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Fu K, Zhou Q, Wang H. Variability in Microbial Communities Driven by Particulate Matter on Human Facial Skin. TOXICS 2024; 12:497. [PMID: 39058149 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Microbial communities are known to play an important role in maintaining ecological balance and can be used as an indicator for assessing environmental pollution. Numerous studies have revealed that air pollution can alter the structure of microbial communities, which may increase health risks. Nevertheless, the relationships between microbial communities and particulate matter (PM) caused by air pollution in terms of health risk assessment are not well understood. This study aimed to validate the influences of PM chemical compositions on microbial communities and assess the associated health risks. Our results, based on similarity analysis, revealed that the stability structure of the microbial communities had a similarity greater than 73%. In addition, the altered richness and diversity of microbial communities were significantly associated with PM chemical compositions. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exerted a positive influence on microbial communities in different environmental variables. Additionally, a stronger linear correlation was observed between hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and the richness of microbial communities. All estimated health risks from PM chemical compositions, calculated under different environmental variables, significantly exceeded the acceptable level by a factor of more than 49. Cr and 1,2-Dibromoethane displayed dual adverse effects of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Overall, the study provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms of the variability in microbial communities driven by PM, which may support the crucial role of PM chemical compositions in the risk of microorganisms in the atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Centre/College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Centre/College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Heli Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
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Zhang F, Zhang D, Lou H, Li X, Fu H, Sun X, Sun P, Wang X, Bao M. Distribution, sources and ecological risks of PAHs and n-alkanes in water and sediments of typically polluted estuaries: Insights from the Xiaoqing River. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 364:121471. [PMID: 38878581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal water and sediment samples were collected from the Xiaoqing River estuary and the neighboring sea to study the spatial and temporal distributions, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes. The results showed significant spatial and temporal differences in the concentrations of PAHs and n-alkanes under the influence of precipitation, temperature, and human activities. The concentrations of PAHs in water were lower in the wet season than in the dry season, and those in sediments were higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The concentrations of n-alkanes were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season for both water and sediments. The spatial distributions of PAHs and n-alkanes were estuarine > offshore. The concentration ranges of ∑PAHs in water and sediments were 230.66-599.86 ng/L and 84.51-5548.62 ng/g, respectively, in the wet season and 192.46-8649.55 ng/L and 23.39-1208.92 ng/g, respectively, in the dry season. The proportion of three-ring PAHs in water (57.03% and 78.27% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively) was high, followed by two-ring PAHs (27.31% and 13.59% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). The proportion of four-ring PAHs was higher in sediments (24.79% and 32.20% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). The ecological risk of PAHs assessed using the toxicity equivalent quotient and risk quotient was at moderate to moderately high risk levels. The high concentration of n-alkane fraction C16 (611.65-75594.58 ng/L) in the water is indicative of petroleum or other fossil fuel inputs. The main peaks of n-alkanes in river sediments were C27, C29 and C31, indicating higher inputs of plant sources. The sediments in the estuary showed dominance of both short-chain C16 and long-chain C25-C31, indicating a combined input of higher plants and petroleum. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs and n-alkanes indicated that their sources were mainly oil/coal/biomass combustion and petroleum spills attributed to frequent vehicular, vessel and mariculture activities. Given the potential ecological risks of PAHs and n-alkanes in water and sediments, future studies should focus on their bioaccumulation and biotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Shouguang Marine Fishery Development Center ,Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Huawei Lou
- Shouguang Marine Fishery Development Center ,Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Shouguang Marine Fishery Development Center ,Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Hongrui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Peiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Warning, Protection & Restoration for Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Warning, Protection & Restoration for Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Mutai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Ige O, Ratnayake I, Martinez J, Pepper S, Alsup A, McGuirk M, Gajewski B, Mudaranthakam DP. A Regional Study to Evaluate the Impact of Coal-fired Power Plants on Lung Cancer Incident Rates. PREVENTIVE ONCOLOGY & EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 2:2348469. [PMID: 38899318 PMCID: PMC11185817 DOI: 10.1080/28322134.2024.2348469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths. In Kansas, where coal-fired power plants account for 34% of power, we investigated whether hosting counties had higher age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates. We also examined demographics, poverty levels, percentage of smokers, and environmental conditions using spatial analysis. Methods Data from the Kansas Health Matters, and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2010-2014) for 105 counties in Kansas were analyzed. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) assessed associations between potential risk factors and age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates while Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) examined regional risk factors. Results Moran's I test confirmed spatial autocorrelation in age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates (p<0.0003). MLR identified percentage of smokers, population size, and proportion of elderly population as significant predictors of age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates (p<0.05). GWR showed positive associations between percentage of smokers and age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates in over 50% of counties. Conclusion Contrary to our hypothesis, proximity to a coal-fired power plant was not a significant predictor of age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates. Instead, percentage of smokers emerged as a consistent global and regional risk factor. Regional lung cancer outcomes in Kansas are influenced by wind patterns and elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatobiloba Ige
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1026, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Isuru Ratnayake
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1026, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Joshua Martinez
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1026, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Sam Pepper
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1026, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Alexander Alsup
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1026, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Matthew McGuirk
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1026, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Byron Gajewski
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1026, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Dinesh Pal Mudaranthakam
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1026, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
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Dominutti PA, Mari X, Jaffrezo JL, Dinh VTN, Chifflet S, Guigue C, Guyomarc'h L, Vu CT, Darfeuil S, Ginot P, Elazzouzi R, Mhadhbi T, Voiron C, Martinot P, Uzu G. Disentangling fine particles (PM 2.5) composition in Hanoi, Vietnam: Emission sources and oxidative potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171466. [PMID: 38447718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive chemical characterization of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was conducted at an urban site in one of the most densely populated cities of Vietnam, Hanoi. Chemical analysis of a series of 57 daily PM2.5 samples obtained in 2019-2020 included the quantification of a detailed set of chemical tracers as well as the oxidative potential (OP), which estimates the ability of PM to catalyze reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vivo as an initial step of health effects due to oxidative stress. The PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 8.3 to 148 μg m-3, with an annual average of 40.2 ± 26.3 μg m-3 (from September 2019 to December 2020). Our results obtained by applying the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source-receptor apportionment model showed the contribution of nine PM2.5 sources. The main anthropogenic sources contributing to the PM mass concentrations were heavy fuel oil (HFO) combustion (25.3 %), biomass burning (20 %), primary traffic (7.6 %) and long-range transport aerosols (10.6 %). The OP activities were evaluated for the first time in an urban site in Vietnam. The average OPv levels obtained in our study were 3.9 ± 2.4 and 4.5 ± 3.2 nmol min-1 m-3 for OPDTT and OPAA, respectively. We assessed the contribution to OPDTT and OPAA of each PM2.5 source by applying multilinear regression models. It shows that the sources associated with human activities (HFO combustion, biomass burning and primary traffic) are the sources driving OP exposure, suggesting that they should be the first sources to be controlled in future mitigation strategies. This study gives for the first time an extensive and long-term chemical characterization of PM2.5, providing also a link between emission sources, ambient concentrations and exposure to air pollution at an urban site in Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Dominutti
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Xavier Mari
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vy Thuy Ngoc Dinh
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Chifflet
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Guigue
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Lea Guyomarc'h
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Cam Tu Vu
- Water-Environment-Oceanography (WEO) Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Sophie Darfeuil
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Ginot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rhabira Elazzouzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Takoua Mhadhbi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Voiron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Martinot
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Sekar M, T R P. Critical review on the formations and exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels: Prevention and control strategies. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141005. [PMID: 38135127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the atmosphere and primarily originate from the incomplete burning of fossil fuels and biofuels. Exposure to PAHs leads to harmful effects on human health and the environment. Diesel engines are a major source of PAH production in the transportation sector. Various approaches have been employed to reduce PAH emissions from diesel engines, including the use of biodiesel, green gaseous fuels, exhaust gas recirculation, exhaust after-treatment, and genetically modifying biodiesel with nanoparticles. This review focuses on PAH emissions from different generations of fuels and examines the remedial control actions taken to mitigate PAH formation. The study underscores the necessity for effective regulation of emissions from diesel engines, especially in developing countries where the reliance on fossil fuels is significant. Biodiesel has shown promise in reducing PAHs and carcinogenic pollutants, with higher biodiesel concentrations resulting in lower PAH formation. Replacing diesel with biodiesel and optimizing engine operating conditions are feasible methods to reduce PAH levels in the atmosphere. The use of nanoparticles in fuel blends and higher oxygen content in combustion chambers are also considered potential strategies for pollutant reduction. Additionally, the utilization of hydrogen and ammonia as secondary fuels has been explored as promising alternatives to fossil fuels. The study highlights the importance of further research on the presence of residual PAHs in the atmosphere and the implementation of strategies to curtail vehicular emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Sekar
- Mech. & Aero. Eng. Dept, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sathyabama Institite of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Praveenkumar T R
- Department of Civil Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India; Department of Construction Technology and Management, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
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Gu Y, Xu H, Feng R, Zhang B, Gao M, Sun J, Shen Z, Qu L, Ho SSH, Cao J. Insight into personal exposure characteristics and health effects of PM 2.5 and PM 0.25-bound PAHs and their derivatives with different heating ways in the Fenwei Plain, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122699. [PMID: 37802290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure (PE) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives in particulate matter with two aerodynamic sizes of 2.5 and 0.25 μm (PM2.5 and PM0.25) from rural housewives was studied in the Fenwei Plain, China. A total of 15 households were divided into five different groups based on the type of solid fuel and heating device used, including biomass briquette-furnace (BBF), biomass-elevated Kang (BEK), outdoor lump coal-boiler (OLC), indoor briquette coal-stove (IBC), and electricity (ELE). The PE concentrations of the PAHs and biomarkers in urine collected from the participants were determined. The results showed that the PE concentrations of total quantified PAHs in the biomass group (i.e., BBF and BEK) were 2.2 and 2.0 times higher than those in the coal groups (i.e., OLC and IBC) in PM2.5 and PM0.25, respectively. The housewives who used biomass as fuel suffered from higher potential health impacts than the coal fuel users. The incremental lifetime cancer risk for the PAHs in PM2.5 in the BBF and BEK groups exceeded the international safety threshold. Furthermore, the PE concentrations of oxygenated PAH (o-PAHs) in PM2.5 and PM0.25 in the biomass groups and the nitrated PAHs (n-PAHs) in PM0.25 in the coal groups showed strong correlations with the biomarkers. The results of this study proved the associations between exposure to the different classes of PAHs and health hazards. The findings could also serve as a guideline in establishing efficient measures for using solid fuels for cooking and household warming in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV89512, United States
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Buha Marković JZ, Marinković AD, Savić JZ, Mladenović MR, Erić MD, Marković ZJ, Ristić MĐ. Risk Evaluation of Pollutants Emission from Coal and Coal Waste Combustion Plants and Environmental Impact of Fly Ash Landfilling. TOXICS 2023; 11:396. [PMID: 37112623 PMCID: PMC10144006 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Emission factors (EFs) of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter, certain harmful trace elements, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from three thermal power plants (TPPs) and semi-industrial fluidized bed boiler (FBB) were compared. EFs of particulate matter, trace elements (except Cd and Pb), benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene exceed the upper limits specified in the EMEP inventory guidebook for all combustion facilities. The comparison of trace elements and PAHs content in fly ashes (FAs) from lignite and coal waste combustion in TPPs and FBB, respectively, as well as the potential environmental impact of FAs disposal, was performed by employing a set of ecological indicators such as crustal enrichment factor, risk assessment code, risk indices for trace elements, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration for PAHs. Sequential analysis shows that the trace elements portion is the lowest for water-soluble and exchangeable fractions. The highest enrichment levels in FAs are noticed for As and Hg. Based on toxic trace elements content, FAs from TPPs represent a very high ecological risk, whereas fly ash from FBB poses a moderate ecological risk but has the highest benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration, indicating its increased carcinogenic potential. Lead isotope ratios for Serbian coals and FAs can contribute to a lead pollution global database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Z Buha Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana D Marinković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Z Savić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica R Mladenović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milić D Erić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran J Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Đ Ristić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Zhang F, Yang L, Sheng Z, Wu T, Chu X. Physicochemical characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in condensable particulate matter from coal-fired power plants: A laboratory simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120944. [PMID: 36584857 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the physicochemical characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in condensable particulate matter (CPM) during fast condensation (within several seconds). The concentration of PAHs increased as the condensation temperature decreased, indicating that the conversion of gaseous PAHs to CPM would be enhanced at low temperatures. PAH concentrations increased in relation to the number of rings in the fragment, with the high-ring (4-,5- and 6-ring) PAHs accounting for 89.70-92.30% and 99.78-99.80% of the total concentration and total toxic equivalent of PAHs. In addition, particulate-phase PAHs (0.1-1.0 μm), developed through the synergistic effect of PAHs and fine particles, were difficult to collect by fast condensation. Inorganic fine particles could be formed when ammonia-rich conditions prevail, reducing PAH condensation further. Furthermore, CPM was morphologically and chemically characterized. During the experiment, fine and well-aggregated CPMs were detected on the membrane, and the diameter of CPMs was further enhanced by the addition of 16 PAHs. Most of the C element was collected in the rinse fluid, thus indicating that PAHs in CPM were collected through condensation. Based on these findings, basic guidelines can be provided for the control of PAHs in flue gas from coal-fired power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyang Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhongyi Sheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Tong Wu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyue Chu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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9
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Yan Y, Bao K, Zhao K, Neupane B, Gao C. A baseline study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons distribution, source and ecological risk in Zhanjiang mangrove wetlands, South China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114437. [PMID: 38321658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants and pose a severe threat to human health. Here, 38 surface sediment samples collected from the Gaoqiao mangrove wetland in Zhanjiang, south China, were analyzed to determine 16 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority PAHs. Total PAHs concentrations ranged from 33.5 µg/kg to 404.8 µg/kg with an average of 147.7 ± 77.7 µg/kg, inferring a moderate pollution level. Three and four-ring compounds dominated the PAHs composition patterns. Significant positive correlations were observed between the PAHs and the physicochemical properties of the sediments. According to the characteristic molecular ratio method, PAHs in sediments were mainly derived from combustion sources, including the incomplete combustion of liquid fossil fuels, grass, wood, and coal. The result based on the PMF model indicates that the primary combustion sources of PAHs are coal combustion, diesel-powered vehicles, biomass combustion and gasoline-powered vehicles, with a share of 39.01%, 25.21%, 12.72% and 10.48%, respectively. The petrogenic source contributes 12.58% PAHs to the sediments. The mean effects range median quotient (m-ERM-Q) and toxic equivalent method (TEQ) indicate a low comprehensive ecological risk of PAHs in the study area. Still, the evaluation results of effects range low (ERL) suggest that PAHs in the sediment would occasionally have adverse biological effects. Therefore, this situation demands attention and calls for protection strategies in the processes of urbanization and industrialization in south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Kunshan Bao
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Kewei Zhao
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Bigyan Neupane
- School of Geographical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Institute of Fundamental Research and Studies (InFeRS), Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Changjun Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
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10
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Deng M, Chen D, Zhang G, Cheng H. Policy-driven variations in oxidation potential and source apportionment of PM 2.5 in Wuhan, central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158255. [PMID: 36028034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
China has implemented several control measures to mitigate PM2.5 pollution and improve air quality, such as the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (APPCAP). To comprehensively assess the changes in ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the corresponding health risk with the implementation of APPCAP, this study examined PM2.5 samples collected in Wuhan in 2012/2013 and 2018 for water-soluble ions, carbonaceous fractions, and elements, respectively. Dithiothreitol (DTT) assay was used to determine the oxidation potential (OP) of PM2.5. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the multiple linear regression (MLR) model were used to analyze PM2.5 sources and the contribution of each source to the OP of PM2.5. The results showed that PM2.5 concentrations in Wuhan decreased significantly, however, there was little change in the health risk and a significant increase in intrinsic toxicity. DTTv (the volume-normalized dithiothreitol) showed high correlations (r > 0.5, p < 0.01) with water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic carbon (OC), secondary ions (NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+), and elements. Compared to 2012/2013, the contribution of vehicle emissions and secondary aerosol sources to PM2.5 increased significantly in 2018. Biomass burning sources significantly contribute to DTTv in the summer and autumn, and secondary aerosol sources significantly contribute to DTTv in winter. The human health impacts from coal combustion sources remained high, while vehicle emission sources increased. In the context of decreasing PM2.5 concentrations, the role of vehicle emissions health impacts is increasingly significant due to the large increment in vehicle ownership and high inherent OP. Therefore, targeting vehicle emissions for control is of great importance for human health and needs to be given great attention in future policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Danhong Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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11
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Zhao C, Li A, Zhang G, Pan Y, Meng L, Yang R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Parent and Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Serum of Coal-Fired Power Plant Workers: Levels, Sex Differences, Accumulation Trends, and Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12431-12439. [PMID: 36001868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Workers in coal-fired power plants are at a high risk of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated derivatives (HPAHs), yet no studies have investigated such exposure of HPAHs. In this study, 12 PAHs and 8 chlorinated PAHs, but no brominated PAHs, were detected in >80% of serum samples from workers of a coal-fired power plant in eastern China. Serum HPAH concentrations were higher in plant workers (16-273 ng/g lipid) than in people without occupational exposure (12-51 ng/g lipid), and serum PAH and HPAH concentrations both in male and female workers were positively correlated with the occupational exposure duration, with an estimated doubling time of 11-17 years. Correlations were found between concentrations of ∑8HPAHs and ∑12PAHs but not between 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene (7-ClBaA) and 1-chloropyrene (1-ClPyr) and their respective parent PAHs. In males, total concentrations of PAHs and HPAHs were positively correlated with pulmonary hypofunction and hypertension but not with abnormal electrocardiogram. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalents ratio of ∑8HPAHs/∑12PAHs was 0.3 ± 0.1. Among the HPAHs in the serum, 9-chlorophenanthrene, 7-ClBaA, and 1-ClPyr showed high health risks. This study is the first report on HPAH exposure in coal-fired power plant workers and provides new evidence on the health risks of PAHs and HPAHs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lan Zhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yiyao Pan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Wu M, Luo J, Huang T, Lian L, Chen T, Song S, Wang Z, Ma S, Xie C, Zhao Y, Mao X, Gao H, Ma J. Effects of African BaP emission from wildfire biomass burning on regional and global environment and human health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 162:107162. [PMID: 35247686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The vegetation burning caused by wildfires can release significant quantities of aerosols and toxic chemicals into the atmosphere and result in health risk. Among these emitted pollutants, Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the most toxic congener of 16 parent PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), has received widespread concerns because of its carcinogenicity to human health. Efforts have been made to investigate the environmental and health consequences of wildfire-induced BaP emissions in Africa. Still, uncertainties remain due to knowledge and data gaps in wildfire incidences and biomass burning emissions. Based on a newly-developed BaP emission inventory, the present study assesses quantitatively the BaP environment cycling in Africa and its effects on other continents from 2001 to 2014. The new inventory reveals the increasing contribution of BaP emission from African wildfires to the global total primarily from anthropogenic sources, accounting for 48% since the 2000 s. We identify significantly higher BaP emissions and concentrations across sub-Saharan Africa, where the annual averaged BaP concentrations were as high as 5-8 ng/m3. The modeled BaP concentrations were implemented to estimate the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) from the inhalation exposure to BaP concentrations. The results reveal that the LCR values in many African countries exceeded the acceptable risk level at 1 × 10-6, some of which suffer from very high exposure risk with the LCR>1 × 10-4. We show that the African BaP emission from wildfires contributed, to some extent, BaP contamination to Europe as well as other regions, depending on source proximity and atmospheric pathways under favorable atmospheric circulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinmu Luo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lulu Lian
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tianlei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shijie Song
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaoran Xie
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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13
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Shi D, Lv M, Tong H, Liu J, Cai H, Luo D, Ma C, Xu X, Wang B. Effect of magnetite on the catalytic oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fly ash from MSW incineration: A comparative study of one-step and two-step hydrothermal processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 303:114238. [PMID: 34891010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, exist in fly ash (FA) produced from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is an efficient approach to remove PAHs from MSWI FA. Here, magnetite (Fe3O4) was used as the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant for one-step and two-step catalytic hydrothermal methods. When the magnetite dosage increased to 15 wt%, the maximum degradation rates of PAHs were 84.36% and 92.51%, respectively; however, the toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQ) degradation rates of the PAHs both increased upon increasing the magnetite dose. At 20 wt% Fe3O4, the maximum TEQ degradation rates of the PAHs were 93.29% and 97.76%, respectively. The reaction between OH and PAHs is non-selective, which means that LMW, MMW, and HMW PAHs were all degraded. The decrease in TEQ was mainly due to the degradation of HMW PAHs, i.e., those with five rings. Under the same Fe3O4 dose, oxidant dose, and reaction time, the detoxification of PAHs by the two-step method was significantly better than that of the one-step method, possibly because the two-step method more effectively produced OH. The first step degraded more than 90% of PAHs, and the residual PAHs in the HT products of the first step limited the utilization of the oxidant during the second step. The minerals in the HT products implied that the two-step hydrothermal method not only produced more OH, which reacted with PAHs, but also generated metal-magnetite substitution, which affected its surface reactivity during heavy metal adsorption and catalysis. These results revealed that both magnetite and the two-step hydrothermal treatment degraded PAHs. 20 wt% magnetite was the optimal amount during the two-step hydrothermal catalytic oxidation of MSWI FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Mengying Lv
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Haihang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Huayi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Dan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Cailing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215001, PR China.
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
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14
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Tian Y, Liu X, Huo R, Shi Z, Sun Y, Feng Y, Harrison RM. Organic compound source profiles of PM 2.5 from traffic emissions, coal combustion, industrial processes and dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130429. [PMID: 34126680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 24 n-alkanes, 7 hopanes, 2 cholestanes, inorganic ions, elements and carbon fractions were analyzed in real-world source samples of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) from traffic emissions (gasoline vehicles-TGV, diesel vehicles-TDV, diesel ship-TDS, and heavy oil ships-THOS), coal combustion (coal-fired industrial boilers-CIB, power plants-CPP, and residential stoves-CRS), industrial process emissions (cement industry-IPCI, and steel industry-IPSI), and dust (soil dust-DSD, road dust-DRD, and construction dust-DCD). High molecular weight (sum of five to seven rings) PAHs accounted for higher fractions for TGV (80%) and THS (61%) than for TDV, TDS and coal combustion sources (31%-47%). Hopane ratios (C29αβ/C30αβ) in coal related sources were mostly higher than 1, whereas that of traffic emissions was lower than 1. The homohopane index [S/(S + R)], which is a useful index for identifying the maturity of fuels, ranked as TGV > THS > TDV and TDS > coal combustion. For n-alkane profiles, coal related sources showed peaks at C16-C19, TDV, TDS and THS showed similar peaks at C17-C25, but peaks for DSD (C30-C32), DRD (C17-C20, C24-25 and C30-C31), CRS (C16-C18 and C28-C29) and TGV (C24-C26) are different. Organic markers were selected which can best differentiate the subtypes within source categories by considering the component levels and variations. Through a comprehensive review, we showed that it is inadvisable to directly use diagnostic ratios for source attribution, although their trends can assist in identifying influential sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ruiqing Huo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yueming Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Jahedi F, Dehdari Rad H, Goudarzi G, Tahmasebi Birgani Y, Babaei AA, Ahmadi Angali K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10 atmospheric particles: identification, sources, temporal and spatial variations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:851-866. [PMID: 34150277 PMCID: PMC8172670 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports temporal and spatial variations of 16 different species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (particle-bonded PAHs) in the indoor and outdoor environments of three sampling sites in Bandar Mahshahr city, Iran. A low-volume air sampler was employed to collect size-segregated particulate matter during winter (October to December 2015), and summer (July to September 2016). The results showed that the annual concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM10 and PM2.5 were much higher than the related World Health Organization guidelines. The concentration of total particle-bonded PAHs (TPAHs) was higher in winter than in summer and a significant difference between the two sampling seasons was observed. The indoor and outdoor carcinogenic PAHs to TPAHs concentrations ratios in the sampling sites in summer and winter were as follow: for PM10 40.15-42.51%, PM2.5 41.30-42.97%, and PM1 43.07-44.36%, respectively; furthermore, the smaller the particle size, the higher the percentage of carcinogenic PAHs. 2 ring PAHs had a very small contribution to the total PAHs (about 1%), whereas PAHs with 3-to-4 rings had much larger contributions, ranging from 71.65% to 75.17%. The results demonstrated that as PM size decreased, the proportion of 5-to-6-ring PAHs to the total PAHs increased. Since 5-to-6- ring PAHs are considered to be more toxic, hence more attention should be paid to fine particles. The diagnostic ratios of indoor and outdoor of three sampling sites in both seasons suggested that petrogenic sources, as well as combustion of petroleum and other fossil fuels were the main PAHs sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Jahedi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hassan Dehdari Rad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yaser Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Babaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Statistic and Epidemiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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16
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Wang R, Cai J, Cai F, Xia L, Sun X, Zeng EY. Construction of a regional inventory to characterize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from coal-fired power plants in Anhui, China from 2010 to 2030. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115972. [PMID: 33187847 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The infrastructures of coal-fired power plants in China have changed significantly since 2010, but the magnitude and characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions remain to be updated. In the present study, a unit-based PAH emission inventory for coal-fired power plants between 2010 and 2017 was constructed for Anhui Province, China. Atmospheric PAH emissions from pulverized coal (PC) and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) units in 2017 were 8600 kg and 7800 kg, respectively. The emission rates and intensities for CFB units (7.2 kg ton-1 and 2.1 kg MW-1) were significantly higher than those for PC units (1.1 kg ton-1 and 0.19 kg MW-1), primarily because CFB boilers were operated at lower combustion temperatures and poor combustion conditions compared to PC boilers. The distribution patterns of PAH emissions across different age groups largely reflected the time periods for constructing coal-fired units in Anhui and for the transition of small units to large ones. The accomplishment of ultralow emission technologies and phase-out of outdated coal-fired units were responsible for the decreasing trend of PAH emissions between 2012 and 2017. The warmer summer in 2013 and 2017 and colder winter in 2011 compared to other years probably caused increased use of air conditioners, resulting in increased electricity consumption and PAH emissions. Future PAH emissions would decrease by 45-57% during 2017-2030, benefitting from power plant fleet optimization, i.e., phasing out outdated coal-fired units and replacing them with large ones. With the best available optimized power plant fleets and end-of-pipe control measures accomplished in Anhui's CFPPs, PAH emissions in 2030 would potentially be reduced by 56-65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jiawei Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Feixuan Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Linlin Xia
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangfei Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Research Center of Low Carbon Economy for Guangzhou Region, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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17
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Wu X, Liu W, Gao H, Alfaro D, Sun S, Lei R, Jia T, Zheng M. Coordinated effects of air pollution control devices on PAH emissions in coal-fired power plants and industrial boilers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144063. [PMID: 33288269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coal-fired power plants are important sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions in the world. The effects of various air pollution control devices (APCDs) on PAH emissions were investigated by analyzing samples from inlets and outlets of APCDs in six coal-fired power plants (A-F) and two coal-fired industrial boilers (G and H). The APCDs were electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), wet flue gas desulfurization systems (WFGDs), and wet ESPs (WESPs). The PAH congener patterns for the coal-fired plants were similar. Gas-phase PAHs were dominant in flue gases, and the most abundant PAH was naphthalene. Three- and four-ring PAHs were dominant in fly ash. Positive correlations were found between the PAH and total organic carbon contents of fly ash (R2 0.87) and slag (R2 0.92). Plants D-F, equipped with low-low-temperature ESPs (LLT-ESPs) and WESPs discharged the lowest PAHs. Circulating water was an important source of PAHs in the desulfurization except in plant A, which used desalinated seawater rather than circulating water in the desulfurization process. WESPs decreased PAH concentrations by an average of 20.67%, which can be spread to other plants to reduce PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hanfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - David Alfaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Shurui Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rongrong Lei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Akinpelu AA, Chowdhury ZZ, Shibly SM, Faisal ANM, Badruddin IA, Rahman MM, Amin MA, Sagadevan S, Akbarzadeh O, Khan TMY, Kamangar S, Khalid K, Saidur R, Johan MR. Adsorption Studies of Volatile Organic Compound (Naphthalene) from Aqueous Effluents: Chemical Activation Process Using Weak Lewis Acid, Equilibrium Kinetics and Isotherm Modelling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042090. [PMID: 33669883 PMCID: PMC7923291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the preparation of activated carbon (CDSP) from date seed powder (DSP) by chemical activation to eliminate polyaromatic hydrocarbon-PAHs (naphthalene-C10H8) from synthetic wastewater. The chemical activation process was carried out using a weak Lewis acid of zinc acetate dihydrate salt (Zn(CH3CO2)2·2H2O). The equilibrium isotherm and kinetics analysis was carried out using DSP and CDSP samples, and their performances were compared for the removal of a volatile organic compound-naphthalene (C10H8)-from synthetic aqueous effluents or wastewater. The equilibrium isotherm data was analyzed using the linear regression model of the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The R2 values for the Langmuir isotherm were 0.93 and 0.99 for naphthalene (C10H8) adsorption using DSP and CDSP, respectively. CDSP showed a higher equilibrium sorption capacity (qe) of 379.64 µg/g. DSP had an equilibrium sorption capacity of 369.06 µg/g for C10H8. The rate of reaction was estimated for C10H8 adsorption using a pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich kinetic equation. The reaction mechanism for both the sorbents (CDSP and DSP) was studied using the intraparticle diffusion model. The equilibrium data was well-fitted with the pseudo-second order kinetics model showing the chemisorption nature of the equilibrium system. CDSP showed a higher sorption performance than DSP due to its higher BET surface area and carbon content. Physiochemical characterizations of the DSP and CDSP samples were carried out using the BET surface area analysis, Fourier-scanning microscopic analysis (FSEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and Fourier-transform spectroscopic analysis (FTIR). A thermogravimetric and ultimate analysis was also carried out to determine the carbon content in both the sorbents (DSP and CDSP) here. This study confirms the potential of DSP and CDSP to remove C10H8 from lab-scale synthetic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola A. Akinpelu
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
- Center of Environment and Water, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 34464, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaira Zaman Chowdhury
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-7967-2929 or +601-0267-5621
| | - Shahjalal Mohd. Shibly
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Abu Nasser Mohd Faisal
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Irfan Anjum Badruddin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.B.); (T.M.Y.K.); (S.K.)
- Research Center of Advanced Materials and Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Md. Al Amin
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Omid Akbarzadeh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
| | - T. M. Yunus Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.B.); (T.M.Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sarfaraz Kamangar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.B.); (T.M.Y.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Khalisanni Khalid
- Malaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang 43000, Malaysia;
- Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. Saidur
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia or (A.A.A.); (S.M.S.); (A.N.M.F.); (S.S.); (O.A.); (M.R.J.)
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Buha-Marković JZ, Marinković AD, Nemoda SĐ, Savić JZ. Distribution of PAHs in coal ashes from the thermal power plant and fluidized bed combustion system; estimation of environmental risk of ash disposal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115282. [PMID: 32799176 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The comparison of fly ash generated from lignite combustion in a thermal power plant Kolubara A (Veliki Crljeni) and bottom and fly ash from coal waste combustion in a semi-industrial fluidized bed boiler (Vinča) was performed as the function of particle size. The average total concentrations of the 16 EPA priority PAHs in ash fractions are 0.49 mg kg-1 of ash (thermal power plant) and 17.48 mg kg-1 of ash (fluidized bed boiler). The sum of 3- and 4-ring PAHs accounts for more than 93% of overall PAHs concentration, and the most abundant among them is fluoranthene. The portions of PAHs groups defined based on their physico-chemical properties, as obtained from quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models included in the Vega platform, were determined. These portions, emission factors, and benzo[a]pyrene equivalence concentrations were further on used to estimate the potential environmental impact of ash disposal. The PAHs emission factors are higher compared to values in the air pollutant emission inventory guidebook of the cooperative program for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP/EEA). The overall emission factors of 16 PAHs for combustion of lignite and coal waste are determined to be 0.15 and 249.97 mg kg-1 of fuel, respectively. Based on the ratios of benzo[a]pyrene equivalence concentrations of each ash and correspondent fuel, the disposal of fly ash from the cyclone of fluidized bed boiler represents the highest risk to the environment among tested ashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Z Buha-Marković
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of Thе Republic of Serbia, POB 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana D Marinković
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of Thе Republic of Serbia, POB 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stevan Đ Nemoda
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of Thе Republic of Serbia, POB 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Z Savić
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of Thе Republic of Serbia, POB 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
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20
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Zhang Y, Yan Q, Wang J, Han S, He R, Zhao Q, Jin M, Zhang R. Emission characteristics and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter from the prebaked anode industry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137546. [PMID: 32192972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) and source profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from the prebaked anode industry were studied to fill the knowledge gap and provide data for emission inventory and source resolution. In 2018, three prebaked anode plants were selected in Central China, each having one calcining chimney as well as one baking chimney, and then 92 samples were collected from the stack gas of the six chimneys. The results of the study are as follows. (1) PM10 and PM2.5 from the prebaked anode industry contained 37-42% water-soluble ions, 16-20% elements, 11-17% organic carbon, and 9.2-14% elemental carbon. (2) The EFs for PAHs of PM10 and PM2.5 were 1146.1 ± 899.7 and 866.2 ± 1179.8 mg/(t aluminum produced), respectively. The EF for BaP was seven times lower than that given by the European Environment Agency (EEA), whereas those of BbF, BkF, and IcdP were 2-13 times higher than those given by the EEA. (3) Seven diagnostic ratios for PAHs, including Ant/(Ant+Phe), Flua/(Flua+Pyr), BaA/(BaA + Chr), IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP), Flu/(Flu+Pyr), Phe/Ant and BaA/Chr were discussed. Just by diagnostic ratio, it is hard to precisely distinguish between calcining and baking in prebaked industry. (4) The toxic equivalence of PMs in the baking stack gas in the prebaked anode industry was five times higher than that in the calcining stack gas, and PM2.5 showed higher potential toxicity risk than PM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishun Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qishe Yan
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shijie Han
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruidong He
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Jin
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Shen M, Liu G, Yin H, Zhou L. Distribution, sources and health risk of PAHs in urban air-conditioning dust from Hefei, East China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110442. [PMID: 32171121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, indoor air quality (IAQ) has become one of the most important human health issues. The potential properties and potential health hazards of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are associated with their long-term residues, bioaccumulation and semivolatility, and they can also be transferred through a variety of media, such as the atmosphere, water and soil. Dust particles from indoor and outdoor emission sources adhere to A-C filters and can represent air quality to a certain extent. However, few studies have focused on PAHs in A-C filter dust in Hefei, China. In this study, 16 PAHs were selected, dust samples were collected from A-C filters from three different functional districts, and GC-MS analysis of the samples was performed. The concentration of the ∑16PAHs ranged from 7.34 to 326.84 μg g-1, 5.07-15.34 μg g-1, 4.09-47.26 μg g-1 and 0.97-13.38 μg g-1 in dust samples from the Administrative District (AD), Industrial District (ID), Commercial District (CD) and Outdoors (OD), respectively. The total PAH concentration in A-C dust was much higher than that in dust deposited outdoors in the urban area. The percentage of 5-6 ring PAHs accounted for more than 70% of the ∑16PAHs, which shows that the PAHs in A-C dust mainly come from pyrolysis rather than a diagenetic source. Principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios were used in a source analysis, and the results indicated that the main PAHs emission sources in the different functional districts were coal, wood and biomass combustion. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values indicated a medium to high potential carcinogenic risk for adults and children exposed to dust with PAHs. Particularly, skin contact and ingestion of carcinogenic PAHs from dust are the major exposure pathways and present an exposure risk that is four to five orders of magnitude higher than the risk of inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China.
| | - Hao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
| | - Li Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710075, China
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22
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Chang J, Shen J, Tao J, Li N, Xu C, Li Y, Liu Z, Wang Q. The impact of heating season factors on eight PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and cancer risk in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1413-1421. [PMID: 31726569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, 443 atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected at five sampling sites in Beijing. The concentrations of PM2.5-bound PAH8 (Chr, BaA, BbF, BkF, B[a]P, DBA, BghiP, and IND) were determined via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The annual concentration of PM2.5-bound PAH8, lifetime cancer risk, and the increasing value due to heating season factors (heating and meteorological conditions) were analyzed. The results showed that the sum concentration of PM2.5-bound PAH8 during heating season was 72.6 ng/m3 and higher than the non-heating season concentration of 4.77 ng/m3. The annual concentration was 10.6 ng/m3, which increased 5.83 ng/m3 due to heating season factors. The B[a]P annual concentration was 1.67 ng/m3 and higher than the limit of 1 ng/m3, which was 15.2 times that of non-heating season. Diesel vehicles and gasoline vehicles were the primary PAH8 sources during non-heating season, while the mixed sources of diesel vehicles, gasoline vehicles, and combustion were the dominant PAH8 sources during heating season. The most significant health hazard pollutant was B[a]P, which accounted for 72%, 74%, and 69% of the B[a]P equivalent concentration (B[a]Peq) of PAH8 during heating season, non-heating season, and throughout 2015, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk was 2.67 × 10-6, which increased 1.36 × 10-6 due to heating season factors. Therefore, heating season factors nearly doubled the annual concentration of PM2.5-bound ∑PAH8 and lifetime cancer risk. The results indicated that to protect human health, it is very important to control PM2.5-bound ∑PAH8 emissions during heating season, especially B[a]P emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrui Chang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Jianing Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Institute of Environmental Health, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, 100013 Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Yunpu Li
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Air Quality Monitoring, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100021 Beijing, China.
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23
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Han J, Liang Y, Zhao B, Wang Y, Xing F, Qin L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) geographical distribution in China and their source, risk assessment analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:312-327. [PMID: 31091495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In China, the huge amounts of energy consumption caused severe carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentration in the soil and ambient air. This paper summarized that the references published in 2008-2018 and suggested that biomass, coal and vehicular emissions were categorized as major sources of PAHs in China. In 2016, the emitted PAHs in China due to the incomplete combustion of fuel was about 32720 tonnes, and the contribution of the emission sources was the sequence: biomass combustion > residential coal combustion > vehicle > coke production > refine oil > power plant > natural gas combustion. The total amount of PAHs emission in China at 2016 was significantly decreased due to the decrease of the proportion of crop resides burning (indoor and open burning). The geographical distribution of PAHs concentration demonstrated that PAHs concentration in the urban soil is 0.092-4.733 μg/g. At 2008-2012, the serious PAHs concentration in the urban soil occurred in the eastern China, which was shifted to western China after 2012. The concentration of particulate and gaseous PAHs in China is 1-151 ng/m3 and 1.08-217 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of particle-bound PAHs in the southwest and eastern region are lower than that in north and central region of China. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis demonstrates that ILCR in the soil and ambient air in China is below the acceptable cancer risk level of 10-6 recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which mean that there is a low potential PAHs carcinogenic risk for the soil and ambient air in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China; Hubei Provincial Industrial Safety Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Yangshuo Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Futang Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Linbo Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
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24
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Kramer AL, Suski KJ, Bell DM, Zelenyuk A, Massey Simonich SL. Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Oxidation Products in α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles Formed through Ozonolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6669-6677. [PMID: 31125204 PMCID: PMC7122035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) modeling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH oxidation products (PAH-OPs) in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles relies on the known chemical composition of the particles. Four PAHs, phenanthrene (PHE), dibenzothiophene (DBT), pyrene (PYR), and benz(a)anthracene (BaA), were studied individually to identify and quantify PAH-OPs produced and incorporated into SOA particles formed by ozonolysis of α-pinene in the presence of PAH vapor. SOA particles were characterized using real-time in situ instrumentation, and collected on quartz fiber filters for offline analysis of PAHs and PAH-OPs. PAH-OPs were measured in all PAH experiments at equal or greater concentrations than the individual PAHs they were produced from. The total mass of PAH and PAH-OPs, relative to the total SOA mass, varied for different experiments on individual parent PAHs: PHE and 6 quantified PHE-OPs (3.0%), DBT and dibenzothiophene sulfone (4.9%), PYR and 3 quantified PYR-OPs (3.1%), and BaA and benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (0.26%). Further exposure of PAH-SOA to ozone generally increased the concentration ratio of PAH-OPs to PAH, suggesting longer atmospheric lifetimes for PAH-OPs, relative to PAHs. These data indicate that PAH-OPs are formed during SOA particle formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kaitlyn J. Suski
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland Washington 99354, United States
| | - David M. Bell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland Washington 99354, United States
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon 97331, United States
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon 97331, United States
- Corresponding Author: Tel: (541) 737-9194. Fax: (542) 737 0497.
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25
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De la Rosa JM, Sánchez-Martín ÁM, Campos P, Miller AZ. Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the total contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochars produced from organic residues: Assessment of their hazard potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:578-585. [PMID: 30833256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interest of using biochar, the solid byproduct from organic waste pyrolysis, as soil conditioner is significantly increasing. Nevertheless, persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are formed during pyrolysis due to the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Consequently, these pollutants may enter the environment when biochar is incorporated into soil and cause adverse ecological effects. In this study, we examined the content of the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PAHs in biochars produced from rice husk, wood, wheat and sewage sludge residues using three different pyrolytic reactors and temperatures (400, 500 and 600 °C). The total concentration of PAHs (∑PAH) ranged from 799 to 6364 μg kg-1, being naphthalene, phenanthrene and anthracene the most abundant PAHs in all the biochars. The maximum amount of PAHs was observed for the rice husk biochar produced in the batch reactor at 400 °C, which decreased with increasing temperature. The ∑PAH value of the wood biochar produced via traditional kilns doubled compared with the wood biochar produced using the other pyrolytic reactors (5330 μg kg-1 in Kiln; 2737 μg kg-1 in batch and 1942 μg kg-1 in the rotary reactor). Looking for a more reliable risk assessment of the potential exposure of PAHs in biochar, the total toxic equivalent concentrations (TTEC) of the 14 produced biochars were calculated. When comparing the same feedstock and temperature, TTEC values indicated that the rotary reactor produced the safest biochars. In contrast, the biochars produced using the batch reactor at 400 and 500 °C have the greatest hazard potential. Our results provide valuable information on the potential risk of biochar application for human and animal health, as well as for the environment due to PAHs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M De la Rosa
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Águeda M Sánchez-Martín
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Paloma Campos
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Z Miller
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
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26
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Zheng L, Ou J, Liu M, Chen Y, Tang Q, Hu Y. Seasonal and spatial variations of PM 10-bounded PAHs in a coal mining city, China: Distributions, sources, and health risks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:470-478. [PMID: 30472471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from coal combustion has become the major contributor of atmospheric PAHs in China and caused worldwide concern due to their adverse effects on human health and ecosystem. In this work, the abundance, distribution, source and health risk assessment of ambient PM10-bounded PAHs were studied in all seasons from a typical coal resource city in China. The spatial distribution characteristics of PM10-bounded PAHs were also investigated, which cover 6 functional zones including industrial area, mining area, commercial district, education area, residential area and control area, respectively. The average concentrations (in ng/m3) of 16 EPA priority PAHs in PM10 in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 194 ± 11.1, 161 ± 14.0, 183 ± 14.1 and 213 ± 19.2, respectively, and with an annual average of 188 ± 21.8. The composition distribution of PM10-bounded PAHs in each functional zone showed that 4-rings PAHs were dominated in all seasons, followed by 3-rings and 5-rings. Principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratio indicated that the main PAH sources were coal combustion, traffic and biomass combustion. Health risk assessment analysis (BEQ) suggested that the residential exposure to PAHs in the mining and commercial areas, particularly in winter season, may pose a greater cancer risk than people living in other parts of Huainan city. The maximum BEQ values were found at mining and commercial areas, which were mainly influenced by the emissions from gasoline or diesel vehicles, coal and biomass combustion. Both inhalation and skin contact have great influence on the cancer risk of residents in Huainan city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liugen Zheng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Jinping Ou
- Institute of material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Meng Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongchun Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Coal Mine Ecological Environment Protection, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China
| | - Quan Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Hu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
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Niu L, Xu C, Zhou Y, Liu W. Tree bark as a biomonitor for assessing the atmospheric pollution and associated human inhalation exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:398-407. [PMID: 30577008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is posing a great threat to human health. Biomass combustion in rural areas contributes greatly to the total PAH emission in China. To conduct a comprehensive risk assessment of ambient PAHs in rural China, a nationwide air sampling campaign was carried out in this study. The 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs in tree bark, which was employed as a passive air sampler, were analyzed. The summation of the 16 PAHs ranged from 11.7 to 12,860 ng/m3 in the air of rural China. The national median benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration was 18.4 ng/m3, with the range from 0.334 to 2497 ng/m3. The total inhalation carcinogenic risks of individual PAHs, with the exception for naphthalene, were very low (<1 × 10-6) at most of the sampling sites. The national median excess lifetime lung cancer risk associated with inhalation exposure to atmospheric PAHs was 20.3 × 10-6, corresponding to a population attributable fraction (PAF) of 3.38‰. Our estimations using tree bark were comparable to those reported in other studies and the uncertainties of the variables in the dataset were within the acceptable levels, demonstrating that tree bark is feasible for assessing the atmospheric PAH pollution and associated health risks. We feel that the outputs from this study can assist decision-makers focusing on protecting human health against exposure to atmospheric PAHs in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Tan F, Wu X, Chen J. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air of Dalian, China: Correlations with six criteria air pollutants and meteorological conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:516-523. [PMID: 30388687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and temporal variations of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air from a suburban area of Dalian, China were investigated for a 1-year period to assess their sources and potential correlations with six criteria air pollutants and meteorological parameters. The total concentrations of PAHs were in the range of 4.32-112.2 ng/m3 (Mean = 52.37 ± 23.99 ng/m3). Seasonality was discovered with the PAHs following an order of winter > spring > summer > autumn. The impacts of meteorological parameters on PAH levels were season-dependent. High temperature may increase the air concentrations of 4-ring PAHs during the non-heating period, whereas high relative humidity may raise the concentrations of 3- and 4-ring PAHs during the heating period. Correlations of PAHs with criteria air pollutants, such as SO2, NO2, and O3, indicated that both fossil fuel combustion and photochemical oxidation influenced the air concentrations of PAHs. According to the source apportionment by diagnostic ratios and PMF model, coal combustion and traffic emission were estimated to be the main sources of PAHs in Dalian, followed by petroleum release and biomass burning. It was worth noting that the contribution of coal combustion to the PAH burdens increased from 26% to 45% due to the emission from domestic heating in winter. This extra emission needs a continuous concern in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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29
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Palazzi P, Mezzache S, Bourokba N, Hardy EM, Schritz A, Bastien P, Emond C, Li J, Soeur J, Appenzeller BMR. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in women living in the Chinese cities of BaoDing and Dalian revealed by hair analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1341-1354. [PMID: 30420128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are produced from incomplete combustion of organic matter and released as environmental contaminants from activities such as transports, wood combustion, coal-fired power plants. In numerous urban areas worldwide, the levels of PAH exposure are considered critical regarding public health issues. The possibility to detect PAH and PAH metabolites biologically incorporated in human hair was demonstrated and proposed as biomarkers of exposure. Nevertheless, the possibility to distinguish different levels of exposure between different populations is still needed to validate the relevance of hair analysis in epidemiological studies. In this work, hair samples were collected from 204 women from two cities in China based on one year Air Quality Index history from governmental data (Baoding as polluted city and Dalian less polluted city). 8 out of the 15 parent PAH and 7 out of the 56 metabolites analyzed in this study were detected in all the samples. The highest concentrations in hair were observed for phenanthrene (4.2 to 889 pg/mg) > fluoranthene (1.05 to 204 pg/mg) > pyrene (3.2 to 124 pg/mg) for parent PAH, and for 9-OH-fluorene (0.04 to 1.78 pg/mg) > 2-OH-naphthalene (0.68 to 811 pg/mg) > 1-OH-anthracene (0.24 to 10.9 pg/mg) for metabolites. 14 parent PAH and 15 metabolites presented a significantly higher concentration in the hair samples collected from Baoding, as compared to Dalian. The median concentration of parent PAH was from 1.5 to 2.8 times higher in the hair of the subjects from Baoding than in subjects from Dalian and that of PAH metabolites was from 1 to 2.3 times higher. The study of inter-chemical associations revealed similarities and differences between the two areas, suggesting common and different sources of exposure depending on PAH respectively. The results confirmed the relevance of hair analysis to identify qualitative and quantitative differences in PAH exposure between populations from different areas. This study is the first one to investigate both parent PAH and their metabolites in a biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Palazzi
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Sakina Mezzache
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Nasrine Bourokba
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Biopolis Drive, Synapse, 138623, Singapore
| | - Emilie M Hardy
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Schritz
- Competence Center for Methodology and Statistics, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Philippe Bastien
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Claude Emond
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Jing Li
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, No. 550 JinYu Rd., Pudong New Area, China
| | - Jeremie Soeur
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93601 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Human Biomonitoring Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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Wang R, Liu G, Sun R, Yousaf B, Wang J, Liu R, Zhang H. Emission characteristics for gaseous- and size-segregated particulate PAHs in coal combustion flue gas from circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:581-589. [PMID: 29609169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between gaseous and particulate phases from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) is critically important to predict PAH removal by dust control devices. In this study, 16 US-EPA priority PAHs in gaseous and size-segregated particulate phases at the inlet and outlet of the fabric filter unit (FFs) of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler were analyzed. The partitioning mechanisms of PAHs between gaseous and particulate phases and in particles of different size classes were investigated. We found that the removal efficiencies of PAHs are 45.59% and 70.67-89.06% for gaseous and particulate phases, respectively. The gaseous phase mainly contains low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (2- and 3-ring PAHs), which is quite different from the particulate phase that mainly contains medium and high molecular weight (MMW and HMW) PAHs (4- to 6-ring PAHs). The fractions of LMW PAHs show a declining trend with the decrease of particle size. The gas-particle partitioning of PAHs is primarily controlled by organic carbon absorption, in addition, it has a clear dependence on the particle sizes. Plot of log (TPAH/PM) against logDp shows that all slope values were below -1, suggesting that PAHs were mainly adsorbed to particulates. The adsorption effect of PAHs in size-segregated PMs for HMW PAHs is more evident than LMW PAHs. The particle size distributions (PSDs) of individual PAHs show that most of PAHs exhibit bi-model structures, with one mode peaking in the accumulation size range (2.1-1.1 μm) and another mode peaking in coarse size range (5.8-4.7 μm). The intensities of these two peaks vary in function of ring number of PAHs, which is likely attributed to Kelvin effect that the less volatile HMW PAH species preferentially condense onto the finer particulates. The emission factor of PAHs was calculated as 3.53 mg/kg of coal burned, with overall mean EFPAH of 0.55 and 2.98 mg/kg for gaseous and particulate phase, respectively. Moreover, the average emission amount of PAHs for the investigated CFPP was 1016.6 g/day and 371073.6 g/y, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Ruoyu Sun
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jizhong Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Rongqiong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Anhui Department of Environmental Protection, Anhui Academy of Environmental Science, Hefei, 230071, China
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31
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Altitudinal and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Nepal: Implications on source apportionment and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:386-396. [PMID: 29421754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although several global/regional studies have detailed the high level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban areas worldwide, unfortunately, Nepal has never been part of any global/regional regular monitoring plan. Despite few sporadic studies exist, the systematic monitoring and integrated concentration of PAHs in urban region of Nepal are lacking. In this study, the concentrations, sources, and health risk assessment of 16 PAHs in air (n = 34) were investigated in suspected source areas/more densely populated regions of Nepal. Four potential source areas in Nepal were focused as it was conjectured that urban centers in plain areas (Birgunj and Biratnagar) would possibly be more influenced by PAHs as a result of intense biomass/crop residue burning than those in hilly areas (Kathmandu and Pokhara). The overall concentrations of ∑16PAHs ranged from 4.3 to 131 ng/m3 (median 33.3 ng/m3). ∑16PAH concentrations in plain areas were two folds higher than those in hilly areas. PHE was the most abundant followed by FLUA, PYR, and NAP, which accounted for 36%, 15%, 12%, and 9% of ∑16PAHs, respectively. Principal component analysis confirmed that PAHs in highly urbanized areas (Kathmandu and Pokhara) were related to diesel exhausts and coal combustion, while PAHs in less urbanized regions (Birgunj and Biratnagar) originated from biomass and domestic wood combustions. Furthermore, in the urban areas of Nepal, vehicular emission could also influence atmospheric PAHs. The lifetime cancer risk per million populations due to PAH exposures was estimated to be higher for plain areas than that for hilly areas, suggesting a relatively greater risk of cancer in people living in plain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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32
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Zha Y, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Tang J, Sun K. Distribution, Seasonal Variations and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foliar Dust of Nanjing, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:560-569. [PMID: 29442130 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of concern for both ecosystem and human health due to their potential teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. The concentration of ∑16PAHs in foliar dust ranged from 49.4 to 19,018.1 µg kg-1, with a mean value of 7074.5 µg kg-1. There were significant seasonal variations in the concentration of ∑16PAHs, with the concentration in winter being almost twice as high as in summer. Similarly, the differences between PAH profiles in different seasons indicated that they had common sources, which were attributed to the combined effect of regional transport and local emissions. The diagnostic ratios of indicator compounds indicated that PAHs detected in foliar dust originated from a mixture of gasoline vehicle emissions, biomass, and coal combustion in Nanjing. According to the ecological risk classification of ∑16PAHs, the ecological risk caused by PAHs was high since the value of RQ∑16PAHs(MPCs) was ≥ 1 and RQ∑16PAHs(NCs) were ≥ 800. The mean values for RQ∑16PAHs(MPCs) and RQ∑16PAHs(NCs) were 14.8 and 2368.9, which indicated a relatively high ecological risks of PAHs in foliar dust in Nanjing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zha
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yinlong Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Ecological Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Zilong Ma
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, P785E1, Canada
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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33
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Seasonal Variations and Sources of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chengdu, China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dat ND, Chang MB. Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:682-693. [PMID: 28763665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds composed of multiple aromatic rings. PAHs are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants which are well-recognized as carcinogenic, teratogenic and genotoxic compounds. PAHs are released from incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of materials containing carbon and hydrogen, such as coal, oil, wood and petroleum products. Understanding the characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, source profiles and technologies available for controlling PAHs emission is essential to reduce the impacts of PAHs. This paper offers an overview on concentration and distribution of atmospheric PAHs, emission factors and distribution of PAHs in different sources, and available control technologies. Characteristics of atmospheric PAHs vary with meteorological conditions and emission sources, while characteristics of PAHs emission depend on burned material and combustion condition. Combination of some technologies may be necessary for effective removal of both low-ring and high-ring PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duy Dat
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan.
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Yang H, Li R, Yu Q. Seasonal variation and potential source regions of PM 2.5-bound PAHs in the megacity Beijing, China: Impact of regional transport. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:329-338. [PMID: 28810202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on the 12-hour PM2.5 samples collected in an urban site of Beijing, sixteen PM2.5-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured to investigate the characteristics and potential source regions of particulate PAHs in Beijing. The study period included the summer period in July-August 2014, the APEC source control period during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting in the first half of November 2014, and the heating period in the second half of November 2014. Compared to PM2.5, sum of 16 PM2.5-bound PAHs exhibited more significant seasonal variation with the winter concentration largely exceeding the summer concentration. Temperature appeared to be the most crucial meteorological factor during the summer and heating periods, while PM2.5-bound PAHs showed stronger correlation with relative humidity and wind speed during the APEC source control period. Residential heating significantly increased the concentrations of higher-ring-number (≥4) PAHs measured in PM2.5 fraction. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis as well as the (3 + 4) ring/(5 + 6) ring PAH ratio analysis revealed the seasonal difference in the potential source area of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Beijing. Southern Hebei was the most likely potential source area in the cold season. Using black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) as the PAH tracers, regional residential, transportation and industry emissions all contributed to the PAH pollution in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Hainan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rongjia Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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36
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Muñoz J, Crivillers N, Mas-Torrent M. Carbon-Rich Monolayers on ITO as Highly Sensitive Platforms for Detecting Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water: The Case of Pyrene. Chemistry 2017; 23:15289-15293. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); and CIBER-BBN; Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Spain
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); and CIBER-BBN; Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Spain
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC); and CIBER-BBN; Campus de la UAB 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Spain
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37
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Saikia J, Khare P, Saikia P, Saikia BK. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) around tea processing industries using high-sulfur coals. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:1101-1116. [PMID: 27679456 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with PM2.5, PM10 and dust particles emitted from two tea processing industrial units were studied that uses high-sulfur coal as their energy source. A total of 16 PAHs (viz. naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthene (Ace), acenaphthylene (Acen), phenanthrene (Phe), fluorene (Flu), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Fluo), pyrene (Pyr), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chry), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBahA), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP) and benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) were measured. The total PAH concentration was found to be 94.7 ng/m3 (∑4 PAHs) in the PM10 particle, 32.5 (∑12 PAHs) in PM2.5 and 1.08 ng/m3 (∑6 PAHs) in the dust sample from site A. In site B, the sum of the PAHs in the PM2.5, PM10 and dust samples are found to be 154.4 ng/m3 (∑7 PAHs), 165 ng/m3 (∑3 PAHs) and 1.27 ng/m3 (∑6 PAHs), respectively. Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model study revealed the contribution of local or long-range transport of aerosol sources. Along with the coal combustion activities in the study sites, other sources such as biomass burning and vehicular emission may contribute to the PAHs in the aerosol samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotilima Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Puja Khare
- Agronomy-Soil Science Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Prasenjit Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India.
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Chen C, Xia Z, Wu M, Zhang Q, Wang T, Wang L, Yang H. Concentrations, Source Identification, and Lung Cancer Risk Associated with Springtime PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Nanjing, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:391-400. [PMID: 28735361 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study concentrated on the pollution level, sources, and lung cancer risk of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in spring in Nanjing, China. The PM2.5 samples were collected in spring of the year 2016 in Nanjing. Sixteen United States Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs were extracted and analyzed after sampling. The mean concentrations of PAHs and BaPeq were 3.98 ± 1.01 and 0.29 ± 0.08 ng/m3, respectively, which is a low level among results from regions worldwide. The diurnal variations of PAHs and BaPeq concentrations showed a relatively high level in the early morning, at the morning rush time of work and traffic transportation, and in the evening traffic peak hours. According to the results of diagnostic ratios, PAHs originated mainly from traffic exhaust, especially diesel vehicle emissions. In a single day, the highest inhalation exposure level was focused between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m., whereas the time between 12 a.m. to 2 p.m. in a day had the lowest exposure dose. Due to the inhalation exposure, the median values of incremental lung cancer risk in spring were estimated to be 7.08 × 10-9, 5.29 × 10-9, 3.53 × 10-8, 5.21 × 10-9, 7.21 × 10-9, 5.24 × 10-9, 3.01 × 10-8, and 5.40 × 10-9 for boys, male adolescents, male adults, male seniors, girls, female adolescents, female adults, and female seniors, respectively, indicating low potential lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhonghuan Xia
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Minmin Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, China
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Wang T, Xia Z, Wu M, Zhang Q, Sun S, Yin J, Zhou Y, Yang H. Pollution characteristics, sources and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a new urban district of Nanjing, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:118-128. [PMID: 28477805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper focused on the pollution characteristics, sources and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a new urban district of Nanjing, China. Gaseous and aerosol PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5μm) samples were collected in spring of 2015. Sixteen PAHs were extracted and analyzed after sampling. Firstly, arithmetic mean concentrations of PAHs and BaPeq (benzo[a]pyrene equivalent) were calculated. The mean concentrations of PAHs were 29.26±14.13, 18.14±5.37 and 48.47±16.03ng/m3 in gas phase, particle phase and both phases, respectively. The mean concentrations of BaPeq were 0.87±0.51, 2.71±2.17 and 4.06±2.31ng/m3 in gas phase, particle phase and both phases, respectively. Secondly, diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis were adopted to identify the sources of PAHs and the outcomes were the same: traffic exhaust was the predominant source followed by fuel combustion and industrial process. Finally, incremental lung cancer risk (ILCR) induced by whole year inhalation exposure to PAHs for population groups of different age and gender were estimated based on a Monte Carlo simulation. ILCR values caused by particle phase PAHs were greater than those caused by gas phase PAHs. ILCR values for adults were greater than those for other age groups. ILCR values caused by total (gas+particle) PAHs for diverse groups were all greater than the significant level (l0-6), indicating high potential lung cancer risk. Sensitivity analysis results showed that cancer slope factor for BaP inhalation exposure and BaPeq concentration had greater impact than body weight and inhalation rate on the ILCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhonghuan Xia
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Minmin Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanchi Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
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Dumanoglu Y, Gaga EO, Gungormus E, Sofuoglu SC, Odabasi M. Spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and carcinogenic risk assessment for PAHs and PCBs in air and soil of Kutahya, Turkey, the province of thermal power plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:920-935. [PMID: 27939936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric and concurrent soil samples were collected during winter and summer of 2014 at 41 sites in Kutahya, Turkey to investigate spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The highest atmospheric and soil concentrations were observed near power plants and residential areas, and the wintertime concentrations were generally higher than ones measured in summer. Spatial distribution of measured ambient concentrations and results of the factor analysis showed that the major contributing PAH sources in Kutahya region were the coal combustion for power generation and residential heating (48.9%), and diesel and gasoline exhaust emissions (47.3%) while the major PCB sources were the coal (thermal power plants and residential heating) and wood combustion (residential heating) (45.4%), and evaporative emissions from previously used technical PCB mixtures (34.7%). Results of fugacity fraction calculations indicated that the soil and atmosphere were not in equilibrium for most of the PAHs (88.0% in winter, 87.4% in summer) and PCBs (76.8% in winter, 83.8% in summer). For PAHs, deposition to the soil was the dominant mechanism in winter while in summer volatilization was equally important. For PCBs, volatilization dominated in summer while deposition was higher in winter. Cancer risks associated with inhalation and accidental soil ingestion of soil were also estimated. Generally, the estimated carcinogenic risks were below the acceptable risk level of 10-6. The percentage of the population exceeding the acceptable risk level ranged from <1% to 16%, except, 32% of the inhalation risk levels due to PAH exposure in winter at urban/industrial sites were >10-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Anadolu University, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Elif Gungormus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Gulbahce-Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Gulbahce-Urla, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Gulbahce-Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
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Lin Y, Deng W, Li S, Li J, Wang G, Zhang D, Li X. Congener profiles, distribution, sources and ecological risk of parent and alkyl-PAHs in surface sediments of Southern Yellow Sea, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1309-1317. [PMID: 28040223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Congener profiles, distribution and sources of parent and alkyl-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Southern Yellow Sea (SYS), China were investigated. The ecological risk of parent-PAHs to aquatic organisms were evaluated based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), risk quotient (RQ), organic carbon (OC)-normalized analysis and mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q). The concentrations of 33 PAHs were analyzed, including 14 parent PAHs (without naphthalene and acenaphthylene), 16 alkyl-PAHs (7 methylphenanthrenes, 3 methylanthracenes, 3 methylfluoranthenes, and 3 methylpyrenes), dibenzothiophene, retene and perylene. Total concentrations of PAHs (TPAHs) ranged from 200.8 to 3629.0ng/g dry weight (d.w.), with a mean value of 1035.4ng/g d.w., and mainly contributed by fluorene, phenanthrene, methylphenanthrene, retene, fluoranthene and pyrene. Analysis of a broad variety of diagnostic ratios suggested that combustion was the key source of PAHs. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) indicated that combustion of coal, softwood and nature gas, coke oven, petroleum and vehicle emission were the main sources of PAHs in sediments of SYS, contributing 41.5%, 30.6%, 18.8%, and 9.0% to TPAHs, respectively. Ecological risk assessment of individual parent-PAHs suggested that fluorene, phenanthrene and fluoranthene may cause some risk to aquatic organisms in some stations. OC-normalized analysis and M-ERM-Q indicated that risk of multiple parent-PAHs was quite low in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wei Deng
- South China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China.
| | - Shengyong Li
- South China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guoguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Cao H, Chao S, Qiao L, Jiang Y, Zeng X, Fan X. Urbanization-related changes in soil PAHs and potential health risks of emission sources in a township in Southern Jiangsu, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:692-700. [PMID: 27697342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization, which is characterized by population aggregation, industrial development, and increased traffic load, may change local polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) emissions and their associated health risks. To investigate these changes, we collected soil samples in 2009 and 2014 in a rapidly developing small town in Southern Jiangsu (China) and measured the concentrations of 16 PAHs via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although the total PAHs decreased from 4586.6 to 640.6ng/g, the concentrations of the high-molecular-weight PAHs benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene increased due to changes in the PAH sources. Source apportionment by positive matrix factorization indicated that the two sources responsible for the highest soil PAH contributions changed from biomass combustion (42%) and coal combustion (32%) in 2009 to coal, biomass and natural gas combustion (35%) and diesel combustion (33%) in 2014. However, the two sources with the highest associated health risks were diesel and gasoline combustion in both years. The incremental lifetime cancer risk for residents exposed to PAHs in the soil via incidental ingestion and dermal contact decreased from 1.75×10-6 to 1.60×10-6. The ban on open burning of straw and the substitution of coal with natural gas offset the PAH health risks due to increased urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Sihong Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiancai Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Wang R, Yousaf B, Sun R, Zhang H, Zhang J, Liu G. Emission characterization and δ(13)C values of parent PAHs and nitro-PAHs in size-segregated particulate matters from coal-fired power plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:487-496. [PMID: 27450341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their nitrated derivatives (NPAHs) in coarse (PM2.5-10), intermediate (PM1-2.5) and fine (PM1) particulate matters emitted from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) in Huainan, China. The diagnostic ratios and the stable carbon isotopic approaches to characterize individual PAHs were applied in order to develop robust tools for tracing the origins of PAHs in different size-segregated particular matters (PMs) emitted CFPP coal combustion. The concentrations of PAH compounds in flue gas emissions varied greatly, depending on boiler types, operation and air pollution control device (APCD) conditions. Both pPAHs and NPAHs were strongly enriched in PM1-2.5 and PM1. In contrary to low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs, high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were more enriched in finer PMs. The PAH diagnostic ratios in size-segregated PMs are small at most cases, highlighting their potential application in tracing CFPP emitted PAHs attached to different sizes of PMs. Yet, substantial uncertainty still exists to directly apply PAH diagnostic ratios as emission tracers. Although the stable carbon isotopic composition of PAH molecular was useful in differentiating coal combustion emissions from other sources such as biomass combustion and vehicular exhausts, it was not feasible to differentiate isotopic fractionation processes such as low-temperature carbonization, high-temperature carbonization, gasification and combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075 Shaanxi, China
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ruoyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Anhui Department of Environmental Protection, Anhui Academy of Environmental Science, Hefei 230071, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075 Shaanxi, China.
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Hsu WT, Liu MC, Hung PC, Chang SH, Chang MB. PAH emissions from coal combustion and waste incineration. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:32-40. [PMID: 27391862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of PAHs that are emitted by a municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and coal-fired power plant are examined via intensive sampling. Results of flue gas sampling reveal the potential for PAH formation within the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system of a coal-fired power plant. In the large-scale MWI, the removal efficiency of PAHs achieved with the pilot-scaled catalytic filter (CF) exceeds that achieved by activated carbon injection with a bag filter (ACI+BF) owing to the effective destruction of gas-phase contaminants by a catalyst. A significantly lower PAH concentration (1640ng/g) was measured in fly ash from a CF module than from an ACI+BF system (5650ng/g). Replacing the ACI+BF system with CF technology would significantly reduce the discharge factor (including emission and fly ash) of PAHs from 251.6 to 77.8mg/ton-waste. The emission factors of PAHs that are obtained using ACI+BF and the CF system in the MWI are 8.05 and 7.13mg/ton, respectively. However, the emission factor of MWI is significantly higher than that of coal-fired power plant (1.56mg/ton). From the perspective of total environmental management to reduce PAH emissions, replacing the original ACI+BF process with a CF system is expected to reduce environmental impact thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ting Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, 300 Jhong-da Road, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Mei Chen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, 300 Jhong-da Road, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Pao Chen Hung
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, 300 Jhong-da Road, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shu Hao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, 300 Jhong-da Road, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, 300 Jhong-da Road, Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
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Ho KF, Chang CC, Tian L, Chan CS, Musa Bandowe BA, Lui KH, Lee KY, Chuang KJ, Liu CY, Ning Z, Chuang HC. Effects of polycyclic aromatic compounds in fine particulate matter generated from household coal combustion on response to EGFR mutations in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1262-1269. [PMID: 27613327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Induction of PM2.5-associated lung cancer in response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) remains unclear. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their polar derivatives (oxygenated PAHs: OPAHs and azaarenes: AZAs) were characterized in fine particulates (PM2.5) emitted from indoor coal combustion. Samples were collected in Xuanwei (Yunnan Province), a region in China with a high rate of lung cancer. Human lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 (with wild-type EGFR) and HCC827 (with EGFR mutation) were exposed to the PM2.5, followed by treatment with EGFR-TKI. Two samples showed significant and dose-dependent reduction in the cell viability in A549. EGFR-TKI further demonstrated significantly decreased in cell viability in A549 after exposure to the coal emissions. Chrysene and triphenylene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene, azaarenes and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (carbonyl-OPAHs) were all associated with EGFR-TKI-dependent reduced cell viability after 72-h exposure to the PM2.5. The findings suggest the coal emissions could influence the response of EGFR-TKI in lung cancer cells in Xuanwei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Fai Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Sing Chan
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ka-Hei Lui
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ying Liu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Division of Oncology and Interventional Bronchoscopy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi Ning
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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46
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Jefimova J, Adamson J, Reinik J, Irha N. Leaching of PAHs from agricultural soils treated with oil shale combustion ash: an experimental study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20862-20870. [PMID: 27484200 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils amended with oil shale ash (OSA). Leachability studies to assess the release of PAHs to the environment are essential before the application of OSA in agriculture. A quantitative estimation of the leaching of PAHs from two types of soil and two types of OSA was undertaken in this study. Two leaching approaches were chosen: (1) a traditional one step leaching scheme and (2) a leaching scheme with pretreatment, i.e.., incubation of the material in wet conditions imitating the field conditions, followed by a traditional leaching procedure keeping the total amount of water constant. The total amount of PAHs leached from soil/OSA mixtures was in the range of 15 to 48 μg/kg. The amount of total PAHs leached was higher for the incubation method, compared to the traditional leaching method, particularly for Podzolic Gleysols soil. This suggests that for the incubation method, the content of organic matter and clay minerals of the soil influence the fate of PAHs more strongly compared to the traditional leaching scheme. The amount of PAHs leached from OSA samples is higher than from soil/OSA mixtures, which suggests soils to inhibit the release of PAHs. Calculated amount of PAHs from experimental soil and OSA leaching experiments differed considerably from real values. Thus, it is not possible to estimate the amount of PAHs leached from soil/OSA mixtures based on the knowledge of the amount of PAHs leached from soil and OSA samples separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Jefimova
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
- Tallinn University of Technology, Laboratory of Inorganic Materials, Ehitajate St 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Jasper Adamson
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Janek Reinik
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Natalya Irha
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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47
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Jadoon WA, Sakugawa H. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Their potential health risks and sources at three non-urban sites in Japan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:884-899. [PMID: 27314274 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1191300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to monitor particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in order to determine their emission sources and potential human health risks in remote and rural areas of Japan. Seventeen PAHs in aerosol samples collected in remote (Kamihaya), coastal (Hiki) and inland (Higashi-Hiroshima) areas of Japan during 2013-2014 were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Total PAH (Σ17PAH) concentrations in aerosol samples were in the range of 0.08-6.51 ng m(-3), 0.09-4.74 ng m(-3), and 0.21-6.53 ng m(-3) at Kamihaya, Hiki, and Higashi-Hiroshima sites, with mean concentrations of 1.63, 1.18, and 2.43 ng m(-3), respectively. Significant seasonal variation in concentrations occurred at Hiki and Higashi-Hiroshima, while no significant variation occurred at Kamihaya. Ambient air temperature greatly affected PAH concentrations in Higashi-Hiroshima, but had only moderate effects in Kamihaya and Hiki. Wind direction also influenced the concentrations of PAHs. Vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, biomass combustion, and domestic heating and cooking were identified as the main PAH emission sources using principal component analysis. Backward trajectory calculations showed that domestically generated PAHs were significant in Kamihaya and Hiki, while in Higashi-Hiroshima concentrations were mainly influenced by long-range transport. The incremental lifetime lung cancer risk had values of 3.38 × 10(-5) and 1.84 × 10(-5) at Higashi-Hiroshima and Hiki, which are greater than the US EPA acceptable level (10(-6)). Typically, 5-6-ring PAHs contributed 95% to this overall health risk, of which benzo(a)pyrene was the largest contributor, followed by dibenz(a,h)anthracene at both residential sites. Clearly, stricter guidelines for PAHs need to be implemented at these sites to protect the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar A Jadoon
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi Hiroshima , Japan
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48
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Peng N, Li Y, Liu Z, Liu T, Gai C. Emission, distribution and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal co-combustion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:1201-1207. [PMID: 27265733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emission and distribution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated during municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal combustion alone and MSW/coal blend (MSW weight fraction of 25%) co-combustion within a temperature range of 500°C-900°C. The results showed that for all combustion experiments, flue gas occupied the highest proportion of total PAHs and fly ash contained more high-ring PAHs. Moreover, the 3- and 4-ring PAHs accounted for the majority of total PAHs and Ant or Phe had the highest concentrations. Compared to coal, MSW combustion generated high levels of total PAHs with the range of 111.28μg/g-10,047.22μg/g and had high toxicity equivalent value (TEQ). MSW/coal co-combustion generated the smallest amounts of total PAHs and had the lowest TEQ than MSW and coal combustion alone. Significant synergistic interactions occurred between MSW and coal during co-combustion and the interactions suppressed the formation of PAHs, especially hazardous high-ring PAHs and decreased the TEQ. The present study indicated that the reduction of the yield and toxicity of PAHs can be achieved by co-combustion of MSW and coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Peng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhengang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Gai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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49
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Xu J, Peng X, Guo CS, Xu J, Lin HX, Shi GL, Lv JP, Zhang Y, Feng YC, Tysklind M. Sediment PAH source apportionment in the Liaohe River using the ME2 approach: A comparison to the PMF model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:164-171. [PMID: 26925728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminant source apportionment is essential for pollution management and control. This study analysed surface sediment samples for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAH sources were identified by two receptor models, which included positive matrix factorization (PMF) and multilinear engine 2 (ME2). Three PAH sources in the Liaohe River sediments were identified by PMF, including traffic, coke oven and coal combustion. The ME2 model apportioned one additional source. The two models yielded excellent correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted PAH concentrations. Traffic emission was the primary PAH source associated with the Liaohe River sediments, with estimated PMF contributions of 58% in May and 63% in September. Coke oven (19%-25%) and coal combustion (13%-18%) were the other two major PAH sources. For ME2, gasoline and diesel were separated: accounted for 14% in May and 16% in September; and 53% in May and 48% in September. This study marks the first application of the ME2 model to study sediment contaminant source apportionment. The methodology can potentially be applied to other aquatic environment contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xing Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jiao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hai-Xia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jia-Pei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yin-Chang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden
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