1
|
Guerrero F, Espinoza L, Vidal V, Carmona C, Krecl P, Targino AC, Ruggeri MF, Toledo M. Black carbon and particulate matter concentrations amid central Chile's extreme wildfires. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175541. [PMID: 39151628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The increase in the frequency and severity of global wildfires has been largely influenced by climate change and land use changes. From February 2 to 6, 2024, central Chile experienced its most devastating wildland-urban interface wildfire in history, severely impacting the Valparaíso region. This catastrophic event, which led to extensive forest destruction, the loss of thousands of homes, and over a hundred human fatalities, directly impacted the area surrounding the campus of Federico Santa María Technical University. In that period, an air quality monitoring campaign was set up on the campus to measure black carbon (BC) and particulate matter (PM) during the wildfire season. The monitoring station was located directly within the smoke plume, allowing for the collection of unprecedented air quality data. Extremely high concentrations of BC at 880 nm were reported during the wildfires, with a daily mean (±σ) of 14.83 ± 19.52 μg m-3. Peak concentrations measured at 880 nm and 375 nm reached 812.89 μg m-3 and 1561.24 μg m-3, respectively. The maximum daily mean BC concentrations at these wavelengths were 55 and 99 times higher, respectively, compared to the pre-event period. The mean Ångström absorbing coefficient during the event was 1.66, indicating biomass burning as the primary BC source, while the maximum BC/PM2.5 ratio (at 375 nm) reached 57 %. From February 2 to 5, 2024, PM concentrations exceeded the Chilean air quality standard by 82 % and 198 % for coarse and fine particles, respectively. These levels are 4.7 and 6.0 times higher than the World Health Organization's recommendations. These elevated concentrations persisted for up to three days after the fire was extinguished. This study provides unique evidence of the rapid deterioration of regional air quality during a wildfire event using in situ measurements, serving as a stark reminder of the far-reaching consequences of a warming climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Guerrero
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, 23400000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Lorena Espinoza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, 23400000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Víctor Vidal
- Estudios Ambientales y Asesorías Limitada (E2A), Reñaca Norte 25, of. 608, 2542629 Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camilo Carmona
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, 23400000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - María F Ruggeri
- Centre for Environmental Technologies, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, 23400000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Mario Toledo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, 23400000 Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hughes F, Parsons L, Levy JH, Shindell D, Alhanti B, Ohnuma T, Kasibhatla P, Montgomery H, Krishnamoorthy V. Impact of Wildfire Smoke on Acute Illness. Anesthesiology 2024:141837. [PMID: 39105660 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000005115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Fintan Hughes
- Fintan Hughes, M.B.B.Ch., B.A.O.: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Luke Parsons
- Luke Parsons, Ph.D.: Global Science, Nature Conservancy and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jerrold H Levy
- Jerrold H. Levy, M.D., F.A.H.A., F.C.C.M.: Departments of Anesthesiology and Surgery (Cardiothoracic), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Drew Shindell
- Drew Shindell, Ph.D.: Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brooke Alhanti
- Brooke Alhanti, Ph.D.: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tetsu Ohnuma
- Tetsu Ohnuma, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H.: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Prasad Kasibhatla
- Prasad Kasibhatla, Ph.D.: Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hugh Montgomery
- Hugh Montgomery, O.B.E., M.D.: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Krishnamoorthy
- Vijay Krishnamoorthy, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D.: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seidenberg AB, Braganza K, Chomas M, Diaz MC, Friedman AS, Phillips S, Pesko M. Coverage of Indoor Smoking and Vaping Restrictions in the US, 1990-2021. Am J Prev Med 2024:S0749-3797(24)00197-1. [PMID: 38876294 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke exposure increases the risk of premature death and disease in children and non-smoking adults. As a result, many U.S. states and local jurisdictions have enacted comprehensive indoor smoking restrictions (ISR). Indoor vaping restrictions (IVR) have also been adopted to protect against exposure to secondhand e-cigarette aerosol. This study aimed to quantify state and national U.S. coverage of policies restricting indoor cigarette and e-cigarette use over time. METHODS Data from the American Nonsmokers Rights' Foundation on U.S. ISR from 1990 to 2021 and IVR from 2006 to 2021 were analyzed. Combining these data with 2015 U.S. Census population estimates, the percentage of state and national residents covered by partial and comprehensive restrictions in bars, restaurants, and workplaces, were calculated (analysis in 2023-2024) over time. RESULTS Between 1990 and 2021, national coverage of comprehensive ISR increased for bars (0% to 67.3%), restaurants (0%-78.2%), and workplaces (0%-77.5%). Partial ISR coverage decreased for bars (14.8%-13.9%), restaurants (40.2%-15.4%) and workplaces (40.2%-22.5%). From 2006 to 2021, comprehensive IVR coverage increased for bars (0%-43.5%), restaurants (0%-51.5%), and workplaces (0%-53.2%). Despite these increases in coverage, by the end of 2021, <50% of the population was protected by comprehensive ISR for bars, restaurants, and workplaces in 19, 12, and 14 states, respectively. DISCUSSION The percentage of the U.S. population protected by ISR and IVR has increased over time. However, gaps in coverage remain, which may contribute to disparities in tobacco-related disease and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Braganza
- Truth Initiative Schroder Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Maxwell Chomas
- Georgia State University, Department of Economics, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Megan C Diaz
- Truth Initiative Schroder Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Abigail S Friedman
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy & Management, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Serena Phillips
- University of Missouri, Department of Economics, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Michael Pesko
- University of Missouri, Department of Economics, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wilgus ML, Merchant M. Clearing the Air: Understanding the Impact of Wildfire Smoke on Asthma and COPD. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:307. [PMID: 38338192 PMCID: PMC10855577 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildfires are a global natural phenomenon. In North America, wildfires have not only become more frequent, but also more severe and longer in duration, a trend ascribed to climate change combined with large fuel stores left from modern fire suppression. The intensification of wildfire activity has significant implications for planetary health and public health, as exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in wildfire smoke is linked to adverse health effects. This review focuses on respiratory morbidity from wildfire smoke exposure. Inhalation of wildfire PM2.5 causes lung injury via oxidative stress, local and systemic inflammation, airway epithelium compromise, and increased vulnerability to infection. Wildfire PM2.5 exposure results in exacerbations of pre-existing asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with an escalation in healthcare utilization, including emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Wildfire smoke exposure may be associated with asthma onset, long-term impairment of lung function, and increased all-cause mortality. Children, older adults, occupationally-exposed groups, and possibly women are the most at risk from wildfire smoke. Future research is needed to clarify best practices for risk mitigation and wildfire management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May-Lin Wilgus
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1405, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Long RW, Urbanski SP, Lincoln E, Colón M, Kaushik S, Krug JD, Vanderpool RW, Landis MS. Summary of PM 2.5 measurement artifacts associated with the Teledyne T640 PM Mass Monitor under controlled chamber experimental conditions using polydisperse ammonium sulfate aerosols and biomass smoke. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:295-312. [PMID: 36716322 PMCID: PMC10112149 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2171156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major primary pollutant emitted during wildland fires that has the potential to pose significant health risks to individuals/communities who live and work in areas impacted by smoke events. Limiting exposure is the principle measure available to mitigate health impacts of smoke and therefore the accurate determination of ambient PM concentrations during wildland fire events is critical to protecting public health. However, monitoring air pollutants in smoke impacted environments has proven challenging in that measurement interferences or sampling conditions can result in both positive and negative artifacts. The EPA has performed research on methods for the measurement of PM2.5 in a series of laboratory-based studies including evaluation in smoke. This manuscript will summarize the results of the laboratory-based evaluation of federal equivalent method (FEM) monitors for PM2.5 with particular attention being given to the Teledyne-API Model T640 PM Mass monitor, as compared to the filter-based federal reference method (FRM). The T640 is an optical-based PM monitor and has been gaining wide use by state and local agencies in monitoring for PM2.5 U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) attainment. At present, the T640 (includes both T640 and T640×) comprises ~44% of the PM2.5 FEM monitors in U.S. regulatory monitoring networks. In addition, the T640 has increasingly been employed for the higher time resolution comparison/evaluation of low-cost PM sensors including during smoke impacted events. Results from controlled non-smoke laboratory studies using generated ammonium sulfate aerosols demonstrated a generally negative T640 measurement artifact that was significantly related to the PM2.5 concentration and particle size distribution. Results from biomass burning chamber studies demonstrated positive and negative artifacts significantly associated with PM2.5 concentration and optical wavelength-dependent absorption properties of the smoke aerosol.Implications: The results detailed in this paper will provide state and local air monitoring agencies with the tools and knowledge to address PM2.5 measurement challenges in areas frequently impacted by wildland fire smoke. The observed large positive and negative artifacts in the T640 PM mass determination have the potential to result in false exceedances of the PM2.5 NAAQS or in the disqualification of monitoring data through an exceptional event designation. In addition, the observed artifacts in smoke impacted air will have a detrimental effect on providing reliable public information when wildfires occur and also in identifying reference measurements for small sensor evaluation studies. Other PM2.5 FEMs such as the BAM-1022 perform better in smoke and are comparable to the filter-based FRM. Care must be taken in choosing high time resolution FEM monitors that will be operated at smoke impacted sites. Accurate methods, such as the FRM and BAM-1022 will reduce the burden of developing and reviewing exceptional event request packages, data loss/disqualification, and provide states with tools to adequately evaluate public exposure risks and provide accurate public health messaging during wildfire/smoke events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell W. Long
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shawn P. Urbanski
- United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Emily Lincoln
- United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Maribel Colón
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Surender Kaushik
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Krug
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Vanderpool
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang S, Gallimore PJ, Liu-Kang C, Yeung K, Campbell SJ, Utinger B, Liu T, Peng H, Kalberer M, Chan AWH, Abbatt JPD. Dynamic Wood Smoke Aerosol Toxicity during Oxidative Atmospheric Aging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1246-1256. [PMID: 36630690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a major source of biomass burning aerosol to the atmosphere, with their incidence and intensity expected to increase in a warmer future climate. However, the toxicity evolution of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) during atmospheric aging remains poorly understood. In this study, we report a unique set of chemical and toxicological metrics of BBOA from pine wood smoldering during multiphase aging by gas-phase hydroxyl radicals (OH). Both the fresh and OH-aged BBOA show activity relevant to adverse health outcomes. The results from two acellular assays (DTT and DCFH) show significant oxidative potential (OP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in OH-aged BBOA. Also, radical concentrations in the aerosol assessed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy increased by 50% following heterogeneous aging. This enhancement was accompanied by a transition from predominantly carbon-centered radicals (85%) in the fresh aerosol to predominantly oxygen-centered radicals (76%) following aging. Both the fresh and aged biomass burning aerosols trigger prominent antioxidant defense during the in vitro exposure, indicating the induction of oxidative stress by BBOA in the atmosphere. By connecting chemical composition and toxicity using an integrated approach, we show that short-term aging initiated by OH radicals can produce biomass burning particles with a higher particle-bound ROS generation capacity, which are therefore a more relevant exposure hazard for residents in large population centers close to wildfire regions than previously studied fresh biomass burning emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Peter J Gallimore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Carolyn Liu-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kirsten Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Steven J Campbell
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Battist Utinger
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Whitehill AR, Long RW, Urbanski S, Colón M, Habel B, Landis MS. Evaluation of Cairpol and Aeroqual Air Sensors in Biomass Burning Plumes. ATMOSPHERE 2022; 13:1-22. [PMID: 36926184 PMCID: PMC10013706 DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cairpol and Aeroqual air quality sensors measuring CO, CO2, NO2, and other species were tested in fresh biomass burning plumes in field and laboratory environments. We evaluated sensors by comparing 1-minute sensor measurements to collocated reference instrument measurements. Sensors were evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (r 2) between the sensor and reference measurements, by the accuracy, collocated precision, root mean square error (RMSE), and other metrics. In general, CO and CO2 sensors performed well (in terms of accuracy and r 2 values) compared to NO2 sensors. Cairpol CO and NO2 sensors had better sensor-versus-sensor agreement (e.g., collocated precision) than Aeroqual CO and NO2 sensors of the same species. Tests of other sensors (e.g., NH3, H2S, VOC, NMHC) provided more inconsistent results and need further study. Aeroqual NO2 sensors had an apparent O3 interference that was not observed in the Cairpol NO2 sensors. Although the sensor accuracy lags that of reference-level monitors, with location-specific calibrations they have the potential to provide useful data about community air quality and personal exposure to smoke impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Whitehill
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-541-4540
| | - Russell W. Long
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Maribel Colón
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Bruce Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Characterization of Wildfire Smoke over Complex Terrain Using Satellite Observations, Ground-Based Observations, and Meteorological Models. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The severity of wildfires is increasing globally. In this study, we used data from the Global Change Observation Mission-Climate/Second-generation Global Imager (GCOM-C/SGLI) to characterize the biomass burning aerosols that are generated by large-scale wildfires. We used data from the September 2020 wildfires in western North America. The target area had a complex topography, comprising a basin among high mountains along a coastal region. The SGLI was essential for dealing with the complex topographical changes in terrain that we encountered, as it contains 19 polarization channels ranging from near ultraviolet (380 nm and 412 nm) to thermal infrared (red at 674 nm and near-infrared at 869 nm) and has a fine spatial resolution (1 km). The SGLI also proved to be efficient in the radiative transfer simulations of severe wildfires through the mutual use of polarization and radiance. We used a regional numerical model SCALE (Scalable Computing for Advanced Library and Environment) to account for variations in meteorological conditions and/or topography. Ground-based aerosol measurements in the target area were sourced from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Aerosol Robotic Network; currently, official satellite products typically do not provide the aerosol properties for very optically thick cases of wildfires. This paper used satellite observations, ground-based observations, and a meteorological model to define an algorithm for retrieving the aerosol properties caused by severe wildfire events.
Collapse
|
9
|
Arciszewski TJ. A re-analysis and review of elemental and polycyclic aromatic compound deposition in snow and lake sediments from Canada's Oil Sands Region integrating industrial performance and climatic variables. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153254. [PMID: 35065131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Much of the research from Canada's oil sands region (OSR) shows contaminants of concern (CoCs) throughout the ambient environment surrounding the industrial facilities. While there are some well-established sources of the CoCs, there is also spatial and temporal variability suggesting activity intensity, changes in technology, types and amounts of fuels combusted at the facilities, and climate may affect the results of deposition studies. This study re-analysed published data on the deposition of elements and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in snow and the sediments of some lakes by incorporating production data from facilities and climate. Using the Elastic Net (EN) regularized regression, variables describing potential associations between facility-specific activity and climate on the deposition of CoCs were identified. Among the selected variables, the combustion of delayed petroleum coke at the Suncor Basemine was associated with the deposition of CoCs, including elements in snow and in some lakes. Similarly, combustion of petroleum coke at Syncrude Mildred Lake was also identified in some models. In both cases, the effects of petroluem coke combustion are likely associated with the emission and deposition of fly ash. The mass of stored petroleum coke was not selected in snow CoC models, but the speed of the wind was a common driver for PACs. However, the mass of stockpiled petcoke was more closely associated with both elements and PACs in lake sediments. While the potential influence of other variables on the occurrence of CoCs in the OSR was also identified, including the production of crude bitumen and synthetic crude, the use of process and natural gases, temperature, and precipitation, these analyses support much of the earlier work and provides additional nuance. While more work is required, these results suggest facility-specific production and climatic data can be coupled with existing approaches to improve the identification of sources of CoCs in Canada's OSR and practices associated with their release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Arciszewski
- Resource Stewardship Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Horb EC, Wentworth GR, Makar PA, Liggio J, Hayden K, Boutzis EI, Beausoleil DL, Hazewinkel RO, Mahaffey AC, Sayanda D, Wyatt F, Dubé MG. A decadal synthesis of atmospheric emissions, ambient air quality, and deposition in the oil sands region. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:333-360. [PMID: 34676977 PMCID: PMC9299045 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review is part of a series synthesizing peer-reviewed literature from the past decade on environmental monitoring in the oil sands region (OSR) of northeastern Alberta. It focuses on atmospheric emissions, air quality, and deposition in and downwind of the OSR. Most published monitoring and research activities were concentrated in the surface-mineable region in the Athabasca OSR. Substantial progress has been made in understanding oil sands (OS)-related emission sources using multiple approaches: airborne measurements, satellite measurements, source emission testing, deterministic modeling, and source apportionment modeling. These approaches generally yield consistent results, indicating OS-related sources are regional contributors to nearly all air pollutants. Most pollutants exhibit enhanced air concentrations within ~20 km of surface-mining activities, with some enhanced >100 km downwind. Some pollutants (e.g., sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides) undergo transformations as they are transported through the atmosphere. Deposition rates of OS-related substances primarily emitted as fugitive dust are enhanced within ~30 km of surface-mining activities, whereas gaseous and fine particulate emissions have a more diffuse deposition enhancement pattern extending hundreds of kilometers downwind. In general, air quality guidelines are not exceeded, although these single-pollutant thresholds are not comprehensive indicators of air quality. Odor events have occurred in communities near OS industrial activities, although it can be difficult to attribute events to specific pollutants or sources. Nitrogen, sulfur, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), and base cations from OS sources occur in the environment, but explicit and deleterious responses of organisms to these pollutants are not as apparent across all study environments; details of biological monitoring are discussed further in other papers in this special series. However, modeling of critical load exceedances suggests that, at continued emission levels, ecological change may occur in future. Knowledge gaps and recommendations for future work to address these gaps are also presented. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:333-360. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Horb
- Resource Stewardship DivisionAlberta Environment and ParksCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Gregory R. Wentworth
- Resource Stewardship DivisionAlberta Environment and ParksEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Present address: Environmental Protection BranchEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Paul A. Makar
- Air Quality Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Katherine Hayden
- Air Quality Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | | | | | - Ashley C. Mahaffey
- Resource Stewardship DivisionAlberta Environment and ParksCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Diogo Sayanda
- Resource Stewardship DivisionAlberta Environment and ParksCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Pelletier R, Noernberg T, Donner MW, Grant-Weaver I, Martin JW, Shotyk W. Impact of the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfires on atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements to surrounding ombrotrophic bogs. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106910. [PMID: 34607041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fort McMurray and the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) experienced major wildfires in 2016, but the impact of these on regional deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements has not been reported nor compared to industrial sources of these pollutants in the region. Living moss (Sphagnum fuscum) was collected in triplicate from five ombrotrophic bogs in the AOSR after the wildfires, and analyzed for PAHs and trace elements. These post-wildfire data were compared to data from previous years at the same sites, and also to remote reference bogs in Alberta and Ontario. Elevated post-wildfire concentrations and flux of naphthalene and fluorene were observed at all five bogs in the AOSR, but no consistent trend was evident for higher molecular weight PAHs or the sum of priority PAHs (∑13PAH). Trace elements at most AOSR bogs were not elevated post-wildfire, except at one bog in the burned area (MIL), but even here the elements that were increased (1.7-5.6 × ) were likely of bitumen-origin (i.e., V, Ni, Se, Mo and Re). Significant post-wildfire correlations between PAHs and most trace elements suggested a common source, and few significant correlations were observed with retene, suggesting that wildfires were not the dominant source of most contaminants detected. Mass balance receptor models were used to apportion sources, indicating that the major sources of trace elements among five AOSR bogs post-wildfire were oil sands ore (mean 42%), haul road dust (17%), and petcoke (11%), whereas wildfire was always a minor source (3-4%). For PAHs at the most contaminated site (MIL), delayed petcoke (27%) and wildfire (25%) were the major sources, but the contribution of wildfire to PAHs at other sites was less or not discernable. Impacts of the 2016 wildfires on regional atmospheric deposition of major pollutants was less than from ongoing deposition of anthropogenic dust from oil sands activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Rick Pelletier
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Tommy Noernberg
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Mark W Donner
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Iain Grant-Weaver
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden.
| | - William Shotyk
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 348B South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Assessment of Smoke Pollution Caused by Wildfires in the Baikal Region (Russia). ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12121542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has increased the prevalence of wildfires, resulting in longer fire seasons and larger geographic area burned. The aim of this work was to assess the air pollution and health risk to the population caused during exposure to smoke in fire season. The study design included: an analysis of long-term air pollution to determine background levels; an analysis of short-term (<24 h) and subchronic (10–14 days) concentrations during wildfires; and an assessment of the health risk in the industrial center of the Baikal region (Russia). In Irkutsk, at a distance of 2000 km from the fire focal points, the maximum short-term concentrations of pollution were noted during the smoke period, when the average CO level increased 2.4 times, and PM1 increased 1.4 times relative to the background levels in August 2021. In Bratsk, located near the fires, the increases in short-term concentrations were: CO—21.0; SO2—13.0; formaldehyde—12.0; TPM—4.4 times. The hazard indices of respiratory and coronary diseases in the burning period exceeded the acceptable level. Acute reactions to smoke can be expected in 30% of the exposed population near fires and 11% in remote areas (Bratsk). The results obtained from the remote sensing of atmospheric smoke can be used to urgently resolve the issue of organizing medical assistance or evacuating the population groups most sensitive to the effects of smoke in fire season.
Collapse
|
13
|
Krug J, Long R, Colón M, Habel A, Urbanski S, Landis MS. Evaluation of small form factor, filter-based PM 2.5 samplers for temporary non-regulatory monitoring during wildland fire smoke events. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 265:1-8. [PMID: 35153533 PMCID: PMC8832362 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fire activity and associated emission of particulate matter air pollution is increasing in the United States over the last two decades due primarily to a combination of increased temperature, drought, and historically high forest fuel loading. The regulatory monitoring networks in the Unites States are mostly concentrated in larger population centers where anthropogenic air pollution sources are concentrated. Smaller population centers in areas more likely to be impacted by wildland fire smoke in many instances lack adequate observational air quality data. Several commercially available small form factor filter-based PM2.5 samplers (SFFFS) were evaluated under typical ambient and simulated near-to mid-field wildland fire smoke conditions to evaluate their accuracy for use in temporary deployments during prescribed and wildfire events. The performance of all the SFFFS tested versus the designated federal reference methods (FRM) was acceptable in determining PM2.5 concentration in both ambient (2.7-14.0 μg m-3) and chamber smoke environments (24.6-3044.6 μg m-3) with accuracies ranging from ~92 to 98%. However, only the ARA Instruments model N-FRM Sampler was found to provide PM2.5 mass measurement accuracies that meet FRM guideline performance specifications under both typical ambient (97.3 ± 1.9%) and simulated wildland fire conditions (98.2 ± 1.4%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Krug
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Russell Long
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Maribel Colón
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schneider SR, Lee K, Santos G, Abbatt JPD. Air Quality Data Approach for Defining Wildfire Influence: Impacts on PM 2.5, NO 2, CO, and O 3 in Western Canadian Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13709-13717. [PMID: 34609856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the climate warms, it is recognized that wildfires are increasing in size and frequency. The negative effects of wildfires on air quality are well documented, especially on commonly monitored atmospheric pollutants such as PM2.5, NO2, CO, and O3. However, it is not clear how frequently wildfires influence urban air quality and the size of that influence relative to traffic and industrial pollutants. To understand the impact of wildfires on air quality, we have established an automated method to identify wildfire-influenced ambient air measurements. The trajectory-fire interception method (TFIM) compares hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) back-trajectories from an air quality monitoring station to satellite imagery of fire "hot-spots" to determine the number of trajectory-fire interceptions that occur. From the number of interceptions and local PM2.5 measurements, we have defined a wildfire-influenced period to occur if the interception count is ≥20. TFIM wildfire identification compares favorably with Environment and Climate Change Canada's smoke forecast, FireWork, and with the BlueSky trajectory-based forecast. Using TFIM, we studied the impact of wildfire-influenced periods on PM2.5, NO2, CO, and O3 from 2001 to 2019 in Western Canadian urban areas. We show that wildfire-influenced periods have elevated concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and CO but not O3. We show that a decreasing urban baseline of CO and NO2 over time results in a relatively greater impact of wildfires on these pollutants, which emphasizes the changing relative importance of wildfires on air quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristyn Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guadalupe Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S 3H6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vasiljevic T, Jariyasopit N, Schuster JK, Harner T. Insights into sources and occurrence of oxy- and nitro-PAHs in the alberta oil sands region using a network of passive air samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117513. [PMID: 34126512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mining-related activities in the Alberta Oil Sands Region (AOSR) are known to emit polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related compounds to ambient air. This is a concern due to the toxicity of PAHs, including their transformation products such as nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) PAHs. This is the first study that provided a more extensive outlook into the sources, occurrence in air, and spatial and seasonal patterns of NPAHs and OPAHs in the AOSR by using passive air sampling. A sampling campaign from 2013 to 2016 revealed concentrations of NPAHs that were much lower than those of OPAHs. The highest concentrations of NPAHs were concentrated in the region associated with extensive mining activities, with ∑NPAH concentrations ranging from 20 to 250 pg/m3. Within the oil sands (OS) mineable area, NPAHs associated with primary release appear more commonly, while NPAHs produced via oxidative transformation are predominant outside of this area. The concentrations of ∑OPAH ranged from 400 to 2400 pg/m3, with the highest air concentrations in the region located south of the main OS activity zone, with peak concentrations attributed to a 2016 forest fire event. Uptake of PAHs from ambient air and their subsequent conversion to generate OPAHs is believed to play an important role in wildfire emissions of OPAHs. The seasonal trend investigation was inconclusive, with NPAHs slightly higher during the winter, while OPAHs were slightly elevated during summer. A preliminary comparison of ambient concentrations of OPAHs and NPAHs in the AOSR to measurements in the Greater Toronto Area revealed a similar range of concentrations, but also a unique presence of certain NPAHs such as 4-nitrobiphenyl, 2-nitrodibenzothiophene, 2,8-dinitrodibenzothiophene and 6-nitrobenzo-(a)-pyrene. This indicates that AOSR might have its own NPAH profile - creating the need to better understand associated NPAH toxicity and propensity for long range transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Vasiljevic
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Metabolomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mamun AA, Celo V, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Charland JP, Cheng I, Zhang L. Characterization and source apportionment of airborne particulate elements in the Athabasca oil sands region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147748. [PMID: 34134367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oil sands industries in Alberta, Canada are potential sources of particulate-bound elements in the region. This study explored the ambient concentrations and size distributions, and conducted source apportionment of 48 particulate elements, based on samples collected in 2016-2017 at four air monitoring sites in the Athabasca oil sands region: Fort McKay (AMS1), Buffalo Viewpoint (AMS4), Wapasu Creek (AMS17), and Stoney Mountain (AMS18). Element concentrations in fine and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 respectively) at the four sites were generally lower than their typical concentrations at other urban and industrial sites in North America. Among all elements, S was the most abundant in PM2.5 with mean concentrations ranging from 189 ng/m3 (AMS18) to 284 ng/m3 (AMS1). Of the trace, toxic elements in PM2.5, Zn was the most abundant with mean concentrations ranging from 3.43 ng/m3 (AMS18) to 5.37 ng/m3 (AMS4). Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling of the element concentrations in PM2.5 was used for source apportionment for Zone1 (including AMS 1, 4, and 17, situated closer to industrial activities) and for Zone2 (including AMS18, a background site). The sources of elements for Zone1, included crustal dust, bitumen processing, haul road dust, and biomass burning that explained ~33%, ~43%, ~15%, and ~9% of the total resolved elemental mass, respectively. The sources of elements for Zone2, included Pb-rich source, biomass burning, fugitive oil sands, crustal dust, and bitumen processing explaining ~8%, ~7%, ~3%, ~22%, and ~60% of the total resolved elemental mass, respectively. Elemental mass concentrations of the bitumen processing source factor at Zone2 was two-thirds of that in Zone1. Overall, mass proportions of the bitumen processing source factor at all four sites were significant, suggesting that the oil sands industries played a key role in ambient element concentration levels in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Al Mamun
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Valbona Celo
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1V 1C7, Canada.
| | - Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1V 1C7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Charland
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1V 1C7, Canada
| | - Irene Cheng
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hyde A, Verstraeten BSE, Olson JK, King S, Brémault-Phillips S, Olson DM. The Fort McMurray Mommy Baby Study: A Protocol to Reduce Maternal Stress Due to the 2016 Fort McMurray Wood Buffalo, Alberta, Canada Wildfire. Front Public Health 2021; 9:601375. [PMID: 34222163 PMCID: PMC8249202 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.601375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Data show that maternal stress triggered by exposure to a natural disaster before, during or just after pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy and newborn outcomes. In this paper, the first aim is to describe our efforts to test a simple, low-cost intervention to large numbers of women following a major natural disaster. The second aim is to outline the challenges faced and lessons learned during the execution of this natural disaster study. Methods: The setting was the May 2016 Fort McMurray Wood Buffalo wildfire in northern Alberta, Canada. Women who were pregnant or preconception at the time of the disaster were invited to participate via social media. This prospective cohort study included a randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of an expressive writing intervention on the levels of prenatal maternal stress and maternal, birth, and early childhood outcomes. At recruitment and at multiple timepoints postpartum, a battery of questionnaires was administered to evaluate objective and subjective stress exposure to the fire as well as maternal mental health, resilience and its contributing factors as well as infant developmental milestones. Qualitative content analysis of the expressive writing was conducted. Discussion: There is an increasing need to develop effective, wide-spread, rapid, and low-cost interventions to reduce prenatal maternal stress, increase resilience, and improve pregnancy outcomes following a natural disaster. Though analysis of data is ongoing, we highlight the strengths of this study which include strong community participation, rapid recruitment of eligible participants, low-cost intervention and data acquisition, and successful testing of the intervention. We acknowledge the challenges we encountered including the high rate of participant disqualifications or losses due to incomplete collection of online data; evacuation, dispersal, and inconsistent return to homes; and the high levels of stress accumulated post-disaster which led to inability to complete the study. Despite potential challenges, there remains a need for such research amid natural disasters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hyde
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Joanne K Olson
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Suzanne King
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzette Brémault-Phillips
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David M Olson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martenies SE, Hoskovec L, Wilson A, Allshouse WB, Adgate JL, Dabelea D, Jathar S, Magzamen S. Assessing the Impact of Wildfires on the Use of Black Carbon as an Indicator of Traffic Exposures in Environmental Epidemiology Studies. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2020GH000347. [PMID: 34124496 PMCID: PMC8173457 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies frequently use black carbon (BC) as a proxy for traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). However, wildfire smoke (WFS) represents an important source of BC not often considered when using BC as a proxy for TRAP. Here, we examined the potential for WFS to bias TRAP exposure assessments based on BC measurements. Weekly integrated BC samples were collected across the Denver, CO region from May to November 2018. We collected 609 filters during our sampling campaigns, 35% of which were WFS-impacted. For each filter we calculated an average BC concentration. We assessed three GIS-based indicators of TRAP for each sampling location: annual average daily traffic within a 300 m buffer, the minimum distance to a highway, and the sum of the lengths of roadways within 300 m. Median BC concentrations were 9% higher for WFS-impacted filters (median = 1.14 μg/m3, IQR = 0.23 μg/m3) than nonimpacted filters (median = 1.04 μg/m3, IQR = 0.48 μg/m3). During WFS events, BC concentrations were elevated and expected spatial gradients in BC were reduced. We conducted a simulation study to estimate TRAP exposure misclassification as the result of regional WFS. Our results suggest that linear health effect estimates were biased away from the null when WFS was present. Thus, exposure assessments relying on BC as a proxy for TRAP may be biased by wildfire events. Alternative metrics that account for the influence of "brown" carbon associated with biomass burning may better isolate the effects of traffic emissions from those of other black carbon sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Martenies
- Kinesiology and Community HealikthUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
- Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - L. Hoskovec
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - A. Wilson
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - W. B. Allshouse
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - J. L. Adgate
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - D. Dabelea
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD Center)University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
- School of MedicineDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - S. Jathar
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - S. Magzamen
- Environmental and Radiological Health SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyColorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lau CJ, Loebel Roson M, Klimchuk KM, Gautam T, Zhao B, Zhao R. Particulate matter emitted from ultrasonic humidifiers-Chemical composition and implication to indoor air. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:769-782. [PMID: 33108019 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Household humidification is widely practiced to combat dry indoor air. While the benefits of household humidification are widely perceived, its implications to the indoor air have not been critically appraised. In particular, ultrasonic humidifiers are known to generate fine particulate matter (PM). In this study, we first conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the size, quantity, and chemical composition of PM generated by an ultrasonic humidifier. The mass of PM generated showed a correlation with the total alkalinity of charge water, suggesting that CaCO3 is likely making a major contribution to PM. Ion chromatography analysis revealed a large amount of SO42- in PM, representing a previously unrecognized indoor source. Preliminary results of organic compounds being present in humidifier PM are also presented. A whole-house experiment was further conducted at an actual residential house, with five low-cost sensors (AirBeam) monitoring PM in real time. Operation of a single ultrasonic humidifier resulted in PM2.5 concentrations up to hundreds of μg m-3 , and its influence extended across the entire household. The transport and loss of PM2.5 depended on the rate of air circulation and ventilation. This study emphasizes the need to further investigate the impact of humidifier operation, both on human health and on the indoor atmospheric chemistry, for example, partitioning of acidic and basic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chester J Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Max Loebel Roson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Keifer M Klimchuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tania Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Boyang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li Y, Fu TM, Yu JZ, Feng X, Zhang L, Chen J, Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K, Fu P, Yang X, Zhu L, Zeng Z. Impacts of Chemical Degradation on the Global Budget of Atmospheric Levoglucosan and Its Use As a Biomass Burning Tracer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5525-5536. [PMID: 33754698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan has been widely used to quantitatively assess biomass burning's contribution to ambient aerosols, but previous such assessments have not accounted for levoglucosan's degradation in the atmosphere. We develop the first global simulation of atmospheric levoglucosan, explicitly accounting for its chemical degradation, to evaluate the impacts on levoglucosan's use in quantitative aerosol source apportionment. Levoglucosan is emitted into the atmosphere from the burning of plant matter in open fires (1.7 Tg yr-1) and as biofuels (2.1 Tg yr-1). Sinks of atmospheric levoglucosan include aqueous-phase oxidation (2.9 Tg yr-1), heterogeneous oxidation (0.16 Tg yr-1), gas-phase oxidation (1.4 × 10-4 Tg yr-1), and dry and wet deposition (0.27 and 0.43 Tg yr -1). The global atmospheric burden of levoglucosan is 19 Gg with a lifetime of 1.8 days. Observations show a sharp decline in levoglucosan's concentrations and its relative abundance to organic carbon aerosol (OC) and particulate K+ from near-source to remote sites. We show that such features can only be reproduced when levoglucosan's chemical degradation is included in the model. Using model results, we develop statistical parametrizations to account for the atmospheric degradation in levoglucosan measurements, improving their use for quantitative aerosol source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xu Feng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Suresh Kumar Reddy Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Thiruvananthapuram, 695022, India
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Sustainable Development, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of wildfire occurrence is of great value for fire prevention and management, but due to the variation in research methods, data sources, and data resolution of those studies, it is challenging to conduct a large-scale comprehensive comparative qualitative analysis on the topic. China has diverse vegetation types and topography, and has undergone rapid economic and social development, but experiences a high frequency of wildfires, making it one of the ideal locations for wildfire research. We applied the Random Forests modelling approach to explore the main types of wildfire drivers (climate factors, landscape factors and human factors) in three high wildfire density regions (Northeast (NE), Southwest (SW), and Southeast (SE)) of China. The results indicate that climate factors were the main driver of wildfire occurrence in the three regions. Precipitation and temperature significantly impacted the fire occurrence in the three regions due to the direct influence on the moisture content of forest fuel. However, wind speed had important influence on fire occurrence in the SE and SW. The explanation power of the landscape and human factors varied significantly between regions. Human factors explained 40% of the fire occurrence in the SE but only explained less than 10% of the fire occurrence in the NE and SW. The density of roads was identified as the most important human factor driving fires in all three regions, but railway density had more explanation power on fire occurrence in the SE than in the other regions. The landscape factors showed nearly no influence on fire occurrence in the NE but explained 46.4% and 20.6% in the SE and SW regions, respectively. Amongst landscape factors, elevation had the highest average explanation power on fire occurrence in the three regions, particularly in the SW. In conclusion, this study provides useful insights into targeted fire prediction and prevention, which should be more precise and effective under climate change and socio-economic development.
Collapse
|
22
|
Long RW, Whitehill A, Habel A, Urbanski S, Halliday H, Colón M, Kaushik S, Landis MS. Comparison of ozone measurement methods in biomass burning smoke: an evaluation under field and laboratory conditions. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2021; 14:1783-1800. [PMID: 34017362 PMCID: PMC8128704 DOI: 10.5194/amt-14-1783-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years wildland fires in the United States have had significant impacts on local and regional air quality and negative human health outcomes. Although the primary health concerns from wildland fires come from fine particulate matter (PM2.5), large increases in ozone (O3) have been observed downwind of wildland fire plumes (DeBell et al., 2004; Bytnerowicz et al., 2010; Preisler et al., 2010; Jaffe et al., 2012; Bytnerowicz et al., 2013; Jaffe et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2016; Lindaas et al., 2017; McClure and Jaffe, 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Baylon et al., 2018; Buysse et al., 2019). Conditions generated in and around wildland fire plumes, including the presence of interfering chemical species, can make the accurate measurement of O3 concentrations using the ultraviolet (UV) photometric method challenging if not impossible. UV photometric method instruments are prone to interferences by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are present at high concentrations in wildland fire smoke. Four different O3 measurement methodologies were deployed in a mobile sampling platform downwind of active prescribed grassland fire lines in Kansas and Oregon and during controlled chamber burns at the United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. We demonstrate that the Federal Reference Method (FRM) nitric oxide (NO) chemiluminescence monitors and Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) gas-phase (NO) chemical scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors are relatively interference-free, even in near-field combustion plumes. In contrast, FEM UV photometric O3 monitors using solid-phase catalytic scrubbers show positive artifacts that are positively correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) and total gas-phase hydrocarbon (THC), two indicator species of biomass burning. Of the two catalytic scrubber UV photometric methods evaluated, the instruments that included a Nafion® tube dryer in the sample introduction system had artifacts an order of magnitude smaller than the instrument with no humidity correction. We hypothesize that Nafion®-permeating VOCs (such as aromatic hydrocarbons) could be a significant source of interference for catalytic scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors and that the inclusion of a Nafion® tube dryer assists with the mitigation of these interferences. The chemiluminescence FRM method is highly recommended for accurate measurements of O3 in wildland fire plume studies and at regulatory ambient monitoring sites frequently impacted by wildland fire smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell W. Long
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Whitehill
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shawn Urbanski
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Hannah Halliday
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maribel Colón
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Surender Kaushik
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Potential Influence of Sewage Phosphorus and Wet and Dry Deposition Detected in Fish Collected in the Athabasca River North of Fort McMurray. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The health of fish is a primary indicator of ecosystem response in the Oil Sands Region of northeastern Alberta. However, industrial activity is accompanied by other stressors, such as the discharge of sewage, municipal activity, forest fires, and natural weathering and erosion of bitumen. To combat the spatial confounding influences, we examined white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) captured in the Athabasca River at sites over time (2011–2019) and included covariates to account for the possible sources of influence. The analyses suggest spatially heterogeneous influences of natural factors on fish, such as discharge and air temperature, but also the influence of sewage phosphorus and precipitation. Among the stressors examined here, precipitation may be the most complex and may include a mixture of sources including inputs from tributaries, urban activity, industrial development, and forest fires. Although suggestive, the attribution of variance and detection of changes are affected by sample sizes in some years; these analyses may have missed effects or misspecified important relationships, especially in males. Despite these limitations, the analyses suggest potential differences may be associated with precipitation and highlight the need to integrate robust information on known and suspected stressors in future monitoring of aquatic ecosystems in the oil sands region and beyond.
Collapse
|
24
|
Landis MS, Long RW, Krug J, Colón M, Vanderpool R, Habel A, Urbanski SP. The U.S. EPA wildland fire sensor challenge: Performance and evaluation of solver submitted multi-pollutant sensor systems. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 247:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118165. [PMID: 33889052 PMCID: PMC8059620 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fires can emit substantial amounts of air pollution that may pose a risk to those in proximity (e.g., first responders, nearby residents) as well as downwind populations. Quickly deploying air pollution measurement capabilities in response to incidents has been limited to date by the cost, complexity of implementation, and measurement accuracy. Emerging technologies including miniaturized direct-reading sensors, compact microprocessors, and wireless data communications provide new opportunities to detect air pollution in real time. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) partnered with other U.S. federal agencies (CDC, NASA, NPS, NOAA, USFS) to sponsor the Wildland Fire Sensor Challenge. EPA and partnering organizations share the desire to advance wildland fire air measurement technology to be easier to deploy, suitable to use for high concentration events, and durable to withstand difficult field conditions, with the ability to report high time resolution data continuously and wirelessly. The Wildland Fire Sensor Challenge encouraged innovation worldwide to develop sensor prototypes capable of measuring fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and ozone (O3) during wildfire episodes. The importance of using federal reference method (FRM) versus federal equivalent method (FEM) instruments to evaluate performance in biomass smoke is discussed. Ten solvers from three countries submitted sensor systems for evaluation as part of the challenge. The sensor evaluation results including sensor accuracy, precision, linearity, and operability are presented and discussed, and three challenge winners are announced. Raw solver submitted PM2.5 sensor accuracies of the winners ranged from ~22 to 32%, while smoke specific EPA regression calibrations improved the accuracies to ~75-83% demonstrating the potential of these systems in providing reasonable accuracies over conditions that are typical during wildland fire events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Landis
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Russell W. Long
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan Krug
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Maribel Colón
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert Vanderpool
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Habel
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn P. Urbanski
- U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Edgerton ES, Hsu YM, White EM, Fenn ME, Landis MS. Ambient concentrations and total deposition of inorganic sulfur, inorganic nitrogen and base cations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:134864. [PMID: 31855646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trace gas, particulate matter and deposition data collected in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) from 2000 to 2017 were evaluated as part of a broad scientific programmatic review. Results showed significant spatial patterns and temporal trends across the region. Concentrations of reactive gases were highest near the center of surface oil sands production operations and decreased towards the edges of the monitoring domain by factors of 8, 20, 4 and 3 for SO2, NO2, HNO3 and NH3, respectively. 18 of 30 sites showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) negative trends in SO2 concentrations suggesting an ~40% decrease since 2000. In contrast, only 2 of 30 sites showed statistically significant temporal trends (1 positive, 1 negative) for NO2. NH3 data showed (i) intermittent wildfire impacts, and (ii) high seasonality, with low concentrations during winter and significantly higher values during the summer. PM10 measurements were more limited, but also showed significant spatio-temporal variability. Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 data showed that >80% of SO42- was in the PM2.5 fraction, while > 60% of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and Cl- were in the PM10-2.5 fraction. Ion balances of both PM10 and PM2.5 contained cation excesses at near-field oil sand sites, but PM2.5 samples at forest health sites >20 km from surface production locations contained anion excesses. Monthly average concentrations of PM10 ions showed peak Ca2+ during March-April to November, but peak SO42-, NH4+ and NO3- from November-March. Deposition estimates showed rapid declines as a function of distance to oil sand operations. Estimated total N and total S deposition to forest health monitoring sites ranged from 2.0 to 5.7 kg ha-1 a-1 and 2.1-14.0 kg ha-1 a-1, respectively. Potential acid input (PAI) ranged from -0.46 to 0.79 keq ha-1 a-1 and was mostly 0.1-0.2 keq ha-1 a-1 throughout the domain, except for two clusters of sites near oil sand operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., 410 Midenhall Way, Cary, NC, 27513, USA.
| | - Yu-Mei Hsu
- Wood Buffalo Environmental Association, 805 Memorial Drive, Fort McMurray, T9K0K4, Canada
| | - Emily M White
- Maed Consulting, 151 Harrison Court, Pittsboro, NC, 27312, USA
| | - Mark E Fenn
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Matthew S Landis
- Integrated Atmospheric Solutions, LLC, 1009 Yellow Birch Drive, Cary, NC, 27519, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stampfer O, Austin E, Ganuelas T, Fiander T, Seto E, Karr C. Use of low-cost PM monitors and a multi-wavelength aethalometer to characterize PM 2.5 in the Yakama Nation Reservation. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2020; 224:117292. [PMID: 33071560 PMCID: PMC7566892 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rural lower Yakima Valley, Washington is home to the reservation of the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, and is a major agricultural region. Episodic poor air quality impacts this area, reflecting sources of particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) that include residential wood smoke, agricultural biomass burning and other emissions, truck traffic, backyard burning, and wildfire smoke. University of Washington partnered with the Yakama Nation Environmental Management Program to investigate characteristics of PM2.5 using 9 months of data from a combination of low-cost optical particle counters and a 5-wavelength aethalometer (MA200 Aethlabs) over 4 seasons and an episode of summer wildfire smoke. The greatest percentage of hours sampled with PM2.5 >12 μg/m3 occurred during the wildfire smoke episode (59%), followed by fall (23%) and then winter (21%). Mean (SD) values of Delta-C (μg/m3), which has been posited as an indicator of wood smoke, and determined as the mass absorbance difference at 375-880nm, were: summer - wildfire smoke 0.34 (0.52), winter 0.27 (0.32), fall 0.10 (0.22), spring 0.05 (0.11), and summer - no wildfire smoke 0.04 (0.14). Mean (95% confidence interval) values of the absorption Ångström exponent, an indicator of the wavelength dependence of the aerosol, were: winter 1.5 (1.2-1.8), summer - wildfire smoke 1.4 (1.0-1.8), fall 1.3 (1.1-1.4), spring 1.2 (1.1-1.4), and summer - no wildfire smoke 1.2 (1.0-1.3). The trends in Delta-C and absorption Ångström exponents are consistent with expectations that a higher value reflects more biomass burning. These results suggest that biomass burning is an important contributor to PM2.5 in the wintertime, and emissions associated with diesel and soot are important contributors in the fall; however, the variety of emissions sources and combustion conditions present in this region may limit the utility of traditional interpretations of aethalometer data. Further understanding of how to interpret aethalometer data in regions with complex emissions would contribute to much-needed research in communities impacted by air pollution from agricultural as well as residential sources of combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orly Stampfer
- University of Washington Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, STE 301 Seattle, WA 98105
- Corresponding author: , 206-221-6156, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, STE 301, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Elena Austin
- University of Washington Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, STE 301 Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Terry Ganuelas
- Yakama Nation Environmental Management Program, P.O. Box 151 Toppenish, WA 98948
| | - Tremain Fiander
- Yakama Nation Environmental Management Program, P.O. Box 151 Toppenish, WA 98948
| | - Edmund Seto
- University of Washington Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, STE 301 Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Catherine Karr
- University of Washington Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, STE 301 Seattle, WA 98105
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Thomson TJ, Braun WJ, Hu XJ. On the time to first spotting in wildland fires. COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03610918.2019.1696972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J. Thomson
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - W. John Braun
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, and Statistics, University of British Columbia – Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - X. Joan Hu
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Landis MS, Berryman SD, White EM, Graney JR, Edgerton ES, Studabaker WB. Use of an epiphytic lichen and a novel geostatistical approach to evaluate spatial and temporal changes in atmospheric deposition in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1005-1021. [PMID: 31539933 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial atmospheric deposition trends of elements to the boreal forest surrounding bitumen production operations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR), Alberta, Canada were investigated as part of a long-term lichen bioindicator study. The study focused on eight elements (sulfur, nitrogen, aluminum, calcium, iron, nickel, strontium, vanadium) that were previously identified as tracers for the major oil sand production sources. Samples of the in situ epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes were collected in 2002, 2004, 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2017 within a ~150 km radius from the center of surface oil sand production operations in the AOSR. Site-specific time series analysis conducted at eight jack pine upland sites that were repeatedly sampled generally showed significant trends of increasing lichen concentrations for fugitive dust linked elements, particularly at near-field (<25 km from a major oil sands production operation) sample locations. Multiple regional scale geostatistical models were developed and evaluated to characterize broad-scale changes in atmospheric deposition based on changes in H. physodes elemental concentrations between 2008 and 2014. Empirical Bayesian kriging and cokriging lichen element concentrations with oil sands mining, bitumen upgrading, coke materials handling, and limestone quarry/crushing influence variables produced spatial interpolation estimates with the lowest validation errors. Gridded zonal mean lichen element concentrations were calculated for the two comprehensive sampling years (2008, 2014) and evaluated for spatial and temporal change. Lichen sulfur concentrations significantly increased in every grid cell within the domain with the largest increases (44-88%) in the central valley in close proximity to the major surface oil sand production operations, while a minor nitrogen concentration decrease (-20%) in a single grid cell was observed. The areal extent of fugitive dust element deposition generally increased with significantly higher deposition to lichens restricted to the outer grids of the enhanced deposition field, reflecting new and expanding surface mining activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph R Graney
- Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Afrin S, Gupta A, Farjad B, Ahmed MR, Achari G, K. Hassan Q. Development of Land-Use/Land-Cover Maps Using Landsat-8 and MODIS Data, and Their Integration for Hydro-Ecological Applications. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19224891. [PMID: 31717509 PMCID: PMC6891446 DOI: 10.3390/s19224891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Athabasca River watershed plays a dominant role in both the economy and the environment in Alberta, Canada. Natural and anthropogenic factors rapidly changed the landscape of the watershed in recent decades. The dynamic of such changes in the landscape characteristics of the watershed calls for a comprehensive and up-to-date land-use and land-cover (LULC) map, which could serve different user-groups and purposes. The aim of the study herein was to delineate a 2016 LULC map of the Athabasca River watershed using Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI) images, and other ancillary data. In order to achieve this, firstly, a preliminary LULC map was developed through applying the iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) clustering technique on 24 scenes of Landsat-8 OLI. Secondly, a Terra MODIS-derived 250-m 16-day composite of 30 EVI images over the growing season was employed to enhance the vegetation classes. Thirdly, several geospatial ancillary datasets were used in the post-classification improvement processes to generate a final 2016 LULC map of the study area, exhibiting 14 LULC classes. Fourthly, an accuracy assessment was carried out to ensure the reliability of the generated final LULC classes. The results, with an overall accuracy and Cohen’s kappa of 74.95% and 68.34%, respectively, showed that coniferous forest (47.30%), deciduous forest (16.76%), mixed forest (6.65%), agriculture (6.37%), water (6.10%), and developed land (3.78%) were the major LULC classes of the watershed. Fifthly, to support the data needs of scientists across various disciplines, data fusion techniques into the LULC map were performed using the Alberta merged wetland inventory 2017 data. The results generated two useful maps applicable for hydro-ecological applications. Such maps depicted two specific categories including different types of burned (approximately 6%) and wetland (approximately 30%) classes. In fact, these maps could serve as important decision support tools for policy-makers and local regulatory authorities in the sustainable management of the Athabasca River watershed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Afrin
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.A.); (A.G.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Anil Gupta
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.A.); (A.G.); (M.R.A.)
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Calgary, AB T2E 7L7, Canada
| | - Babak Farjad
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.A.); (A.G.); (M.R.A.)
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Calgary, AB T2E 7L7, Canada
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (Q.K.H.)
| | - M. Razu Ahmed
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.A.); (A.G.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Gopal Achari
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Quazi K. Hassan
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (S.A.); (A.G.); (M.R.A.)
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (Q.K.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Foster KR, Davidson C, Tanna RN, Spink D. Introduction to the virtual special issue monitoring ecological responses to air quality and atmospheric deposition in the Athabasca Oil Sands region the wood Buffalo environmental Association's Forest health monitoring program. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:345-359. [PMID: 31181521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of oil sands resource development in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region in the early 1990's led to concerns regarding the potential ecological and health effects of increased emissions and deposition of acidic substances. Conditions attached to a 1994 approval for an oil sands facility expansion led to the creation of the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association, and its Terrestrial Environmental Effects Monitoring committee. This multi-stakeholder body was tasked with development and operation of an environmental (forest health) monitoring program for the detection of ecological responses to atmospheric emissions and deposition. Initially focused on acid deposition monitoring, jack pine forest, growing on sandy soils with limited acid buffering capacity, was selected as the receptor system. An initial set of 10 monitoring locations was established using the Canadian Acid Rain Network Early Warning System methodology (since increased to 27, with three lost to development). Ecological monitoring is on a 6-year cycle, with concurrent measures of soil, needle and lichen chemistry, and tree and understory condition, together with ongoing measurements of air quality and atmospheric deposition. Because jack pine forest edges facing the emissions sources were expected to be more exposed to acidic emissions, evaluation of stand edge monitoring locations began in 2008. Monitoring of a targeted suite of indicators began in 2012 at 25 jack pine stand edge monitoring sites. This special issue presents the results derived from biophysical sampling campaigns (1998 to 2013), coupled with ongoing ambient atmospheric, deposition and epiphytic lichen monitoring (data through 2017) and source apportionment studies, as well as papers contributed by others engaged in regional research and monitoring programs. The Forest Health Monitoring Program provides data supportive of regulatory and stakeholder evaluations of environmental quality, and is adaptive to new needs, extreme environmental events and technological development while providing continuity of monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajiv Neal Tanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Spink
- Pravid Environmental Inc., St. Albert, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hodshire AL, Akherati A, Alvarado MJ, Brown-Steiner B, Jathar SH, Jimenez JL, Kreidenweis SM, Lonsdale CR, Onasch TB, Ortega AM, Pierce JR. Aging Effects on Biomass Burning Aerosol Mass and Composition: A Critical Review of Field and Laboratory Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10007-10022. [PMID: 31365241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a major source of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) with impacts on health, climate, and air quality. The particles and vapors within biomass burning plumes undergo chemical and physical aging as they are transported downwind. Field measurements of the evolution of PM with plume age range from net decreases to net increases, with most showing little to no change. In contrast, laboratory studies tend to show significant mass increases on average. On the other hand, similar effects of aging on the average PM composition (e.g., oxygen-to-carbon ratio) are reported for lab and field studies. Currently, there is no consensus on the mechanisms that lead to these observed similarities and differences. This review summarizes available observations of aging-related biomass burning aerosol mass concentrations and composition markers, and discusses four broad hypotheses to explain variability within and between field and laboratory campaigns: (1) variability in emissions and chemistry, (2) differences in dilution/entrainment, (3) losses in chambers and lines, and (4) differences in the timing of the initial measurement, the baseline from which changes are estimated. We conclude with a concise set of research needs for advancing our understanding of the aging of biomass burning aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Hodshire
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Ali Akherati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Matthew J Alvarado
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Benjamin Brown-Steiner
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Dept. of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Sonia M Kreidenweis
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Chantelle R Lonsdale
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. , Lexington , Massachusetts 02421 , United States
| | - Timothy B Onasch
- Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica , Massachusetts 01821 , United States
| | - Amber M Ortega
- Dept. Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Department and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Meng J, Martin RV, Li C, van Donkelaar A, Tzompa-Sosa ZA, Yue X, Xu JW, Weagle CL, Burnett RT. Source Contributions to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter for Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10269-10278. [PMID: 31386807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sectoral contribution of emissions to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) offers information for air quality management, and for investigation of association with health outcomes. This study evaluates the contribution of different emission sectors to PM2.5 in 2013 for Canada using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, downscaled with satellite-based PM2.5. Despite the low population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations of 5.5 μg m-3 across Canada, we find that over 70% of population-weighted PM2.5 originates from Canadian sources followed by 30% from the contiguous United States. The three leading sectoral contributors to population-weighted PM2.5 over Canada are wildfires with 1.0 μg m-3 (17%), transportation with 0.96 μg m-3 (16%), and residential combustion with 0.91 μg m-3 (15%). The relative contribution to population-weighted PM2.5 of different sectors varies regionally with residential combustion as the leading contributor in Central Canada (19%), while wildfires dominate over Northern Canada (59%), Atlantic Canada (34%), and Western Canada (18%). The contribution from U.S. sources is larger over Central Canada (33%) than over Western Canada (17%), Atlantic Canada (17%), and Northern Canada (<2%). Sectoral trend analysis showed that the contribution from anthropogenic sources to population-weighted PM2.5 decreased from 7.1 μg m-3 to 3.4 μg m-3 over the past two decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory , Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Zitely A Tzompa-Sosa
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Xu Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Crystal L Weagle
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Landis MS, Studabaker WB, Pancras JP, Graney JR, White EM, Edgerton ES. Source apportionment of ambient fine and coarse particulate matter polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the Bertha Ganter-Fort McKay community site in the Oil Sands Region of Alberta, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:540-558. [PMID: 30802668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive filter-based particulate matter polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) source apportionment study was conducted at the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association Bertha Ganter-Fort McKay (BGFM) community monitoring station from 2014 to 2015 to quantify ambient concentrations and identify major sources. The BGFM station is located in close proximity to several surface oil sands production facilities and was previously found to be impacted by their air emissions. 24-hour integrated PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 samples were collected on a 1-in-3-day schedule yielding 108 complete organic/inorganic filter sets for source apportionment modeling. During the study period PM2.5 averaged 8.6 ± 11.8 μg m-3 (mean ± standard deviation), and PM10-2.5 averaged 8.5 ± 9.5 μg m-3. Wind regression analysis indicated that the oil sands production facilities were significant sources of PM2.5 mass and black carbon (BC), and that wildland fires were a significant source of the highest PM2.5 (>10 μg m-3) and BC events. A six-factor positive matrix factorization (PMF) model solution explained 95% of the measured PM2.5 and 78% of the measured ΣPAH. Five sources significantly contributed to PM2.5 including: Biomass Combustion (3.57 μg m-3; 40%); Fugitive Dust (1.86 μg m-3; 28%); Upgrader Stack Emissions (1.44 μg m-3; 21%); Petrogenic PAH (1.20 μg m-3; 18%); and Transported Aerosol (0.43 μg m-3 and 6%). However, the analysis indicated that only the pyrogenic PAH source factor significantly contributed (78%) to the measured ΣPAH. A five-factor PMF model dominated by fugitive dust sources explained 98% of PM10-2.5 mass and 86% of the ΣPAH. The predominant sources of PM10-2.5 mass were (i) Haul Road Dust (4.82 μg m-3; 53%), (ii) Mixed Fugitive Dust (2.89 μg m-3; 32%), (iii) Fugitive Oil Sand (0.88 μg m-3; 10%), Mobile Sources (0.23 μg m-3; 2%), and Organic Aerosol (0.06 μg m-3; 1%). Only the Organic Aerosol source significantly contributed (86%) to the measured ΣPAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph R Graney
- Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Reid CE, Maestas MM. Wildfire smoke exposure under climate change: impact on respiratory health of affected communities. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2019; 25:179-187. [PMID: 30461534 PMCID: PMC6743728 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we describe the current status of the literature regarding respiratory health related to wildfire smoke exposure, anticipated future impacts under a changing climate, and strategies to reduce respiratory health impacts of wildfire smoke. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings confirm associations between wildfire smoke exposure and respiratory health outcomes, with the clearest evidence for exacerbations of asthma. Although previous evidence showed a clear association between wildfire smoke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, findings from recent studies are more mixed. Current evidence in support of an association between respiratory infections and wildfire smoke exposure is also mixed. Only one study has investigated long-term respiratory health impacts of wildfire smoke, and few studies have estimated future health impacts of wildfires under likely climate change scenarios. SUMMARY Wildfire activity has been increasing over the past several decades and is likely to continue to do so as climate change progresses, which, combined with a growing population, means that population exposure to and respiratory health impacts of wildfire smoke is likely to grow in the future. More research is needed to understand which population subgroups are most vulnerable to wildfire smoke exposure and the long-term respiratory health impacts of these high pollution events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa May Maestas
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Earth Lab, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Graney JR, Edgerton ES, Landis MS. Using Pb isotope ratios of particulate matter and epiphytic lichens from the Athabasca Oil Sands Region in Alberta, Canada to quantify local, regional, and global Pb source contributions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1293-1304. [PMID: 30841402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air particulate matter (PM) was collected at the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association Bertha Ganter Fort McKay monitoring station in the Athabasca Oil Sand Region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada from February 2010 to July 2011 as part of an air quality source assessment study. Daily 24-hour duration fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10-2.5) PM was collected using a sequential dichotomous sampler. 100 pairs of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 were selected for lead (Pb) concentration and isotope analysis. Pb isotope and concentration results from 250 epiphytic lichen samples collected as far as 160 km from surface mining operations in 2008, 2011, and 2014 were analyzed to examine longer term spatial variations in Pb source contributions. A key finding was recognition of thorogenic 208Pb from eastern Asia in the springtime in the PM2.5 in 2010 and 2011. 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb isotope ratios were used in a three-component mixing model to quantify local, regional, and global Pb sources in the PM and lichen data sets. 47 ± 3% of the Pb in the PM2.5 at AMS-1 was attributed to sources from eastern Asia. Combined results from PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 indicate PM2.5 Pb contributions from eastern Asia (34%) exceed local AOSR sources of PM2.5 Pb (20%), western Canada sources of PM2.5 Pb (19%), and PM10-2.5 Pb from fugitive dust including oil sands (14%), tailings (10%), and haul roads (3%). The lichen analysis indicates regional sources contribute 46% of the Pb, local sources 32%, and global sources 22% over the 2008-2014 timeframe. Local sources dominate atmospheric Pb deposition to lichens at near field sites (0-30 km from mining operations) whereas regional Pb sources are prevalent at distal sites (30-160 km). The Pb isotope methodology successfully quantified trans-Pacific transport of Pb to the AOSR superimposed over the aerosol footprint of the world's largest concentration of bitumen mining and upgrading facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Graney
- Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Landis MS, Studabaker WB, Patrick Pancras J, Graney JR, Puckett K, White EM, Edgerton ES. Source apportionment of an epiphytic lichen biomonitor to elucidate the sources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1241-1257. [PMID: 30841398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The sources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) atmospheric deposition in the boreal forests surrounding bitumen production operations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR), Alberta, Canada were investigated as part of a 2014 passive in-situ bioindicator source apportionment study. Epiphytic lichen species Hypogymnia physodes samples (n = 127) were collected within a 150 km radius of the main surface oil sand production operations and analyzed for total sulfur, total nitrogen, forty-three elements, twenty-two PAHs, ten groups of C1-C2-alkyl PAHs and dibenzothiophenes (polycyclic aromatic compounds; PACs), five C1- and C2-alkyldibenzothiophenes, and retene. The ΣPAH + PAC in H. physodes ranged from 54 to 2778 ng g-1 with a median concentration of 317 ng g-1. Source apportionment modeling found an eight-factor solution that explained 99% of the measured ΣPAH + PAC lichen concentrations from four anthropogenic oil sands production sources (Petroleum Coke, Haul Road Dust, Stack Emissions, Raw Oil Sand), two local/regional sources (Biomass Combustion, Mobile Source), and two lichen biogeochemical factors. Petroleum Coke and Raw Oil Sand dust were identified as the major contributing sources of ΣPAH + PAC in the AOSR. These two sources accounted for 63% (43.2 μg g-1) of ΣPAH + PAC deposition to the entire study domain. Of this overall 43.2 μg g-1 contribution, approximately 90% (39.9 μg g-1) ΣPAH + PAC was deposited within 25 km of the closest oil sand production facility. Regional sources (Biomass Combustion and Mobile Sources) accounted for 19% of ΣPAH + PAC deposition to the entire study domain, of which 46% was deposited near-field to oil sand production operations. Source identification was improved over a prior lichen-based study in the AOSR through incorporation of PAH and PAC analytes in addition to inorganic analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph R Graney
- Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gill B, Mell A, Shanmuganathan M, Jobst K, Zhang X, Kinniburgh D, Cherry N, Britz-McKibbin P. Urinary hydroxypyrene determination for biomonitoring of firefighters deployed at the Fort McMurray wildfire: an inter-laboratory method comparison. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:1397-1407. [PMID: 30683964 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-01569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (OH-Pyr) is widely used for biomonitoring human exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from air pollution and tobacco smoke. However, there have been few rigorous validation studies reported to ensure reliable OH-Pyr determination for occupational health and risk assessment. Herein, we report an inter-laboratory method comparison for urinary OH-Pyr when using gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on urine specimens collected from firefighters (n = 42) deployed at the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire. Overall, there was good mutual agreement in urinary OH-Pyr quantification following enzyme deconjugation with an average bias of 39% with no significant deviation from linearity (slope = 1.36; p > 0.05), whereas technical precision (< 12%) and average recovery (> 85%) were acceptable when using a stable-isotope internal standard. Faster analysis times (4 min) were achieved by LC-MS/MS without chemical derivatization, whereas lower detection limits (0.64 ng/L, S/N = 3) was realized with solid-phase extraction prior to GC-HRMS. A median creatinine normalized OH-Pyr concentration of 128 ng/g was measured for firefighters that were below the recommended biological exposure index due to delays between early stages of emergency firefighting and urine sample collection. Similar outcomes were also measured for 3-hydroxyphenanthrene and 9-hydroxyfluorene that were positively correlated with urinary OH-Pyr (p < 0.05), implying similar uptake, distribution, and liver biotransformation processes. Optimal specimen collection strategies post-deployment together with standardized protocols for OH-PAH analysis are critical to accurately evaluate smoke exposure in firefighters, including experimental conditions to ensure quantitative enzyme hydrolysis of urine samples. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biban Gill
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Alicia Mell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada.,Laboratory Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Meera Shanmuganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Laboratory Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Xu Zhang
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - David Kinniburgh
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nicola Cherry
- Division of Preventative Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Thompson LC, Kim YH, Martin BL, Ledbetter AD, Dye JA, Hazari MS, Gilmour MI, Farraj AK. Pulmonary exposure to peat smoke extracts in rats decreases expiratory time and increases left heart end systolic volume. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 30:439-447. [PMID: 30642191 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1551443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to wildland fire-related particulate matter (PM) causes adverse health outcomes. However, the impacts of specific biomass sources remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate cardiopulmonary responses in rats following exposure to PM extracts collected from peat fire smoke. We hypothesized that peat smoke PM would dose-dependently alter cardiopulmonary function. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8/group) were exposed to 35 µg (Lo PM) or 350 µg (Hi PM) of peat smoke PM extracts suspended in saline, or saline alone (Vehicle) via oropharyngeal aspiration (OA). Ventilatory expiration times, measured in whole-body plethysmographs immediately after OA, were the lowest in Hi PM exposed subjects at 6 min into recovery (p = .01 vs. Lo PM, p = .08 vs. Vehicle) and resolved shortly afterwards. The next day, we evaluated cardiovascular function in the same subjects via cardiac ultrasound under isoflurane anesthesia. Compared to Vehicle, Hi PM had 45% higher end systolic volume (p = .03) and 17% higher pulmonary artery blood flow acceleration/ejection time ratios, and both endpoints expressed significant increasing linear trends by dose (p = .01 and .02, respectively). In addition, linear trend analyses across doses detected an increase for end diastolic volume and decreases for ejection fraction and fractional shortening. These data suggest that exposure to peat smoke constituents modulates regulation of ventricular ejection and filling volumes, which could be related to altered blood flow in the pulmonary circulation. Moreover, early pulmonary responses to peat smoke PM point to irritant/autonomic mechanisms as potential drivers of later cardiovascular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Thompson
- a US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- a US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division , Durham , NC , USA.,b National Research Council , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Brandi L Martin
- c Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Oak Ridge , TN , USA
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- a US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Janice A Dye
- a US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- a US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division , Durham , NC , USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- a US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Public Health Division , Durham , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Whitehill AR, George I, Long R, Baker KR, Landis M. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Prescribed Burning in Tallgrass Prairie Ecosystems. ATMOSPHERE 2019; 10:1-464. [PMID: 31595190 PMCID: PMC6781241 DOI: 10.3390/atmos10080464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prescribed pasture burning plays a critical role in ecosystem maintenance in tallgrass prairie ecosystems and may contribute to agricultural productivity but can also have negative impacts on air quality. Volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations were measured immediately downwind of prescribed tallgrass prairie fires in the Flint Hills region of Kansas, United States. The VOC mixture is dominated by alkenes and oxygenated VOCs, which are highly reactive and can drive photochemical production of ozone downwind of the fires. The computed emission factors are comparable to those previous measured from pasture maintenance fires in Brazil. In addition to the emission of large amounts of particulate matter, hazardous air pollutants such as benzene and acrolein are emitted in significant amounts and could contribute to adverse health effects in exposed populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Whitehill
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ingrid George
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Russell Long
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kirk R. Baker
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Matthew Landis
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wentworth GR, Aklilu YA, Landis MS, Hsu YM. Impacts of a large boreal wildfire on ground level atmospheric concentrations of PAHs, VOCs and ozone. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2018; 178:19-30. [PMID: 29681759 PMCID: PMC5906807 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During May 2016 a very large boreal wildfire burned throughout the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in central Canada, and in close proximity to an extensive air quality monitoring network. This study examines speciated 24-h integrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements collected every sixth day at four and seven sites, respectively, from May to August 2016. The sum of PAHs (ΣPAH) was on average 17 times higher in fire-influenced samples (852 ng m-3, n = 8), relative to non-fire influenced samples (50 ng m-3, n = 64). Diagnostic PAH ratios in fire-influenced samples were indicative of a biomass burning source, whereas ratios in June to August samples showed additional influence from petrogenic and fossil fuel combustion. The average increase in the sum of VOCs (ΣVOC) was minor by comparison: 63 ppbv for fire-influenced samples (n = 16) versus 46 ppbv for non-fire samples (n = 90). The samples collected on August 16th and 22nd had large ΣVOC concentrations at all sites (average of 123 ppbv) that were unrelated to wildfire emissions, and composed primarily of acetaldehyde and methanol suggesting a photochemically aged air mass. Normalized excess enhancement ratios (ERs) were calculated for 20 VOCs and 23 PAHs for three fire influenced samples, and the former were generally consistent with previous observations. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report ER measurements for a number of VOCs and PAHs in fresh North American boreal wildfire plumes. During May the aged wildfire plume intercepted the cities of Edmonton (∼380 km south) or Lethbridge (∼790 km south) on four separate occasions. No enhancement in ground-level ozone (O3) was observed in these aged plumes despite an assumed increase in O3 precursors. In the AOSR, the only daily-averaged VOCs which approached or exceeded the hourly Alberta Ambient Air Quality Objectives (AAAQOs) were benzene (during the fire) and acetaldehyde (on August 16th and 22nd). Implications for local and regional air quality as well as suggestions for supplemental air monitoring during future boreal fires, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R. Wentworth
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 10th Floor 9888 Jasper Ave. NW, T5J 5C6, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yayne-abeba Aklilu
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 10th Floor 9888 Jasper Ave. NW, T5J 5C6, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, 27709, NC, USA
| | - Yu-Mei Hsu
- Wood Buffalo Environmental Association, 100-330 Thickwood Blvd., T9K 1Y1, Fort McMurray, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim YH, Warren SH, Krantz QT, King C, Jaskot R, Preston WT, George BJ, Hays MD, Landis MS, Higuchi M, DeMarini DM, Gilmour MI. Mutagenicity and Lung Toxicity of Smoldering vs. Flaming Emissions from Various Biomass Fuels: Implications for Health Effects from Wildland Fires. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:017011. [PMID: 29373863 PMCID: PMC6039157 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing size and frequency of wildland fires are leading to greater potential for cardiopulmonary disease and cancer in exposed populations; however, little is known about how the types of fuel and combustion phases affect these adverse outcomes. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the mutagenicity and lung toxicity of particulate matter (PM) from flaming vs. smoldering phases of five biomass fuels, and compared results by equal mass or emission factors (EFs) derived from amount of fuel consumed. METHODS A quartz-tube furnace coupled to a multistage cryotrap was employed to collect smoke condensate from flaming and smoldering combustion of red oak, peat, pine needles, pine, and eucalyptus. Samples were analyzed chemically and assessed for acute lung toxicity in mice and mutagenicity in Salmonella. RESULTS The average combustion efficiency was 73 and 98% for the smoldering and flaming phases, respectively. On an equal mass basis, PM from eucalyptus and peat burned under flaming conditions induced significant lung toxicity potencies (neutrophil/mass of PM) compared to smoldering PM, whereas high levels of mutagenicity potencies were observed for flaming pine and peat PM compared to smoldering PM. When effects were adjusted for EF, the smoldering eucalyptus PM had the highest lung toxicity EF (neutrophil/mass of fuel burned), whereas smoldering pine and pine needles had the highest mutagenicity EF. These latter values were approximately 5, 10, and 30 times greater than those reported for open burning of agricultural plastic, woodburning cookstoves, and some municipal waste combustors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PM from different fuels and combustion phases have appreciable differences in lung toxic and mutagenic potency, and on a mass basis, flaming samples are more active, whereas smoldering samples have greater effect when EFs are taken into account. Knowledge of the differential toxicity of biomass emissions will contribute to more accurate hazard assessment of biomass smoke exposures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2200.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Kim
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- National Research Council , Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charly King
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard Jaskot
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Barbara J George
- Immediate Office, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael D Hays
- Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew S Landis
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Higuchi
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|