1
|
Amano M, Amiya N, Otsuka Y, Homma J, Hagio H, Takatani T, Yamamoto N, Yamaguchi K, Sakakura Y. Distribution of pufferfish saxitoxin- and tetrodotoxin-binding protein homolog and tetrodotoxin in the brain and pituitary of juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes. Toxicon 2024; 246:107777. [PMID: 38810888 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Pufferfish saxitoxin- and tetrodotoxin (TTX)-binding protein (PSTBP) is considered to transfer TTX between tissues. The immunohistochemical distribution of PSTBP-homolog (PSTBPh) and TTX in the brain and pituitary of hatchery-reared juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes was investigated. PSTBPh was observed mainly in the pars intermedia of the pituitary. TTX was only detected in a TTX-fed fish in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary and in several other brain regions. The relationship between PSTBPh and TTX is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Amano
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Noriko Amiya
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuma Otsuka
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Junnosuke Homma
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hanako Hagio
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sakakura
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou S, Makashova O, Chevillard PM, Josey V, Li B, Prager-Khoutorsky M. Constitutive cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis and subfornical organ of adult rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13377. [PMID: 38418229 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues throughout adulthood in the subventricular zone, hippocampal subgranular zone, and the hypothalamic median eminence (ME) and the adjacent medio-basal hypothalamus. The ME is one of the circumventricular organs (CVO), which are specialized brain areas characterized by an incomplete blood-brain barrier and, thus, are involved in mediating communication between the central nervous system and the periphery. Additional CVOs include the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) and the subfornical organs (SFO). Previous studies have demonstrated that the ME contains neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of generating new neurons and glia in the adult brain. However, it remains unclear whether the OVLT and SFO also contain proliferating cells, the identity of these cells, and their ability to differentiate into mature neurons. Here we show that glial and mural subtypes exhibit NSC characteristics, expressing the endogenous mitotic maker Ki67, and incorporating the exogenous mitotic marker BrdU in the OVLT and SFO of adult rats. Glial cells constitutively proliferating in the SFO comprise NG2 glia, while in the OVLT, both NG2 glia and tanycytes appear to constitute the NSC pool. Furthermore, pericytes, which are mural cells associated with capillaries, also contribute to the pool of cells constitutively proliferating in the OVLT and SFO of adult rats. In addition to these glial and mural cells, a fraction of NSCs containing proliferation markers Ki67 and BrdU also expresses the early postmitotic neuronal marker doublecortin, suggesting that these CVOs comprise newborn neurons. Notably, these neurons can differentiate and express the mature neuronal marker NeuN. These findings establish the sensory CVOs OVLT and SFO as additional neurogenic niches, where the generation of new neurons and glia persists in the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suijian Zhou
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olena Makashova
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Marie Chevillard
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Josey
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Banruo Li
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Masha Prager-Khoutorsky
- Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bora S, Santhoor HA, Kumar A, Das S, Sharma MC, Mishra S, Singh PK, Laythalling RK, Kale SS. Papillary Tumors of Pineal Region: A Single-Center Experience in Management of 11 Cases. World Neurosurg 2024; 184:e486-e493. [PMID: 38307196 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary tumors of pineal region (PTPR) comprise a very rare subset of pineal region tumors that have been recently described. Literature on the management and outcome of PTPR is scarce owing to the rarity of these tumors. To address this lacuna, we analyzed our experience in management of PTPR. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of 11 patients with histopathologically proven PTPR who underwent surgical excision at our center. RESULTS Mean patient age was 33.3 years (range, 12-45 years), and male-to-female ratio was 1.75:1. Headache was the most common presentation followed by visual disturbances, altered sensorium, Perinaud syndrome, and seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion was required in 6 patients. Krause approach was the most common approach used for tumor excision (9/11 cases). There was no perioperative mortality. Two patients were lost to follow-up. In the remaining 9 patients, the average follow-up period was 45 months (range, 12-79 months). On first postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, 8 patients showed no evidence of residual tumor (gross total resection), while 1 patient had small residual tumor (near-total resection) that remained stable during follow-up. Four patients underwent adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. None of the patients developed recurrence during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS PTPR are a rare subgroup of pineal region tumors with distinct cells of origin but presentation similar to other pineal region tumors. Surgical resection constitutes the mainstay of management, and the extent of resection appears to be the most important determinant of prognosis. The role of adjuvant therapy still needs to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Bora
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemanth A Santhoor
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amandeep Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sumanta Das
- Department of Neuropathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meher C Sharma
- Department of Neuropathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shashwat Mishra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shashank S Kale
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bonaz B. The gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:65-78. [PMID: 38129277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
There is a bi-directional communication between the gut, including the microbiota, and the brain through the autonomic nervous system. Accumulating evidence has suggested a bidirectional link between gastrointestinal inflammation and neurodegeneration, in accordance with the concept of the gut-rain axis. An abnormal microbiota-gut-brain interaction contributes to the pathogeny of Parkinson's disease. This supports the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease originates in the gut to spread to the central nervous system, in particular through the vagus nerve. Targeting the gut-to-brain axis with vagus nerve stimulation, fecal microbiota transplantation, gut-selective antibiotics, as well as drugs targeting the leaky gut might be of interest in the management of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bonaz
- Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, Grenoble institut neurosciences, université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baumel WT, Mills JA, Schroeder HK, Neptune Z, Levine A, Strawn JR. Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Pediatric Patients with Anxiety Disorders and Their Relationship to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment or Placebo. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01586-x. [PMID: 37659029 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms are commonly reported as adverse effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the first-line pharmacologic treatment for pediatric anxiety disorders; however, the temporal course of these symptoms during treatment, although believed to be transient, has never been prospectively evaluated. Additionally, rates of gastrointestinal symptoms and functional gastrointestinal syndromes in anxious youth are poorly understood. We examined gastrointestinal symptoms in youth with anxiety disorders during a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of escitalopram (n = 51). Then, in a separate sample of prospectively treated children and adolescents with generalized, social and/or separation anxiety disorders (n = 56), we examined the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms based on the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms (QPGS) and ROME III criteria and the association of these symptoms with clinical and demographic characteristics using logistic regression. The frequency/severity of abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating constipation or total gastrointestinal symptoms did not differ between patients receiving placebo (n = 25) or escitalopram (n = 26). However, escitalopram-treated youth had transient changes in nausea/vomiting and total upper gastrointestinal symptoms during the first two weeks of treatment. ROME III criteria for functional gastrointestinal syndromes were present in 12/56 patients (21.4%). QPGS-related functional gastrointestinal syndromes and symptoms were unrelated to treatment, treatment type, or clinical or demographic variables. Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in youth with anxiety and SSRIs produce transient-rather than sustained-gastrointestinal symptoms. Assessing gastrointestinal symptoms prior to pharmacotherapy and discussing factors that increase (or decrease) the likelihood of transient SSRI-related symptoms in youth may decrease patient uncertainty related to side effects and decrease medication-related anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Thomas Baumel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, 77 Vilcom Center Dr, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Mills
- Department of Economics, Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heidi K Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Anxiety Disorders Research Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zoe Neptune
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Anxiety Disorders Research Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Amir Levine
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Anxiety Disorders Research Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shaffer C, Barrett LF, Quigley KS. Signal processing in the vagus nerve: Hypotheses based on new genetic and anatomical evidence. Biol Psychol 2023; 182:108626. [PMID: 37419401 PMCID: PMC10563766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Each organism must regulate its internal state in a metabolically efficient way as it interacts in space and time with an ever-changing and only partly predictable world. Success in this endeavor is largely determined by the ongoing communication between brain and body, and the vagus nerve is a crucial structure in that dialogue. In this review, we introduce the novel hypothesis that the afferent vagus nerve is engaged in signal processing rather than just signal relay. New genetic and structural evidence of vagal afferent fiber anatomy motivates two hypotheses: (1) that sensory signals informing on the physiological state of the body compute both spatial and temporal viscerosensory features as they ascend the vagus nerve, following patterns found in other sensory architectures, such as the visual and olfactory systems; and (2) that ascending and descending signals modulate one another, calling into question the strict segregation of sensory and motor signals, respectively. Finally, we discuss several implications of our two hypotheses for understanding the role of viscerosensory signal processing in predictive energy regulation (i.e., allostasis) as well as the role of metabolic signals in memory and in disorders of prediction (e.g., mood disorders).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Shaffer
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Chen D, Srirangarajan T, Theriault J, Kragel PA, Hartley L, Lee KM, McVeigh K, Wager TD, Wald LL, Satpute AB, Quigley KS, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Barrett LF, Bianciardi M. Cortical and subcortical mapping of the allostatic-interoceptive system in the human brain: replication and extension with 7 Tesla fMRI. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.20.548178. [PMID: 37546889 PMCID: PMC10401932 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.20.548178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain continuously anticipates the energetic needs of the body and prepares to meet those needs before they arise, a process called allostasis. In support of allostasis, the brain continually models the internal state of the body, a process called interoception. Using published tract-tracing studies in non-human animals as a guide, we previously identified a large-scale system supporting allostasis and interoception in the human brain with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 Tesla. In the present study, we replicated and extended this system in humans using 7 Tesla fMRI (N = 91), improving the precision of subgenual and pregenual anterior cingulate topography as well as brainstem nuclei mapping. We verified over 90% of the anatomical connections in the hypothesized allostatic-interoceptive system observed in non-human animal research. We also identified functional connectivity hubs verified in tract-tracing studies but not previously detected using 3 Tesla fMRI. Finally, we demonstrated that individuals with stronger fMRI connectivity between system hubs self-reported greater interoceptive awareness, building on construct validity evidence from our earlier paper. Taken together, these results strengthen evidence for the existence of a whole-brain system supporting interoception in the service of allostasis and we consider the implications for mental and physical health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Danlei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Jordan Theriault
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
| | | | - Ludger Hartley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kent M. Lee
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kieran McVeigh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tor D. Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Lawrence L. Wald
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
| | - Ajay B. Satpute
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Karen S. Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
| | - Marta Bianciardi
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Winter A, McMurray KMJ, Ahlbrand R, Allgire E, Shukla S, Jones J, Sah R. The subfornical organ regulates acidosis-evoked fear by engaging microglial acid-sensor TDAG8 and forebrain neurocircuits in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1732-1746. [PMID: 35553084 PMCID: PMC9812228 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An important role of pH homeostasis has been suggested in the physiology of panic disorder, with acidosis as an interoceptive trigger leading to fear and panic. Identification of novel mechanisms that can translate acidosis into fear will promote a better understanding of panic physiology. The current study explores a role of the subfornical organ (SFO), a blood-brain barrier compromised brain area, in translating acidosis to fear-relevant behaviors. We performed SFO-targeted acidification in male, wild-type mice and mice lacking microglial acid-sensing G protein-coupled receptor-T-cell death-associated gene 8 (TDAG8). Localized SFO acidification evoked significant freezing and reduced exploration that was dependent on the presence of acid-sensor TDAG8. Acidosis promoted the activation of SFO microglia and neurons that were absent in TDAG8-deficient mice. The assessment of regional neuronal activation in wild-type and TDAG8-deficient mice following SFO acidification revealed significant acidosis and genotype-dependent alterations in the hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and periaqueductal gray nuclei. Furthermore, mapping of interregional co-activation patterns revealed that SFO acidosis promoted positive hypothalamic-cortex associations and desynchronized SFO-cortex and amygdala-cortex associations, suggesting an interplay of homeostatic and fear regulatory areas. Importantly, these alterations were not evident in TDAG8-deficient mice. Overall, our data support a regulatory role of subfornical organ microglial acid sensing in acidosis-evoked fear, highlighting a centralized role of blood-brain barrier compromised nodes in interoceptive sensing and behavioral regulation. Identification of pathways by which humoral information can modulate fear behavior is relevant to panic disorder, where aberrant interoceptive signaling has been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Winter
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine M. J. McMurray
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebecca Ahlbrand
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily Allgire
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sachi Shukla
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James Jones
- Neuroscience Undergraduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Renu Sah
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Keller BN, Randall PA, Arnold AC, Browning KN, Silberman Y. Ethanol Inhibits Pancreatic Projecting Neurons in the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus. Brain Res Bull 2022; 189:121-129. [PMID: 35998791 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a rapidly growing concern in the United States. Current trending escalations of alcohol use are associated with a concurrent rise in alcohol-related end-organ damage, increasing risk for further diseases. Alcohol-related end-organ damage can be driven by autonomic nervous system dysfunction, however studies on alcohol effects on autonomic control of end-organ function are lacking. Alcohol intake has been shown to reduce insulin secretions from the pancreas. Pancreatic insulin release is controlled in part by preganglionic parasympathetic motor neurons residing in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) that project to the pancreas. How these neurons are affected by alcohol exposure has not been directly examined. Here we investigated the effects of acute ethanol (EtOH) application on DMV pancreatic-projecting neurons with whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. We found that bath application of EtOH (50mM) for greater than 30minutes significantly enhanced the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory post synaptic current (sIPSC) events of DMV pancreatic-projecting neurons suggesting a presynaptic mechanism of EtOH to increase GABAergic transmission. Thirty-minute EtOH application also decreased action potential firing of these neurons. Pretreatment of DMV slices with 20μM fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, also increased GABAergic transmission and decreased action potential firing of these DMV neurons while occluding any further effects of EtOH application, suggesting a critical role for serotonin in mediating EtOH effects in the DMV. Ultimately, decreased DMV motor output may lead to alterations in pancreatic secretions. Further studies are needed to fully understand EtOH's influence on DMV neurons as well as the consequences of changes in parasympathetic output to the pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey N Keller
- Departments of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine,HersheyPA
| | - Patrick A Randall
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine,HersheyPA; Departments of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Departments of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine,HersheyPA
| | - Kirsteen N Browning
- Departments of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine,HersheyPA
| | - Yuval Silberman
- Departments of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine,HersheyPA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fermin ASR, Friston K, Yamawaki S. An insula hierarchical network architecture for active interoceptive inference. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220226. [PMID: 35774133 PMCID: PMC9240682 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, the insular cortex receives a vast amount of interoceptive information, ascending through deep brain structures, from multiple visceral organs. The unique hierarchical and modular architecture of the insula suggests specialization for processing interoceptive afferents. Yet, the biological significance of the insula's neuroanatomical architecture, in relation to deep brain structures, remains obscure. In this opinion piece, we propose the Insula Hierarchical Modular Adaptive Interoception Control (IMAC) model to suggest that insula modules (granular, dysgranular and agranular), forming parallel networks with the prefrontal cortex and striatum, are specialized to form higher order interoceptive representations. These interoceptive representations are recruited in a context-dependent manner to support habitual, model-based and exploratory control of visceral organs and physiological processes. We discuss how insula interoceptive representations may give rise to conscious feelings that best explain lower order deep brain interoceptive representations, and how the insula may serve to defend the body and mind against pathological depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. R. Fermin
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gasser E, Sancar G, Downes M, Evans RM. Metabolic Messengers: fibroblast growth factor 1. Nat Metab 2022; 4:663-671. [PMID: 35681108 PMCID: PMC9624216 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 is expressed in multiple tissues, only adipose-derived and brain FGF1 have been implicated in the regulation of metabolism. Adipose FGF1 production is upregulated in response to dietary stress and is essential for adipose tissue plasticity in these conditions. Similarly, in the brain, FGF1 secretion into the ventricular space and the adjacent parenchyma is increased after a hypercaloric challenge induced by either feeding or glucose infusion. Potent anorexigenic properties have been ascribed to both peripheral and centrally injected FGF1. The ability of recombinant FGF1 and variants with reduced mitogenicity to lower glucose, suppress adipose lipolysis and promote insulin sensitization elevates their potential as candidates in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities. Here, we provide an overview of the known metabolic functions of endogenous FGF1 and discuss its therapeutic potential, distinguishing between peripherally or centrally administered FGF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Gasser
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gencer Sancar
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Glial Modulation of Energy Balance: The Dorsal Vagal Complex Is No Exception. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020960. [PMID: 35055143 PMCID: PMC8779587 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The avoidance of being overweight or obese is a daily challenge for a growing number of people. The growing proportion of people suffering from a nutritional imbalance in many parts of the world exemplifies this challenge and emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate nutritional balance. Until recently, research on the central regulation of food intake primarily focused on neuronal signaling, with little attention paid to the role of glial cells. Over the last few decades, our understanding of glial cells has changed dramatically. These cells are increasingly regarded as important neuronal partners, contributing not just to cerebral homeostasis, but also to cerebral signaling. Our understanding of the central regulation of energy balance is part of this (r)evolution. Evidence is accumulating that glial cells play a dynamic role in the modulation of energy balance. In the present review, we summarize recent data indicating that the multifaceted glial compartment of the brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) should be considered in research aimed at identifying feeding-related processes operating at this level.
Collapse
|
13
|
Fedin A. Neurological disorders in the postcovid period. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:31-37. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212210131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
14
|
Griffiths PR, Lolait SJ, Paton JFR, O'Carroll AM. Circumventricular Organ Apelin Receptor Knockdown Decreases Blood Pressure and Sympathetic Drive Responses in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. Front Physiol 2021; 12:711041. [PMID: 34421653 PMCID: PMC8373520 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.711041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The central site(s) mediating the cardiovascular actions of the apelin-apelin receptor (APJ) system remains a major question. We hypothesized that the sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), interfacing between the circulation and deeper brain structures, are sites where circulating apelin acts as a signal in the central nervous system to decrease blood pressure (BP). We show that APJ gene (aplnr) expression was elevated in the CVOs of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) compared to normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls, and that there was a greater mean arterial BP (MABP) decrease following microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin-13 to the CVOs of SHRs compared to WKY rats. Lentiviral APJ-specific-shRNA (LV-APJ-shRNA) was used to knockdown aplnr expression, both collectively in three CVOs and discretely in individual CVOs, of rats implanted with radiotelemeters to measure arterial pressure. LV-APJ-shRNA-injection decreased aplnr expression in the CVOs and abolished MABP responses to microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin-13. Chronic knockdown of aplnr in any of the CVOs, collectively or individually, did not affect basal MABP in SHR or WKY rats. Moreover, knockdown of aplnr in any of the CVOs individually did not affect the depressor response to systemic [Pyr1]apelin-13. By contrast, multiple knockdown of aplnr in the three CVOs reduced acute cardiovascular responses to peripheral [Pyr1]apelin-13 administration in SHR but not WKY rats. These results suggest that endogenous APJ activity in the CVOs has no effect on basal BP but that functional APJ in the CVOs is required for an intact cardiovascular response to peripherally administered apelin in the SHR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Griffiths
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Lolait
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie O'Carroll
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lkhagvasuren B, Mee-Inta O, Zhao ZW, Hiramoto T, Boldbaatar D, Kuo YM. Pancreas-Brain Crosstalk. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:691777. [PMID: 34354571 PMCID: PMC8329585 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.691777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural regulation of glucose homeostasis in normal and challenged conditions involves the modulation of pancreatic islet-cell function. Compromising the pancreas innervation causes islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes and islet cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. However, despite the richly innervated nature of the pancreas, islet innervation remains ill-defined. Here, we review the neuroanatomical and humoral basis of the cross-talk between the endocrine pancreas and autonomic and sensory neurons. Identifying the neurocircuitry and neurochemistry of the neuro-insular network would provide clues to neuromodulation-based approaches for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Battuvshin Lkhagvasuren
- Brain Science Institute, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Onanong Mee-Inta
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Wei Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tetsuya Hiramoto
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Fukuoka Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Damdindorj Boldbaatar
- Brain Science Institute, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Islam Y, Leach AG, Smith J, Pluchino S, Coxon CR, Sivakumaran M, Downing J, Fatokun AA, Teixidò M, Ehtezazi T. Physiological and Pathological Factors Affecting Drug Delivery to the Brain by Nanoparticles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2002085. [PMID: 34105297 PMCID: PMC8188209 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurological/neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease is known to be increasing due to an aging population and is anticipated to further grow in the decades ahead. The treatment of brain diseases is challenging partly due to the inaccessibility of therapeutic agents to the brain. An increasingly important observation is that the physiology of the brain alters during many brain diseases, and aging adds even more to the complexity of the disease. There is a notion that the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) increases with aging or disease, however, the body has a defense mechanism that still retains the separation of the brain from harmful chemicals in the blood. This makes drug delivery to the diseased brain, even more challenging and complex task. Here, the physiological changes to the diseased brain and aged brain are covered in the context of drug delivery to the brain using nanoparticles. Also, recent and novel approaches are discussed for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the diseased brain using nanoparticle based or magnetic resonance imaging guided systems. Furthermore, the complement activation, toxicity, and immunogenicity of brain targeting nanoparticles as well as novel in vitro BBB models are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamir Islam
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
- Division of Pharmacy and OptometryThe University of ManchesterStopford Building, Oxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Jayden Smith
- Cambridge Innovation Technologies Consulting (CITC) LimitedSt. John's Innovation CentreCowley RoadCambridgeCB4 0WSUK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesClifford Allbutt Building – Cambridge Biosciences Campus and NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeHills RoadCambridgeCB2 0HAUK
| | - Christopher R. Coxon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityWilliam Perkin BuildingEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Muttuswamy Sivakumaran
- Department of HaematologyPeterborough City HospitalEdith Cavell CampusBretton Gate PeterboroughPeterboroughPE3 9GZUK
| | - James Downing
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Amos A. Fatokun
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Meritxell Teixidò
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Baldiri Reixac 10Barcelona08028Spain
| | - Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gao W, Wang Z, Wang H, Li H, Huang C, Shen Y, Ma X, Sun H. Neurons and Astrocytes in Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray Contribute to Restraint Water Immersion Stress-Induced Gastric Mucosal Damage via the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:666-676. [PMID: 34000028 PMCID: PMC8378083 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The restraint water immersion stress (RWIS) model includes both psychological and physical stimulation, which may lead to gastrointestinal disorders and cause gastric mucosal damage. The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG) contributes to gastrointestinal function, but whether it is involved in RWIS-induced gastric mucosal damage has not yet been reported. METHODS The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuronal c-Fos, and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 in the VLPAG after RWIS was assessed using western blotting and immunocytochemical staining methods. Lateral ventricle injection of astrocytic toxin L-a-aminoadipate and treatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor PD98059 were further used to study protein expression and distribution in the VLPAG after RWIS. RESULTS The expression of c-Fos, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 in the VLPAG significantly increased following RWIS and peaked at 1 hour after RWIS. Lateral ventricle injection of the astrocytic toxin L-a-aminoadipate significantly alleviated gastric mucosal injury and decreased the activation of neurons and astrocytes. Treatment with the ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor PD98059 obviously suppressed gastric mucosal damage as well as the RWIS-induced activation of neurons and astrocytes in the VLPAG. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that activation of VLPAG neurons and astrocytes induced by RWIS through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway may play a critical role in RWIS-induced gastric mucosa damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zepeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chenxu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yangyang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China,Correspondence: Xiaoli Ma, PhD, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University ()
| | - Haiji Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China,Haiji Sun, PhD, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University ()
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Izumisawa Y, Ito K, Sugita K, Arai T, Kokudo H, Kitamura N, Shibuya I. Mechanisms of GABA-mediated inhibition of the angiotensin II-induced cytosolic Ca 2+ increase in rat subfornical organ neurons. Brain Res 2021; 1763:147451. [PMID: 33773979 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the subfornical organ (SFO) sense both neurotransmitters and circulating humoral factors such as angiotensin II (AII) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and regulate multiple physiological functions including drinking behavior. We recently reported that AII at nanomolar concentrations induced a persistent [Ca2+]i increase in acutely dissociated SFO neurons and that this effect of AII was reversibly inhibited by GABA. In the present study, we studied the inhibitory mechanism of GABA using Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp electrophysiology. The AII-induced persistent [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited by GABA in more than 90% of AII-responsive neurons and by other two SFO inhibitory ligands, ANP and galanin, in about 60 and 30% of neurons respectively. The inhibition by GABA was mimicked by the GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists muscimol and baclofen. The involvement of both GABA receptor subtypes was confirmed by reversal of the GABA-mediated inhibition only when the GABAA and GABAB receptors antagonists bicuculline methiodide and CGP55845 were both present. The GABAB agonist baclofen rapidly and reversibly inhibited voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) currents recorded in response to depolarizing pulses in voltage-clamp electrophysiology using Ba2+ as a charge carrier (IBa). Baclofen inhibition of IBa was antagonized by CGP55845, confirming GABAB receptor involvement; was reduced by N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting downstream Gi-mediated actions; and was partially removed by a large prepulse, indicating voltage-dependency. The magnitude of IBa inhibition by baclofen was reduced by the application of selective blockers for N-, P/Q-, and L-type VGCCs (ω-conotoxin GVIA, ω-agatoxin IVA, and nifedipine respectively). Overall, our study indicates that GABA inhibition of the AII-induced [Ca2+]i increase is mediated by both GABAA and GABAB receptors, and that GABAB receptors associated with Gi proteins suppress Ca2+ entry through VGCCs in SFO neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Izumisawa
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Kenji Ito
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sugita
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Tazuyo Arai
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Hina Kokudo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Naoki Kitamura
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Izumi Shibuya
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Browning KN, Carson KE. Central Neurocircuits Regulating Food Intake in Response to Gut Inputs-Preclinical Evidence. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030908. [PMID: 33799575 PMCID: PMC7998662 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of energy balance requires the complex integration of homeostatic and hedonic pathways, but sensory inputs from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are increasingly recognized as playing critical roles. The stomach and small intestine relay sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS) via the sensory afferent vagus nerve. This vast volume of complex sensory information is received by neurons of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and is integrated with responses to circulating factors as well as descending inputs from the brainstem, midbrain, and forebrain nuclei involved in autonomic regulation. The integrated signal is relayed to the adjacent dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), which supplies the motor output response via the efferent vagus nerve to regulate and modulate gastric motility, tone, secretion, and emptying, as well as intestinal motility and transit; the precise coordination of these responses is essential for the control of meal size, meal termination, and nutrient absorption. The interconnectivity of the NTS implies that many other CNS areas are capable of modulating vagal efferent output, emphasized by the many CNS disorders associated with dysregulated GI functions including feeding. This review will summarize the role of major CNS centers to gut-related inputs in the regulation of gastric function with specific reference to the regulation of food intake.
Collapse
|
20
|
Álvarez P, Blasco E, Pumarola M, Wessmann A. Aquaporin-4 protein expression in normal canine brains. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:29. [PMID: 33455577 PMCID: PMC7812730 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is in growing recognition as potential marker for cancer progression, differentiation and therapeutic intervention. No information is available about AQP4 expression in the normal canine brain. The aim of this histopathological study is to confirm the presence of AQP4 by immunohistochemistry technique in a group of non-pathological canine brains and to describe its expression and distribution across the brain. RESULTS Twelve non-pathological canine brains of various ages (ranging from 21 days to 17 years) and breeds were included in the study. Immunohistochemical expression of AQP4 was analyzed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain tissue sections. The findings were correlated between AQP4 expressing cells and astrocytes using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). AQP4 expression was more marked in the astrocyte foot processes of subpial, perivascular and periventricular surfaces in all specimens. The majority of the canine brain sections (9/12) presented with an AQP4 predilection for white matter tracts. Interestingly, the two youngest dogs (21 days and 3 months old) were characterized by diffuse AQP4 labelling in both grey and white matter tracts. This result may suggest that brain development and ageing may play a role in the AQP4 distribution throughout the canine brain. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to describe immunohistochemical distribution of AQP4 in normal canine brains. The AQP4 expression and distribution in non-pathological canine brains was comparable to other species. Larger studies are needed to substantiate the influence of breed and ageing on AQP4 expression in the normal canine brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Álvarez
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Ester Blasco
- Unit of Murine and Comparative Pathology (UPMiC), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Unit of Murine and Comparative Pathology (UPMiC), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Networking Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annette Wessmann
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kalsbeek MJT, Yi CX. The infundibular peptidergic neurons and glia cells in overeating, obesity, and diabetes. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:315-325. [PMID: 34225937 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional regulation of energy homeostasis results in increased bodyweight and obesity, eventually leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus. The infundibular nucleus (IFN) of the hypothalamus is the main regulator of energy homeostasis. The peptidergic neurons and glia cells of the IFN receive metabolic cues concerning energy state of the body from the circulation. The IFN can monitor hormones like insulin and leptin and nutrients like glucose and fatty acids. All these metabolic cues are integrated into an output signal regulating energy homeostasis through the release of neuropeptides. These neuropeptides are released in several inter- and extrahypothalamic brain regions involved in regulation of energy homeostasis. This review will give an overview of the peripheral signals involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, the peptidergic neurons and glial cells of the IFN, and will highlight the main intra-hypothalamic projection sites of the IFN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J T Kalsbeek
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sinen O, Bülbül M. The role of autonomic pathways in peripheral apelin-induced gastrointestinal dysmotility: involvement of the circumventricular organs. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:475-485. [PMID: 33347671 DOI: 10.1113/ep089182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are central autonomic pathways and circumventricular organs involved in apelin-induced inhibition of gut motility? What is the main finding and its importance? Peripherally administered apelin-13 inhibits gastric and colonic motor functions through sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic pathways, which seems to be partly mediated by the apelin receptor in circumventricular organs. ABSTRACT Peripheral administration of apelin-13 has been shown to inhibit gastrointestinal (GI) motility, but the relevant mechanisms are incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate (i) whether the apelin receptor (APJ) is expressed in circumventricular structures involved in autonomic functions, (ii) whether they are activated by peripherally administered apelin, (iii) the role of autonomic pathways in peripheral exogenous apelin-induced GI dysmotility, and (iv) the changes in apelin levels in the extracellular environment of the brain following its peripheral application. Ninety minutes after apelin-13 administration (300 μg kg-1 , i.p.), gastric emptying (GE) and colon transit (CT) were measured in rats that underwent parasympathectomy and/or sympathectomy. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were also collected from another group of rats that received apelin-13 or vehicle injection. The immunoreactivities for APJ and c-Fos in circumventricular organs (CVOs) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, GE and CT were inhibited significantly by apelin-13 treatment, and were completely restored in animals that underwent the combination of parasympathectomy and sympathectomy and sympathectomy alone, respectively. Apelin concentrations were elevated in both plasma and CSF following peripheral administration of apelin-13. APJ expression was detected in area postrema (AP), subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis, and c-Fos expression was observed in response to apelin injection. Apelin-induced c-Fos expression in AP was partially attenuated by pretreatment with the cholecystokinin-1 receptor antagonist lorglumide, whereas it was completely abolished in vagotomized rats. The present data suggest that APJ in CVOs could indirectly contribute to the inhibitory action of peripheral apelin on GI motor functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Sinen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bülbül
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Verheggen ICM, de Jong JJA, van Boxtel MPJ, Postma AA, Verhey FRJ, Jansen JFA, Backes WH. Permeability of the windows of the brain: feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the circumventricular organs. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:66. [PMID: 33115484 PMCID: PMC7594295 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures without a blood-brain barrier surrounding the brain ventricles that serve homeostasic functions and facilitate communication between the blood, cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Secretory CVOs release peptides and sensory CVOs regulate signal transmission. However, pathogens may enter the brain through the CVOs and trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We investigated the feasibility of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI to assess the CVO permeability characteristics in vivo, and expected significant contrast uptake in these regions, due to blood-brain barrier absence. METHODS Twenty healthy, middle-aged to older males underwent brain DCE MRI. Pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to contrast concentration time-courses of CVOs, and in reference to white and gray matter. We investigated whether a significant and positive transfer from blood to brain could be measured in the CVOs, and whether this differed between secretory and sensory CVOs or from normal-appearing brain matter. RESULTS In both the secretory and sensory CVOs, the transfer constants were significantly positive, and all secretory CVOs had significantly higher transfer than each sensory CVO. The transfer constants in both the secretory and sensory CVOs were higher than in the white and gray matter. CONCLUSIONS Current measurements confirm the often-held assumption of highly permeable CVOs, of which the secretory types have the strongest blood-to-brain transfer. The current study suggests that DCE MRI could be a promising technique to further assess the function of the CVOs and how pathogens can potentially enter the brain via these structures. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register number: NL6358, date of registration: 2017-03-24.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge C M Verheggen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost J A de Jong
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P J van Boxtel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alida A Postma
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus F A Jansen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Walter H Backes
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Etemadifar M, Sabeti F, Ebrahimian S, Momeni F. Dorsal midbrain involvement in MRI as a core clinical manifestation for NMOSD diagnosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 43:102150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
25
|
Ramachandran CD, Gholami K, Lam SK, Hoe SZ. A preliminary study of the effect of a high-salt diet on transcriptome dynamics in rat hypothalamic forebrain and brainstem cardiovascular control centers. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8528. [PMID: 32175184 PMCID: PMC7059759 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary salt intake is strongly correlated with cardiovascular (CV) diseases and it is regarded as a major risk factor associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension. The CV control centres in the brainstem (the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)) and hypothalamic forebrain (the subfornical organ, SFO; the supraoptic nucleus, SON and the paraventricular nucleus, PVN) have critical roles in regulating CV autonomic motor outflows, and thus maintaining blood pressure (BP). Growing evidence has implicated autonomic regulatory networks in salt-sensitive HPN (SSH), but the genetic basis remains to be delineated. We hypothesized that the development and/ or maintenance of SSH is reliant on the change in the expression of genes in brain regions controlling the CV system. METHODOLOGY We used RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) to describe the differential expression of genes in SFO, SON, PVN, NTS and RVLM of rats being chronically fed with high-salt (HS) diet. Subsequently, a selection of putatively regulated genes was validated with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in both Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. RESULTS The findings enabled us to identify number of differentially expressed genes in SFO, SON, PVN, NTS and RVLM; that are either up-regulated in both strains of rats (SON- Caprin2, Sctr), down-regulated in both strains of rats (PVN- Orc, Gkap1), up-regulated only in SHRs (SFO- Apopt1, Lin52, AVP, OXT; SON- AVP, OXT; PVN- Caprin2, Sclt; RVLM- A4galt, Slc29a4, Cmc1) or down-regulated only in SHRs (SON- Ndufaf2, Kcnv1; PVN- Pi4k2a; NTS- Snrpd2l, Ankrd29, St6galnac6, Rnf157, Iglon5, Csrnp3, Rprd1a; RVLM- Ttr, Faim). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated the adverse effects of HS diet on BP, which may be mediated via modulating the signaling systems in CV centers in the hypothalamic forebrain and brainstem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Devi Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Perseketuan, Malaysia
| | - Khadijeh Gholami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Perseketuan, Malaysia
- Human Biology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Perseketuan, Malaysia
| | - Sau Kuen Lam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Perseketuan, Malaysia
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - See Ziau Hoe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Perseketuan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Díaz HS, Toledo C, Andrade DC, Marcus NJ, Del Rio R. Neuroinflammation in heart failure: new insights for an old disease. J Physiol 2020; 598:33-59. [PMID: 31671478 DOI: 10.1113/jp278864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome affecting roughly 26 million people worldwide. Increased sympathetic drive is a hallmark of HF and is associated with disease progression and higher mortality risk. Several mechanisms contribute to enhanced sympathetic activity in HF, but these pathways are still incompletely understood. Previous work suggests that inflammation and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) increases sympathetic drive. Importantly, chronic inflammation in several brain regions is commonly observed in aged populations, and a growing body of evidence suggests neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in HF. In animal models of HF, central inhibition of RAS and pro-inflammatory cytokines normalizes sympathetic drive and improves cardiac function. The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to neuroinflammation and its effect on HF progression remain undetermined. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the field of neuroinflammation and autonomic control in HF. In addition, it focuses on cellular and molecular mediators of neuroinflammation in HF and in particular on brain regions involved in sympathetic control. Finally, we will comment on what is known about neuroinflammation in the context of preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo S Díaz
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - David C Andrade
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noah J Marcus
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Coch C, Viviani R, Breitfeld J, Münzer K, Dassler-Plencker J, Holdenrieder S, Coenen M, Steffens M, Müller M, Hartmann G, Stingl J. Interferon-beta-induced changes in neuroimaging phenotypes of appetitive motivation and reactivity to emotional salience. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:102020. [PMID: 31734534 PMCID: PMC6861625 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with interferon (IFN) has been associated with depressive side effects. Previous neuroimaging studies have provided information about changes in brain activation patterns in patients under treatment with IFN-alpha, but the effect of other IFNs, or the role of the underlying disease, has yet to be clarified. In the present fMRI study, we looked at brain changes after 8 days of IFN-beta treatment in N = =17 healthy volunteers, thus avoiding the possible confound of the effects of underlying pathology in studies of IFN-treated patients with neurological or other medical disorders. We followed a symptom dimensional approach by simultaneously investigating two distinct symptom domains of depressiveness: negative affect (amygdala) and appetitive motivation (ventral striatum). In these early phases of IFN treatment we detected a selective change in neural substrates of appetitive motivation, consistent with the predominant symptomatic change recorded in psychopathology ratings. In contrast, the fMRI phenotype of negative affect, which is known to characterize disorders of affect involving anxiety and depressiveness as well as individual vulnerability to depression, was unchanged after treatment. These findings suggest that IFN may induce an affective syndrome through a mechanism involving down-regulation of appetitive motivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Coch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Roberto Viviani
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Clinic III, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitfeld
- Department of Research, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn
| | - Katrin Münzer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Juliane Dassler-Plencker
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Coenen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Steffens
- Department of Research, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn
| | - Marcus Müller
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Korzh V, Kondrychyn I. Origin and development of circumventricular organs in living vertebrate. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:13-20. [PMID: 31706729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) function by mediating chemical communication between blood and brain across the blood-brain barrier. Their origin and developmental mechanisms involved are not understood in enough detail due to a lack of molecular markers common for CVOs. These rather small and inconspicuous organs are found in close vicinity to the third and fourth brain ventricles suggestive of ancient evolutionary origin. Recently, an integrated approach based on analysis of CVOs development in the enhancer-trap transgenic zebrafish led to an idea that almost all of CVOs could be highlighted by GFP expression in this transgenic line. This in turn suggested that an enhancer along with a set of genes it regulates may illustrate the first common element of developmental regulation of CVOs. It seems to be related to a mechanism of suppression of the canonical Wnt/ β-catenin signaling that functions in development of fenestrated capillaries typical for CVOs. Based on that observation the common molecular elements of the putative developmental mechanism of CVOs will be discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Meng X, McGraw CM, Wang W, Jing J, Yeh SY, Wang L, Lopez J, Brown AM, Lin T, Chen W, Xue M, Sillitoe RV, Jiang X, Zoghbi HY. Neurexophilin4 is a selectively expressed α-neurexin ligand that modulates specific cerebellar synapses and motor functions. eLife 2019; 8:e46773. [PMID: 31524598 PMCID: PMC6763262 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurexophilins are secreted neuropeptide-like glycoproteins, and neurexophilin1 and neurexophilin3 are ligands for the presynaptic cell adhesion molecule α-neurexin. Neurexophilins are more selectively expressed in the brain than α-neurexins, however, which led us to ask whether neurexophilins modulate the function of α-neurexin in a context-specific manner. We characterized the expression and function of neurexophilin4 in mice and found it to be expressed in subsets of neurons responsible for feeding, emotion, balance, and movement. Deletion of Neurexophilin4 caused corresponding impairments, most notably in motor learning and coordination. We demonstrated that neurexophilin4 interacts with α-neurexin and GABAARs in the cerebellum. Loss of Neurexophilin4 impaired cerebellar Golgi-granule inhibitory neurotransmission and synapse number, providing a partial explanation for the motor learning and coordination deficits observed in the Neurexophilin4 null mice. Our data illustrate how selectively expressed Neurexophilin4, an α-neurexin ligand, regulates specific synapse function and modulates cerebellar motor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Meng
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Christopher M McGraw
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Wei Wang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Junzhan Jing
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Szu-Ying Yeh
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Li Wang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Joanna Lopez
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Tao Lin
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Wu Chen
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- The Cain Foundation LaboratoriesJan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Mingshan Xue
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- The Cain Foundation LaboratoriesJan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kartamihardja AAP, Hanaoka H, Andriana P, Kameo S, Takahashi A, Koyama H, Tsushima Y. Quantitative analysis of Gd in the protein content of the brain following single injection of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) by size exclusion chromatography. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20190062. [PMID: 31045442 PMCID: PMC6636256 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of transporter proteins in gadolinium (Gd) distribution and retention in the brain after one high-dose injection of Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA). METHODS AND MATERIALS 30 ddY mice were randomly divided into three treatment groups to be intravenously injected with either Gadodiamide (linear GBCA), Gadobutrol (macrocyclic GBCA), or Gadoterate (macrocyclic GBCA) at a dose of 5 mmol/kg, while five mice in the control group received 250 µL saline. Five minutes (5 min) and ten days (10d) post-injection, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), choroid plexus (CP), and meninges and associated vasculature (MAV) were collected. The brain was then dissected to obtain the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem. Proteins were extracted and separated by a size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SEC) system, and Gd concentrations were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS 5 m post-injection, the Gadodiamide group had the highest Gd concentration, while Gadoterate had the lowest Gd concentration in all parts of the brain (p < .05). Gd concentration was highest in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the Gadodiamide group (578.4 ± 135.3 nmol), while Gd concentration was highest in MAV in the Gadobutrol group (379.7 ± 75.4 nmol) at 5 min post-injection. At 10d, in spite of the significant decrease of Gd from all GBCAs ( p < 0.01), retained Gd from Gadodiamide was detected all over the brain in several molecules that varied in size. Gd from Gadobutrol detected in the olfactory bulb (8.7 ± 4.5 nmol) was significantly higher than in other parts of the brain. Although most Gd from Gadobutrol was found in molecules similar in size to Gadobutrol, it was also found in several protein molecules of molecular size larger than the contrast agents. Only a small amount of Gd from Gadoterate was found in the brain. CONCLUSION GBCAs may be able to pass through intact brain barriers, and the chemical structures of GBCAs may affect the penetration capability of Gd into the brain. Retained Gd in the brain tissue from Gadodiamide and Gadobutrol may be bound to some organic molecules, including proteins. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Intact GBCA are able to penetrate a series of brain barrier immediately after administration regardless the type of the chelate. Gd may be bound with macromolecules that may cause Gd retention in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hirofumi Hanaoka
- Department of Bioimaging and Information Analysis, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Putri Andriana
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satomi Kameo
- Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ayako Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koyama
- Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pretreatment Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment-Mechanisms and Outlook. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050687. [PMID: 31100985 PMCID: PMC6562730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive changes are common in patients with active cancer and during its remission. This has largely been blamed on therapy-related toxicities and diagnosis-related stress, with little attention paid to the biological impact of cancer itself. A plethora of clinical studies demonstrates that cancer patients experience cognitive impairment during and after treatment. However, recent studies show that a significant portion of patients with non-central nervous system (CNS) tumors experience cognitive decline prior to treatment, suggesting a role for tumor-derived factors in modulating cognition and behavior. Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) negatively impacts a patient’s quality of life, reduces occupational and social functioning, and increases morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, patients with cancer cachexia frequently experience a stark neurocognitive decline, suggesting peripheral tumors exert an enduring toll on the brain during this chronic paraneoplastic syndrome. However, the scarcity of research on cognitive impairment in non-CNS cancers makes it difficult to isolate psychosocial, genetic, behavioral, and pathophysiological factors in CRCI. Furthermore, clinical models of CRCI are frequently confounded by complicated drug regimens that inherently affect neurocognitive processes. The severity of CRCI varies considerably amongst patients and highlights its multifactorial nature. Untangling the biological aspects of CRCI from genetic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors is non-trivial, yet vital in understanding the pathogenesis of CRCI and discovering means for therapeutic intervention. Recent evidence demonstrating the ability of peripheral tumors to alter CNS pathways in murine models is compelling, and it allows researchers to isolate the underlying biological mechanisms from the confounding psychosocial stressors found in the clinic. This review summarizes the state of the science of CRCI independent of treatment and focuses on biological mechanisms in which peripheral cancers modulate the CNS.
Collapse
|
32
|
Izumisawa Y, Tanaka-Yamamoto K, Ciriello J, Kitamura N, Shibuya I. Persistent cytosolic Ca 2+ increase induced by angiotensin II at nanomolar concentrations in acutely dissociated subfornical organ (SFO) neurons of rats. Brain Res 2019; 1718:137-147. [PMID: 31085158 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is known that angiotensin II (AII) is sensed by subfornical organ (SFO) to induce drinking behaviors and autonomic changes. AII at picomolar concentrations have been shown to induce Ca2+ oscillations and increase in the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in SFO neurons. The present study was conducted to examine effects of nanomolar concentrations of AII using the Fura-2 Ca2+-imaging technique in acutely dissociated SFO neurons. AII at nanomolar concentrations induced an initial [Ca2+]i peak followed by a persistent [Ca2+]i increase lasting for longer than 1 hour. By contrast, [Ca2+]i responses to 50 mM K+, maximally effective concentrations of glutamate, carbachol, and vasopressin, and AII given at picomolar concentrations returned to the basal level within 20 min. The AII-induced [Ca2+]i increase was blocked by the AT1 antagonist losartan. However, losartan had no effect when added during the persistent phase. The persistent phase was suppressed by extracellular Ca2+ removal, significantly inhibited by blockers of L and P/Q type Ca2+ channels , but unaffected by inhibition of Ca2+ store Ca2+ ATPase. The persistent phase was reversibly suppressed by GABA and inhibited by CaMK and PKC inhibitors. These results suggest that the persistent [Ca2+]i increase evoked by nanomolar concentrations of AII is initiated by AT1 receptor activation and maintained by Ca2+ entry mechanisms in part through L and P/Q type Ca2+ channels, and that CaMK and PKC are involved in this process. The persistent [Ca2+]i increase induced by AII at high pathophysiological levels may have a significant role in altering SFO neuronal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Izumisawa
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0945, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Yamamoto
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - John Ciriello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Naoki Kitamura
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0945, Japan
| | - Izumi Shibuya
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-0945, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Izumisawa Y, Tanaka-Yamamoto K, Ciriello J, Kitamura N, Shibuya I. The cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in acutely dissociated subfornical organ (SFO) neurons of rats: Spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and Ca2+ oscillations induced by picomolar concentrations of angiotensin II. Brain Res 2019; 1704:137-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the organization and structure of vagal neurocircuits controlling the upper gastrointestinal tract, and more recent studies investigating their role in the regulation of gastric motility under physiological, as well as pathophysiological, conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Vagal neurocircuits regulating gastric functions are highly plastic, and open to modulation by a variety of inputs, both peripheral and central. Recent research in the fields of obesity, development, stress, and neurological disorders highlight the importance of central inputs onto these brainstem neurocircuits in the regulation of gastric motility. SUMMARY Recognition of the pivotal role that the central nervous system exerts in the regulation, integration, and modulation of gastric motility should serve to encourage research into central mechanisms regulating peripheral motility disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsteen N Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Science, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
He Y, Ouyang J, Hu Z, Yang J, Chu Y, Huang S, Yang Y, Liu C. Intervention mechanism of repeated oral GABA administration on anxiety-like behaviors induced by emotional stress in rats. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:649-657. [PMID: 30791338 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of repeated oral administration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on anxiety-like behaviors induced by emotional stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (8 rats each): control, emotional stress model, three emotional stress + GABA-treated groups (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg). The rats were given empty water bottles after the training of drinking water to induce emotional stress. Each group was treated with saline or different doses of GABA respectively for 21 consecutive days. Then open field and elevated plus maze were used to assess anxiety-like behaviors. Both frontal cortex and plasma NO metabolites nitrate and nitrite (NOx) levels were determined spectrophotometrically. Results showed that oral administration of GABA significantly reversed the stress-induced anxiety-like negative responses dose-dependently. The frontal cortex NOx levels were lower in stressed rats than in control group (P < 0.05), but higher in 2 mg/kg GABA-treated group than stress model group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, NOx levels in plasma showed a gradual decline trend. Collectively, these results suggest that short repeated oral administration of GABA has an anxiolytic-like effect possibly via preventing NO reduction caused by stress and improving availability of NO in the frontal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian He
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junyan Ouyang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuoyan Hu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yue Chu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yichao Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, GZ, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, GZ, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kawatani M, Yamada Y, Kawatani M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) action in the mouse area postrema neurons. Peptides 2018; 107:68-74. [PMID: 30081042 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone and member of the incretin family. GLP-1 related drugs, such as liraglutide, are widely used to treat diabetic patients and work by stimulating pancreatic β cells to increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion. However, extrapancreatic effects, such as appetite suppression or emesis, are observed in response to GLP-1 receptor agonists. In this study we used the in vitro patch-clamp method in acute brainstem preparations of mice and demonstrated that GLP-1 acts directly on area postrema neurons. It is known that activation of the area postrema is related to the induction of homeostatic autonomic nervous systems, including nausea. Approximately,half of the neurons tested in the area postrema were excited by GLP-1 in the presence of tetrodotoxin, and is thought to be through adenylate cyclase-cAMP pathways. Excitation was not frequently observed in nucleus tractus solitaries neurons or in area postrema neurons from GLP-1 receptor knock-out mice. These results indicate that GLP-1 receptor agonists excite area postrema neurons and potentially leading to the expression of extra-pancreatic effects. This is the first study to show that GLP-1 directly activates area postrema neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawatani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University, School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University, School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawatani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University, School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Al-Kaabi M, Hussam F, Al-Marsoummi S, Al-Anbaki A, Al-Salihi A, Al-Aubaidy H. Expression of ZO1, vimentin, pan-cadherin and AGTR1 in tanycyte-like cells of the sulcus medianus organum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:243-249. [PMID: 29803674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tanycytes are a specialized ependymal lining of brain ventricles with exceptional features of having long basal processes and junctional complexes between cell bodies. These tanycytes are present at the regions of circumventricular organs (CVOs) which possess common morphological and functional features enabling them to be described as the brain windows where the barrier systems have special properties. Previous studies detailed seven of these CVOs but little information is available regarding another putative site at the rostral part of the median sulcus of the 4th ventricle, or the sulcus medianus organum (SMO). Here we performed a pilot immunohistochemical study to support earlier observations suggesting the SMO as a novel CVO. We labeled rat brain with ZO1, vimentin, pan-cadherin and angiotensin II type 1 receptors markers which showed a morphologically distinct population of cells at the region of the SMO similar to tanycytes present in the median eminence, a known CVO. These cells had basal processes reaching the deeply seated blood vessels while the caudal part of the median sulcus did not show similar long cellular extensions. We concluded that tanycyte-like cells are present in the SMO in a pattern resembling that of other CVOs where the strategic location of the SMO is probably for signal integration between brainstem nuclei and the rostrally located neuronal centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthanna Al-Kaabi
- Al-Nahrain University, College of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Baghdad, Iraq; University of Tasmania, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Medical Science Precinct, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Fadhil Hussam
- Al-Nahrain University, College of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Al-Nahrain University, College of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Baghdad, Iraq; University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, North Dakota, USA
| | - Ali Al-Anbaki
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
| | - Anam Al-Salihi
- Al-Nahrain University, College of Medicine, Department of Human Anatomy, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hayder Al-Aubaidy
- La Trobe University, School of Life Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Robins SC, Kokoeva MV. NG2-Glia, a New Player in Energy Balance. Neuroendocrinology 2018; 107:305-312. [PMID: 29506015 DOI: 10.1159/000488111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that glia act not only as neuronal support cells, but that they can also influence physiological outcomes via effects on neural signalling. The role of NG2-glia in this regard is especially enigmatic, as they are known to interact with neural circuits but their precise functions other than as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells remain elusive. Here, we summarise recent evidence suggesting that NG2-glia play a role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis, most notably via the support of leptin-sensing neural circuits. We also discuss the potential clinical implication of these findings specifically in the context of cranial radiation therapy.
Collapse
|
39
|
García-Lecea M, Gasanov E, Jedrychowska J, Kondrychyn I, Teh C, You MS, Korzh V. Development of Circumventricular Organs in the Mirror of Zebrafish Enhancer-Trap Transgenics. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:114. [PMID: 29375325 PMCID: PMC5770639 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are small structures lining the cavities of brain ventricular system. They are associated with the semitransparent regions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Hence it is thought that CVOs mediate biochemical signaling and cell exchange between the brain and systemic blood. Their classification is still controversial and development not fully understood largely due to an absence of tissue-specific molecular markers. In a search for molecular determinants of CVOs we studied the green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression pattern in several zebrafish enhancer trap transgenics including Gateways (ET33-E20) that has been instrumental in defining the development of choroid plexus. In Gateways the GFP is expressed in regions of the developing brain outside the choroid plexus, which remain to be characterized. The neuroanatomical and histological analysis suggested that some previously unassigned domains of GFP expression may correspond to at least six other CVOs–the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), subfornical organ (SFO), paraventricular organ (PVO), pineal (epiphysis), area postrema (AP) and median eminence (ME). Two other CVOs, parapineal and subcommissural organ (SCO) were detected in other enhancer-trap transgenics. Hence enhancer-trap transgenic lines could be instrumental for developmental studies of CVOs in zebrafish and understanding of the molecular mechanism of disease such a hydrocephalus in human. Their future analysis may shed light on general and specific molecular mechanisms that regulate development of CVOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Lecea
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Evgeny Gasanov
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Jedrychowska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Igor Kondrychyn
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Cathleen Teh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - May-Su You
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gabriel Knoll J, Krasnow SM, Marks DL. Interleukin-1β signaling in fenestrated capillaries is sufficient to trigger sickness responses in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:219. [PMID: 29121947 PMCID: PMC5680784 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0990-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological and behavioral symptoms of sickness, including fever, anorexia, behavioral depression, and weight loss can be both beneficial and detrimental. These sickness responses are triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines acting on cells within the brain. Previous research demonstrates that the febrile response to peripheral insults depends upon prostaglandin production by vascular endothelial cells, but the mechanisms and specific cell type(s) responsible for other sickness responses remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to identify which cells within the brain are required for sickness responses triggered by central nervous system inflammation. METHODS Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 10 ng of the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was used as an experimental model of central nervous system cytokine production. We examined which cells respond to IL-1β in vivo via fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Using multiple transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase under the control of cell-specific promoters, we eliminated IL-1β signaling from different populations of cells. Food consumption, body weight, movement, and temperature were recorded in adult male mice and analyzed by two-factor ANOVA to determine where IL-1β signaling is essential for sickness responses. RESULTS Endothelial cells, microglia, ependymal cells, and astrocytes exhibit nuclear translocation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in response to IL-1β. Interfering with IL-1β signaling in microglia, endothelial cells within the parenchyma of the brain, or both did not affect sickness responses. Only mice that lacked IL-1β signaling in all endothelium including fenestrated capillaries lacked sickness responses. CONCLUSIONS These experiments show that IL-1β-induced sickness responses depend on intact IL-1β signaling in blood vessels and suggest that fenestrated capillaries act as a critical signaling relay between the immune and nervous systems. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Gabriel Knoll
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code L481 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Stephanie M. Krasnow
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code L481 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code L481 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
McMenamin CA, Travagli RA, Browning KN. Inhibitory neurotransmission regulates vagal efferent activity and gastric motility. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 241:1343-50. [PMID: 27302177 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216654228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract receives extrinsic innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which regulate and modulate the function of the intrinsic (enteric) nervous system. The stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract in particular are heavily influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system, supplied by the vagus nerve, and disruption of vagal sensory or motor functions results in disorganized motility patterns, disrupted receptive relaxation and accommodation, and delayed gastric emptying, amongst others. Studies from several laboratories have shown that the activity of vagal efferent motoneurons innervating the upper GI tract is inhibited tonically by GABAergic synaptic inputs from the adjacent nucleus tractus solitarius. Disruption of this influential central GABA input impacts vagal efferent output, hence gastric functions, significantly. The purpose of this review is to describe the development, physiology, and pathophysiology of this functionally dominant inhibitory synapse and its role in regulating vagally determined gastric functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A McMenamin
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - R Alberto Travagli
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kirsteen N Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Horwath JA, Hurr C, Butler SD, Guruju M, Cassell MD, Mark AL, Davisson RL, Young CN. Obesity-induced hepatic steatosis is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in the subfornical organ of the brain. JCI Insight 2017; 2:90170. [PMID: 28422749 PMCID: PMC5396512 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by an excess accumulation of hepatic triglycerides, is a growing health epidemic. While ER stress in the liver has been implicated in the development of NAFLD, the role of brain ER stress - which is emerging as a key contributor to a number of chronic diseases including obesity - in NAFLD remains unclear. These studies reveal that chemical induction of ER stress in the brain caused hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis in mice. Conversely, pharmacological reductions in brain ER stress in diet-induced obese mice rescued NAFLD independent of body weight, food intake, and adiposity. Evaluation of brain regions involved revealed robust activation of ER stress biomarkers and ER ultrastructural abnormalities in the circumventricular subfornical organ (SFO), a nucleus situated outside of the blood-brain-barrier, in response to high-fat diet. Targeted reductions in SFO-ER stress in obese mice via SFO-specific supplementation of the ER chaperone 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein ameliorated hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis without altering body weight, food intake, adiposity, or obesity-induced hypertension. Overall, these findings indicate a novel role for brain ER stress, notably within the SFO, in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Horwath
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott D. Butler
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mallikarjun Guruju
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Allyn L. Mark
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robin L. Davisson
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Colin N. Young
- Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Clarifying the Ghrelin System's Ability to Regulate Feeding Behaviours Despite Enigmatic Spatial Separation of the GHSR and Its Endogenous Ligand. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040859. [PMID: 28422060 PMCID: PMC5412441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone predominantly produced in and secreted from the stomach. Ghrelin is involved in many physiological processes including feeding, the stress response, and in modulating learning, memory and motivational processes. Ghrelin does this by binding to its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), a receptor found in relatively high concentrations in hypothalamic and mesolimbic brain regions. While the feeding and metabolic effects of ghrelin can be explained by the effects of this hormone on regions of the brain that have a more permeable blood brain barrier (BBB), ghrelin produced within the periphery demonstrates a limited ability to reach extrahypothalamic regions where GHSRs are expressed. Therefore, one of the most pressing unanswered questions plaguing ghrelin research is how GHSRs, distributed in brain regions protected by the BBB, are activated despite ghrelin’s predominant peripheral production and poor ability to transverse the BBB. This manuscript will describe how peripheral ghrelin activates central GHSRs to encourage feeding, and how central ghrelin synthesis and ghrelin independent activation of GHSRs may also contribute to the modulation of feeding behaviours.
Collapse
|
44
|
Browning KN, Verheijden S, Boeckxstaens GE. The Vagus Nerve in Appetite Regulation, Mood, and Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:730-744. [PMID: 27988382 PMCID: PMC5337130 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the gastrointestinal tract contains intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a significant degree of independent control over gastrointestinal functions, the central nervous system provides extrinsic neural inputs that modulate, regulate, and integrate these functions. In particular, the vagus nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation to the gastrointestinal tract, coordinating the complex interactions between central and peripheral neural control mechanisms. This review discusses the physiological roles of the afferent (sensory) and motor (efferent) vagus in regulation of appetite, mood, and the immune system, as well as the pathophysiological outcomes of vagus nerve dysfunction resulting in obesity, mood disorders, and inflammation. The therapeutic potential of vagus nerve modulation to attenuate or reverse these pathophysiological outcomes and restore autonomic homeostasis is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsteen N. Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Science Penn State College of Medicine 500 University Drive MC H109 Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Translational Research Center of Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) KU Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E. Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center of Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) KU Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology University Hospital Leuven Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven, Belgium,Address of correspondence: Prof. dr. Guy Boeckxstaens,
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Oliveira M, Fernández F, Solé J, Pumarola M. Morphological, histological and immunohistochemical study of the area postrema in the dog. Anat Sci Int 2017; 93:188-196. [PMID: 28063139 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Circumventricular organs are specialized brain structures that are located mainly at the midsagittal line, around the third and fourth ventricles, often protruding into the lumen. They are positioned at the interface between the neuroparenchyma and the ventricular system of the brain. These highly vascularized nervous tissue structures differ from the brain parenchyma, as they lack a blood-brain barrier. Circumventricular organs have specialized sensory and secretory functions. It is essential for any pathologist who evaluates brain sections to have a solid knowledge of microscopic neuroanatomy and to recognize these numerous specialized structures within the nervous system as normal and not mistake them for pathological changes. The purpose of this study was to provide, for the first time, a detailed and complete histological description of the healthy canine area postrema and to determine its resemblance to that of other mammalian species. Anatomical dissections with routine histological and immunohistochemical techniques were carried out on ten canine brains. The cellular composition of area postrema proved to be largely comparable to that of other mammal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oliveira
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, DE24 8HX, UK.
| | - Francisco Fernández
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Simonyan H, Hurr C, Young CN. A synthetic luciferin improves in vivo bioluminescence imaging of gene expression in cardiovascular brain regions. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:762-770. [PMID: 27614203 PMCID: PMC5243229 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00055.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging is an effective tool for in vivo investigation of molecular processes. We have demonstrated the applicability of bioluminescence imaging to spatiotemporally monitor gene expression in cardioregulatory brain nuclei during the development of cardiovascular disease, via incorporation of firefly luciferase into living animals, combined with exogenous d-luciferin substrate administration. Nevertheless, d-luciferin uptake into the brain tissue is low, which decreases the sensitivity of bioluminescence detection, particularly when considering small changes in gene expression in tiny central areas. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a synthetic luciferin, cyclic alkylaminoluciferin (CycLuc1), would be superior to d-luciferin for in vivo bioluminescence imaging in cardiovascular brain regions. Male C57B1/6 mice underwent targeted delivery of an adenovirus encoding the luciferase gene downstream of the CMV promoter to the subfornical organ (SFO) or paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN), two crucial cardioregulatory neural regions. While bioluminescent signals could be obtained following d-luciferin injection (150 mg/kg), CycLuc1 administration resulted in a three- to fourfold greater bioluminescent emission from the SFO and PVN, at 10- to 20-fold lower substrate concentrations (7.5-15 mg/kg). This CycLuc1-mediated enhancement in bioluminescent emission was evident early following substrate administration (i.e., 6-10 min) and persisted for up to 1 h. When the exposure time was reduced from 60 s to 1,500 ms, minimal signal in the PVN was detectable with d-luciferin, whereas bioluminescent images could be reliably captured with CycLuc1. These findings demonstrate that bioluminescent imaging with the synthetic luciferin CycLuc1 provides an improved physiological genomics tool to investigate molecular events in discrete cardioregulatory brain nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayk Simonyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Colin N Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ley D, Romantsik O, Vallius S, Sveinsdóttir K, Sveinsdóttir S, Agyemang AA, Baumgarten M, Mörgelin M, Lutay N, Bruschettini M, Holmqvist B, Gram M. High Presence of Extracellular Hemoglobin in the Periventricular White Matter Following Preterm Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Front Physiol 2016; 7:330. [PMID: 27536248 PMCID: PMC4971438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants continues to be a major clinical problem, occurring in about 15-20% of very preterm infants. In contrast to other brain lesions the incidence of IVH has not been reduced over the last decade, but actually slightly increased. Currently over 50% of surviving infants develop post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation and about 35% develop severe neurological impairment, mainly cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. To date there is no therapy available to prevent infants from developing either hydrocephalus or serious neurological disability. It is known that blood rapidly accumulates within the ventricles following IVH and this leads to disruption of normal anatomy and increased local pressure. However, the molecular mechanisms causing brain injury following IVH are incompletely understood. We propose that extracellular hemoglobin is central in the pathophysiology of periventricular white matter damage following IVH. Using a preterm rabbit pup model of IVH the distribution of extracellular hemoglobin was characterized at 72 h following hemorrhage. Evaluation of histology, histochemistry, hemoglobin immunolabeling and scanning electron microscopy revealed presence of extensive amounts of extracellular hemoglobin, i.e., not retained within erythrocytes, in the periventricular white matter, widely distributed throughout the brain. Furthermore, double immunolabeling together with the migration and differentiation markers polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) demonstrates that a significant proportion of the extracellular hemoglobin is distributed in areas of the periventricular white matter with high extracellular plasticity. In conclusion, these findings support that extracellular hemoglobin may contribute to the pathophysiological processes that cause irreversible damage to the immature brain following IVH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Olga Romantsik
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Suvi Vallius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristbjörg Sveinsdóttir
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Snjolaug Sveinsdóttir
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Alex A Agyemang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Baumgarten
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Matteo Bruschettini
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Gram
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jeong HK, Oh SW, Kim J, Lee SK, Ahn SJ. Reduction of Oxygen-Induced CSF Hyperintensity on FLAIR MR Images in Sedated Children: Usefulness of Magnetization-Prepared FLAIR Imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:1549-55. [PMID: 26988816 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oxygen-induced CSF hyperintensity on FLAIR MR imaging is often observed in sedated children. This phenomenon can mimic leptomeningeal pathology and lead to a misdiagnosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether magnetization-prepared FLAIR MR imaging can reduce oxygen-induced CSF hyperintensity and improve image quality compared with conventional (non-magnetization-prepared) FLAIR MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bloch simulation for magnetization-prepared and non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR sequences was performed for tissue contrast. We retrospectively reviewed 85 children with epilepsy who underwent MR imaging under general anesthesia with supplemental oxygen (41 with non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR and 44 with magnetization-prepared FLAIR). CSF hyperintensity was scored from 0 to 3 points according to the degree of CSF signal intensity and was compared between the 2 sequences. The contrast-to-noise ratios among GM, WM, and CSF were evaluated to assess general image quality from both sequences. To assess the diagnostic accuracy for hemorrhage, we reviewed an additional 25 patients with hemorrhage. RESULTS Bloch simulation demonstrated that CSF hyperintensity can be reduced on magnetization-prepared FLAIR compared with non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR. CSF hyperintensity scores were significantly lower in magnetization-prepared FLAIR than in non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR (P < .01). The contrast-to-noise ratios for GM-WM, GM-CSF, and WM-CSF were significantly higher in magnetization-prepared FLAIR than in non-magnetization-prepared FLAIR (P < .05). Hemorrhage was clearly demarcated from CSF hyperintensity in the magnetization-prepared group (100%, 12/12) and non-magnetization-prepared group (38%, 5/13). CONCLUSIONS Magnetization-prepared 3D-FLAIR MR imaging can significantly reduce oxygen-induced CSF artifacts and increase the tissue contrast-to-noise ratio beyond the levels achieved with conventional non-magnetization-prepared 3D-FLAIR MR imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H-K Jeong
- From Philips Korea (H.-K.J.), Seoul, Republic of Korea Korea Basic Science Institute (H.-K.J.), Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - S W Oh
- Department of Radiology (S.W.O), Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea
| | - J Kim
- Department of Radiology (J.K., S.-K.L., S.J.A.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-K Lee
- Department of Radiology (J.K., S.-K.L., S.J.A.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S J Ahn
- Department of Radiology (J.K., S.-K.L., S.J.A.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cancelliere NM, Black EAE, Ferguson AV. Neurohumoral Integration of Cardiovascular Function by the Lamina Terminalis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 17:93. [PMID: 26531751 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-015-0602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in cardiovascular regulation, such as vascular tone, fluid volume and blood osmolarity, are quite often mediated by signals circulating in the periphery, such as angiotensin II and sodium concentration. Research has identified areas within the lamina terminalis (LT), specifically the sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), the subfornical organ and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, as playing crucial roles detecting and integrating information derived from these circulating signals. The median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) is a third integrative structure within the LT that influences cardiovascular homeostasis, although to date, its role is not as clearly elucidated. More recent studies have demonstrated that the CVOs are not only essential in the detection of traditional cardiovascular signals but also signals primarily considered to be important in the regulation of metabolic, reproductive and inflammatory processes that have now also been implicated in cardiovascular regulation. In this review, we highlight the critical roles played by the LT in the detection and integration of circulating signals that provide critical feedback control information contributing to cardiovascular regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Cancelliere
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Emily A E Black
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alastair V Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Smith PM, Brzezinska P, Hubert F, Mimee A, Maurice DH, Ferguson AV. Leptin influences the excitability of area postrema neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 310:R440-8. [PMID: 26719304 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00326.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The area postrema (AP) is a circumventricular organ with important roles in central autonomic regulation. This medullary structure has been shown to express the leptin receptor and has been suggested to have a role in modulating peripheral signals, indicating energy status. Using RT-PCR, we have confirmed the presence of mRNA for the leptin receptor, ObRb, in AP, and whole cell current-clamp recordings from dissociated AP neurons demonstrated that leptin influenced the excitability of 51% (42/82) of AP neurons. The majority of responsive neurons (62%) exhibited a depolarization (5.3 ± 0.7 mV), while the remaining affected cells (16/42) demonstrated hyperpolarizing effects (-5.96 ± 0.95 mV). Amylin was found to influence the same population of AP neurons. To elucidate the mechanism(s) of leptin and amylin actions in the AP, we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to determine the effect of these peptides on cAMP levels in single AP neurons. Leptin and amylin were found to elevate cAMP levels in the same dissociated AP neurons (leptin: % total FRET response 25.3 ± 4.9, n = 14; amylin: % total FRET response 21.7 ± 3.1, n = 13). When leptin and amylin were coapplied, % total FRET response rose to 53.0 ± 8.3 (n = 6). The demonstration that leptin and amylin influence a subpopulation of AP neurons and that these two signaling molecules have additive effects on single AP neurons to increase cAMP, supports a role for the AP as a central nervous system location at which these circulating signals may act through common intracellular signaling pathways to influence central control of energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paulina Brzezinska
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabien Hubert
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Mimee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald H Maurice
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alastair V Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|