1
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Catlin NR, Cappon GD, Davenport SD, Stethem CM, Nowland WS, Campion SN, Bowman CJ. New approach methodologies to confirm developmental toxicity of pharmaceuticals based on weight of evidence. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 129:108686. [PMID: 39128486 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The aim of embryo-fetal developmental toxicity assessments for pharmaceuticals is to inform potential risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, which has traditionally relied on studies in pregnant animals. Recent updates to international safety guidelines (ICH S5R3) have incorporated information on how to use weight of evidence and alternative assays to reduce animal use while still informing risk of fetal harm. Uptake of these alternative approaches has been slow due to limitations in understanding how alternative assays translate to in vivo effects and then relevance to human exposure. To understand the predictivity of new approach methodologies for developmental toxicity (DevTox NAMs), we used two pharmaceutical examples (glasdegib and lorlatinib) to illustrate the value of DevTox NAMs to complement weight of evidence (WoE) assessments while considering the relationship of concentration-effect levels in NAMs to in vivo studies. The in vitro results generated in a battery of assays (mEST, rWEC, zebrafish, and human based stem cells) confirmed the WoE based on literature and further confirmed by preliminary embryo-fetal development data. The data generated for these two compounds supports integrating DevTox NAMs into the developmental toxicity assessment for advanced cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha R Catlin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA.
| | - Gregg D Cappon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA; Current: ToxStrategies, Katy, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Davenport
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christine M Stethem
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - William S Nowland
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Sarah N Campion
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christopher J Bowman
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
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2
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Hoyberghs J, Ball J, Trznadel M, Beekhuijzen M, Burbank M, Wilhelmi P, Muriana A, Powles-Glover N, Letamendia A, Van Cruchten S. Biological variability hampers the use of skeletal staining methods in zebrafish embryo developmental toxicity assays. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 127:108615. [PMID: 38815770 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryo assays are used by pharmaceutical and chemical companies as new approach methodologies (NAMs) in developmental toxicity screening. Despite an overall high concordance of zebrafish embryo assays with in vivo mammalian studies, false negative and false positive results have been reported. False negative results in risk assessment models are of particular concern for human safety, as developmental anomalies may be missed. Interestingly, for several chemicals and drugs that were reported to be false negative in zebrafish, skeletal findings were noted in the in vivo studies. As the number of skeletal endpoints assessed in zebrafish is very limited compared to the in vivo mammalian studies, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the sensitivity could be increased by including a skeletal staining method. Three staining methods were tested on zebrafish embryos that were exposed to four teratogens that caused skeletal anomalies in rats and/or rabbits and were false negative in zebrafish embryo assays. These methods included a fixed alizarin red-alcian blue staining, a calcein staining, and a live alizarin red staining. The results showed a high variability in staining intensity of larvae exposed to mammalian skeletal teratogens, as well as variability between control larvae originating from the same clutch of zebrafish. Hence, biological variability in (onset of) bone development in zebrafish hampers the detection of (subtle) treatment-related bone effects that are not picked-up by gross morphology. In conclusion, the used skeletal staining methods did not increase the sensitivity of zebrafish embryo developmental toxicity assays.
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3
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di Domenico K, Lacchetti I, Cafiero G, Mancini A, Carere M, Mancini L. Reviewing the use of zebrafish for the detection of neurotoxicity induced by chemical mixtures through the analysis of behaviour. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142246. [PMID: 38710414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The knowledge and assessment of mixtures of chemical pollutants in the aquatic environment is a complex issue that is often challenging to address. In this review, we focused on the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio), a vertebrate widely used in biomedical research, as a model for detecting the effects of chemical mixtures with a focus on behaviour. Our aim was to summarize the current status of the ecotoxicological research in this sector. Specifically, we limited our research to the period between January 2012 and September 2023, including only those works aimed at detecting neurotoxicity through behavioural endpoints, utilizing zebrafish at one or more developmental stages, from egg to adult. Additionally, we gathered the findings for every group of chemicals involved and summarised data from all the works we included. At the end of the screening process 101 papers were considered eligible for inclusion. Results show a growing interest in zebrafish at all life stages for this kind of research in the last decade. Also, a wide variety of different assays, involving different senses, was used in the works we surveyed, with exposures ranging from acute to chronic. In conclusion, the results of this study show the versatility of zebrafish as a model for the detection of mixture toxicity although, for what concerns behavioural analysis, the lack of standardisation of methods and endpoints might still be limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin di Domenico
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ines Lacchetti
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cafiero
- Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aurora Mancini
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Carere
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mancini
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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4
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Yang W, Bu Q, Shi Q, Zhao R, Huang H, Yang L, Tang J, Ma Y. Emerging Contaminants in the Effluent of Wastewater Should Be Regulated: Which and to What Extent? TOXICS 2024; 12:309. [PMID: 38787088 PMCID: PMC11125804 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Effluent discharged from urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a major source of emerging contaminants (ECs) requiring effective regulation. To this end, we collected discharge datasets of pharmaceuticals (PHACs) and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), representing two primary categories of ECs, from Chinese WWTP effluent from 2012 to 2022 to establish an exposure database. Moreover, high-risk ECs' long-term water quality criteria (LWQC) were derived using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method. A total of 140 ECs (124 PHACs and 16 EDCs) were identified, with concentrations ranging from N.D. (not detected) to 706 μg/L. Most data were concentrated in coastal regions and Gansu, with high ecological risk observed in Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Guangdong, and Hong Kong. Using the assessment factor (AF) method, 18 high-risk ECs requiring regulation were identified. However, only three of them, namely carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and bisphenol-A, met the derivation requirements of the SSD method. The LWQC for these three ECs were determined as 96.4, 1010, and 288 ng/L, respectively. Exposure data for carbamazepine and bisphenol-A surpassed their derived LWQC, indicating a need for heightened attention to these contaminants. This study elucidates the occurrence and risks of ECs in Chinese WWTPs and provides theoretical and data foundations for EC management in urban sewage facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Qianhui Shi
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Ruiqing Zhao
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Haitao Huang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China (Q.S.)
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuning Ma
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Hamm JT, Hsieh JH, Roberts GK, Collins B, Gorospe J, Sparrow B, Walker NJ, Truong L, Tanguay RL, Dyballa S, Miñana R, Schiavone V, Terriente J, Weiner A, Muriana A, Quevedo C, Ryan KR. Interlaboratory Study on Zebrafish in Toxicology: Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology's (SEAZIT's) Evaluation of Developmental Toxicity. TOXICS 2024; 12:93. [PMID: 38276729 PMCID: PMC10820928 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Embryonic zebrafish represent a useful test system to screen substances for their ability to perturb development. The exposure scenarios, endpoints captured, and data analysis vary among the laboratories who conduct screening. A lack of harmonization impedes the comparison of the substance potency and toxicity outcomes across laboratories and may hinder the broader adoption of this model for regulatory use. The Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (SEAZIT) initiative was developed to investigate the sources of variability in toxicity testing. This initiative involved an interlaboratory study to determine whether experimental parameters altered the developmental toxicity of a set of 42 substances (3 tested in duplicate) in three diverse laboratories. An initial dose-range-finding study using in-house protocols was followed by a definitive study using four experimental conditions: chorion-on and chorion-off using both static and static renewal exposures. We observed reasonable agreement across the three laboratories as 33 of 42 test substances (78.6%) had the same activity call. However, the differences in potency seen using variable in-house protocols emphasizes the importance of harmonization of the exposure variables under evaluation in the second phase of this study. The outcome of the Def will facilitate future practical discussions on harmonization within the zebrafish research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon T. Hamm
- Inotiv, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Georgia K. Roberts
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Bradley Collins
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jenni Gorospe
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | | | - Nigel J. Walker
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, The Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, The Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Rafael Miñana
- ZeClinics SL., 08980 Barcelona, Spain
- CTI Laboratory Services Spain SL., 48160 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | | | - Andrea Weiner
- BBD BioPhenix SL. (Biobide), 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Celia Quevedo
- BBD BioPhenix SL. (Biobide), 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Kristen R. Ryan
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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6
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Mori K, Aoki Y, Mikashima F, Maki K, Tanaka T, Hayashi M, Sugimoto W, Ono M, Umekita S, Niino T, Fujiwara M, Ebata T, Hirata H, Kojima H. Validation of a new protocol for a zebrafish MEFL (malformation or embryo-fetal lethality) test method that conforms to the ICH S5 (R3) guideline. J Toxicol Sci 2024; 49:337-348. [PMID: 39098043 DOI: 10.2131/jts.49.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Detecting the toxic effects of chemicals on reproduction and development without using mammalian animal models is crucial in the exploitation of pharmaceuticals for human use. Zebrafish are a promising animal model for investigating pharmacological effects and toxicity during vertebrate development. Several studies have suggested the use of zebrafish embryos for the assessment of malformations or embryo-fetal lethality (MEFL). However, a reproducible protocol as a standard for the zebrafish MEFL test method that fulfills global requests has not been established based on the International Council of Harmonisation (ICH) S5 (R3) guidelines. To establish such a toxicity test method, we developed a new and easy protocol to detect MEFL caused by chemicals, especially those with teratogenic potential, using fertilized zebrafish eggs (embryos) within 5 days of development. Our toxicity test trials using the same protocol in two to four different laboratories corroborated the high inter-laboratory reproducibility. Our test method enabled the detection of 18 out of 22 test compounds that induced rat MEFL. Thus, the prediction rate of our zebrafish test method for MEFL was almost 82% compared with that of rat MEFL. Collectively, our study proposes the establishment of an easy and reproducible protocol for the zebrafish MEFL test method for reproductive and developmental toxicity that meets ICH guideline S5 (R3), which can be further considered in combination with information from other sources for regulatory use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Mori
- Non-Clinical Biomedical Science, Applied Research & Operations, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Yoshinobu Aoki
- Ideation & Creation Group, Discovery Accelerator, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | | | | | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University School of Medicine
| | - Mai Hayashi
- Drug Development Laboratories, Maruho Co., Ltd
| | | | - Mizuho Ono
- Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Research Corporation
| | - Saaya Umekita
- Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Research Corporation
| | - Tatsuhiro Niino
- Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Research Corporation
| | | | - Tomonori Ebata
- Research Department, Gotemba Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc
| | - Hiromi Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Divison of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Science
- Sanyo-Onoda City University
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7
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Weiner AMJ, Irijalba I, Gallego MP, Ibarburu I, Sainz L, Goñi-de-Cerio F, Quevedo C, Muriana A. Validation of a zebrafish developmental defects assay as a qualified alternative test for its regulatory use following the ICH S5(R3) guideline. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 123:108513. [PMID: 38016617 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a popular toxicology model and provides an ethically acceptable small-scale analysis system with the complexity of a complete organism. Our goal is to further validate this model for its regulatory use for reproductive and developmental defects by testing the compounds indicated in the "Guideline on detection of reproductive and developmental toxicity for human pharmaceuticals" (ICH S5(R3) guideline.) To determine the embryotoxic and developmental risk of the 32 reference compounds listed in the ICH S5(R3) guideline, the presence of morphological alterations in zebrafish embryos was analyzed at two different stages to calculateLC50 and EC50 values for each stage. Teratogenic Indexes were established as the ratio between LC50 and EC50 critical for the proper compound classification as teratogenic when it is ≥ 2. A total of three biological replicates have been conducted to study the reproducibility of the assay. The chemicals' concentration in the medium and internally in the zebrafish embryos was evaluated. In this study, the 3 negative compounds were properly categorized while 23 compounds out of the 29 reference ones (sensitivity of 79.31%) were classified as teratogenic in zebrafish. The 6 that had false-negative results were classified 4 as inconclusive, 1 as not toxic, and 1 compound resulted toxic for zebrafish embryos under testing conditions. After the bioavailability experiments, some of the obtained inconclusive results were refined. The developmental defects assay in zebrafish gives an accuracy of 89.66%, sensitivity of 88.46%, specificity and repeatability of 100% compared to mammals; therefore, this is a well-integrated strategy using New Alternative Methods, to minimize the use of animals in developmental toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M J Weiner
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - I Irijalba
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M P Gallego
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - I Ibarburu
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - L Sainz
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - F Goñi-de-Cerio
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - C Quevedo
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A Muriana
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain.
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8
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van Alen I, Aguirre García MA, Maaskant JJ, Kuijl CP, Bitter W, Meijer AH, Ubbink M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-lactamase variant reduces sensitivity to ampicillin/avibactam in a zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum model of tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15406. [PMID: 37717068 PMCID: PMC10505137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-lactamase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, BlaC, hydrolyzes β-lactam antibiotics, hindering the use of these antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis. Inhibitors, such as avibactam, can reversibly inhibit the enzyme, allowing for the development of combination therapies using both antibiotic and inhibitor. However, laboratory evolution studies using Escherichia coli resulted in the discovery of single amino acid variants of BlaC that reduce the sensitivity for inhibitors or show higher catalytic efficiency against antibiotics. Here, we tested these BlaC variants under more physiological conditions using the M. marinum infection model of zebrafish, which recapitulates hallmark features of tuberculosis, including the intracellular persistence of mycobacteria in macrophages and the induction of granuloma formation. To this end, the M. tuberculosis blaC gene was integrated into the chromosome of a blaC frameshift mutant of M. marinum. Subsequently, the resulting strains were used to infect zebrafish embryos in order to test the combinatorial effect of ampicillin and avibactam. The results show that embryos infected with an M. marinum strain producing BlaC show lower infection levels after treatment than untreated embryos. Additionally, BlaC K234R showed higher infection levels after treatment than those infected with bacteria producing the wild-type enzyme, demonstrating that the zebrafish host is less sensitive to the combinatorial therapy of β-lactam antibiotic and inhibitor. These findings are of interest for future development of combination therapies to treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona van Alen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mayra A Aguirre García
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke J Maaskant
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coenraad P Kuijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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Morsli S, Henriques CM, Ellis PS, Mortiboys H, Baxendale S, Loynes CA, Renshaw SA, Bellantuono I. A p21-GFP zebrafish model of senescence for rapid testing of senolytics in vivo. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13835. [PMID: 37039087 PMCID: PMC10265157 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence drives the onset and severity of multiple ageing-associated diseases and frailty. As a result, there has been an increased interest in mechanistic studies and in the search for compounds targeting senescent cells, known as senolytics. Mammalian models are commonly used to test senolytics and generate functional and toxicity data at the level of organs and systems, yet this is expensive and time consuming. Zebrafish share high homology in genes associated with human ageing and disease. They can be genetically modified relatively easily. In larvae, most organs develop within 5 days of fertilisation and are transparent, which allows tracking of fluorescent cells in vivo in real time, testing drug off-target toxicity and assessment of cellular and phenotypic changes. Here, we have generated a transgenic zebrafish line that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the promoter of a key senescence marker, p21. We show an increase in p21:GFP+ cells in larvae following exposure to ionising radiation and with natural ageing. p21:GFP+ cells display other markers of senescence, including senescence-associated β-galactosidase and IL6. The observed increase in senescent cells following irradiation is associated with a reduction in the thickness of muscle fibres and mobility, two important ageing phenotypes. We also show that quercetin and dasatinib, two senolytics currently in clinical trials, reduce the number of p21:GFP+ cells, in a rapid 5-day assay. This model provides an important tool to study senescence in a living organism, allowing the rapid selection of senolytics before moving to more expensive and time-consuming mammalian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Morsli
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield385a Glossop RoadSheffieldS10 2HQUK
- Present address:
Early Cancer InstituteUniversity of CambridgeHutchison BuildingCambridgeCB2 0XZUK
| | - Catarina M. Henriques
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
| | - Pamela S. Ellis
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Sheffield385a Glossop RoadSheffieldS10 2HQUK
| | - Sarah Baxendale
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2THUK
| | - Catherine A. Loynes
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- The Bateson CentreUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular DiseaseUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
| | - Ilaria Bellantuono
- Healthy Lifespan InstituteUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2THUK
- Department of Oncology and MetabolismUniversity of SheffieldBeech Hill RoadSheffieldS10 2RXUK
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10
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Hsieh JH, Nolte S, Hamm JT, Wang Z, Roberts GK, Schmitt CP, Ryan KR. Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (SEAZIT): Developing a Data Analysis Pipeline for the Assessment of Developmental Toxicity with an Interlaboratory Study. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050407. [PMID: 37235222 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The embryonic zebrafish is a useful vertebrate model for assessing the effects of substances on growth and development. However, cross-laboratory developmental toxicity outcomes can vary and reported developmental defects in zebrafish may not be directly comparable between laboratories. To address these limitations for gaining broader adoption of the zebrafish model for toxicological screening, we established the Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (SEAZIT) program to investigate how experimental protocol differences can influence chemical-mediated effects on developmental toxicity (i.e., mortality and the incidence of altered phenotypes). As part of SEAZIT, three laboratories were provided a common and blinded dataset (42 substances) to evaluate substance-mediated effects on developmental toxicity in the embryonic zebrafish model. To facilitate cross-laboratory comparisons, all the raw experimental data were collected, stored in a relational database, and analyzed with a uniform data analysis pipeline. Due to variances in laboratory-specific terminology for altered phenotypes, we utilized ontology terms available from the Ontology Lookup Service (OLS) for Zebrafish Phenotype to enable additional cross-laboratory comparisons. In this manuscript, we utilized data from the first phase of screening (dose range finding, DRF) to highlight the methodology associated with the development of the database and data analysis pipeline, as well as zebrafish phenotype ontology mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sue Nolte
- Office of Data Science, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Zicong Wang
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Georgia K Roberts
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charles P Schmitt
- Office of Data Science, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kristen R Ryan
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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11
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Hill BN, Britton KN, Hunter DL, Olin JK, Lowery M, Hedge JM, Knapp BR, Jarema KA, Rowson Z, Padilla S. Inconsistencies in variable reporting and methods in larval zebrafish behavioral assays. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 96:107163. [PMID: 36758822 PMCID: PMC10337341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
New approaches in developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) screening are needed due to the tens of thousands of chemicals requiring hazard assessments. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are an alternative vertebrate model for DNT testing, but without a standardized protocol for larval behavioral assays, comparison of results among laboratories is challenging. To evaluate the congruence of protocols across laboratories, we conducted a literature review of DNT studies focusing on larval zebrafish behavior assays and cataloged experimental design consistencies. Our review focused on 51 unique method variables in publications where chemical exposure occurred in early development and subsequent larval locomotor evaluation focused on assays that included a light/dark photoperiod transition. We initially identified 94 publications, but only 31 exclusively met our inclusion criteria which focused on parameters that are important to an assay employed by our laboratory. No publication reported 100% of the targeted variables; only 51 to 86% of those variables were reported in the reviewed publications, with some aspects of the experimental design consistent among laboratories. However, no protocol was exactly the same for any two publications. Many of these variables had more than one parameter/design reported, highlighting the inconsistencies among methods. Overall, there is not only a strong need for the development of a standardized testing protocol for larval zebrafish locomotor assays, but there is also a need for a standardized protocol for reporting experimental variables in the literature. Here we include an extensive guideline checklist for conducting larval zebrafish developmental behavior assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgett N Hill
- ORISE Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Katy N Britton
- ORAU Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Deborah L Hunter
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Jeanene K Olin
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Morgan Lowery
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Joan M Hedge
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Advanced Experimental Toxicology Models Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Bridget R Knapp
- ORISE Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Jarema
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Immediate Office, Program Operations Staff, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Zachary Rowson
- ORISE Research Participation Program hosted by EPA, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Rapid Assay Development Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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12
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MacRae CA, Peterson RT. Zebrafish as a Mainstream Model for In Vivo Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:43-64. [PMID: 36151053 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051421-105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacology and toxicology are part of a much broader effort to understand the relationship between chemistry and biology. While biomedicine has necessarily focused on specific cases, typically of direct human relevance, there are real advantages in pursuing more systematic approaches to characterizing how health and disease are influenced by small molecules and other interventions. In this context, the zebrafish is now established as the representative screenable vertebrate and, through ongoing advances in the available scale of genome editing and automated phenotyping, is beginning to address systems-level solutions to some biomedical problems. The addition of broader efforts to integrate information content across preclinical model organisms and the incorporation of rigorous analytics, including closed-loop deep learning, will facilitate efforts to create systems pharmacology and toxicology with the ability to continuously optimize chemical biological interactions around societal needs. In this review, we outline progress toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum A MacRae
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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13
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Li X, Li M. The application of zebrafish patient-derived xenograft tumor models in the development of antitumor agents. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:212-236. [PMID: 36029178 DOI: 10.1002/med.21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cost of antitumor drug development is enormous, yet the clinical outcomes are less than satisfactory. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop effective drug screening methods that enable accurate, rapid, and high-throughput discovery of lead compounds in the process of preclinical antitumor drug research. An effective solution is to use the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor animal models, which are applicable for the elucidation of tumor pathogenesis and the preclinical testing of novel antitumor compounds. As a promising screening model organism, zebrafish has been widely applied in the construction of the PDX tumor model and the discovery of antineoplastic agents. Herein, we systematically survey the recent cutting-edge advances in zebrafish PDX models (zPDX) for studies of pathogenesis mechanisms and drug screening. In addition, the techniques used in the construction of zPDX are summarized. The advantages and limitations of the zPDX are also discussed in detail. Finally, the prospects of zPDX in drug discovery, translational medicine, and clinical precision medicine treatment are well presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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14
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Hwang HJ, Lee SR, Yoon JG, Moon HR, Zhang J, Park E, Yoon SI, Cho JA. Ferulic Acid as a Protective Antioxidant of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081448. [PMID: 35892649 PMCID: PMC9331426 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier is the primary and most significant defense barrier against ingested toxins and pathogenic bacteria. When the intestinal epithelium barrier is breached, inflammatory response is triggered. GWAS data showed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers are elevated in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients, which suggests ER stress regulation might alleviate IBD symptoms. Ferulic acid (FA) is a polyphenol that is abundant in plants and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, although it is unclear whether FA has these effects on the intestine. Therefore, we investigated the effect of FA in vitro and in vivo. It was found that FA suppressed ER stress, nitric oxide (NO) generation, and inflammation in polarized Caco-2 and T84 cells, indicating that the ER stress pathway was implicated in its anti-inflammatory activities. The permeability of polarized Caco-2 cells in the presence and absence of proinflammatory cytokines were decreased by FA, and MUC2 mRNA was overexpressed in the intestines of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with FA. These results suggest that FA has a protective effect on intestinal tight junctions. In addition, mouse intestine organoids proliferated significantly more in the presence of FA. Our findings shed light on the molecular mechanism responsible for the antioxidant effects of FA and its protective benefits on the health of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Hwang
- Department of Agrofood Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - So Rok Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.-G.Y.); (H.-R.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ju-Gyeong Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.-G.Y.); (H.-R.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hye-Ri Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.-G.Y.); (H.-R.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingnan Zhang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.-G.Y.); (H.-R.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Eunmi Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, 1646, Yuseung-daero, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Su-In Yoon
- Research Center for Microbiome-Brain Disorders, Chungnam University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Jin Ah Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.R.L.); (J.-G.Y.); (H.-R.M.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-6833
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15
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Hsieh JH, Behl M, Parham F, Ryan K. Exploring the influence of experimental design on toxicity outcomes in zebrafish embryo tests. Toxicol Sci 2022; 188:198-207. [PMID: 35639960 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound toxicity data obtained from independent zebrafish laboratories can vary vastly, complicating the use of zebrafish screening for regulatory decisions. Differences in the assay protocol parameters are the primary source of variability. We investigated this issue by utilizing data from the NTP DNT-DIVER database (https://doi.org/10.22427/NTP-DATA-002-00062-0001-0000-1), which consists of data from zebrafish developmental toxicity (devtox) and locomotor response (designated as 'neurotox') screens from three independent laboratories, using the same set of 87 compounds. The data were analyzed using the benchmark concentration (BMC) modeling approach, which estimates the concentration of interest based on a predetermined response threshold. We compared the BMC results from three laboratories (A, B, C) in three toxicity outcome categories: mortality, cumulative devtox, and neurotox, in terms of activity calls and potency values. We found that for devtox screening, laboratories with similar/same protocol parameters (B vs C) had an active call concordance as high as 86% with negligible potency difference. For neurotox screening, active call concordances between paired laboratories are lower than devtox screening (highest 68%). When protocols with different protocol parameters were compared, the concordance dropped, and the potency shift was on average about 3.8-fold for the cumulative devtox outcome and 5.8-fold for the neurotox outcome. The potential contributing protocol parameters for potency shift are listed or ranked. This study provides a quantitative assessment of the source of variability in zebrafish screening protocols and sets the groundwork for the ongoing Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (SEAZIT) effort at the National Toxicology Program (NTP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Mamta Behl
- Neurocrine Biosciences Inc, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA, 92130
| | - Frederick Parham
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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16
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Piersma AH, Baker NC, Daston GP, Flick B, Fujiwara M, Knudsen TB, Spielmann H, Suzuki N, Tsaioun K, Kojima H. Pluripotent stem cell assays: Modalities and applications for predictive developmental toxicity. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100074. [PMID: 35633891 PMCID: PMC9130094 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript provides a review focused on embryonic stem cell-based models and their place within the landscape of alternative developmental toxicity assays. Against the background of the principles of developmental toxicology, the wide diversity of alternative methods using pluripotent stem cells developed in this area over the past half century is reviewed. In order to provide an overview of available models, a systematic scoping review was conducted following a published protocol with inclusion criteria, which were applied to select the assays. Critical aspects including biological domain, readout endpoint, availability of standardized protocols, chemical domain, reproducibility and predictive power of each assay are described in detail, in order to review the applicability and limitations of the platform in general and progress moving forward to implementation. The horizon of innovative routes of promoting regulatory implementation of alternative methods is scanned, and recommendations for further work are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldert H. Piersma
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - George P. Daston
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Burkhard Flick
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Michio Fujiwara
- Drug Safety Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Japan
| | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, USA
| | - Horst Spielmann
- Institute for Pharmacy, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Cell Science Group Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Katya Tsaioun
- Evidence-Based Toxicology Collaboration at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hajime Kojima
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
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17
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Winter MJ, Ono Y, Ball JS, Walentinsson A, Michaelsson E, Tochwin A, Scholpp S, Tyler CR, Rees S, Hetheridge MJ, Bohlooly-Y M. A Combined Human in Silico and CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated in Vivo Zebrafish Based Approach to Provide Phenotypic Data for Supporting Early Target Validation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827686. [PMID: 35548346 PMCID: PMC9082939 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical heterogeneity of heart failure has challenged our understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms of this disease. In this respect, large-scale patient DNA sequencing studies have become an invaluable strategy for identifying potential genetic contributing factors. The complex aetiology of heart failure, however, also means that in vivo models are vital to understand the links between genetic perturbations and functional impacts as part of the process for validating potential new drug targets. Traditional approaches (e.g., genetically-modified mice) are optimal for assessing small numbers of genes, but less practical when multiple genes are identified. The zebrafish, in contrast, offers great potential for higher throughput in vivo gene functional assessment to aid target prioritisation, by providing more confidence in target relevance and facilitating gene selection for definitive loss of function studies undertaken in mice. Here we used whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatics on human patient data to identify 3 genes (API5, HSPB7, and LMO2) suggestively associated with heart failure that were also predicted to play a broader role in disease aetiology. The role of these genes in cardiovascular system development and function was then further investigated using in vivo CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene mutation analysis in zebrafish. We observed multiple impacts in F0 knockout zebrafish embryos (crispants) following effective somatic mutation, including changes in ventricle size, pericardial oedema, and chamber malformation. In the case of lmo2, there was also a significant impact on cardiovascular function as well as an expected reduction in erythropoiesis. The data generated from both the human in silico and zebrafish in vivo assessments undertaken supports further investigation of the potential roles of API5, HSPB7, and LMO2 in human cardiovascular disease. The data presented also supports the use of human in silico genetic variant analysis, in combination with zebrafish crispant phenotyping, as a powerful approach for assessing gene function as part of an integrated multi-level drug target validation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Winter
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Yosuke Ono
- Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan S Ball
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Walentinsson
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Michaelsson
- Early Clinical Development, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Tochwin
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Rees
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J Hetheridge
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Bohlooly-Y
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Romero-Blanco A, Alonso Á. Laboratory versus wild populations: the importance of population origin in aquatic ecotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:22798-22808. [PMID: 35041167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the populations used in ecotoxicological bioassays (from nature (wild populations) or from cultures (laboratory populations)) could have a key influence on the sensitivity of the tested species to different toxicants. However, the available information on this subject is scarce. To assess the likely influence of the population origin (wild vs. laboratory) of species-genus on the toxicant tolerance, we performed a quantitative review of the ECOTOX database, from which we collected the effective concentrations for a wide range of compounds (metals and organics), endpoints, and exposure times. We found a general trend of lower sensitivity of wild populations to toxicants than laboratory populations, although sensitivity was dependent on species and toxicant groups. This suggests that the results of bioassays with laboratory populations may overestimate the toxicity of most of the compounds. Our study highlights the relevance of the origin of the populations in the determination of the sensitivity of species to toxicants. This study also warns about the biases in the species and toxicants used in ecotoxicology, which may lead to an underrepresentation of the biodiversity and the toxicological context of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Romero-Blanco
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias de La Vida, Unidad de Ecología, Biological Invasions Research Group, Universidad de Alcalá, Plaza de San Diego S/N, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ciencias de La Vida, Unidad de Ecología, Biological Invasions Research Group, Universidad de Alcalá, Plaza de San Diego S/N, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Hoyberghs J, Bars C, Ayuso M, Van Ginneken C, Foubert K, Van Cruchten S. DMSO Concentrations up to 1% are Safe to be Used in the Zebrafish Embryo Developmental Toxicity Assay. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:804033. [PMID: 35295145 PMCID: PMC8915880 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.804033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a popular solvent for developmental toxicity testing of chemicals and pharmaceuticals in zebrafish embryos. In general, it is recommended to keep the final DMSO concentration as low as possible for zebrafish embryos, preferably not exceeding 100 μL/L (0.01%). However, higher concentrations of DMSO are often required to dissolve compounds in an aqueous medium. The aim of this study was to determine the highest concentration of DMSO that can be safely used in our standardized Zebrafish Embryo Developmental Toxicity Assay (ZEDTA). In the first part of this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations (0–2%) of DMSO. No increase in lethality or malformations was observed when using DMSO concentrations up to 1%. In a follow-up experiment, we assessed whether compounds that cause no developmental toxicity in the ZEDTA remain negative when dissolved in 1% DMSO, as false positive results due to physiological disturbances by DMSO should be avoided. To this end, zebrafish embryos were exposed to ascorbic acid and hydrochlorothiazide dissolved in 1% DMSO. Negative control groups were also included. No significant increase in malformations or lethality was observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, DMSO concentrations up to 1% can be safely used to dissolve compounds in the ZEDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente Hoyberghs
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chloé Bars
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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20
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Matsumoto H, Miyagi H, Nakamura N, Shiga Y, Ohta T, Fujiwara S, Tsuzuki M. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor induces otic hair cell apoptosis via an intrinsic pathway and ER stress in zebrafish larvae. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1937-1947. [PMID: 34926172 PMCID: PMC8648832 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CA inhibitor EZA causes lateral line organ death in zebrafish larvae. Neuromast hair cells are especially sensitive to EZA during embryo development. EZA induces apoptosis in otic hair cells via an intrinsic pathway and ER stress.
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes reversible hydration of CO2 to HCO3− to mediate pH and ion homeostasis. Some chemical pollutants have been reported to have inhibitory effects on fish CA. In this study, we investigated effects of a CA inhibitor ethoxyzolamide (EZA) on neuromasts development during zebrafish embryogenesis, since embryogenesis in aquatic organisms can be particularly sensitive to water pollution. EZA caused alteration of pH and calcium concentration and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in larvae, and induced apoptosis in hair cells especially in the otic neuromast, in which CA2 was distributed on the body surface. mRNA levels of apoptotic genes and caspase activities were increased by EZA, whereas anti-oxidants and apoptotic inhibitors, Bax, NF-κB, and p53 inhibitors significantly relieved the induction of hair cell death. Also, mRNA levels of Bip and CHOP, which are induced in response to ER stress, were upregulated by EZA, suggesting that EZA induces otic hair cell apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and ER stress. Our results demonstrated an essential role of CA in neuromast development via maintenance of ion transport and pH, and that the CA, which is directly exposed to the ambient water, shows marked sensitivity to EZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Matsumoto
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hisako Miyagi
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shiga
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ohta
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
- Corresponding author at: School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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21
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Bars C, Hoyberghs J, Valenzuela A, Buyssens L, Ayuso M, Van Ginneken C, Labro AJ, Foubert K, Van Cruchten SJ. Developmental Toxicity and Biotransformation of Two Anti-Epileptics in Zebrafish Embryos and Early Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12696. [PMID: 34884510 PMCID: PMC8657848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo is gaining interest as a bridging tool between in-vitro and in-vivo developmental toxicity studies. However, cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated drug metabolism in this model is still under debate. Therefore, we investigated the potential of zebrafish embryos and larvae to bioactivate two known anti-epileptics, carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHE), to carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (E-CBZ) and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH), respectively. First, zebrafish were exposed to CBZ, PHE, E-CBZ and HPPH from 5¼- to 120-h post fertilization (hpf) and morphologically evaluated. Second, the formations of E-CBZ and HPPH were assessed in culture medium and in whole-embryo extracts at different time points by targeted LC-MS. Finally, E-CBZ and HPPH formation was also assessed in adult zebrafish liver microsomes and compared with those of human, rat, and rabbit. The present study showed teratogenic effects for CBZ and PHE, but not for E-CBZ and HPPH. No HPPH was detected during organogenesis and E-CBZ was only formed at the end of organogenesis. E-CBZ and HPPH formation was also very low-to-negligible in adult zebrafish compared with the mammalian species. As such, other metabolic pathways than those of mammals are involved in the bioactivation of CBZ and PHE, or, these anti-epileptics are teratogens and do not require bioactivation in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Bars
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Jente Hoyberghs
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Alain J. Labro
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products and Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Steven J. Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (C.B.); (J.H.); (A.V.); (L.B.); (M.A.); (C.V.G.)
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22
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Rethinking agrochemical safety assessment: A perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 127:105068. [PMID: 34678328 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Agrochemical safety assessment has traditionally relied on the use of animals for toxicity testing, based on scientific understanding and test guidelines developed in the 1980s. However, since then, there have been significant advances in the toxicological sciences that have improved our understanding of mechanisms underpinning adverse human health effects. The time is ripe to 'rethink' approaches used for human safety assessments of agrochemicals to ensure they reflect current scientific understanding and increasingly embrace new opportunities to improve human relevance and predictivity, and to reduce the reliance on animals. Although the ultimate aim is to enable a paradigm shift and an overhaul of global regulatory data requirements, there is much that can be done now to ensure new opportunities and approaches are adopted and implemented within the current regulatory frameworks. This commentary reviews current initiatives and emerging opportunities to embrace new approaches to improve agrochemical safety assessment for humans, and considers various endpoints and initiatives (including acute toxicity, repeat dose toxicity studies, carcinogenicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, exposure-driven approaches, inhalation toxicity, and data modelling). Realistic aspirations to improve safety assessment, incorporate new technologies and reduce reliance on animal testing without compromising protection goals are discussed.
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23
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Di Paolo C, Hoffmann S, Witters H, Carrillo JC. Minimum reporting standards based on a comprehensive review of the zebrafish embryo teratogenicity assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 127:105054. [PMID: 34653553 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive toxicity chemical safety assessment involves extensive use of vertebrate animals for regulatory testing purposes. Although alternative methods such as the zebrafish embryo teratogenicity assay (identified in the present manuscript by the acronym ZETA) are promising for replacing tests with mammals, challenges to regulatory application involve lack of standardization and incomplete validation. To identify key protocol aspects and ultimately support improving this situation, a comprehensive review of the literature on the level of harmonization/standardization and validation status of the ZETA has been conducted. The gaps and needed advances of the available ZETA protocols were evaluated and discussed with respect to its applicability as an alternative approach for teratogenicity assessment. Based on the review outcomes, a set of minimum reporting standards for the experimental protocol is proposed. Together with other initiatives towards implementation of alternative approaches at the screening and regulatory levels, the application of minimum reporting requirements is anticipated to support future method standardization and validation, as well as identifying potential improvement aspects. Present findings are expected to ultimately support advancing the ongoing validation initiatives towards the regulatory acceptance of the ZETA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Di Paolo
- Shell Health, Shell International, B.V. Carel van Bylandtlaan 16, 2596, HR, The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Hilda Witters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Unit Health, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Juan-Carlos Carrillo
- Shell Health, Shell International, B.V. Carel van Bylandtlaan 16, 2596, HR, The Hague, the Netherlands
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24
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Song YS, Dai MZ, Zhu CX, Huang YF, Liu J, Zhang CD, Xie F, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Li CQ, Zhang LJ. Validation, Optimization, and Application of the Zebrafish Developmental Toxicity Assay for Pharmaceuticals Under the ICH S5(R3) Guideline. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:721130. [PMID: 34595173 PMCID: PMC8476914 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.721130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish as an alternative animal model for developmental toxicity testing has been extensively investigated, but its assay protocol was not harmonized yet. This study has validated and optimized the zebrafish developmental toxicity assay previously reported by multiple inter-laboratory studies in the United States and Europe. In this study, using this classical protocol, of 31 ICH-positive compounds, 23 compounds (74.2%) were teratogenic in zebrafish, five had false-negative results, and three were neither teratogenic nor non-teratogenic according to the protocol standard; of 14 ICH-negative compounds, 12 compounds (85.7%) were non-teratogenic in zebrafish and two had false-positive results. After we added an additional TI value in the zebrafish treated with testing compounds at 2 dpf along with the original 5 dpf, proposed a new category as the uncategorized compounds for those TI values smaller than the cutoff both at 2 dpf and 5 dpf but inducing toxic phenotypes, refined the testing concentration ranges, and optimized the TI cut-off value from ≥ 10 to ≥ 3 for compounds with refined testing concentrations, this optimized zebrafish developmental assay reached 90.3% sensitivity (28/31 positive compounds were teratogenic in zebrafish) and 88.9% (40/45) overall predictability. Our results from this study strongly support the use of zebrafish as an alternative in vivo method for screening and assessing the teratogenicity of candidate drugs for regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Song
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Chen-Xia Zhu
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Jing Liu
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Da Zhang
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China.,Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China.,Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jiang Zhang
- Center of Safety Evaluation and Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Hoffmann S, Marigliani B, Akgün-Ölmez SG, Ireland D, Cruz R, Busquet F, Flick B, Lalu M, Ghandakly EC, de Vries RBM, Witters H, Wright RA, Ölmez M, Willett C, Hartung T, Stephens ML, Tsaioun K. A Systematic Review to Compare Chemical Hazard Predictions of the Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test With Mammalian Prenatal Developmental Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:14-35. [PMID: 34109416 PMCID: PMC8404989 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally developed to inform the acute toxicity of chemicals on fish, the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET) has also been proposed for assessing the prenatal developmental toxicity of chemicals, potentially replacing mammalian studies. Although extensively evaluated in primary studies, a comprehensive review summarizing the available evidence for the ZET's capacity is lacking. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of how well the presence or absence of exposure-related findings in the ZET predicts prenatal development toxicity in studies with rats and rabbits. A two-tiered systematic review of the developmental toxicity literature was performed, a review of the ZET literature was followed by one of the mammalian literature. Data were extracted using DistillerSR, and study validity was assessed with an amended SYRCLE's risk-of-bias tool. Extracted data were analyzed for each species and substance, which provided the basis for comparing the 2 test methods. Although limited by the number of 24 included chemicals, our results suggest that the ZET has potential to identify chemicals that are mammalian prenatal developmental toxicants, with a tendency for overprediction. Furthermore, our analysis confirmed the need for further standardization of the ZET. In addition, we identified contextual and methodological challenges in the application of systematic review approaches to toxicological questions. One key to overcoming these challenges is a transition to more comprehensive and transparent planning, conduct and reporting of toxicological studies. The first step toward bringing about this change is to create broad awareness in the toxicological community of the need for and benefits of more evidence-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hoffmann
- Evidence-Based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- seh consulting + services, 33106 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Bianca Marigliani
- Department of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, 12231-280 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sevcan Gül Akgün-Ölmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey
| | - Danielle Ireland
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, USA
| | - Rebecca Cruz
- Laboratory of Dental Clinical Research, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 20520-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Burkhard Flick
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67063 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Manoj Lalu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L6 Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C Ghandakly
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Rob B M de Vries
- Evidence-Based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert A Wright
- William H. Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Metin Ölmez
- Umraniye Family Health Center (No. 44), Turkish Ministry of Health, 34760 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Catherine Willett
- Humane Society International, Washington, 20037 District of Columbia, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Martin L Stephens
- Evidence-Based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Katya Tsaioun
- Evidence-Based Toxicology Collaboration (EBTC), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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26
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Baines RP, Wolton K, Thompson CRL. Dictyostelium discoideum: an alternative non-animal model for developmental toxicity testing. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:302-318. [PMID: 34387693 PMCID: PMC8538044 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical aspect of toxicity evaluation is developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) testing. Traditionally, DART testing has been conducted in vivo in mammalian model systems. New legislation aimed at reducing animal use and the prohibitive costs associated with DART testing, together with a need to understand the genetic pathways underlying developmental toxicity means there is a growing demand for alternative model systems for toxicity evaluation. Here we explore the potential of the eukaryotic social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, which is already widely used as a simple model system for cell and developmental biology, as a potential nonanimal model for DART testing. We developed assays for high-throughput screening of toxicity during D. discoideum growth and development. This allowed the toxicity of a broad range of test compounds to be characterized, which revealed that D. discoideum can broadly predict mammalian toxicity. In addition, we show that this system can be used to perform functional genomic screens to compare the molecular modes of action of different compounds. For example, genome-wide screens for mutations that affect lithium and valproic acid toxicity allowed common and unique biological targets and molecular processes mediating their toxicity to be identified. These studies illustrate that D. discoideum could represent a predictive nonanimal model for DART testing due to its amenability to high-throughput approaches and molecular genetic tractability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Baines
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kathryn Wolton
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, RG42 6EY Bracknell, Berkshire
| | - Christopher R L Thompson
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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27
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Zebrafish early life stages as alternative model to study 'designer drugs': Concordance with mammals in response to opioids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 419:115483. [PMID: 33722667 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) on the illicit drug market increases fast, posing a need to urgently understand their toxicity and behavioural effects. However, with currently available rodent models, NPS assessment is limited to a few substances per year. Therefore, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae have been suggested as an alternative model that would require less time and resources to perform an initial assessment and could help to prioritize substances for subsequent evaluation in rodents. To validate this model, more information on the concordance of zebrafish larvae and mammalian responses to specific classes of NPS is needed. Here, we studied toxicity and behavioural effects of opioids in zebrafish early life stages. Synthetic opioids are a class of NPS that are often used in pain medication but also frequently abused, having caused multiple intoxications and fatalities recently. Our data shows that fentanyl derivatives were the most toxic among the tested opioids, with toxicity in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test decreasing in the following order: butyrfentanyl>3-methylfentanyl>fentanyl>tramadol> O-desmethyltramadol>morphine. Similar to rodents, tramadol as well as fentanyl and its derivatives led to hypoactive behaviour in zebrafish larvae, with 3-methylfentanyl being the most potent. Physico-chemical properties-based predictions of chemicals' uptake into zebrafish embryos and larvae correlated well with the effects observed. Further, the biotransformation pattern of butyrfentanyl in zebrafish larvae was reminiscent of that in humans. Comparison of toxicity and behavioural responses to opioids in zebrafish and rodents supports zebrafish as a suitable alternative model for rapidly testing synthetic opioids.
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28
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Achenbach JC, Leggiadro C, Sperker SA, Woodland C, Ellis LD. Comparison of the Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Assay and the General and Behavioral Embryo Toxicity Assay as New Approach Methods for Chemical Screening. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040126. [PMID: 33371320 PMCID: PMC7767334 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The movement away from mammalian testing of potential toxicants and new chemical entities has primarily led to cell line testing and protein-based assays. However, these assays may not yet be sufficient to properly characterize the toxic potential of a chemical. The zebrafish embryo model is widely recognized as a potential new approach method for chemical testing that may provide a bridge between cell and protein-based assays and mammalian testing. The Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZET) model is increasingly recognized as a valuable toxicity testing platform. The ZET assay focuses on the early stages of embryo development and is considered a more humane model compared to adult zebrafish testing. A complementary model has been developed that exposes larvae to toxicants at a later time point during development where body patterning has already been established. Here we compare the toxicity profiles of 20 compounds for this General and Behavioral Toxicity (GBT) assay to the ZET assay. The results show partially overlapping toxicity profiles along with unique information provided by each assay. It appears from this work that these two assays applied together can strengthen the use of zebrafish embryos/larvae as standard toxicity testing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Achenbach
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (J.C.A.); (C.L.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Cindy Leggiadro
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (J.C.A.); (C.L.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sandra A. Sperker
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (J.C.A.); (C.L.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Cindy Woodland
- New Substances Assessment Control Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;
| | - Lee D. Ellis
- New Substances Assessment Control Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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29
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Catlin NR, Bowman CJ, Campion SN, Davenport SD, Esler WP, Kumpf SW, Lewis EM, Nowland WS, Ross TT, Stedman DS, Stethem C, Cappon GD. Inhibition of ACC causes malformations in rats and rabbits: comparison of mammalian findings and alternative assays. Toxicol Sci 2020; 179:183-194. [PMID: 33247737 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is an enzyme within the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway and plays a role in regulating lipid metabolism. Pharmacologic ACC inhibition has been an area of interest for multiple potential indications including oncology, acne vulgaris, metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A critical role for ACC in de novo synthesis of long-chain fatty acids during fetal development has been demonstrated in studies in mice lacking Acc1, where the absence of Acc1 results in early embryonic lethality. Following positive predictions of developmental toxicity in alternative in vitro assays (positive in murine embryonic stem cell [mESC] assay and rat whole embryo culture, but negative in zebrafish), developmental toxicity (growth retardation and dysmorphogenesis associated with disrupted midline fusion) was observed with the oral administration of the dual ACC1 and 2 inhibitor, PF-05175157, in Sprague Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits. The results of these studies are presented here to make comparisons across the assays, as well as mechanistic insights from the mESC assay demonstrating high ACC expression in the mESC and that ACC induced developmental toxicity can be rescued with palmitic acid providing supportive evidence for DNL pathway inhibition as the underlying mechanism. Ultimately, while the battery of alternative approaches and weight-of-evidence case were useful for hazard identification, the embryo-fetal development studies were necessary to inform the risk assessment on the adverse fetal response, as malformations and/or embryo fetal lethality were limited to doses that caused near complete inhibition of DNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha R Catlin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christopher J Bowman
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Sarah N Campion
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Scott D Davenport
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven W Kumpf
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Elise M Lewis
- Charles River Laboratories, Inc, Safety Assessment, Horsham, PA, USA
| | - William S Nowland
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Trenton T Ross
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Donald S Stedman
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christine Stethem
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Gregg D Cappon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
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30
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Hoyberghs J, Bars C, Pype C, Foubert K, Ayuso Hernando M, Van Ginneken C, Ball J, Van Cruchten S. Refinement of the zebrafish embryo developmental toxicity assay. MethodsX 2020; 7:101087. [PMID: 33134094 PMCID: PMC7588703 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pharmaceutical and chemical companies are using the zebrafish embryo as an alternative to animal testing for early detection of developmental toxicants. Unfortunately, the protocol of this zebrafish embryo assay varies between labs, resulting in discordant data for identical compounds. The assay also has some limitations, such as low biotransformation capacity and fewer morphological endpoints in comparison with the in vivo mammalian developmental toxicity studies. Consequently, there is a need to standardize and further optimize the assay for developmental toxicity testing. We developed a Zebrafish Embryo Developmental Toxicity Assay (ZEDTA) that can be extended with a metabolic activation system and/or skeletal staining to increase its sensitivity. As such, the ZEDTA can be used as a modular system depending on the compound of interest.Our protocol is customized with a metabolic activation system for test compounds, using human liver microsomes. This system ensures exposure of zebrafish embryos to metabolites that are relevant for human risk and safety assessment. As human liver microsomes are toxic for the zebrafish embryo, we developed a preincubation system with an ultracentrifugation and subsequent dilution step. Additionally, we developed a skeletal staining protocol that can be added to the ZEDTA modular system. Our live Alizarin Red staining method detects several bone structures in 5-day old zebrafish larvae in a consistent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Casper Pype
- University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Anju Software, Berchem, Belgium
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31
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Miyawaki I. Application of zebrafish to safety evaluation in drug discovery. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 33:197-210. [PMID: 33239838 PMCID: PMC7677624 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, safety evaluation at the early stage of drug discovery research has been done using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo systems in this order because of limitations on the amount of compounds available and the throughput ability of the assay systems. While these in vitro assays are very effective tools for detecting particular tissue-specific toxicity phenotypes, it is difficult to detect toxicity based on complex mechanisms involving multiple organs and tissues. Therefore, the development of novel high throughput in vivo evaluation systems has been expected for a long time. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a vertebrate with many attractive characteristics for use in drug discovery, such as a small size, transparency, gene and protein similarity with mammals (80% or more), and ease of genetic modification to establish human disease models. Actually, in recent years, the zebrafish has attracted interest as a novel experimental animal. In this article, the author summarized the features of zebrafish that make it a suitable laboratory animal, and introduced and discussed the applications of zebrafish to preclinical toxicity testing, including evaluations of teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity based on morphological findings, evaluation of cardiotoxicity using functional endpoints, and assessment of seizure and drug abuse liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuru Miyawaki
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma
Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
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Jarque S, Rubio-Brotons M, Ibarra J, Ordoñez V, Dyballa S, Miñana R, Terriente J. Morphometric analysis of developing zebrafish embryos allows predicting teratogenicity modes of action in higher vertebrates. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:337-348. [PMID: 32822784 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The early identification of teratogens in humans and animals is mandatory for drug discovery and development. Zebrafish has emerged as an alternative model to traditional preclinical models for predicting teratogenicity and other potential chemical-induced toxicity hazards. To prove its predictivity, we exposed zebrafish embryos from 0 to 96 h post fertilization to a battery of 31 compounds classified as teratogens or non-teratogens in mammals. The teratogenicity score was based on the measurement of 16 phenotypical parameters, namely heart edema, pigmentation, body length, eye size, yolk size, yolk sac edema, otic vesicle defects, otoliths defects, body axis defects, developmental delay, tail bending, scoliosis, lateral fins absence, hatching ratio, lower jaw malformations and tissue necrosis. Among the 31 compounds, 20 were detected as teratogens and 11 as non-teratogens, resulting in 94.44 % sensitivity, 90.91 % specificity and 87.10 % accuracy compared to rodents. These percentages decreased slightly when referred to humans, with 87.50 % sensitivity, 81.82 % specificity and 74.19 % accuracy, but allowed an increase in the prediction levels reported by rodents for the same compounds. Positive compounds showed a high correlation among teratogenic parameters, pointing out at general developmental delay as major cause to explain the physiological/morphological malformations. A more detailed analysis based on deviations from main trends revealed potential specific modes of action for some compounds such as retinoic acid, DEAB, ochratoxin A, haloperidol, warfarin, valproic acid, acetaminophen, dasatinib, imatinib, dexamethasone, 6-aminonicotinamide and bisphenol A. The high degree of predictivity and the possibility of applying mechanistic approaches makes zebrafish a powerful model for screening teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Jarque
- ZeClinics SL, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, Edificio IGTP Muntanya, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Rubio-Brotons
- ZeClinics SL, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, Edificio IGTP Muntanya, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jone Ibarra
- ZeClinics SL, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, Edificio IGTP Muntanya, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Ordoñez
- ZeClinics SL, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, Edificio IGTP Muntanya, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvia Dyballa
- ZeClinics SL, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, Edificio IGTP Muntanya, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Miñana
- ZeClinics SL, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, Edificio IGTP Muntanya, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Terriente
- ZeClinics SL, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, Edificio IGTP Muntanya, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain.
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Wormington AM, De María M, Kurita HG, Bisesi JH, Denslow ND, Martyniuk CJ. Antineoplastic Agents: Environmental Prevalence and Adverse Outcomes in Aquatic Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:967-985. [PMID: 32266737 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 9.6 million cancer-related deaths in 2018. Cancer incidence has increased over time, and so has the prescription rate of chemotherapeutic drugs. These pharmaceuticals, known as antineoplastic agents, enter the aquatic environment via human excretion and wastewater. The objectives of the present critical review were to investigate the risk of antineoplastics to aquatic species and to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding their levels in the environment, because many antineoplastics are not adequately removed during wastewater treatment. We conducted 2 separate literature reviews to synthesize data on the global environmental prevalence and toxicity of antineoplastics. The antineoplastics most frequently detected in the environment included cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, tamoxifen, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil; all were detectable in multiple water sources, including effluent and surface waters. These antineoplastics span 3 different mechanistic classes, with cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide classified as alkylating agents, tamoxifen as a hormonal agent, and methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as antimetabolites. Studies that characterize the risk of antineoplastics released into aquatic environments are scarce. We summarize the biological impacts of the most environmentally prevalent antineoplastics on aquatic organisms and propose an adverse outcome pathway for cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, 2 widely prescribed drugs with a similar immunotoxic mode of action. Acute and chronic ecotoxicity studies using aquatic models are needed for risk characterization of antineoplastics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:967-985. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Wormington
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maite De María
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hajime G Kurita
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Cassar S, Adatto I, Freeman JL, Gamse JT, Iturria I, Lawrence C, Muriana A, Peterson RT, Van Cruchten S, Zon LI. Use of Zebrafish in Drug Discovery Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:95-118. [PMID: 31625720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unpredicted human safety events in clinical trials for new drugs are costly in terms of human health and money. The drug discovery industry attempts to minimize those events with diligent preclinical safety testing. Current standard practices are good at preventing toxic compounds from being tested in the clinic; however, false negative preclinical toxicity results are still a reality. Continual improvement must be pursued in the preclinical realm. Higher-quality therapies can be brought forward with more information about potential toxicities and associated mechanisms. The zebrafish model is a bridge between in vitro assays and mammalian in vivo studies. This model is powerful in its breadth of application and tractability for research. In the past two decades, our understanding of disease biology and drug toxicity has grown significantly owing to thousands of studies on this tiny vertebrate. This Review summarizes challenges and strengths of the model, discusses the 3Rs value that it can deliver, highlights translatable and untranslatable biology, and brings together reports from recent studies with zebrafish focusing on new drug discovery toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cassar
- Preclinical Safety , AbbVie , North Chicago , Illinois 60064 , United States
| | - Isaac Adatto
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Joshua T Gamse
- Drug Safety Evaluation , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | | | - Christian Lawrence
- Aquatic Resources Program , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | | | - Randall T Peterson
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | | | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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Granadeiro L, Dirks RP, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Gavaia PJ, Sarasquete C, Laizé V, Cancela ML, Fernández I. Warfarin-exposed zebrafish embryos resembles human warfarin embryopathy in a dose and developmental-time dependent manner - From molecular mechanisms to environmental concerns. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:559-571. [PMID: 31238190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Warfarin is the most worldwide used anticoagulant drug and rodenticide. Since it crosses placental barrier it can induce warfarin embryopathy (WE), a fetal mortality in neonates characterized by skeletal deformities in addition to brain hemorrhages. Although the effects of warfarin exposure in aquatic off target species were already described, the particular molecular toxicological mechanisms during early development are still unclear. Here, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) to describe and compare the developmental effects of warfarin exposure (0, 15.13, 75.68 and 378.43 mM) on two distinct early developmental phases (embryos and eleuthero-embryos). Although exposure to both developmental phases induced fish mortality, only embryos exposed to the highest warfarin level exhibited features mimicking mammalian WE, e.g. high mortality, higher incidence of hemorrhages and altered skeletal development, among other effects. To gain insights into the toxic mechanisms underlying warfarin exposure, the transcriptome of embryos exposed to warfarin was explored through RNA-Seq and compared to that of control embryos. 766 differentially expressed (564 up- and 202 down-regulated) genes were identified. Gene Ontology analysis revealed particular cellular components (cytoplasm, extracellular matrix, lysosome and vacuole), biological processes (mainly amino acid and lipid metabolism and response to stimulus) and pathways (oxidative stress response and apoptosis signaling pathways) being significantly overrepresented in zebrafish embryos upon warfarin exposure. Protein-protein interaction further evidenced an altered redox system, blood coagulation and vasculogenesis, visual phototransduction and collagen formation upon warfarin exposure. The present study not only describes for the first time the WE in zebrafish, it provides new insights for a better risk assessment, and highlights the need for programming the rat eradication actions outside the fish spawning season to avoid an impact on off target fish community. The urge for the development of more species-specific anticoagulants for rodent pest control is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Granadeiro
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ron P Dirks
- ZF-screens B.V. J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333, CH Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Juan B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN/CSIC, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Apdo. Oficial, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Carmen Sarasquete
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN/CSIC, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Apdo. Oficial, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina (DCBM), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC) and Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Center for Aquaculture Research, Agrarian Technological Institute of Castile and Leon, Ctra. Arévalo, S/n. 40196 Zamarramala, Segovia, Spain.
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Koiwa J, Shiromizu T, Adachi Y, Ikejiri M, Nakatani K, Tanaka T, Nishimura Y. Generation of a Triple-Transgenic Zebrafish Line for Assessment of Developmental Neurotoxicity during Neuronal Differentiation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E145. [PMID: 31554324 PMCID: PMC6958351 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
: The developing brain is extremely sensitive to many chemicals. Exposure to neurotoxicants during development has been implicated in various neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. Various screening methods have been used to assess the developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) of chemicals, with most assays focusing on cell viability, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal network formation. However, assessment of toxicity during progenitor cell differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes often requires immunohistochemistry, which is a reliable but labor-intensive and time-consuming assay. Here, we report the development of a triple-transgenic zebrafish line that expresses distinct fluorescent proteins in neurons (Cerulean), astrocytes (mCherry), and oligodendrocytes (mCitrine), which can be used to detect DNT during neuronal differentiation. Using in vivo fluorescence microscopy, we could detect DNT by 6 of the 10 neurotoxicants tested after exposure to zebrafish from 12 h to 5 days' post-fertilization. Moreover, the chemicals could be clustered into three main DNT groups based on the fluorescence pattern: (i) inhibition of neuron and oligodendrocyte differentiation and stimulation of astrocyte differentiation; (ii) inhibition of neuron and oligodendrocyte differentiation; and (iii) inhibition of neuron and astrocyte differentiation, which suggests that reporter expression reflects the toxicodynamics of the chemicals. Thus, the triple-transgenic zebrafish line developed here may be a useful tool to assess DNT during neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Koiwa
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Takashi Shiromizu
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yuka Adachi
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Makoto Ikejiri
- Department of Central Laboratory, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Kaname Nakatani
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Teixidó E, Kießling TR, Krupp E, Quevedo C, Muriana A, Scholz S. Automated Morphological Feature Assessment for Zebrafish Embryo Developmental Toxicity Screens. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:438-449. [PMID: 30295906 PMCID: PMC6358258 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of developmental phenotypes in zebrafish embryos typically involves a visual assessment and scoring of morphological features by an individual researcher. Subjective scoring could impact results and be of particular concern when phenotypic effect patterns are also used as a diagnostic tool to classify compounds. Here we introduce a quantitative morphometric approach based on image analysis of zebrafish embryos. A software called FishInspector was developed to detect morphological features from images collected using an automated system to position zebrafish embryos. The analysis was verified and compared with visual assessments of 3 participating laboratories using 3 known developmental toxicants (methotrexate, dexamethasone, and topiramate) and 2 negative compounds (loratadine and glibenclamide). The quantitative approach exhibited higher sensitivity and made it possible to compare patterns of effects with the potential to establish a grouping and classification of developmental toxicants. Our approach improves the robustness of phenotype scoring and reliability of assay performance and, hence, is anticipated to improve the predictivity of developmental toxicity screening using the zebrafish embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Teixidó
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
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Hsieh JH, Ryan K, Sedykh A, Lin JA, Shapiro AJ, Parham F, Behl M. Application of Benchmark Concentration (BMC) Analysis on Zebrafish Data: A New Perspective for Quantifying Toxicity in Alternative Animal Models. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:92-104. [PMID: 30321397 PMCID: PMC6317423 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the zebrafish is increasingly being used as a model to screen for chemical-mediated toxicities including developmental toxicity (DT) and neurotoxicity (NT). One of the major challenges is lack of harmonization in data analysis approaches, thereby posing difficulty in comparing findings across laboratories. To address this, we sought to establish a unified data analysis strategy for both DT and NT data, by adopting the benchmark concentration (BMC) analysis. There are two critical aspects in the BMC analysis: having a toxicity endpoint amenable for BMC and selecting a proper benchmark response (BMR) for the endpoint. For the former, in addition to the typical endpoints in NT assay (eg, hyper/hypo- response quantified by distance moved), we also used endpoints that assess the differences in movement patterns between chemical-treated embryos and control embryos. For the latter, we standardized the selection of BMR, which is analogous to minimum activity threshold, based on intrinsic response variations in the endpoint. When comparing our BMC results with a traditionally used LOAEL method (lowest-observed-adverse-effect level), we found high active compound concordance (100% for DT vs 74% for NT); generally, the BMC was more sensitive than LOAEL (no. of BMC more sensitive/no. of concordant active compounds, 43/50 for DT vs 16/26 for NT). Using the BMC with standardized toxicity endpoints and an appropriate BMR, we may now have a unified data-analysis approach to comparing results across different zebrafish datasets, for a better understanding of strengths and challenges when using the zebrafish as a screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions, Durham, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | | | - Ja-An Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27516, USA
| | - Andrew J Shapiro
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Frederick Parham
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
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From mRNA Expression of Drug Disposition Genes to In Vivo Assessment of CYP-Mediated Biotransformation during Zebrafish Embryonic and Larval Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123976. [PMID: 30544719 PMCID: PMC6321216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo is currently explored as an alternative for developmental toxicity testing. As maternal metabolism is lacking in this model, knowledge of the disposition of xenobiotics during zebrafish organogenesis is pivotal in order to correctly interpret the outcome of teratogenicity assays. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity in zebrafish embryos and larvae until 14 d post-fertilization (dpf) by using a non-specific CYP substrate, i.e., benzyloxy-methyl-resorufin (BOMR) and a CYP1-specific substrate, i.e., 7-ethoxyresorufin (ER). Moreover, the constitutive mRNA expression of CYP1A, CYP1B1, CYP1C1, CYP1C2, CYP2K6, CYP3A65, CYP3C1, phase II enzymes uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) and sulfotransferase 1st1 (SULT1ST1), and an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter, i.e., abcb4, was assessed during zebrafish development until 32 dpf by means of quantitative PCR (qPCR). The present study showed that trancripts and/or the activity of these proteins involved in disposition of xenobiotics are generally low to undetectable before 72 h post-fertilization (hpf), which has to be taken into account in teratogenicity testing. Full capacity appears to be reached by the end of organogenesis (i.e., 120 hpf), although CYP1-except CYP1A-and SULT1ST1 were shown to be already mature in early embryonic development.
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Otte JC, Schultz B, Fruth D, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Hidding B, Salinas ER. Intrinsic Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzyme Activities in Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:86-93. [PMID: 28903500 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio, zf) are gaining attention as an alternative invivo test system for drug discovery, early developmental toxicity screenings and chemical testing in ecotoxicological and toxicological testing strategies. Previous studies have demonstrated transcriptional evidence for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME) during early zf development. However, elaborate experiments on XME activities during development are incomplete. In this work, the intrinsic activities of representative phase I and II XME were monitored by transformation of putative zf model substrates analyzed using photometry and high pressure liquid chromatography techniques. Six different defined stages of zf development (between 2.5 h postfertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf) were investigated by preparing a subcellular fraction from whole organism homogenates. We demonstrated that zf embryos as early as 2.5 hpf possess intrinsic metabolic activities for esterase, Aldh, Gst, and Cyp1a above the methodological detection limit. The activities of the enzymes Cyp3a and Nat were measurable during later stages in development. Activities represent dynamic patterns during development. The role of XME activities revealed in this work is relevant for the assessing toxicity in this test system and therefore contributes to a valuable characterization of zf embryos as an alternative testing organism in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadette Schultz
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fruth
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Björn Hidding
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Edward R Salinas
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Souder JP, Gorelick DA. Quantification of Estradiol Uptake in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:465-474. [PMID: 28535311 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are a powerful model system to assess the molecular and cellular effects of exposure to toxic chemicals during embryonic development. To study the effects of environmental endocrine disruptors, embryos and larvae are commonly exposed to supraphysiologic concentrations of these compounds in the water, but their bioavailability in zebrafish is largely unknown. One hypothesis is that supraphysiologic concentrations of estrogens in the water are required to achieve physiologic levels in vivo; however, this has not been directly tested. To test this hypothesis, we developed an assay using radiolabeled estradiol ([3H]E2) to measure uptake from water at multiple concentrations and exposure durations in developing zebrafish from 0 to 5 days postfertilization (dpf). We found that [3H]E2 uptake increased with increasing concentration, duration, and developmental stage. Percent uptake from the total volume of treatment solution increased with increasing exposure duration and developmental stage, but remained constant with increasing concentration. We also found that the chorion, an acellular envelope surrounding embryos through 3 dpf, did not substantially affect [3H]E2 uptake. Finally, we found that at 1 dpf, E2 was preferentially taken up by the yolk at multiple exposure durations, while at 2 dpf E2 was preferentially taken up into the embryonic body. Our results support the hypothesis that exposing zebrafish embryos and larvae to supraphysiologic concentrations of estrogens is required to achieve physiologically relevant doses in vivo. The isotopic assay reported here will provide a foundation for determining the uptake of other compounds for teratogenicity, toxicology and drug discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Paige Souder
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Daniel A Gorelick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Fernández I, Gavaia PJ, Laizé V, Cancela ML. Fish as a model to assess chemical toxicity in bone. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 194:208-226. [PMID: 29202272 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxicology has been expanding as growing concerns on the impact of produced and released chemical compounds over the environment and human health are being demonstrated. Among the toxic effects observed in organisms exposed to pollutants, those affecting skeletal tissues (osteotoxicity) have been somehow overlooked in comparison to hepato-, immune-, neuro- and/or reproductive toxicities. Nevertheless, sub-lethal effects of toxicants on skeletal development and/or bone maintenance may result in impaired growth, reduced survival rate, increased disease susceptibility and diminished welfare. Osteotoxicity may occur by acute or chronic exposure to different environmental insults. Because of biologically and technically advantagous features - easy to breed and inexpensive to maintain, external and rapid rate of development, translucent larvae and the availability of molecular and genetic tools - the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged in the last decade as a vertebrate model system of choice to evaluate osteotoxicity. Different experimental approaches in fish species and analytical tools have been applied, from in vitro to in vivo systems, from specific to high throughput methodologies. Current knowledge on osteotoxicity and underlying mechanisms gained using fish, with a special emphasis on zebrafish systems, is reviewed here. Osteotoxicants have been classified into four categories according to the pathway involved in the transduction of the osteotoxic effects: activation/inhibition of membrane and/or nuclear receptors, alteration of redox condition, mimicking of bone constituents and unknown pathways. Knowledge on these pathways is also reported here as it may provide critical insights into the development, production and release of future chemical compounds with none or low osteotoxicity, thus promoting the green/environmental friendly chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernández
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
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Matsumoto H, Fujiwara S, Miyagi H, Nakamura N, Shiga Y, Ohta T, Tsuzuki M. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Induce Developmental Toxicity During Zebrafish Embryogenesis, Especially in the Inner Ear. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 19:430-440. [PMID: 28695384 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-017-9763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, carbonic anhydrases (CAs) play important roles in ion transport and pH regulation in many organs, including the eyes, kidneys, central nervous system, and inner ear. In aquatic organisms, the enzyme is inhibited by various chemicals present in the environment, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. In this study, the effects of CA inhibitors, i.e., sulfonamides [ethoxyzolamide (EZA), acetazolamide (AZA), and dorzolamide (DZA)], on zebrafish embryogenesis were investigated. In embryos treated with the sulfonamides, abnormal development, such as smaller otoliths, an enlarged heart, an irregular pectoral fin, and aberrant swimming behavior, was observed. Especially, the development of otoliths and locomotor activity was severely affected by all the sulfonamides, and EZA was a consistently stronger inhibitor than AZA or DZA. In the embryos treated with EZA, inner ear hair cells containing several CA isoforms, which provide HCO3- to the endolymph for otolith calcification and maintain an appropriate pH there, were affected. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining indicated that the hair cell damage in the inner ear and pectral fin is due to apoptosis. Moreover, RNA measurement demonstrated that altered gene expression of cell cycle arrest- and apoptosis-related proteins p53, p21, p27, and Bcl-2 occurred even at 0.08 ppm with which normal development was observed. This finding suggests that a low concentration of EZA may affect embryogenesis via the apoptosis pathway. Thus, our findings demonstrated the importance of potential risk assessment of CA inhibition, especially regarding the formation of otoliths as a one of the most sensitive organs in embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Matsumoto
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Hisako Miyagi
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shiga
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ohta
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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Xing J, Cao Y, Yu Y, Li H, Song Z, Yu H. In Vitro Micropatterned Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Test (µP-hPST) for Morphometric-Based Teratogen Screening. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8491. [PMID: 28819231 PMCID: PMC5561212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to teratogenic chemicals during pregnancy may cause severe birth defects. Due to high inter-species variation of drug responses as well as financial and ethical burdens, despite the widely use of in vivo animal tests, it’s crucial to develop highly predictive human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based in vitro assays to identify potential teratogens. Previously we have shown that the morphological disruption of mesoendoderm patterns formed by geometrically-confined cell differentiation and migration using hPSCs could potentially serve as a sensitive morphological marker in teratogen detection. Here, a micropatterned human pluripotent stem cell test (µP-hPST) assay was developed using 30 pharmaceutical compounds. A simplified morphometric readout was developed to quantify the mesoendoderm pattern changes and a two-step classification rule was generated to identify teratogens. The optimized µP-hPST could classify the 30 compounds with 97% accuracy, 100% specificity and 93% sensitivity. Compared with metabolic biomarker-based hPSC assay by Stemina, the µP-hPST could successfully identify misclassified drugs Bosentan, Diphenylhydantoin and Lovastatin, and show a higher accuracy and sensitivity. This scalable µP-hPST may serve as either an independent assay or a complement assay for existing assays to reduce animal use, accelerate early discovery-phase drug screening and help general chemical screening of human teratogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwa Xing
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.
| | - Yue Cao
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,BioSyM, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Enterprise Wing 04-13/14 and B1, 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Ziwei Song
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669, Singapore. .,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,BioSyM, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Enterprise Wing 04-13/14 and B1, 1 Create Way, Singapore, 138602, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore. .,Gastroenterology Department, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Embryonic vascular disruption adverse outcomes: Linking high throughput signaling signatures with functional consequences. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 71:16-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Spontaneous activity represents an early, primitive form of motor activity within zebrafish embryos, providing a potential readout for identification of neuroactive compounds. However, despite use as an endpoint in chemical screens around the world, the predictive power and limitations of assays relying on spontaneous activity remain unclear. Using an improved high-content screening assay that increased throughput from 384 to 3072 wells per week, we screened a well-characterized library of 1280 pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC1280) - 612 of which target neurotransmission - to identify which targets are detected using spontaneous activity as a readout. Results from this screen revealed that (1) 8% of the LOPAC1280 library was biologically active; (2) spontaneous activity was affected by compounds spanning a broad array of targets; (3) only 4% of compounds targeting neurotransmission impacted spontaneous activity; and (4) hypoactivity was observed for 100% of hits detected, including those that exhibit opposing mechanisms of action for the same target. Therefore, while this assay was able to rapidly identify potent neuroactive chemicals, these data suggest that spontaneous activity may lack the ability to discriminate modes of action for compounds interfering with neurotransmission, an issue that may be due to systemic uptake following waterborne exposure, persistent control variation, and/or interference with non-neurotransmission-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Vliet
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Trina C Ho
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Ellis-Hutchings RG, Settivari RS, McCoy AT, Kleinstreuer N, Franzosa J, Knudsen TB, Carney EW. Embryonic vascular disruption adverse outcomes: Linking high throughput signaling signatures with functional consequences. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 70:82-96. [PMID: 28527947 PMCID: PMC6706853 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic vascular disruption is an important adverse outcome pathway (AOP) as chemical disruption of cardiovascular development induces broad prenatal defects. High throughput screening (HTS) assays aid AOP development although linking in vitro data to in vivo apical endpoints remains challenging. This study evaluated two anti-angiogenic agents, 5HPP-33 and TNP-470, across the ToxCastDB HTS assay platform and anchored the results to complex in vitro functional assays: the rat aortic explant assay (AEA), rat whole embryo culture (WEC), and the zebrafish embryotoxicity (ZET) assay. Both were identified as putative vascular disruptive compounds (pVDCs) in ToxCastDB and disrupted angiogenesis and embryogenesis in the functional assays. Differences were observed in potency and adverse effects: 5HPP-33 was embryolethal (WEC and ZET); TNP-470 produced caudal defects at lower concentrations. This study demonstrates how a tiered approach using HTS signatures and complex functional in vitro assays might be used to prioritize further in vivo developmental toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ellis-Hutchings
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States.
| | - Raja S Settivari
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Alene T McCoy
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Jill Franzosa
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Edward W Carney
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674, United States
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Brannen KC, Chapin RE, Jacobs AC, Green ML. Alternative Models of Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity in Pharmaceutical Risk Assessment and the 3Rs. ILAR J 2017; 57:144-156. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Abstract
As manufacturing processes and development of new synthetic compounds increase to keep pace with the expanding global demand, environmental health, and the effects of toxicant exposure are emerging as critical public health concerns. Additionally, chemicals that naturally occur in the environment, such as metals, have profound effects on human and animal health. Many of these compounds are in the news: lead, arsenic, and endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A have all been widely publicized as causing disease or damage to humans and wildlife in recent years. Despite the widespread appreciation that environmental toxins can be harmful, there is limited understanding of how many toxins cause disease. Zebrafish are at the forefront of toxicology research; this system has been widely used as a tool to detect toxins in water samples and to investigate the mechanisms of action of environmental toxins and their related diseases. The benefits of zebrafish for studying vertebrate development are equally useful for studying teratogens. Here, we review how zebrafish are being used both to detect the presence of some toxins as well as to identify how environmental exposures affect human health and disease. We focus on areas where zebrafish have been most effectively used in ecotoxicology and in environmental health, including investigation of exposures to endocrine disruptors, industrial waste byproducts, and arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Bambino
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Jaime Chu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.
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50
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Teixidó E, Leuthold D, Scholz S, Quevedo C, Muriana A, Czich A, Krupp E. An inter-laboratory validation of the zebrafish embryo assay for the detection of developmental toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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