential to identify individuals with enhanced embedding of early life adversity. The current study reports results from the Female Growth and Development Study, a 30-year prospective cohort study of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Females exposed to substantiated CSA and a demographically-similar comparison condition were enrolled and resting state cortisol concentrations were sampled on seven subsequent occasions across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Differences in participants' cortisol trajectories were examined in relation to prior CSA exposure and DNA methylation-derived epigenetic age acceleration at midlife. Bilinear spline growth models revealed a trajectory where cortisol secretion increased until approximately age twenty and then declined into mid-life, consistent with normative trends. However, cortisol concentrations peaked at a lower level and transitioned to the decline phase at an earlier age for females in the CSA condition with increased epigenetic age acceleration. Robustness tests across three independent measures of epigenetic age acceleration demonstrated similar results for lower peak cortisol levels and earlier ages at transition. Results suggest that CSA is associated with significant changes in HPA-axis activity over extended periods of time with these changes most pronounced in females with accelerated epigenetic aging in mid-life. Implications for biological embedding models of early life adversity and adulthood health are discussed.
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11
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Reading Skills, Social Competence, and Physiological Stress in the First Grade. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-021-09487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn awareness of school-related antecedents of children’s physiological stress at the beginning of school helps educators to prevent and mitigate children’s stress, the one of the major obstacles to their well-being and academic progress. We aimed to study the effect of reading skills and social competence on first-grade students’ salivary cortisol levels in natural settings. Based on previous results of the effects of everyday situations on children’s stress according to gender, we expected that both academic and social skills would affect girls’ physiological stress more, compared to boys. Our sample consisted of 277 students (7–8 years old, 50.2% girls). We used the highest salivary cortisol level of three morning samples and a cortisol level from the middle of the school day as physiological stress indicators. Reading skills were assessed by group-administered tests and social competence by teacher ratings. We found that lower reading comprehension skills and lower disruptiveness were related to higher cortisol levels for girls but not for boys. Higher empathy and lower disruptiveness moderated the effect of better reading comprehension on higher psychological stress in the middle of the school day only for girls. By recognizing the antecedents of children’s stress and supporting their academic and social skills, children’s, especially girls’, physiological self-regulation and coping skills in the primary grades will benefit.
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12
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Damen L, Donze SH, Grootjen LN, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Long-term cortisol levels in hair of children and adolescents with Prader-Willi Syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105335. [PMID: 34225184 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by hypothalamic dysfunction. In children with PWS, stress-induced central adrenal insufficiency (CAI) has been described, however, daily life cortisol production may be normal. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a marker of long-term systemic cortisol production. Cortisol awakening response (CAR) is the increase in cortisol level after awakening. A negative CAR might suggest hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis reactivity problems. Little is known about HCC and CAR in children with PWS. OBJECTIVE To investigate long-term cortisol levels in hair and CAR in children with PWS. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PATIENTS 41 children with PWS. SETTING Dutch PWS Reference Center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES HCC and salivary cortisol measured by LCMS. RESULTS Median (IQR) HCC was 1.90 (1.02-3.30) pg/mg at a median (IQR) age of 14.5 (8.20-19.0) years, with median HCC in age-matched references being 2.63 pg/mg. Five patients (13.2%) had HCC < 2.5th percentile for age and these patients had a repeatedly negative CAR. Median HCC was significantly lower in patients with negative CAR than in patients with normal CAR (1.00 (0.22-1.59) vs. 2.25 (1.47-3.26) pg/mg, p = 0.007). One patient had both HCC < 2.5th percentile and repeatedly low morning salivary cortisol levels and negative CAR, and was diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency by overnight metyrapone test. CONCLUSIONS HCC were normal in the majority of children with PWS. Our data suggest that children with HCC < 2.5th percentile and (repeatedly) negative CAR might possibly have adrenal insufficiency or delayed HPA-axis responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Damen
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Dutch Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, The Netherlands.
| | - S H Donze
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Dutch Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, The Netherlands
| | - L N Grootjen
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Dutch Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, The Netherlands
| | - A C S Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Dutch Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, The Netherlands
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13
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Doan SN. Allostatic load: Developmental and conceptual considerations in a multi-system physiological indicator of chronic stress exposure. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:825-836. [PMID: 33650132 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental researchers studying how stress affects health have often focused on specific, individual, physiological parameters such as cortisol. Yet, recent theories of stress biology emphasize that the stress response is multi-faceted and engages distinct yet interconnected physiological systems, including metabolic, immune, and cardiovascular systems that respond to one another. Moreover, advocates of a systems approach also argue that the confluence of changes across several physiological systems presents a health risk, even when one indicator alone is not predictive of health outcomes. Allostatic load is one potential multi-system indicator of stress, capturing the cumulative, physiological burden of chronic stress exposure on the body. At the same time, studying allostatic load during early development raises several issues, including how allostatic load is operationalized, the clinical importance of commonly used biomarkers during distinct periods of development, and the fundamental role of timing. In this review paper, we discuss the potential of allostatic load in the context of studies of stress in developmental science, review developmental studies that have assessed allostatic load, and articulate critical conceptual questions regarding the study of allostatic load during the childhood years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey N Doan
- Claremont McKenna College & City of Hope National Medical Center, Claremont, CA, USA
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14
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Bencharit S, Redenz RG, Brody ER, Chiang H. Salivary biomarkers associated with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:223-233. [PMID: 33404265 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1873132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to define and characterize current literature describing salivary biomarker changes with the goal of improving diagnosis and treatment outcomes for sleep apnea.Area Covered: A search of six databases yielded 401 peer-reviewed articles published through October 2019 corresponded to 221 unique references following deduplication. Twenty studies were selected. The sample size ranged from 17 to 99. The samples were mostly whole saliva and selected glandular areas.Expert Opinion: Most targeted studies focused on the level of salivary cortisol and ɑ-amylase. One study used RNA transcriptome analysis of 96 genes. Only two explored novel targets using mass spectrometry. ɑ-amylase, myeloperoxidase, and IL-6 were among those biomarkers found associated with OSA. Cytokeratin, CystatinB, calgranulin A, and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein are upregulated in OSA patients based on non-targeting mass spectrometry. Salivary cortisol and ɑ-amylase and others appeared to be associated with severity of OSA and OSA treatment. There were inconsistencies in saliva collection and processing protocols. More studies are needed in exploring novel biomarkers to examine if these biomarkers are capable of diagnosing and monitoring OSA through proteomics or transcriptomics. Salivary biomarkers have a potential to be a noninvasive measure for the disease diagnosis and treatment outcome monitoring for sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sompop Bencharit
- Department of General Practice and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert G Redenz
- School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Erica R Brody
- VCU Libraries
- Tompkins-McCaw Library for the Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Harmeet Chiang
- Department of General Practice, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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15
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Abstract
Maltreatment adversely impacts the development of children across a host of domains. One way in which maltreatment may exert its deleterious effects is by becoming embedded in the activity of neurophysiological systems that regulate metabolic function. This paper reviews the literature regarding the association between childhood maltreatment and the activity of three systems: the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. A particular emphasis is placed on the extent to which the literature supports a common account of activity across these systems under conditions of homeostasis and stress. The paper concludes with an outline of directions for future research and the implications of the literature for policy and practice.
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16
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Maliachova O, Dimitriadou M, Triantafyllou P, Slavakis A, Christoforidis A. Cortisol Levels in Glucagon Stimulation Test in Children Assessed for Short Stature: Clinical and Laboratorial Correlations. Horm Metab Res 2019; 51:798-804. [PMID: 31745940 DOI: 10.1055/a-1036-6396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To assess total cortisol levels in children being evaluating for short stature with normal cortisol reserve and to correlate this response to clinical and laboratory data. Children assessed with glucagon test in our department were recruited in this study retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were: i) age>1 year, ii) absence of chronic illness or medication interfering with ACTH-cortisol axis, iii) GH stimulation levels>3ng/mL at least in one provocation test (glucagon or clonidine), iv) absence of multiple pituitary growth hormone deficiencies, v) normal short Synacthen test in cases of low cortisol response in glucagon test.Two hundred and thirty-seven subjects (160 males, 67.5%) with a mean age of 9.02±3.19 years, were finally included in the analysis. Cortisol peak levels but not cortisol AUC were significantly increased in females compared to males (26.83±7.31 μg/dl vs. 24.04±7.20 μg/dl). When linear correlations were studied, both cortisol peak levels and cortisol AUC were linearly but inversely correlated to age (r=-0.234, p<0.001 and r=-0.315, p<0.001, respectively). Finally, cortisol AUC was inversely correlated to weight Z-scores (r=-0.160, p=0.014). When our analysis was limited only to subjects with intact GH response (GH peak> 7 ng/mL), age was still inversely correlated to cortisol AUC (r=-0.312, p<0.001), and cortisol AUC was linearly correlated to GH AUC assessed with clonidine test (r=0.223, p=0.013). Girls, younger and thinner children exhibit higher cortisol response to glucagon test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Maliachova
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Meropi Dimitriadou
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Triantafyllou
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aris Slavakis
- Hormone Assay Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Christoforidis
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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17
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Pitchford EA, Hasson RE, Hornyak JE, Lumeng JC, Peterson KE, Ulrich DA. Diurnal cortisol and obesity in adolescents with and without Down syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2019; 63:1401-1412. [PMID: 31441183 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity in adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) far exceeds that in the general population. Cortisol, an adrenal hormone, can be obesogenic when dysregulated. However, the diurnal patterns of this hormone have not been examined among individuals with DS. Variations in adiposity may also mediate cortisol regulation. This study sought to examine diurnal cortisol patterns in adolescents with DS as well as associations between cortisol function and obesity. METHOD A total of 32 adolescents, including 16 with DS and 16 controls with typical development (TD) of similar sex, age and Tanner pubertal stage (P > 0.05), participated in this preliminary study. Participants completed a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan to measure body composition and collected saliva samples for cortisol measurements in the morning, afternoon and night. Linear mixed models with random intercepts and repeated measures were used to examine the daily trajectory of log-transformed cortisol concentrations between adolescents with and without DS. A second model examined the interaction between DS and presence of elevated body fatness. RESULTS Adolescents with DS had higher morning cortisol concentrations (intercept = 0.37 μg/dL), but this was not significantly different than in TD (0.35 μg/dL, P = 0.16). Cortisol significantly declined across hours (b = -0.026 μg/dL/h, P < 0.001), but this decline also did not differ from that observed in TD (b = -0.024 μg/dL/h, P = 0.43). While cortisol levels were slightly higher among adolescents with elevated body fatness, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05; d = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to examine diurnal cortisol in DS but is limited in sample size. These preliminary findings suggest that diurnal cortisol patterns are not significantly different between adolescents with DS and TD and that cortisol levels are not associated with adiposity in this population. Despite these non-significant differences, youth with DS continue to be an 'at-risk' population for paediatric obesity in need of clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Pitchford
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - R E Hasson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J E Hornyak
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K E Peterson
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D A Ulrich
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Bastain TM, Chavez T, Habre R, Girguis MS, Grubbs B, Toledo-Corral C, Amadeus M, Farzan SF, Al-Marayati L, Lerner D, Noya D, Quimby A, Twogood S, Wilson M, Chatzi L, Cousineau M, Berhane K, Eckel SP, Lurmann F, Johnston J, Dunton GF, Gilliland F, Breton C. Study Design, Protocol and Profile of the Maternal And Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) Pregnancy Cohort: a Prospective Cohort Study in Predominantly Low-Income Hispanic Women in Urban Los Angeles. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:189. [PMID: 31146718 PMCID: PMC6543670 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of childhood and adult obesity disproportionally affects Hispanic and African-American populations in the US, and these groups as well as populations with lower income and education levels are disproportionately affected by environmental pollution. Pregnancy is a critical developmental period where maternal exposures may have significant impacts on infant and childhood growth as well as the future health of the mother. We initiated the "Maternal And Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES)" cohort study to address critical gaps in understanding the increased risk for childhood obesity and maternal obesity outcomes among minority and low-income women in urban Los Angeles. METHODS The MADRES cohort is specifically examining whether pre- and postpartum environmental exposures, in addition to exposures to psychosocial and built environment stressors, lead to excessive gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention in women and to perturbed infant growth trajectories and increased childhood obesity risk through altered psychological, behavioral and/or metabolic responses. The ongoing MADRES study is a prospective pregnancy cohort of 1000 predominantly lower-income, Hispanic women in Los Angeles, CA. Enrollment in the MADRES cohort is initiated prior to 30 weeks gestation from partner community health clinics in Los Angeles. Cohort participants are followed through their pregnancies, at birth, and during the infant's first year of life through a series of in-person visits with interviewer-administered questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and biospecimen collection as well as telephone interviews conducted with the mother. DISCUSSION In this paper, we outline the study rationale and data collection protocol for the MADRES cohort, and we present a profile of demographic, health and exposure characteristics for 291 participants who have delivered their infants, out of 523 participants enrolled in the study from November 2015 to October 2018 from four community health clinics in Los Angeles. Results from the MADRES cohort could provide a powerful rationale for regulation of targeted chemical environmental components, better transportation and urban design policies, and clinical recommendations for stress-coping strategies and behavior to reduce lifelong obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
| | - Thomas Chavez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Mariam S Girguis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Toledo-Corral
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.,Department of Public Health, California State University Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Milena Amadeus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Laila Al-Marayati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Eisner Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David Noya
- South Central Family Health Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa Quimby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Twogood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Wilson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Michael Cousineau
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | | | - Jill Johnston
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Carrie Breton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, M/C 9237, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
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19
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Corbett BA, Muscatello RA, Baldinger C. Comparing stress and arousal systems in response to different social contexts in children with ASD. Biol Psychol 2019; 140:119-130. [PMID: 30557600 PMCID: PMC6471662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Response to psychological stress can vary based on the extent to which the context is perceived as stressful, especially under different social conditions. The purpose of this preliminary study was to compare physiological stress (cortisol) and regulation (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) of 10-12 year old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD, n = 31) or typical development (TD, n = 25) when exposed to two social stress protocols. The extent to which perceived emotion (affect recognition) and anxiety (state and trait) mediate the stress response was also explored. Results revealed different patterns of stress responses dependent on the type of stressor. During a friendly social interaction, both groups generally showed an adaptive, synergistic response between cortisol and RSA. In response to social evaluation, however, the ASD group did not show correlating responses between physiological systems, which was likely due to a blunted stress response to the social evaluative stressor. The ability to recognize neutral faces mediated the relationship between diagnostic group and physiological response to social evaluation, indicating that perception of threat is essential to triggering a stress response. The current study emphasizes the need to consider the important role of social context, social perception, and perceived anxiety when examining social interaction and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe A Corbett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.
| | | | - Charles Baldinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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20
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Roberts AG, Lopez-Duran NL. Developmental influences on stress response systems: Implications for psychopathology vulnerability in adolescence. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 88:9-21. [PMID: 30466015 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adolescent transition is marked by increases in stress exposure and significant maturation of neural and hormonal stress processing systems. Variability in the development of these systems during adolescence may influence the risk for stress-related psychopathology. This paper aims to review the developmental maturation of the HPA axis and related stress regulation systems, and demonstrate how interference in this adaptive developmental process may increase the risk for negative outcomes. We argue that the developmental maturation of the HPA axis aims to improve the regulatory capacity of the axis in order to more adaptively respond to these increases in stress reactivity. Additionally, we review evidence that sex differences in the development of the HPA and related axes may contribute to sex differences in the risk for stress-related psychopathology. Finally, we discuss how contextual factors, such as early trauma and obesity may alter the development of HPA axis during the adolescence transition and how alterations of normative development increase the risk for stress-related disorders.
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21
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Wegner M, Koutsandréou F, Müller-Alcazar A, Lautenbach F, Budde H. Effects of Different Types of Exercise Training on the Cortisol Awakening Response in Children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:463. [PMID: 31428044 PMCID: PMC6689951 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: Due to great variability of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis, research has to produce better-controlled findings to make a more meaningful statement regarding the effect of exercise training (ET) on the cortisol awakening response (CAR), especially in children. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different ET interventions on the CAR in children. Design and setting: We conducted a short-term training study for 10 weeks in primary schools in Westphalia, Germany. Participants: 71 children (9-10 years old) were randomly assigned to a cardiovascular exercise group (n = 27), a motor exercise group (n = 23), or a control group (n = 21). Intervention: An experienced instructor trained the children in an after-school setting in 45 min sessions, three times a week over the course of 10 weeks. Main outcome measure: CAR (0, +30 min) was assessed on 2 schooldays one week apart before and after the 10-week intervention. A Shuttle Run Test was performed to determine the cardiovascular fitness. Motor fitness was assessed using the Heidelberg Gross Motor Test. Results: Children who enhanced their cardiovascular fitness over the course of the intervention showed an increased CAR after the intervention time (B = 0.213), whereas children who underwent a motor exercise intervention and at the same time gained in motor fitness exhibited a decreased CAR after intervention (B = -0.188). Conclusions: It has been speculated that other neurobiological pathways are activated by different exercise interventions. The extent to which these ET effects on CAR can be applied in clinical settings needs further investigation. Précis: The 10-weeks longitudinal effects of cardiovascular vs. motor exercise interventions (three times a week) on CAR in children show that these interventions exert different effects on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Wegner
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute of Sports Science, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mirko Wegner
| | | | | | - Franziska Lautenbach
- Department of Sport Psychology, Institute for Sport Psychology and Sport Pedagogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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A comparison of testosterone and cortisol levels between gay fathers and non-fathers: A preliminary investigation. Physiol Behav 2018; 193:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Background cortisol versus social anxiety as correlates of HPA-axis recovery from stress in boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 71:52-60. [PMID: 30165174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show dysregulation of the expected Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and elevated cortisol responses to stress and response patterns, but little has been reported regarding their recovery from stress in terms of cortisol concentrations. This response was investigated in a sample of 32 young males with ASD aged between 9 and 18 years (M = 14.3 yr, SD = 2.7 yr), using a standardised experimental protocol combined with individualised stressor and non-stressor tasks. Results indicated that about half of the sample demonstrated unexpected HPA axis response patterns, and that recovery from stress cortisol concentrations were significantly associated with a single symptom of Social Phobia and Morning cortisol. These findings suggest that one of the key diagnostic criteria for ASD may be strongly influential in the HPA axis responses of boys with ASD and that training regimesto assist them to form less fearful associations with their non-ASD peers may be central to the academic and social progress of these boys.
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Bernsdorf M, Schwabe L. Cortisol response to awakening in prepubertal children and adults: Magnitude and variability. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13273. [PMID: 30101985 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Within the first 30-45 min after awakening, there is a characteristic rise in cortisol that is referred to as cortisol awakening response (CAR). Over the past decades, the CAR has become an important biomarker, mainly because of its reported association with health and disease. Previous research showed that the CAR can already be reliably assessed in infants and children. Yet, earlier findings on the influence of age have been inconsistent, and limited attention has been devoted to prepubertal children. Here, we aimed to contrast the magnitude and stability of the CAR in prepubertal children and adults. To this end, 24 healthy adults between 35 and 50 years of age and 24 healthy children between 6 and 9 years of age collected four salivary cortisol samples within 45 min after awakening on 4 separate days, 2 weekdays, and 2 weekend days. Our results showed that there was a marked CAR on weekdays and weekend days in both adults and children. In children, however, the CAR was overall significantly attenuated relative to adults. Moreover, while the cortisol increases after awakening were, both on weekdays and weekend days, highly correlated in adults, there were no such associations in children. Together, these data suggest that the CAR is less pronounced and less stable in prepubertal children compared to adults. Such age differences need to be taken into account when using the CAR as a biomarker in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Bernsdorf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Sundell AL, Marcusson A, Törnhage CJ. Salivary Cortisol Rhythms in Children With Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Case-Control Study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 55:1072-1080. [PMID: 29613838 DOI: 10.1177/1055665618767425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge about the stress response in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is sparse and the association between the stress response and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is unknown. Consequently, investigations on the influence of CL/P on the stress response alone and its association with HRQoL are of importance. The purpose was to determine whether salivary cortisol concentration in children with CL/P differs from that in children without clefts (controls) and whether there are any differences in salivary cortisol concentrations between ages, gender, and type of cleft. Furthermore, the final aim was to determine the correlation between salivary cortisol concentration and HRQoL. DESIGN The study used a cross-sectional case-control design. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-one 5- and 10-year-old children with CL/P and 180 age-matched controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Salivary samples were collected on 2 mornings and 1 evening for each child. Samples were analyzed using a commercial competitive radioimmunoassay and HRQoL was assessed using the KIDSCREEN-52. RESULTS Salivary cortisol concentrations were similar in children with CL/P and controls. There was no difference in salivary cortisol concentrations between children with different types of cleft. There was no correlation between cortisol concentration and HRQoL. CONCLUSION Five- and 10-year-old children with corrected CL/P seemed not to be more stressed than controls, and there were no correlation to HRQoL. The HRQoL levels - were comparable to that of a European norm population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Sundell
- 1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Agneta Marcusson
- 2 Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics, Maxillofacial Unit, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Törnhage
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden.,4 Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Thompson SF, Zalewski M, Kiff CJ, Lengua LJ. A state-trait model of cortisol in early childhood: Contextual and parental predictors of stable and time-varying effects. Horm Behav 2018; 98:198-209. [PMID: 29305885 PMCID: PMC5829009 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined state-trait models of diurnal cortisol (morning level and diurnal slope), and whether income, cumulative risk and parenting behaviors predicted variance in trait and state levels of cortisol. The sample of 306 mothers and their preschool children included 29% families at or near poverty, 27% families below the median income, and the remaining families at middle and upper income. Diurnal cortisol, income, cumulative risk, and parenting were measured at 4 time points, once every 9months, starting when children were 36-40months. State-trait models fit the data, suggesting significant state but not trait variance in cortisol. Low income and cumulative risk were related to trait levels of diurnal cortisol with little evidence of time-varying or state effects. Stable levels of parenting predicted trait levels of diurnal cortisol and time-varying levels of parenting predicted time-varying state levels of diurnal cortisol. Findings highlight the allostatic process of adaptation to risk as well as time-specific reactivity to variability in experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cara J Kiff
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, United States
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Muscatello RA, Corbett BA. Comparing the effects of age, pubertal development, and symptom profile on cortisol rhythm in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2018; 11:110-120. [PMID: 29030905 PMCID: PMC6453123 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have shown elevated evening cortisol; however, few studies have examined diurnal rhythm in adolescents with ASD. Adolescence is a time of significant physical and psychological change, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may put adolescents with ASD at increased risk for internalizing disorders, such as anxiety and depression. The extent to which cortisol levels are associated with age, puberty and symptom profile was examined in 113 youth (ages 7-17) with ASD and typical development. Salivary samples were collected over 3 days in the home, 4 times per day (waking, 30-min post-waking, afternoon, evening). Results showed youth with ASD had higher evening cortisol and a blunted diurnal slope relative to TD youth. Pubertal development and age were significant predictors of evening cortisol, and adolescents with ASD had higher evening cortisol levels compared to children with ASD. The study extends previous reports of elevated evening cortisol in children with ASD to reveal high levels in adolescence as well. Adolescents with ASD also show a significantly blunted diurnal slope, which may be associated with risk of internalizing symptoms. Findings suggest elevated evening cortisol persists across development in youth with ASD, thus emphasizing a need to identify potential negative effects of excess cortisol exposure on health in ASD individuals. Autism Res 2018, 11: 110-120. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY Elevations in stress hormone, cortisol, during the evening may indicate increased stress from changes throughout the day in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study shows that age and pubertal development are also related to increases in evening cortisol, and this maladaptive elevation in cortisol in ASD is not going away with age. These cortisol elevations may also be associated with other psychological symptoms and warrant further investigation in adolescents with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Muscatello
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, U-1205 Medical Research Building III, 465 21 Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2050
| | - Blythe A. Corbett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, PMB 40, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, PMB 40, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, PMB 40, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203
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Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In adults, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity shows sexual dimorphism, and this is thought to be a mechanism underlying sex-specific disease incidence. Evidence is scarce on whether these sex differences are also present in childhood. In a meta-analysis, we recently found that basal (non-stimulated) cortisol in saliva and free cortisol in 24-h urine follow sex-specific patterns. We explored whether these findings could be extended with sex differences in HPA axis reactivity. METHODS From inception to January 2016, PubMed and EMBASE.com were searched for studies that assessed HPA axis reactivity in healthy girls and boys aged ≤18 years. Articles were systematically assessed and reported in the categories: (1) diurnal rhythm, (2) cortisol awakening response (CAR), (3) protocolled social stress tests similar or equal to the Trier Social Stress Test for children (TSST-C), (4) pharmacological (ACTH and CRH) stress tests, and (5) miscellaneous stress tests. RESULTS Two independent assessors selected 109 out of 6158 records for full-text screening, of which 81 studies (with a total of 14,591 subjects) were included. Studies showed that girls had a tendency towards a more variable diurnal rhythm (12 out of 29 studies), a higher CAR (8 out of 18 studies), and a stronger cortisol response to social stress tests (9 out of 21 studies). We found no evidence for sex differences in cortisol response after a pharmacological challenge or to miscellaneous stress tests. DISCUSSION Sex differences in HPA axis reactivity appear to be present in childhood, although evidence is not unequivocal. For a better evaluation of sex differences in HPA axis reactivity, standardization of protocols and reports of stress tests is warranted.
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Miller AL, Kaciroti N, Sturza J, Retzloff L, Rosenblum K, Vazquez DM, Lumeng JC. Associations between stress biology indicators and overweight across toddlerhood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 79:98-106. [PMID: 28273588 PMCID: PMC5367941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological stress responses are proposed as a pathway through which stress exposure can "get under the skin" and lead to health problems, specifically obesity. Yet, it is not clear when such associations may emerge or whether they are bidirectional. Cortisol and salivary alpha amylase (sAA) were considered indicators of the biological stress response. We tested the longitudinal association between cortisol and sAA and weight in 215 low-income children at ages 21, 27, and 33 months (52% male; 46% non-Hispanic white). sAA and cortisol intercept and slope (representing morning level and rate of change across the day) were calculated for each age point using random effect models. Children were weighed and length measured and categorized as overweight versus normal weight (overweight defined as weight-for-length z-score ≥85th percentile for age and sex). Cross-lagged models stratified by sex and controlling for birthweight z-score tested the concurrent and cross-lagged associations between each of 4 indices of stress biology individually (cortisol and sAA intercept and slope) and overweight. Overweight status was correlated across time. Cortisol and sAA were correlated across occasions of measurement, though somewhat less strongly in boys. There were no concurrent associations between stress indicators and overweight. sAA at 27 months predicted greater risk of overweight at 33 months in girls, such that both lower sAA intercept and more rapidly increasing sAA at 27 months predicted greater risk of overweight at 33 months (β=-0.64, p<0.05 and β=1.09, p<0.05, respectively). For boys only, overweight at 21 months predicted lower sAA intercept at 27 months (β=-0.35, p<0.05). Findings suggest that longitudinal associations of stress biology and weight status may be present only on a limited basis very early in the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health,United States.
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, United States
| | - Julie Sturza
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Lauren Retzloff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Katherine Rosenblum
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, United States
| | - Delia M Vazquez
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, United States
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, United States
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Komkova YN, Ermakova IV, Selverova NB. Influence of cognitive load on the body functional state in children aged 9 to 12 years during early stages of puberty. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119717020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chu L, Shen K, Liu P, Ye K, Wang Y, Li C, Kang X, Song Y. Increased Cortisol and Cortisone Levels in Overweight Children. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2017; 23:25-30. [PMID: 28179618 PMCID: PMC5314734 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.902707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been unclear whether relatively high cortisol and cortisone levels are related to overweight in childhood, parental body mass index (BMI), and family dietary habits. The aim of this study was to compare cortisol and cortisone levels in urine and saliva from overweight and normal children, as well as correlations between children's BMI, parental BMI and family dietary behavior questionnaire score (QS). MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed the data from 52 overweight children and 53 age- and sex-matched normal-weight children aged 4-5 years. The concentrations of salivary cortisol (SF), salivary cortisone (SE), urinary cortisol (UF) and urinary cortisone (UE) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The family dietary behavior QS was answered by the parent mainly responsible for the family diet. RESULTS Average cortisol and cortisone levels were significantly higher in overweight children. There was no significant difference in the ratio of cortisol to cortisone (Rcc) and the marker of 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) activities. The results displayed correlations among cortisol, cortisone, and Rcc. Positive correlations were weak-to-moderate between BMI and SF, SE, UF, and UE. There were correlations between BMI and maternal BMI (mBMI), and BMI was significantly associated with QS. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cortisol and cortisone levels are associated with overweight in children, but the 11β-HSD2 activities showed no significant differences. Unhealthy family diet was associated with higher BMI, UF, and UE, and families with maternal overweight or obesity had a higher prevalence of children's overweight or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanling Chu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Kangwei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Research Centre for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Liu
- Division of Child Care, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Kan Ye
- Division of Child Care, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Research Centre for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Research Centre for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Chile
| | - Xuejun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, Research Centre for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Song
- Division of Child Care, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Miller R, Stalder T, Jarczok M, Almeida DM, Badrick E, Bartels M, Boomsma DI, Coe CL, Dekker MJHJ, Donzella B, Fischer JE, Gunnar MR, Kumari M, Lederbogen F, Oldehinkel AJ, Power C, Rosmalen JGM, Ryff CD, Subramanian SV, Tiemeier H, Watamura SE, Kirschbaum C. Corrigendum to "The CIRCORT database: Reference ranges and seasonal changes in diurnal salivary cortisol derived from a meta-dataset comprised of 15 field studies" [PNEC 73C (2016) 16-23]. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 76:226-227. [PMID: 28040297 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Miller
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 281, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Natural Sciences, MSB Medical School Berlin, Calandrellistr. 1-9, D-12247 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias Stalder
- Department of Psychology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2a, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Marc Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - David M Almeida
- College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ellena Badrick
- MRC Health eResearch Centre, The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christopher L Coe
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1202 W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706-1969, USA
| | - Marieke J H J Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
; Department of Endocrinology, VU University Medical Care Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joachim E Fischer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- ISER, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Lederbogen
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Judith G M Rosmalen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Carol D Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1202 W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706-1969, USA
| | - S V Subramanian
- Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-6096, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Watamura
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 S. Race Street, Denver, CO 802058, USA
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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Sex differences in biological response to peer rejection and performance challenge across development: A pilot study. Physiol Behav 2017; 169:224-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Stress hormones and posttraumatic stress symptoms following paediatric critical illness: an exploratory study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:511-519. [PMID: 27995329 PMCID: PMC5394132 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this exploratory case-control study, we investigated basal cortisol regulation in 5-16-year-old children, 3-6 months following PICU (paediatric intensive care) admission. This was nested within a study of child psychological and cognitive function; 47 children were assessed alongside 56 healthy controls. Saliva samples were collected three times per day (immediately after waking, waking +30 min, and waking +12 h) over two consecutive weekdays. In addition, data on posttraumatic stress symptoms were ascertained from 33 PICU admitted children using the Impact of Events Scale-8 (IES-8). Primary analysis revealed no significant differences in basal cortisol concentrations between PICU discharged children and healthy controls (p > 0.05). Secondary analysis in the PICU group identified a significant positive association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and evening (waking +12 h) cortisol concentrations (p = 0.004). However, when subject to multivariate analysis, evening cortisol was a modest independent predictor of IES-8 scores, relative to the presence of septic illness and poor pre-morbid health. We conclude that paediatric critical illness does not appear to result in marked perturbations to basal cortisol at 3-6 month following discharge. There was evidence of a link between evening cortisol and symptoms of PTSD, but this was not a robust effect and requires further elucidation.
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Pinto RJ, Correia-Santos P, Costa-Leite J, Levendosky AA, Jongenelen I. Cortisol awakening response among women exposed to intimate partner violence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:57-64. [PMID: 27587076 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The studies of the effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) are scarce and contradictory. While some of the studies suggested that female victims of IPV showed high CAR, other studies found low CAR. Mixed results may be related to differences in sample characteristics as well as other potential covariates associated with the cortisol, as femalés history of abuse, chronicity, severity and type of IPV, psychological distress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social support. The study examined individual differences in CAR among 149 female victims of severe IPV reported to authorities, including 76 (51%) living in shelter and 73 (49%) living with the abusive partners. Results revealed several individual differences in CAR that may contribute to understanding the mixed results found in literature, including women with cortisol that decreased between the baseline and 30min later, women with no increase of cortisol, and women whose cortisol increased above baseline. Additionally, women without CAR experienced more chronic and severe violence, more psychological distress and PTSD symptoms. However, hierarchical multiple regression indicated that chronic severe violence was the only independent variable that significantly explained 13% of the variance in CAR, even after including all covariates in the model, and adjusting for sociodemographic variables. In conclusion, this study suggests that the HPA axis dysregulation is influenced by chronic severe violence among women victims of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Pinto
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, University Lusófona of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa, n° 24, Porto 4000-098, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Correia-Santos
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, University Lusófona of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa, n° 24, Porto 4000-098, Portugal
| | - Joana Costa-Leite
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, University Lusófona of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa, n° 24, Porto 4000-098, Portugal
| | - Alytia A Levendosky
- Psychology Department, Michigan State University, US, Psychology Building 316 Physics Rm 262 East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Inês Jongenelen
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sports, University Lusófona of Porto, Rua Augusto Rosa, n° 24, Porto 4000-098, Portugal
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Miller R, Stalder T, Jarczok M, Almeida DM, Badrick E, Bartels M, Boomsma DI, Coe CL, Dekker MCJ, Donzella B, Fischer JE, Gunnar MR, Kumari M, Lederbogen F, Power C, Ryff CD, Subramanian SV, Tiemeier H, Watamura SE, Kirschbaum C. The CIRCORT database: Reference ranges and seasonal changes in diurnal salivary cortisol derived from a meta-dataset comprised of 15 field studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 73:16-23. [PMID: 27448524 PMCID: PMC5108362 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal salivary cortisol profiles are valuable indicators of adrenocortical functioning in epidemiological research and clinical practice. However, normative reference values derived from a large number of participants and across a wide age range are still missing. To fill this gap, data were compiled from 15 independently conducted field studies with a total of 104,623 salivary cortisol samples obtained from 18,698 unselected individuals (mean age: 48.3 years, age range: 0.5-98.5 years, 39% females). Besides providing a descriptive analysis of the complete dataset, we also performed mixed-effects growth curve modeling of diurnal salivary cortisol (i.e., 1-16h after awakening). Cortisol decreased significantly across the day and was influenced by both, age and sex. Intriguingly, we also found a pronounced impact of sampling season with elevated diurnal cortisol in spring and decreased levels in autumn. However, the majority of variance was accounted for by between-participant and between-study variance components. Based on these analyses, reference ranges (LC/MS-MS calibrated) for cortisol concentrations in saliva were derived for different times across the day, with more specific reference ranges generated for males and females in different age categories. This integrative summary provides important reference values on salivary cortisol to aid basic scientists and clinicians in interpreting deviations from the normal diurnal cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Miller
- Institute of General Psychology, Biopsychology and Psychological Methods, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tobias Stalder
- Institute of General Psychology, Biopsychology and Psychological Methods, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - David M Almeida
- College of Heath and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802, USA
| | - Ellena Badrick
- MRC Health eResearch Centre, The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christopher L Coe
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1202W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706-1969, USA
| | - Marieke C J Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joachim E Fischer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- ISER, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Lederbogen
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Power
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Carol D Ryff
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, 1202W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706-1969, USA
| | - S V Subramanian
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-6096, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Watamura
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155S. Race Street, Denver, CO 802058, USA
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Institute of General Psychology, Biopsychology and Psychological Methods, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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Larsen SC, Fahrenkrug J, Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL. Association between Hair Cortisol Concentration and Adiposity Measures among Children and Parents from the "Healthy Start" Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163639. [PMID: 27662656 PMCID: PMC5035005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have suggested a direct association between hair cortisol concentration (HCC) and Body Mass Index (BMI), as well as other adiposity measures. However, these studies have mostly been conducted among adult populations. Objective To examine the association between HCC and different measures of adiposity among a selected group of children predisposed to obesity and their parents. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study based on 363 children and their parents (301 mothers and 231 fathers) participating in the “Healthy Start” study. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate associations between HCC and adiposity measures while taking into account possible confounding factors. Analyses were performed examining the association between HCC and BMI, fat mass and fat free mass index Z-scores, as well as waist circumference and waist-hip ratio among the children. Likewise, the association between HCC and BMI among the parents was explored. Finally, we examined the association between parental HCC and children’s adiposity measures. Results HCC was directly associated with a higher BMI among the fathers (0.49 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.90, P = 0.02] per 100 pg/mg) and the mothers (0.93 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.24, 1.61, P = 0.01] per 100 pg/mg). We found no clear evidence of an association between HCC and adiposity measures among children. However, a high maternal HCC was associated with a high fat mass index and low fat free mass index z-score in the offspring (0.14 SD [95% CI: 0.02, 0.26, P = 0.02] and -0.17 SD [95% CI: -0.30, -0.05, P = 0.01] per 100 pg/mg, respectively). Conclusions Our study found no evidence of an association between HCC and measures of adiposity among children predisposed to obesity. However, HCC may be directly associated with BMI among men and women, and maternal HCC may be related to a higher fat mass and a lower fat free mass among their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofus C. Larsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at The Parker Institute and Institute of Preventive Medicine, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan Fahrenkrug
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Nanna J. Olsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at The Parker Institute and Institute of Preventive Medicine, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit L. Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at The Parker Institute and Institute of Preventive Medicine, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kaseva N, Pyhälä R, Pesonen AK, Räikkönen K, Järvenpää AL, Andersson S, Eriksson JG, Hovi P, Kajantie E. Diurnal Cortisol Patterns and Dexamethasone Suppression Test Responses in Healthy Young Adults Born Preterm at Very Low Birth Weight. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162650. [PMID: 27618620 PMCID: PMC5019381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early life stress, such as painful and stressful procedures during neonatal intensive care after preterm birth, can permanently affect physiological, hormonal and neurobiological systems. This may contribute to altered programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) and provoke changes in HPAA function with long-term health impacts. Previous studies suggest a lower HPAA response to stress in young adults born preterm compared with controls born at term. We assessed whether these differences in HPAA stress responsiveness are reflected in everyday life HPAA functioning, i.e. in diurnal salivary cortisol patterns, and reactivity to a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test (DST), in unimpaired young adults born preterm at very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g). Methods The participants were recruited from the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults cohort study. At mean age 23.3 years (2.1 SD), 49 VLBW and 36 controls born at term participated in the study. For cortisol analyzes, saliva samples were collected on two consecutive days at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min after wake-up, at 12:00 h, 17:00 h and 22:00 h. After the last salivary sample of the first study day the participants were instructed to take a 0.5 mg dexamethasone tablet. Results With mixed-effects model no difference was seen in overall diurnal salivary cortisol between VLBW and control groups [13.9% (95% CI: -11.6, 47.0), P = 0.31]. Salivary cortisol increased similarly after awakening in both VLBW and control participants [mean difference -2.9% (29.2, 33.0), P = 0.85]. Also reactivity to the low-dose DST (awakening cortisol ratio day2/day1) was similar between VLBW and control groups [-1.1% (-53.5, 103.8), P = 0.97)]. Conclusions Diurnal cortisol patterns and reactivity to a low-dose DST in young adulthood were not associated with preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kaseva
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Riikka Pyhälä
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Järvenpää
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Petteri Hovi
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Group, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Klentrou P, Giannopoulou A, McKinlay BJ, Wallace P, Muir C, Falk B, Mack D. Salivary cortisol and testosterone responses to resistance and plyometric exercise in 12- to 14-year-old boys. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:714-8. [PMID: 27176936 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined changes in salivary testosterone and cortisol following resistance and plyometric exercise protocols in active boys. In a crossover experimental design, 26 peri-pubertal (12- to 14-year-old) soccer players performed 2 exercise trials in random order, on separate evenings, 1 week apart. Each trial included a 30 min control session followed by 30 min of either resistance or plyometric exercise. Saliva was collected at baseline, post-control (i.e., pre-exercise), and 5 and 30 min post-exercise. There were no significant differences in the baseline hormone concentrations between trials or between weeks (p > 0.05). A significant effect for time was found for testosterone (p = 0.02, [Formula: see text] = 0.14), which increased from pre-exercise to 5 min post-exercise in both the resistance (27% ± 5%) and plyometric (12% ± 6%) protocols. Cortisol decreased to a similar extent in both trials (p = 0.009, [Formula: see text] = 0.19) from baseline to post-control and then to 5 min post-exercise, following its typical circadian decrease in the evening hours. However, a significant protocol-by-time interaction was observed for cortisol, which increased 30 min after the plyometrics (+31% ± 12%) but continued to decrease following the resistance protocol (-21% ± 5%). Our results suggest that in young male athletes, multiple modes of exercise can lead to a transient anabolic state, thus maximizing the beneficial effects on growth and development, when exercise is performed in the evening hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Klentrou
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Angeliki Giannopoulou
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Brandon J McKinlay
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Phillip Wallace
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Cameron Muir
- b Department of Psychology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Diane Mack
- a Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Chronic Stress and Adolescents' Mental Health: Modifying Effects of Basal Cortisol and Parental Psychiatric History. The TRAILS Study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 43:1119-30. [PMID: 25617009 PMCID: PMC4494132 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-014-9970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Large individual differences in adolescent mental health following chronic psychosocial stress suggest moderating factors. We examined two established moderators, basal cortisol and parental psychiatric history, simultaneously. We hypothesized that individuals with high basal cortisol, assumed to indicate high context sensitivity, would show relatively high problem levels following chronic stress, especially in the presence of parental psychiatric history. With Linear Mixed Models, we investigated the hypotheses in 1917 Dutch adolescents (53.2 % boys), assessed at ages 11, 13.5, and 16. Low basal cortisol combined with the absence of a parental psychiatric history increased the risk of externalizing but not internalizing problems following chronic stress. Conversely, low basal cortisol combined with a substantial parental psychiatric history increased the risk of internalizing but not externalizing problems following chronic stress. Thus, parental psychiatric history moderated stress- cortisol interactions in predicting psychopathology, but in a different direction than hypothesized. We conclude that the premise that basal cortisol indicates context sensitivity may be too crude. Context sensitivity may not be a general trait but may depend on the nature of the context (e.g., type or duration of stress exposure) and on the outcome of interest (e.g., internalizing vs. externalizing problems). Although consistent across informants, our findings need replication.
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Sex-specific differences in adrenocortical attunement in mothers with a history of childhood abuse and their 5-month-old boys and girls. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1085-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Kobayashi H, Miyazaki Y. Distribution characteristics of salivary cortisol measurements in a healthy young male population. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:30. [PMID: 26286592 PMCID: PMC4543482 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary cortisol has been used in various fields of science as a non-invasive biomarker of stress levels. This study offers the normative reference values of cortisol measurement for healthy young males. FINDINGS Salivary cortisol levels were measured in 267 healthy young males (age: 21.7 ± 1.5 years) in the early morning on two consecutive days and were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Frequency distribution analysis was conducted with mean values of the measurements taken on the 2 days. The mean salivary cortisol level was 20.39 ± 7.74 nmol/l (median: 19.31 nmol/l). The skewness and kurtosis of the distribution of the raw data were 0.72 and 0.68, respectively. They were both improved by a square root transformation but not by a logarithmic transformation. CONCLUSIONS The skewness of the distribution for salivary cortisol measured in the early morning is considerably smaller than that previously reported from afternoon measurements. A "floor effect" may be an explanation for the difference in the distribution characteristics of salivary cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Kobayashi
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Miyazaki
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Dunton GF, Liao Y, Dzubur E, Leventhal AM, Huh J, Gruenewald T, Margolin G, Koprowski C, Tate E, Intille S. Investigating within-day and longitudinal effects of maternal stress on children's physical activity, dietary intake, and body composition: Protocol for the MATCH study. Contemp Clin Trials 2015; 43:142-54. [PMID: 25987483 PMCID: PMC4861058 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parental stress is an understudied factor that may compromise parenting practices related to children's dietary intake, physical activity, and obesity. However, studies examining these associations have been subject to methodological limitations, including cross-sectional designs, retrospective measures, a lack of stress biomarkers, and the tendency to overlook momentary etiologic processes occurring within each day. This paper describes the recruitment, data collection, and data analytic protocols for the MATCH (Mothers And Their Children's Health) study, a longitudinal investigation using novel real-time data capture strategies to examine within-day associations of maternal stress with children's physical activity and dietary intake, and how these effects contribute to children's obesity risk. In the MATCH study, 200 mothers and their 8 to 12 year-old children are participating in 6 semi-annual assessment waves across 3 years. At each wave, measures for mother-child dyads include: (a) real-time Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) of self-reported daily psychosocial stressors (e.g., work at a job, family demands), feeling stressed, perceived stress, parenting practices, dietary intake, and physical activity with time and location stamps; (b) diurnal salivary cortisol patterns, accelerometer-monitored physical activity, and 24-hour dietary recalls; (c) retrospective questionnaires of sociodemographic, cultural, family, and neighborhood covariates; and (d) height, weight, and waist circumference. Putative within-day and longitudinal effects of maternal stress on children's dietary intake, physical activity, and body composition will be tested through multilevel modeling and latent growth curve models, respectively. The results will inform interventions that help mothers reduce the negative effects of stress on weight-related parenting practices and children's obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA.
| | - Yue Liao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Tara Gruenewald
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Gayla Margolin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Carol Koprowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Eleanor Tate
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
| | - Stephen Intille
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd floor, Rm 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9045, USA
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Zandstra ARE, Ormel J, Nederhof E, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA. The role of Basal cortisol in predicting change in mental health problems across the transition to middle school. J Adolesc Health 2015; 56:489-95. [PMID: 25648797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The period in which the transition to middle school occurs is marked by major changes in social context, social rules, and scholastic responsibilities. Some adolescents thrive during this period whereas others are overwhelmed and fail to cope adequately with their changing environment. We investigated basal cortisol upon waking as a predictor of change in mental health problems across the transition to middle school. By taking into account the transition experience, we extend prior findings that high basal cortisol predicts deteriorated mental health after the transition. In individuals with high awakening cortisol, we expected mental health problems to increase after negative transition experiences and to decrease after positive transition experiences, reflecting differential susceptibility. Evidence for the former but not the latter would suggest diathesis-stress. METHODS Data from 1,664 subjects were obtained from two measurement waves (mean ages, 11 and 13.5 years) of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey. Using linear regression, we investigated effects of awakening cortisol level, school transition experience, and their hypothesized interaction on change in mental health problems. RESULTS We found that a negative but not a positive experience was predictive of change in mental health. Importantly, our results showed that a negative experience predicts deteriorated mental health only in adolescents with high awakening cortisol but not in adolescents with low awakening cortisol. This finding was robust across informants. The converse, high awakening cortisol predicting decreasing mental health problems after a positive transition was not found. CONCLUSIONS These results support the diathesis-stress model but not the differential susceptibility hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roos E Zandstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Nederhof
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Chen X, Gelaye B, Velez JC, Barbosa C, Pepper M, Andrade A, Gao W, Kirschbaum C, Williams MA. Caregivers' hair cortisol: a possible biomarker of chronic stress is associated with obesity measures among children with disabilities. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:9. [PMID: 25886364 PMCID: PMC4339433 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stress of caring for a loved one with chronic illness has been associated with childhood obesity. Hair cortisol has been proposed as a novel biomarker of chronic psychological stress. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between caregivers' chronic stress evaluated by hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) and obesity measures among children with disabilities such as autism. METHODS Eighty-five dyads of children with disabilities and their primary caregivers participated in the study between April and July 2013 in the Patagonia Region, Chile. Trained research staff conducted anthropometric measurements of children and caregivers. Cortisol concentrations, extracted from hair samples with methanol, were quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pearson's correlation coefficients and linear regression models were used to examine the associations between caregiver HCC (log-transformed) and child obesity measures with adjustment for covariates. RESULTS Caregiver HCC were positively and significantly correlated with child weight (child age- and sex-adjusted r =0.23, P = 0.036), body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.23, P = 0.035), circumferences of neck (r = 0.30, P = 0.006), waist (r = 0.27, P = 0.014), and hip (r = 0.22, P = 0.044). After adjustment for children's age and sex, caregiver HCC were significantly related to child weight (kg) (beta = 4.47, standard error (SE) = 2.09), BMI (kg/m(2)) (beta = 1.52, SE = 0.71), neck circumference (cm) (beta = 1.20, SE = 0.43), waist circumference (cm) (beta = 3.75, SE = 1.50), and hip circumference (cm) (beta = 3.02, SE = 1.48). Caregiver HCC were also positively but not statistically significantly associated with child waist-to-hip ratio (beta = 0.01, SE = 0.01; P = 0.191) or body fat percentage (%) (beta = 2.11, SE = 1.28; P = 0.104). Further adjustment for other covariates including child disability diagnosis and caregiver age, sex, education, current smoking, perceived stress, and caregiver BMI did not change the results substantially. CONCLUSIONS Chronic stress of caregivers, evaluated by increased cortisol concentrations in hair, was positively associated with obesity measures among children with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Juan Carlos Velez
- Centro de Rehabilitación Club de Leones Cruz del Sur, Punta Arenas, Chile.
| | - Clarita Barbosa
- Centro de Rehabilitación Club de Leones Cruz del Sur, Punta Arenas, Chile.
| | - Micah Pepper
- Centro de Rehabilitación Club de Leones Cruz del Sur, Punta Arenas, Chile.
| | - Asterio Andrade
- Centro de Rehabilitación Club de Leones Cruz del Sur, Punta Arenas, Chile.
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Andreas-Schubert-Bau, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Andreas-Schubert-Bau, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bitsika V, Sharpley CF, Andronicos NM, Agnew LL. Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis daily fluctuation, anxiety and age interact to predict cortisol concentrations in boys with an autism spectrum disorder. Physiol Behav 2015; 138:200-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dieleman GC, Huizink AC, Tulen JHM, Utens EMWJ, Creemers HE, van der Ende J, Verhulst FC. Alterations in HPA-axis and autonomic nervous system functioning in childhood anxiety disorders point to a chronic stress hypothesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 51:135-50. [PMID: 25305548 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is of debate whether or not childhood anxiety disorders (AD) can be captured by one taxonomic construct. This study examined whether perceived arousal (PA), autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis measures can distinguish children with different primary diagnoses of clinical anxiety disorders (AD) from each other, and from a general population reference group (GP). METHODS The study sample consisted of 152 AD children (comparing separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and specific phobia), aged 8- to 12-years, and 200 same-aged reference children. HPA-axis functioning was measured by a diurnal cortisol profile. ANS functioning was measured by continuous measures of skin conductance level in rest and during a mental arithmetic task and high frequency heart rate variability in rest. PA was assessed by a questionnaire. RESULTS The AD sample showed lower high frequency heart rate variability during rest, heightened anticipatory PA, higher basal and reactive skin conductance levels and lower basal HPA-axis functioning compared to the GP sample. The existence of three or more clinical disorders, i.e. a high clinical 'load', was associated with lower basal HPA-axis functioning, higher skin conductance level and lower posttest PA. Specific phobia could be discerned from social phobia and separation anxiety disorder on higher skin conductance level. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that children with AD have specific psychophysiological characteristics, which resemble the psychophysiological characteristics of chronic stress. A high clinical 'load' is associated with an altered ANS and HPA-axis functioning. Overall, ANS and HPA-axis functioning relate to AD in general, accept for specific phobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn C Dieleman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anja C Huizink
- Department of Child Development, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke H M Tulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M W J Utens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E Creemers
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Ende
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hostinar CE, McQuillan MT, Mirous HJ, Grant KE, Adam EK. Cortisol responses to a group public speaking task for adolescents: variations by age, gender, and race. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 50:155-66. [PMID: 25218656 PMCID: PMC4253051 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory social stress tests involving public speaking challenges are widely used for eliciting an acute stress response in older children, adolescents, and adults. Recently, a group protocol for a social stress test (the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups, TSST-G) was shown to be effective in adults and is dramatically less time-consuming and resource-intensive compared to the single-subject version of the task. The present study sought to test the feasibility and effectiveness of an adapted group public speaking task conducted with a racially diverse, urban sample of U.S. adolescents (N=191; 52.4% female) between the ages of 11 and 18 (M=14.4 years, SD=1.93). Analyses revealed that this Group Public Speaking Task for Adolescents (GPST-A) provoked a significant increase in cortisol production (on average, approximately 60% above baseline) and in self-reported negative affect, while at the same time avoiding excessive stress responses that would raise ethical concerns or provoke substantial participant attrition. Approximately 63.4% of participants exhibited an increase in cortisol levels in response to the task, with 59.2% of the total sample showing a 10% or greater increase from baseline. Results also suggested that groups of five adolescents might be ideal for achieving more uniform cortisol responses across various serial positions for speech delivery. Basal cortisol levels increased with age and participants belonging to U.S. national minorities tended to have either lower basal cortisol or diminished cortisol reactivity compared to non-Hispanic Whites. This protocol facilitates the recruitment of larger sample sizes compared to prior research and may show great utility in answering new questions about adolescent stress reactivity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emma K. Adam
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University,School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University
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50
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Oldehinkel AJ, Rosmalen JG, Buitelaar JK, Hoek HW, Ormel J, Raven D, Reijneveld SA, Veenstra R, Verhulst FC, Vollebergh WA, Hartman CA. Cohort Profile Update: the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Int J Epidemiol 2014; 44:76-76n. [PMID: 25431468 PMCID: PMC4339762 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAILS consists of a population cohort (N = 2230) and a clinical cohort (N = 543), both of which were followed from about age 11 years onwards. To date, the population cohort has been assessed five times over a period of 11 years, with retention rates ranging between 80% and 96%. The clinical cohort has been assessed four times over a period of 8 years, with retention rates ranging between 77% and 85%. Since the IJE published a cohort profile on the TRAILS in 2008, the participants have matured from adolescents into young adults. The focus shifted from parents and school to entry into the labour market and family formation, including offspring. Furthermore, psychiatric diagnostic interviews were administered, the database was linked to a Psychiatric Case Registry, and the availability of genome-wide SNP variations opened the door to genome-wide association studies regarding a wide range of (endo)phenotypes. With some delay, TRAILS data are available to researchers outside the TRAILS consortium without costs; access can be obtained by submitting a publication proposal (see www.trails.nl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Gm Rosmalen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W Hoek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Raven
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sijmen A Reijneveld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René Veenstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Am Vollebergh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Parnassia Bavo Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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