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Fang B, Chen H, Zhou Y, Qiao B, Baqar M, Wang Y, Yao Y, Sun H. Fluorotelomer betaines and sulfonic acid in aerobic wetland soil: Stability, biotransformation, and bacterial community response. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135261. [PMID: 39032178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The microbial degradation of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and fluorotelomer betaines (5:3 and 5:1:2 FTB) in aerobic wetland soil was investigated during a 100-day incubation. The half-lives of 6:2 FTSA in the treatments with diethylene glycol butyl ether as the sole carbon source (NA treatment) and with additional supplementation of sodium acetate (ED treatment) were determined to be 26.2 and 16.7 days, respectively. By day 100, ∼20 mol% of 6:2 FTAB was degraded in the NA and ED treatments. The potential transformation products of 6:2 FTSA and 6:2 FTAB were identified using liquid/gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and their biotransformation pathways were proposed. In contrast, 5:3 and 5:1:2 FTB exhibited high persistence under two carbon source conditions. There was no intense alteration in the diversity of soil bacterial communities under the stress of fluorotelomer compounds at the level of ∼150 μg/L. The supplementation of sodium acetate led to an enrichment of bacterial species within the genera Hydrogenophaga (phylum Proteobacteria) and Rhodococcus (phylum Actinobacteria), promoting the biodegradation of 6:2 FTSA and 6:2 FTAB and the formation of transformation products. Species from the genus Rhodococcus were potentially crucial functional microorganisms involved in the degradation of 6:2 FTSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Biting Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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2
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Ogata Y, Matsukami H, Ishimori H. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal from landfill leachate by a planting unit via interactions between foamed glass and Typha domingensis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142865. [PMID: 39019191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from landfill leachate remains a pressing global challenge. To develop an effective PFAS removal technology that utilizes nature-based solutions, we considered a planting unit comprised of a microbial carrier (foamed glass) and Typha domingensis. This study evaluated the possibility of removing PFAS from landfill leachate using a planting unit through a pot experiment. The planting unit effectively removed various short- and long-chain PFAS from the landfill leachate, including perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs [C4-C10]), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs [C4, C6, and C8]), fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs [5:3 and 7:3]), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTS), with initial concentrations of 43-9100 ng L-1, achieving a removal efficiency of 53-83% in 21 d. Mass balance analysis indicated that the contribution of accumulation on foamed glass and plant adsorption and uptake played no major role in the removal of PFCAs (C4-C9), PFSAs (C4), and FTCAs (5:3 and 7:3), and that other removal processes played a key role. Although not the most effective removal process, the contribution of accumulation on foamed glass tended to be more notable in the removal of longer-chain PFCAs. In addition, plant adsorption and uptake showed that longer-chain PFCAs were more likely to remain in roots, whereas shorter-chain PFCAs were more likely to be transferred to aboveground plant part. On the other hand, 6:2 FTS removal occurred primarily due to accumulation on foamed glass. These results suggest that differences in the physicochemical properties of PFAS affect removal mechanisms. This study provides valuable insights into development of environmentally friendly technologies capable of removing a variety of short- and long-chain PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ogata
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishimori
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
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3
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Mothersole RG, Mothersole MK, Goddard HG, Liu J, Van Hamme JD. Enzyme Catalyzed Formation of CoA Adducts of Fluorinated Hexanoic Acid Analogues using a Long-Chain acyl-CoA Synthetase from Gordonia sp. Strain NB4-1Y. Biochemistry 2024. [PMID: 39152907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of anthropogenic fluorinated chemicals of increasing environmental concern. Over recent years, numerous microbial communities have been found to be capable of metabolizing some polyfluoroalkyl substances, generating a range of low-molecular-weight PFAS metabolites. One proposed pathway for the microbial breakdown of fluorinated carboxylates includes β-oxidation, this pathway is initiated by the formation of a CoA adduct. However, until recently no PFAS-CoA adducts had been reported. In a previous study, we were able to use a bacterial medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (mACS) to form CoA adducts of fluorinated adducts of propanoic acid and pentanoic acid but were not able to detect any products of fluorinated hexanoic acid analogues. Herein, we expressed and purified a long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (lACS) and a A461K variant of mACS from the soil bacterium Gordonia sp. strain NB4-1Y and performed an analysis of substrate scope and enzyme kinetics using fluorinated and nonfluorinated carboxylates. We determined that lACS can catalyze the formation of CoA adducts of 1:5 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (FTCA), 2:4 FTCA and 3:3 FTCA, albeit with generally low turnover rates (<0.02 s-1) compared with the nonfluorinated hexanoic acid (5.39 s-1). In addition, the A461K variant was found to have an 8-fold increase in selectivity toward hexanoic acid compared with wild-type mACS, suggesting that Ala-461 has a mechanistic role in selectivity toward substrate chain length. This provides further evidence to validate the proposed activation step involving the formation of CoA adducts in the enzymatic breakdown of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Mothersole
- Department of Chemistry, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, British Columbia V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Mina K Mothersole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, British Columbia V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Hannah G Goddard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, British Columbia V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Van Hamme
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, British Columbia V2C 0C8, Canada
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4
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Bhardwaj S, Lee M, O'Carroll D, McDonald J, Osborne K, Khan S, Pickford R, Coleman N, O'Farrell C, Richards S, Manefield MJ. Biotransformation of 6:2/4:2 fluorotelomer alcohols by Dietzia aurantiaca J3: Enzymes and proteomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135510. [PMID: 39178776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are recalcitrant synthetic organohalides known to negatively impact human health. Short-chain fluorotelomer alcohols are considered the precursor of various perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in the environment. Their ongoing production and widespread detection motivate investigations of their biological transformation. Dietzia aurantiaca strain J3 was isolated from PFAS-contaminated landfill leachate using 6:2 fluorotelomer sulphonate (6:2 FTS) as a sulphur source. Resting cell experiments were used to test if strain J3 could transform fluorotelomer alcohols (6:2 and 4:2 FTOH). Strain J3 transformed fluorotelomer alcohols into PFCAs, polyfluorocarboxylic acids and transient intermediates. Over 6 days, 80 % and 58 % of 6:2 FTOH (0.1 mM) and 4:2 FTOH (0.12 mM) were degraded with 6.4 % and 14 % fluoride recovery respectively. Fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (6:2 FTUCA) was the most abundant metabolite, accounting for 21 to 30 mol% of 6:2 FTOH (0.015 mM) applied on day zero. Glutathione (GSH) conjugates of 6:2/4:2 FTOH and 5:3 FTCA adducts were also structurally identified. Proteomics studies conducted to identify enzymes in the biotransformation pathway have revealed the role of various enzymes involved in β oxidation. This is the first report of 6:2/4:2 FTOH glutathione conjugates and 5:3 FTCA adducts in prokaryotes, and the first study to explore the biotransformation of 4:2 FTOH by pure bacterial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Bhardwaj
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Matthew Lee
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Denis O'Carroll
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James McDonald
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Keith Osborne
- Environment Protection Science, NSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
| | - Stuart Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- UNSW Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael J Manefield
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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5
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LaFond JA, Rezes R, Shojaei M, Anderson T, Jackson WA, Guelfo JL, Hatzinger PB. Biotransformation of PFAA Precursors by Oxygenase-Expressing Bacteria in AFFF-Impacted Groundwater and in Pure-Compound Studies with 6:2 FTS and EtFOSE. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13820-13832. [PMID: 39038214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Numerous US drinking water aquifers have been contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from fire-fighting and fire-training activities using aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). These sites often contain other organic compounds, such as fuel hydrocarbons and methane, which may serve as primary substrates for cometabolic (i.e., nongrowth-linked) biotransformation reactions. This work investigates the abilities of AFFF site relevant bacteria (methanotrophs, propanotrophs, octane, pentane, isobutane, toluene, and ammonia oxidizers), known to express oxygenase enzymes when degrading their primary substrates, to biotransform perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors to terminal PFAAs. Microcosms containing AFFF-impacted groundwater, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), or N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE) were inoculated with the aerobic cultures above and incubated for 4 and 8 weeks at 22 °C. Bottles were sacrificed, extracted, and subjected to target, nontarget, and suspect screening for PFAS. The PFAA precursors 6:2 FTS, N-sulfopropyldimethyl ammoniopropyl perfluorohexane sulfonamide (SPrAmPr-FHxSA), and EtFOSE transformed up to 99, 71, and 93%, respectively, and relevant daughter products, such as the 6:1 fluorotelomer ketone sulfonate (6:1 FTKS), were identified in quantities previously not observed, implicating oxygenase enzymes. This is the first report of a suite of site relevant PFAA precursors being transformed in AFFF-impacted groundwater by bacteria grown on substrates known to induce specific oxygenase enzymes. The data provide crucial insights into the microbial transformation of these compounds in the subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A LaFond
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Rachael Rezes
- Biotechnology Development & Applications Group, APTIM, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Marzieh Shojaei
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Todd Anderson
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - W Andrew Jackson
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Jennifer L Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Paul B Hatzinger
- Biotechnology Development & Applications Group, APTIM, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
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6
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Che S, Guan X, Rodrigues R, Yu Y, Xie Y, Liu C, Men Y. Synergistic material-microbe interface toward deeper anaerobic defluorination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400525121. [PMID: 39042683 PMCID: PMC11295042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400525121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), particularly the perfluorinated ones, are recalcitrant to biodegradation. By integrating an enrichment culture of reductive defluorination with biocompatible electrodes for the electrochemical process, a deeper defluorination of a C6-perfluorinated unsaturated PFAS was achieved compared to the biological or electrochemical system alone. Two synergies in the bioelectrochemical system were identified: i) The in-series microbial-electrochemical defluorination and ii) the electrochemically enabled microbial defluorination of intermediates. These synergies at the material-microbe interfaces surpassed the limitation of microbial defluorination and further turned the biotransformation end products into less fluorinated products, which could be less toxic and more biodegradable in the environment. This material-microbe hybrid system brings opportunities in the bioremediation of PFAS driven by renewable electricity and warrants future research on mechanistic understanding of defluorinating and electroactive microorganisms at the material-microbe interface for system optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Che
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA92521
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Xun Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Roselyn Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Yaochun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA92521
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Yongchao Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Yujie Men
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA92521
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
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7
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Brahana P, Patel R, Bharti B. Surface Science View of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in the Environment. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:173-185. [PMID: 39035868 PMCID: PMC11258754 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a notorious category of anthropogenic contaminants, detected across various environmental domains. Among these PFAS, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) stand out as a focal point in discussions due to their historical industrial utilization and environmental prominence. Their extensive industrial adoption is a direct consequence of their remarkable stability and outstanding amphiphilic properties. However, these very traits that have made PFAAs industrially desirable also render them environmentally catastrophic, leading to adverse consequences for ecosystems. The amphiphilic nature of PFAAs has made them highly unique in the landscape of anthropogenic contaminants and, thereby, difficult to study. We believe that well-established principles from surface science can connect the amphiphilic nature of PFAAs to their accumulation and transport in the environment. Specifically, we discuss the role of interfacial science in describing the stability, interfacial uptake (air-liquid and solid-liquid), and wetting capability of PFAAs. Surface science principles can provide new insights into the environmental fate of PFAAs, as well as provide context on their deleterious effects on both the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
J. Brahana
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Ruchi Patel
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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8
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Lorah MM, He K, Blaney L, Akob DM, Harris C, Tokranov A, Hopkins Z, Shedd BP. Anaerobic biodegradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and microbial community composition in soil amended with a dechlorinating culture and chlorinated solvents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172996. [PMID: 38719042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), one of the most frequently detected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occurring in soil, surface water, and groundwater near sites contaminated with aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), has proven to be recalcitrant to many destructive remedies, including chemical oxidation. We investigated the potential to utilize microbially mediated reduction (bioreduction) to degrade PFOS and other PFAS through addition of a known dehalogenating culture, WBC-2, to soil obtained from an AFFF-contaminated site. A substantial decrease in total mass of PFOS (soil and water) was observed in microcosms amended with WBC-2 and chlorinated volatile organic compound (cVOC) co-contaminants - 46.4 ± 11.0 % removal of PFOS over the 45-day experiment. In contrast, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) concentrations did not decrease in the same microcosms. The low or non-detectable concentrations of potential metabolites in full PFAS analyses, including after application of the total oxidizable precursor assay, indicated that defluorination occurred to non-fluorinated compounds or ultrashort-chain PFAS. Nevertheless, additional research on the metabolites and degradation pathways is needed. Population abundances of known dehalorespirers did not change with PFOS removal during the experiment, making their association with PFOS removal unclear. An increased abundance of sulfate reducers in the genus Desulfosporosinus (Firmicutes) and Sulfurospirillum (Campilobacterota) was observed with PFOS removal, most likely linked to initiation of biodegradation by desulfonation. These results have important implications for development of in situ bioremediation methods for PFAS and advancing knowledge of natural attenuation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Lorah
- U.S. Geological Survey, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
| | - Ke He
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Denise M Akob
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Energy, & Minerals Science Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA
| | - Cassandra Harris
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Energy, & Minerals Science Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA
| | - Andrea Tokranov
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Pembroke, NH 03275, USA
| | - Zachary Hopkins
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - Brian P Shedd
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. DOD Environmental Programs Branch, Environmental Division, Headquarters, Washington, D.C. 20314, USA
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9
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Fang X, Jin L, Sun X, Huang H, Wang Y, Ren H. A data-driven analysis to discover research hotspots and trends of technologies for PFAS removal. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118678. [PMID: 38493846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The frequent detection of persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in organisms and environment coupled with surging evidence for potential detrimental impacts, have attracted widespread attention throughout the world. In order to reveal research hotspots and trends of technologies for PFAS removal, herein, we performed a data-driven analysis of 3975 papers and 436 patents from Web of Science Core Collection and Derwent Innovation Index databases up to 2023. The results showed that China and the USA led the way in the research of PFAS removal with outstanding contributions to publications. The progression generally transitioned from accidental discovery of decomposition, to experimentation with removal effects and mechanisms of existing methods, and finally to enhanced defluorination and mechanism-driven design approaches. The keywords co-occurrence network and technology classification together revealed the main knowledge framework, which was constructed and correlated through contaminants, substrates, materials, processes and properties. Moreover, adsorption was demonstrated to be the dominant removal process among the current studies. Subsequently, we concluded the principles, advances and drawbacks of enrichment and separation, biological methods, advanced oxidation and reduction processes. Further exploration indicated the hotspots such as alternatives and precursors for PFAS ("genx": 1.258, "f-53b": 0.337), degradable mineralization technologies ("photocatalytic degrad": 0.529, "hydrated electron": 0.374), environment-friendly remediation technologies ("phytoremedi": 0.939, "constructed wetland": 0.462) and combination with novel materials ("metal-organic framework": 1.115, "layered double hydroxid": 0.559) as well as computer science ("molecular dynamics simul": 0.559, "machine learn"). Furthermore, the future direction of technological innovation might lie in high-performance processes that minimize secondary pollution, the development of recyclable and renewable treatment agents, and collaborative control strategies for multiple pollutants. Overall, this study offers comprehensive and objective review for researchers and industry professionals in this field, enabling rapid access to knowledge guidance and insights into research frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lili Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiangzhou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
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10
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Yan PF, Dong S, Pennell KD, Cápiro NL. A review of the occurrence and microbial transformation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171883. [PMID: 38531439 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) have been extensively used for extinguishing hydrocarbon-fuel fires at military sites, airports, and fire-training areas. Despite being a significant source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), our understanding of PFAS occurrence in AFFF formulations and AFFF-impacted environments is limited, as is the impact of microbial transformation on the environment fate of AFFF-derived PFAS. This literature review compiles PFAS concentrations in electrochemical fluorination (ECF)- and fluorotelomer (FT)-based AFFFs and provides an overview of PFAS occurrence in AFFF-impacted environments. Our analysis reveals that AFFF use is a predominant point source of PFAS contamination, including primary precursors (polyfluoroalkyl substances as AFFF components), secondary precursors (polyfluoroalkyl transformation products of primary precursors), and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Moreover, there are discrepancies between PFAS concentration profiles in AFFFs and those measured in AFFF-impacted media. For example, primary precursors constitute 52.6 % and 99.5 % of PFAS mass in ECF- and FT-based AFFFs, respectively, whereas they represent only 0.7 % total mass in AFFF-impacted groundwater. Conversely, secondary precursors, which constitute <1 % of PFAS in AFFFs, represent 4.0-27.8 % of PFAS in AFFF-impacted environments. The observed differences in PFAS levels between AFFFs and environmental samples are likely due to in-situ biotransformation processes. Biotransformation rates and pathways reported for AFFF-derived primary and secondary precursors varied among different classes of precursors, consistent with the PFAS occurrence in AFFF-impacted environments. For example, readily biodegradable primary precursors, N-dimethyl ammonio propyl perfluoroalkane sulfonamide (AmPr-FASA) and n:2 fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate (n:2 FtTAoS), were rarely detected in AFFF-impacted environments. In contrast, key secondary precursors, perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs) and n:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (n:2 FTS), were widely detected, which was attributed to their resistance to biotransformation. Key knowledge gaps and future research priorities are presented to better understand the occurrence, fate, and transport of AFFF-derived PFAS in the environment and to design more effective remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Yan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
| | - Sheng Dong
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Natalie L Cápiro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
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11
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Wu C, Goodrow S, Chen H, Li M. Distinctive biotransformation and biodefluorination of 6:2 versus 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acids by municipal activated sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121431. [PMID: 38471201 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs) represent an important group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) given their high toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and frequent detection in landfill leachates and PFAS-impacted sites. In this study, we assessed the biodegradability of 6:2 FTCA and 5:3 FTCA by activated sludges from four municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the New York Metropolitan area. Coupling with 6:2 FTCA removal, significant fluoride release (0.56∼1.83 F-/molecule) was evident in sludge treatments during 7 days of incubation. Less-fluorinated transformation products (TPs) were formed, including 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (6:2 FTUCA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). In contrast, little fluoride (0.01∼0.09 F-/molecule) was detected in 5:3 FTCA-dosed microcosms, though 25∼68% of initially dosed 5:3 FTCA was biologically removed. This implies the dominance of "non-fluoride-releasing pathways" that may contribute to the formation of CoA adducts or other conjugates over 5:3 FTCA biotransformation. The discovery of defluorinated 5:3 FTUCA revealed the possibility of microbial attacks of the C-F bond at the γ carbon to initiate the transformation. Microbial community analysis revealed the possible involvement of 9 genera, such as Hyphomicrobium and Dechloromonas, in aerobic FTCA biotransformation. This study unraveled that biotransformation pathways of 6:2 and 5:3 FTCAs can be divergent, resulting in biodefluorination at distinctive degrees. Further research is underscored to uncover the nontarget TPs and investigate the involved biotransformation and biodefluorination mechanisms and molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Sandra Goodrow
- Division of Science and Research, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mengyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States.
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12
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Hu M, Scott C. Toward the development of a molecular toolkit for the microbial remediation of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0015724. [PMID: 38477530 PMCID: PMC11022551 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00157-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly fluorinated synthetic organic compounds that have been used extensively in various industries owing to their unique properties. The PFAS family encompasses diverse classes, with only a fraction being commercially relevant. These substances are found in the environment, including in water sources, soil, and wildlife, leading to human exposure and fueling concerns about potential human health impacts. Although PFAS degradation is challenging, biodegradation offers a promising, eco-friendly solution. Biodegradation has been effective for a variety of organic contaminants but is yet to be successful for PFAS due to a paucity of identified microbial species capable of transforming these compounds. Recent studies have investigated PFAS biotransformation and fluoride release; however, the number of specific microorganisms and enzymes with demonstrable activity with PFAS remains limited. This review discusses enzymes that could be used in PFAS metabolism, including haloacid dehalogenases, reductive dehalogenases, cytochromes P450, alkane and butane monooxygenases, peroxidases, laccases, desulfonases, and the mechanisms of microbial resistance to intracellular fluoride. Finally, we emphasize the potential of enzyme and microbial engineering to advance PFAS degradation strategies and provide insights for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- CSIRO Environment, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Environment, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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13
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Wackett LP. Evolutionary obstacles and not C-F bond strength make PFAS persistent. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14463. [PMID: 38593328 PMCID: PMC11003709 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The fate of organic matter in the environment, including anthropogenic chemicals, is largely predicated on the enzymatic capabilities of microorganisms. Microbes readily degrade, and thus recycle, most of the ~100,000 commercial chemicals used in modern society. Per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS) are different. Many research papers posit that the general resistance of PFAS to microbial degradation is based in chemistry and that argument relates to the strength of the C-F bond. Here, I advance the opinion that the low biodegradability of PFAS is best formulated as a biological optimization problem, hence evolution. The framing of the problem is important. If it is framed around C-F bond strength, the major effort should focus on finding and engineering new C-F cleaving enzymes. The alternative, and preferred approach suggested here, is to focus on the directed evolution of biological systems containing known C-F cleaving systems. There are now reports of bacteria degrading and/or growing on multiply fluorinated arenes, alkenoic and alkanoic acids. The impediment to more efficient and widespread biodegradation in these systems is biological, not chemical. The rationale for this argument is made in the five sections below that follow the Introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P. Wackett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
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14
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Zhu H, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Kang Y, Ding Y, Chen R, Feng H. Distribution characteristics and transformation mechanism of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water sources: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:169566. [PMID: 38160823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have raised significant concerns within the realm of drinking water due to their widespread presence in various water sources. This prevalence poses potential risks to human health, ecosystems, and the safety of drinking water. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive reviews that systematically categorize the distribution characteristics and transformation mechanisms of PFASs in drinking water sources. This review aims to address this gap by concentrating on the specific sources of PFASs contamination in Chinese drinking water supplies. It seeks to elucidate the migration and transformation processes of PFASs within each source, summarize the distribution patterns of PFASs in surface and subsurface drinking water sources, and analyze how PFASs molecular structure, solubility, and sediment physicochemical parameters influence their presence in both the water phase and sediment. Furthermore, this review assesses two natural pathways for PFASs degradation, namely photolysis and biodegradation. It places particular emphasis on understanding the degradation mechanisms and the factors that affect the breakdown of PFASs by microorganisms. The ultimate goal is to provide valuable insights for the prevention and control of PFAS contamination and the assurance of drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heying Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijing Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ying Kang
- Zhejiang Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, 117 Xueyuan Road, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangcheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Huajun Feng
- Ecological-Environment & Health College (EEHC), Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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15
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Thapa BS, Pandit S, Mishra RK, Joshi S, Idris AM, Tusher TR. Emergence of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and advances in the remediation strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170142. [PMID: 38242458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
A group of fluorinated organic molecules known as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been commonly produced and circulated in the environment. PFAS, owing to multiple strong CF bonds, exhibit exceptional stability and possess a high level of resistance against biological or chemical degradation. Recently, PFAS have been identified to cause numerous hazardous effects on the biotic ecosystem. As a result, extensive efforts have been made in recent years to develop effective methods to remove PFAS. Adsorption, filtration, heat treatment, chemical oxidation/reduction, and soil washing are a few of the physicochemical techniques that have shown their ability to remove PFAS from contaminated matrixes. However these methods also carry significant drawbacks, including the fact that they are expensive, energy-intensive, unsuitable for in-situ treatment, and requirement to be carried under dormant conditions. The metabolic products released upon PFAS degradation are largely unknown, despite the fact that thermal disintegration methods are widely used. In contrast to physical and chemical methods, biological degradation of PFAS has been regarded as efficient method. However, PFAS are difficult to instantly and completely metabolize through biological methods due to the limitations of biocatalytic mechanisms. Nevertheless, cost, easy-to-operate and environmentally safe are some of the advantages over its counterpart. The present review comprehensively discusses the occurrence of PFAS, the state-of-the science of remediation technologies and approaches applied, and the remediation challenges. The article also focuses on the future research directions toward the development of effective methods for PFAS-contaminated site in-situ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhim Sen Thapa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Soumya Pandit
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, UP, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, UP, India
| | - Sanket Joshi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH 11C, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303002, India
| | - Abubakr M Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanmoy Roy Tusher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh.
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16
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Yang SH, Shan L, Chu KH. Root exudates enhanced 6:2 FTOH defluorination, altered metabolite profiles and shifted soil microbiome dynamics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133651. [PMID: 38309165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
6:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH), one of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), is widely used as a raw material in synthesizing surfactants and fluorinated polymers. However, little is known about the role of root exudates on 6:2 FTOH biodegradation in the rhizosphere. This study examined the effects of root exudates produced from dicot (Arabidopsis thaliana) and monocot (Brachypodium distachyon) grown under different nutrient conditions (nutrient-rich, sulfur-free, and potassium-free) on 6:2 FTOH biotransformation with or without bioaugmentating agent Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. All the exudates enhanced defluorination of 6:2 FTOH by glucose-grown RHA1. Amendment of dicot or monocot root exudates, regardless of the plant growth conditions, also enhanced 6:2 FTOH biotransformation in soil microcosms. Interestingly, high levels of humic-like substances in the root exudates are linked to high extents of 6:2 FTOH defluorination. Bioaugmenting strain RHA1 along with root exudates facilitated 6:2 FTOH transformation with a production of more diverse metabolites. Microbial community analysis revealed that Rhodococcus was predominant in all strain RHA1 spiked treatments. Different root exudates changed the soil microbiome dynamics. This study provided new insight into 6:2 FTOH biotransformation with different root exudates, suggesting that root exudates amendment and bioaugmentation are promising approaches to promote rhizoremediation for PFAS-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hung Yang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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17
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Liu M, Glover CM, Munoz G, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Liu J. Hunting the missing fluorine in aqueous film-forming foams containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133006. [PMID: 37988941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Since aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are major sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), understanding the quantity and type of PFAS present in AFFFs is crucial for assessing environmental risk and remediation. We characterized 25 foams from Canada and Europe, including two non-AFFFs and two fluorine-free AFFFs. We used liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify novel PFAS, as well as total oxidizable precursor assays (TOP) and total organofluorine (TOF) measurements for comparison. LC-HRMS showed that the two non-AFFF foams and two PFAS-free AFFFs contained little or no PFAS, confirmed by TOF measurement using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The PFAS-containing AFFFs, however, spanned a wide concentration range of TOF (2200-45,000 mg F/L) and contained 22 new classes of polyfluoroalkyl substances not previously reported. As a result of identifying new compounds, LC-HRMS was fully able to capture the oxidizable precursors determined by TOP assay in all tested fluorotelomer (FT) AFFFs, while unknown compounds still constituted a significant fraction (19-53 mol%) in most electrochemical fluorination (ECF) AFFFs. A fluorine mass balance was achieved by comparing the amounts of compounds identified by LC-HRMS with those detected by CIC, although LC-HRMS overestimated TOF with a recovery of 127 ± 36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Caitlin M Glover
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada.
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18
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Hamid N, Junaid M, Sultan M, Yoganandham ST, Chuan OM. The untold story of PFAS alternatives: Insights into the occurrence, ecotoxicological impacts, and removal strategies in the aquatic environment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121044. [PMID: 38154338 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Due to increasing regulations on the production and consumption of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the global use of PFAS substitutes increased tremendously, posing serious environmental risks owing to their bioaccumulation, toxicity, and lack of removal strategies. This review summarized the spatial distribution of alternative PFAS and their ecological risks in global freshwater and marine ecosystems. Further, toxicological effects of novel PFAS in various freshwater and marine species were highlighted. Moreover, degradation mechanisms for alternative PFAS removal from aquatic environments were compared and discussed. The spatial distribution showed that 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 CI-PFAES, also known as F-53B) was the most dominant emerging PFAS found in freshwater. Additionally, the highest levels of PFBS and PFBA were observed in marine waters (West Pacific Ocean). Moreover, short-chain PFAS exhibited higher concentrations than long-chain congeners. The ecological risk quotients (RQs) for phytoplankton were relatively higher >1 than invertebrates, indicating a higher risk for freshwater phytoplankton species. Similarly, in marine water, the majority of PFAS substitutes exhibited negligible risk for invertebrates and fish, and posed elevated risks for phytoplanktons. Reviewed studies showed that alternative PFAS undergo bioaccumulation and cause deleterious effects such as oxidative stress, hepatoxicity, neurotoxicity, histopathological alterations, behavioral and growth abnormalities, reproductive toxicity and metabolism defects in freshwater and marine species. Regarding PFAS treatment methods, photodegradation, photocatalysis, and adsorption showed promising degradation approaches with efficiencies as high as 90%. Finally, research gaps and future perspectives for alternative PFAS toxicological implications and their removal were offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Hamid
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Marriya Sultan
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Suman Thodhal Yoganandham
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Ong Meng Chuan
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
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19
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Fang B, Zhang Y, Chen H, Qiao B, Yu H, Zhao M, Gao M, Li X, Yao Y, Zhu L, Sun H. Stability and Biotransformation of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonic Acid, Sulfonamide Amine Oxide, and Sulfonamide Alkylbetaine in Aerobic Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2446-2457. [PMID: 38178542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide (6:2 FTSAm)-based compounds signify a prominent group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) widely used in contemporary aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) formulations. Despite their widespread presence, the biotransformation behavior of these compounds in wastewater treatment plants remains uncertain. This study investigated the biotransformation of 6:2 FTSAm-based amine oxide (6:2 FTNO), alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) in aerobic sludge over a 100-day incubation period. The biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylamine (6:2 FTAA), a primary intermediate product of 6:2 FTNO, was indirectly assessed. Their stability was ranked based on the estimated half-lives (t1/2): 6:2 FTAB (no obvious products were detected) ≫ 6:2 FTSA (t1/2 ≈28.8 days) > 6:2 FTAA (t1/2 ≈11.5 days) > 6:2 FTNO (t1/2 ≈1.2 days). Seven transformation products of 6:2 FTSA and 15 products of 6:2 FTNO were identified through nontarget and suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The transformation pathways of 6:2 FTNO and 6:2 FTSA in aerobic sludge were proposed. Interestingly, 6:2 FTSAm was hardly hydrolyzed to 6:2 FTSA and further biotransformed to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Furthermore, the novel pathways for the generation of perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) from 6:2 FTSA were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yaozhi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Biting Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Maosen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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20
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Chen H, Jiang J, Tang J, Xu L, Deng W, Ye K, Zeng D, Luo Y. Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Shuidong bay of South China: Occurrence, partitioning behavior, and ecological risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141106. [PMID: 38171402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
With the phase-out of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), PFAS alternatives have been increasingly used in industrial production and daily life. However, available information on the occurrence of PFASs and PFAS alternatives in semi-enclosed bays remains limited. As a representative semi-enclosed bay in Guangdong Province, China, Shuidong Bay has experienced severe anthropogenic pollution (industrial, shipping, cultural, and domestic) in recent decades. Water pollution in Shuidong Bay has worsened, and PFASs have been identified as ubiquitous environmental pollutants in this bay. In this study, 23 PFASs, including 5 emerging PFASs, were analyzed in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples collected from Shuidong Bay. We determined that perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the predominant PFAS compound in seawater, whereas 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTS) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetate (FOSAA) were dominant in SPM and sediment, respectively. The sediment-water partitioning coefficients were greatly dependent on the perfluorinated carbon chain length. Chlorophyll a concentration had a significant effect on the dissolved concentrations of PFASs in seawater. The ecological risk assessment indicated that the PFASs detected in the seawater and sediment samples posed no considerable risks to aquatic organisms. This study provides a valuable reference for evaluating PFAS contamination in Shuidong Bay and conducting ecological risk assessments for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Jingyuan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Junyi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Lijia Xu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Weihua Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Kuangmin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Danna Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China
| | - Yuchi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045, China.
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21
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Yan PF, Dong S, Manz KE, Woodcock MJ, Liu C, Mezzari MP, Abriola LM, Pennell KD, Cápiro NL. Aerobic biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate in soils from two aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted sites. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120941. [PMID: 38070347 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Although 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) is a common ingredient in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) formulations, its environmental fate at AFFF-impacted sites remains poorly understood. This study investigated the biotransformation of 6:2 FTS in microcosms prepared with soils collected from two AFFF-impacted sites; the former Loring Air Force Base (AFB) and Robins AFB. The half-life of 6:2 FTS in Loring soil was 43.3 days; while >60 mol% of initially spiked 6:2 FTS remained in Robins soil microcosms after a 224-day incubation. Differences in initial sulfate concentrations and the depletion of sulfate over the incubation likely contributed to the different 6:2 FTS biotransformation rates between the two soils. At day 224, stable transformation products, i.e., C4C7 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, were formed with combined molar yields of 13.8 mol% and 1.2 mol% in Loring and Robins soils, respectively. Based on all detected transformation products, the biotransformation pathways of 6:2 FTS in the two soils were proposed. Microbial community analysis suggests that Desulfobacterota microorganisms may promote 6:2 FTS biotransformation via more efficient desulfonation. In addition, species from the genus Sphingomonas, which exhibited higher tolerance to elevated concentrations of 6:2 FTS and its biotransformation products, are likely to have contributed to 6:2 FTS biotransformation. This study demonstrates the potential role of biotransformation processes on the fate of 6:2 FTS at AFFF-impacted sites and highlights the need to characterize site biogeochemical properties for improved assessment of 6:2 FTS biotransformation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Yan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Sheng Dong
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Chen Liu
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Melissa P Mezzari
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda M Abriola
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Natalie L Cápiro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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22
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Chi F, Zhao J, Yang L, Yang X, Zhao X, Zhao S, Zhan J. Using regular and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the biotransformation mechanism and phytotoxic effects of 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA) in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167901. [PMID: 37858819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Although 6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA), which is one of the most popular substitutes for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), has been widely distributed in environments, little is known about its biotransformation mechanism and phytotoxic effects in plants. Here, we showed that 6:2 FTCA could be taken up by pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) roots from exposure solution and acropetally translocated to shoots. Biotransformation of 6:2 FTCA to different carbon chain perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) metabolites (C2-C7) via α-and β-oxidation in pumpkin was observed, and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) was the major transformation product. The results of enzyme assays, enzyme inhibition experiments and gene expression analysis indicated that cytochrome P450 (CYP450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were involved in the metabolism of 6:2 FTCA in pumpkin. Plant-associated rhizobacteria and endophyte also contributed to 6:2 FTCA degradation through β-oxidation. The chlorophyll (Chl) content and genes involved in photosynthesis were significantly improved by 6:2 FTCA. The reductions of antioxidant and metabolic enzyme activities reflected the antioxidant defense system and detoxification system of pumpkin were both damaged, which were further confirmed by the down-regulating associated genes encoding phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, endoplasmic reticulum-related proteins, ascorbate-glutathione cycle and ABC transporters. This study is helpful to understand the environmental behaviors and toxicological molecular mechanisms of 6:2 FTCA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Chi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jingyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xv Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, Liaoning, PR China
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23
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Nilsen E, Muensterman D, Carini L, Waite I, Payne S, Field JA, Peterson J, Hafley D, Farrer D, Jones GD. Target and suspect per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in fish from an AFFF-impacted waterway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167798. [PMID: 37838049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
A major source of toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used in firefighting and training at airports and military installations, however, PFAS have many additional sources in consumer products and industrial processes. A field study was conducted on fish tissues from three reaches of the Columbia Slough, located near Portland International Airport, OR, that are affected by AFFF and other PFAS sources. Fishes including largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were collected in 2019 and 2020. Fish blood, liver, and fillet (muscle) were analyzed for target and suspect PFAS by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Data were analyzed for patterns by fish species, tissue type, and river reach. Thirty-three out of 50 target PFAS and additional suspect compounds were detected at least once during the study, at concentrations up to 856 ng/g. Seven carboxylic acids (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA, PFDoA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA), three sulfonates (PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS), three electrofluorination-based compounds (FBSA, FHxSA, FOSA), and two fluorotelomer-based compounds (8:2 FTS, 10:2 FTS) were the most frequently detected compounds in all tissue types. The C6 (PFHxS) to C10 (PFDS) homologs were detected with PFOS and FHxSA at concentrations 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than the other PFAS detected. This is the first report of Cl-PFOS, FPeSA, and FHpSA detected in fish tissue. In all fish samples, fillet concentrations of PFAS were the lowest, followed by liver, and blood concentrations of PFAS were the highest. Differences in PFAS concentrations were driven primarily by tissue types and to a lesser extent fish species, but weakly by river reach. The Oregon Health Authority modified an existing fish consumption advisory on the Columbia Slough to recommend no whole-body consumption of most fish to avoid elevated levels of PFOS in fish liver. Measured PFAS concentrations in fish tissues indicate the potential for adverse ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nilsen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Derek Muensterman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lya Carini
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ian Waite
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sean Payne
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Daniel Hafley
- Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Farrer
- Oregon Health Authority, 800 NE Oregon Street, Suite 640, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Gerrad D Jones
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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24
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Chetverikov S, Hkudaygulov G, Sharipov D, Starikov S, Chetverikova D. Biodegradation Potential of C 7-C 10 Perfluorocarboxylic Acids and Data from the Genome of a New Strain of Pseudomonas mosselii 5(3). TOXICS 2023; 11:1001. [PMID: 38133402 PMCID: PMC10748008 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas-destructors of persistent pollutants for biotechnologies of environmental purification-is an interesting area of research. The aim of this work was to study the potential of Pseudomonas mosselii strain 5(3) isolated from pesticide-contaminated soil as a degrader of C7-C10 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and analyze its complete genome. The genome of the strain has been fully sequenced. It consists of a chromosome with a length of 5,676,241 b.p. and containing a total of 5134 genes, in particular, haloalkane dehalogenase gene (dhaA), haloacetate dehalogenase H-1 gene (dehH1), fluoride ion transporter gene (crcB) and alkanesulfonate monooxygenase gene (ssuE), responsible for the degradation of fluorinated compounds. The strain P. mosselii 5(3) for was cultivated for 7 days in a liquid medium with various C7-C10 PFCAs as the sole source of carbon and energy, and completely disposed of them. The results of LC-MS analysis showed that the transformation takes place due to perfluorohexanoic acid with the release of various levels of stoichiometry (depending on PFCA) of fluorine ion mineralization indicators determined by ion chromatography. Thus, Pseudomonas mosselii strain 5(3) demonstrates a genetically confirmed high potential for the decomposition of C7-C10 PFCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaisar Hkudaygulov
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (S.C.); (D.S.); (S.S.); (D.C.)
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25
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Lin X, Xing Y, Chen H, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Liu P, Li J, Lee HK, Huang Z. Characteristic and health risk of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from cosmetics via dermal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122685. [PMID: 37804905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 45 cosmetic samples were collected from China, and 27 target per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. PFAS were found in all samples, including the products marketed for pregnant women, and the total concentrations of PFAS measured in each sample were in the range of 4.05 - 94.9 ng/g. Short-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids were the dominant compounds contributing to over 60% of the total content. Perfluorobutanoic acid, with high placental transfer efficiency, was the major PFAS in cosmetics for pregnant women. Three emerging PFAS, 2-perfluorohexyl ethanoic acid, 3-perfluoropentyl propanoic acid (5:3) and perfluoro-2-propoxypropanoic acid, were also identified in the cosmetic samples at quantifiable levels. Significantly, positive correlations between individual PFAS were observed, indicating that there may be a common source for PFAS in these samples. Statistical analyses suggested that using plastic containers and precursor substances may be potential sources of PFAS in terminal products, and product aging may increase PFAS levels. From the PFAS analysis of the cosmetics, the margin of safety (MoS) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated to assess human health risks through dermal exposure by using these products. Although the MoS and HQ values obtained were deemed acceptable, the cumulative effect caused by composite and long-term exposure to these contaminants needs to be given greater attention by health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Yudong Xing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
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26
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Mothersole R, Wynne FT, Rota G, Mothersole MK, Liu J, Van Hamme JD. Formation of CoA Adducts of Short-Chain Fluorinated Carboxylates Catalyzed by Acyl-CoA Synthetase from Gordonia sp. Strain NB4-1Y. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39437-39446. [PMID: 37901528 PMCID: PMC10601079 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) make up a group of anthropogenic chemicals with a myriad of applications. However, some PFAS have been shown to negatively impact human health and the environment, leading to increased regulation, with some countries making efforts to phase out their use. PFAS fate in the environment is driven by physical, chemical, and biological processes, with microbial communities in matrices such as soil and sewage sludge being known to generate a range of low-molecular-weight PFAS metabolites. Proposed metabolic intermediates for both mixed and pure microbial cultures include fluorinated carboxylates that may be activated by CoA prior to β-oxidation and defluorination, although thus far, no PFAS-CoA adducts have been reported. Herein, we expressed and purified acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) from the soil bacterium Gordonia sp. strain NB4-1Y and performed an analysis of substrate scope and enzyme kinetics using fluorinated and nonfluorinated carboxylates. We determined that ACS was able to catalyze the formation of CoA adducts of 3,3,3-trifluoropropionic acid, 5,5,5-trifluoropentanoic acid, 4,5,5-trifluoropent-4-enoic acid, and 4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentanoic acid. Kinetic analysis revealed a 90-98% decrease in kcat between nonfluorinated carboxylates and their fluorinated analogues. This provides evidence to validate proposed enzymatic pathways for microbial PFAS metabolism that proceed via an activation step involving the formation of CoA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
G. Mothersole
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers
University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Foster T. Wynne
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers
University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Gaia Rota
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers
University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Mina K. Mothersole
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers
University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department
of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A
0C3, Canada
| | - Jonathan D. Van Hamme
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers
University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
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27
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Park J, Huang S, Koel BE, Jaffé PR. Enhanced Feammox activity and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) degradation by Acidimicrobium sp. Strain A6 using PAA-coated ferrihydrite as an electron acceptor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132039. [PMID: 37480613 PMCID: PMC10529297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Acidimicrobium sp. Strain A6 (A6) can degrade perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) by oxidizing NH4+ while reducing Fe(Ⅲ). However, supplying and distributing Fe(III) phases in sediments is challenging since surface charges of Fe(III)-phases are typically positive while those of sediments are negative. Therefore, ferrihydrite particles were coated with polyacrylic acid (PAA) with four different molecular weights, resulting in a negative zeta potential on their surface. Zeta potential was determined as a function of pH and PAA loading, with the lowest value observed when the PAA/ferrihydrite ratio was > 1/5 (w/w) at a pH of 5.5. Several 50-day incubations with an A6-enrichment culture were conducted to determine the effect of PAA-coated ferrihydrite as the electron acceptor of A6 on the Feammox activity and PFOA degradation. NH4+ oxidation, PFOA degradation, production of shorter-chain PFAS, and F- were observed in all PAA-coated samples. The 6 K and 450 K treatments exhibited significant reductions in PFOA concentration and substantial F- production compared to incubations with bare ferrihydrite. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed lowered charge transfer resistance in the presence of PAA-coated ferrihydrite, indicating that PAAs facilitated electron transfer to ferrihydrite. This study highlights the potential of PAA-coated ferrihydrite in accelerating PFAS defluorination, providing novel insights for A6-based bioremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bruce E Koel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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28
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Lukić Bilela L, Matijošytė I, Krutkevičius J, Alexandrino DAM, Safarik I, Burlakovs J, Gaudêncio SP, Carvalho MF. Impact of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) on the marine environment: Raising awareness, challenges, legislation, and mitigation approaches under the One Health concept. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115309. [PMID: 37591052 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have long been known for their detrimental effects on the ecosystems and living organisms; however the long-term impact on the marine environment is still insufficiently recognized. Based on PFAS persistence and bioaccumulation in the complex marine food network, adverse effects will be exacerbated by global processes such as climate change and synergies with other pollutants, like microplastics. The range of fluorochemicals currently included in the PFAS umbrella has significantly expanded due to the updated OECD definition, raising new concerns about their poorly understood dynamics and negative effects on the ocean wildlife and human health. Mitigation challenges and approaches, including biodegradation and currently studied materials for PFAS environmental removal are proposed here, highlighting the importance of ongoing monitoring and bridging research gaps. The PFAS EU regulations, good practices and legal frameworks are discussed, with emphasis on recommendations for improving marine ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Lukić Bilela
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Inga Matijošytė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Jokūbas Krutkevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio ave. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Diogo A M Alexandrino
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, P. Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juris Burlakovs
- Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences, Józefa Wybickiego 7 A, 31-261 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Chemistry Department, NOVA Faculty for Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Maria F Carvalho
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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29
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Kim J, Hwangbo M, Shih CH, Chu KH. Advances and perspectives of using stable isotope probing (SIP)-based technologies in contaminant biodegradation. WATER RESEARCH X 2023; 20:100187. [PMID: 37671037 PMCID: PMC10477051 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope probing (SIP) is a powerful tool to study microbial community structure and function in both nature and engineered environments. Coupling with advanced genomics and other techniques, SIP studies have generated substantial information to allow researchers to draw a clearer picture of what is occurring in complex microbial ecosystems. This review provides an overview of the advances of SIP-based technologies over time, summarizes the status of SIP applications to contaminant biodegradation, provides critical perspectives on ecological interactions within the community, and important factors (controllable and non-controllable) to be considered in SIP experimental designs and data interpretation. Current trend and perspectives of adapting SIP techniques for environmental applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinha Kim
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Myung Hwangbo
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
- School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, The University of Texas – Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Chih-Hsuan Shih
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
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30
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Shittu AR, Iwaloye OF, Ojewole AE, Rabiu AG, Amechi MO, Herve OF. The effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on environmental and human microorganisms and their potential for bioremediation. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2023; 74:167-178. [PMID: 37791672 PMCID: PMC10549896 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilised in a variety of consumer products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are major environmental contaminants that accumulate in living organisms due to their highly hydrophobic, lipophobic, heat-resistant, and non-biodegradable properties. This review summarizes their effects on microbial populations in soils, aquatic and biogeochemical systems, and the human microbiome. Specific microbes are insensitive to and even thrive with PFAS contamination, such as Escherichia coli and the Proteobacteria in soil and aquatic environments, while some bacterial species, such as Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi, are sensitive and drop in population. Some bacterial species, in turn, have shown success in PFAS bioremediation, such as Acidimicrobium sp. and Pseudomonas parafulva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenike R. Shittu
- Bowling Green State University College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Opeoluwa F. Iwaloye
- Bowling Green State University College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Akinloye E. Ojewole
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Edwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Akeem G. Rabiu
- University of Ibadan, Department of Microbiology, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Miracle O. Amechi
- University of Louisville, Department of Chemistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ouambo F. Herve
- Chantal Biya International Reference Centre, Laboratory of Vaccinology, Yaounde, Cameroon
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31
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Macorps N, Labadie P, Lestremau F, Assoumani A, Budzinski H. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface sediments: Occurrence, patterns, spatial distribution and contribution of unattributed precursors in French aquatic environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162493. [PMID: 36863581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, non-targeted methods have recently revealed the presence of numerous unidentified per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Besides those methods, the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay has proved useful to estimate the contribution of unattributed perfluoroalkyl acids precursors (pre-PFAAs). In this study, an optimized extraction method was developed to examine the spatial distribution of 36 targeted PFAS in surface sediments collected at French nationwide scale (n = 43), including neutral, anionic and zwitterionic molecules. In addition, a TOP assay procedure was implemented to estimate the contribution of unattributed pre-PFAAs in these samples. Conversion yields of targeted pre-PFAAs were determined for the first time under realistic conditions and led to differences in oxidation profiles compared to the common spiked ultra-pure water method. PFAS were detected in 86 % of samples and ∑PFAStargeted was in the range < Limit of Detection - 23 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) (median: 1.3 ng g-1 dw), with ∑pre-PFAAstargeted representing on average 29 ± 26 % of ∑PFAS. Among pre-PFAAs, compounds of emerging interest such as the fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl betaines 6:2 FTAB and 8:2 FTAB were respectively detected in 38 % and 24 % of samples, with levels similar to those of L-PFOS (<0.36-2.2, <0.50-6.8 and < 0.08-5.1 ng g-1 dw, respectively). A hierarchical cluster analysis coupled with a geographic information system-based approach revealed similarities between groups of sampling sites. For instance, elevated contribution of FTABs were associated with the proximity to airport activities where betaine-based aqueous film-forming foam (AFFFs) might have been used. In addition, unattributed pre-PFAAs were strongly correlated with ∑PFAStargeted and they accounted for 58 % of ∑PFAS (median value); they were generally found in larger quantity near industrial and urban areas where the highest ∑PFAStargeted were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Labadie
- CNRS/Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Talence, France.
| | - François Lestremau
- INERIS, Unité Méthodes et développements en Analyses pour l'Environnement, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ. Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, IRD, CNRS, Ales, France
| | - Azziz Assoumani
- INERIS, Unité Méthodes et développements en Analyses pour l'Environnement, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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32
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Merino N, Wang N, Gao Y, Wang M, Mahendra S. Roles of various enzymes in the biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) by a white-rot fungus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:131007. [PMID: 36871371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Six-carbon-chained polyfluoroalkyl substances, such as 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH), are being used to replace longer chained compounds in the manufacture of various commercial products. This study examined the effects of growth substrates and nutrients on specific intracellular and extracellular enzymes mediating 6:2 FTOH aerobic biotransformation by the white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Cellulolytic conditions with limited glucose were a suitable composition, resulting in high 5:3 FTCA yield (37 mol%), which is a key intermediate in 6:2 FTOH degradation without forming significant amounts of terminal perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). Sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were also essential for 5:3 FTCA production, but, at lower levels, resulted in the buildup of 5:2 sFTOH (52 mol%) and 6:2 FTUCA (20 mol%), respectively. In non-ligninolytic nutrient-rich medium, 45 mol% 6:2 FTOH was transformed but produced only 12.7 mol% 5:3 FTCA. Enzyme activity studies imply that cellulolytic conditions induce the intracellular cytochrome P450 system. In contrast, extracellular peroxidase synthesis is independent of 6:2 FTOH exposure. Gene expression studies further verified that peroxidases were relevant in catalyzing the downstream transformations from 5:3 FTCA. Collectively, the identification of nutrients and enzymatic systems will help elucidate underlying mechanisms and biogeochemical conditions favorable for fungal transformation of PFCA precursors in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Merino
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ning Wang
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, DE 19711, United States
| | - Yifan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Shaily Mahendra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Liu M, Munoz G, Hermiston J, Zhang J, Vo Duy S, Wang D, Sundar Dey A, Bottos EM, Van Hamme JD, Lee LS, Sauvé S, Liu J. High Persistence of Novel Polyfluoroalkyl Betaines in Aerobic Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7442-7453. [PMID: 37144860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Some contemporary aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) contain n:3 and n:1:2 fluorotelomer betaines (FTBs), which are often detected at sites impacted by AFFFs. As new chemical replacements, little is known about their environmental fate. For the first time, we investigated the biotransformation potential of 5:3 and 5:1:2 FTBs and a commercial AFFF that mainly contains n:3 and n:1:2 FTBs (n = 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13). Although some polyfluoroalkyl compounds are precursors to perfluoroalkyl acids, 5:3 and 5:1:2 FTBs exhibited high persistence, with no significant changes even after 120 days of incubation. While the degradation of 5:3 FTB into suspected products such as fluorotelomer acids or perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) could not be conclusively confirmed, we did identify a potential biotransformation product, 5:3 fluorotelomer methylamine. Similarly, 5:1:2 FTB did not break down or produce short-chain hydrogen-substituted polyfluoroalkyl acids (n:2 H-FTCA), hydrogen-substituted PFCA (2H-PFCA), or any other products. Incubating the AFFF in four soils with differing properties and microbial communities resulted in 0.023-0.25 mol % PFCAs by day 120. Most of the products are believed to be derived from n:2 fluorotelomers, minor components of the AFFF. Therefore, the findings of the study cannot be fully explained by the current understanding of structure-biodegradability relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Juliana Hermiston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Ju Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Anindya Sundar Dey
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Eric M Bottos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Van Hamme
- Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
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34
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Ruyle BJ, Schultes L, Akob DM, Harris CR, Lorah MM, Vojta S, Becanova J, McCann S, Pickard HM, Pearson A, Lohmann R, Vecitis CD, Sunderland EM. Nitrifying Microorganisms Linked to Biotransformation of Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamido Precursors from Legacy Aqueous Film-Forming Foams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5592-5602. [PMID: 36972708 PMCID: PMC10100541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water supplies across the United States have been contaminated by firefighting and fire-training activities that use aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Much of the AFFF is manufactured using electrochemical fluorination by 3M. Precursors with six perfluorinated carbons (C6) and non-fluorinated amine substituents make up approximately one-third of the PFAS in 3M AFFF. C6 precursors can be transformed through nitrification (microbial oxidation) of amine moieties into perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), a compound of regulatory concern. Here, we report biotransformation of the most abundant C6 sulfonamido precursors in 3M AFFF with available commercial standards (FHxSA, PFHxSAm, and PFHxSAmS) in microcosms representative of the groundwater/surface water boundary. Results show rapid (<1 day) biosorption to living cells by precursors but slow biotransformation into PFHxS (1-100 pM day-1). The transformation pathway includes one or two nitrification steps and is supported by the detection of key intermediates using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Increasing nitrate concentrations and total abundance of nitrifying taxa occur in parallel with precursor biotransformation. Together, these data provide multiple lines of evidence supporting microbially limited biotransformation of C6 sulfonamido precursors involving ammonia-oxidizing archaea (Nitrososphaeria) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospina). Further elucidation of interrelationships between precursor biotransformation and nitrogen cycling in ecosystems would help inform site remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridger J. Ruyle
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Lara Schultes
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Denise M. Akob
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Geology, Energy and Minerals
Science Center, Reston, Virginia 20192, United
States
| | - Cassandra R. Harris
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Geology, Energy and Minerals
Science Center, Reston, Virginia 20192, United
States
| | - Michelle M. Lorah
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Maryland-Delaware-DC
Water Science Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, United States
| | - Simon Vojta
- Graduate
School of Oceanography, University of Rhode
Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Jitka Becanova
- Graduate
School of Oceanography, University of Rhode
Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Shelley McCann
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Heidi M. Pickard
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Ann Pearson
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate
School of Oceanography, University of Rhode
Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Chad D. Vecitis
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
| | - Elsie M. Sunderland
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02134, United States
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Ma H, Kang Y, Li M, Dong J, Wang Y, Xiao J, Guo Z. Enhancement of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulphonic acid removal in constructed wetland using iron mineral: Performance and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130819. [PMID: 36680904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) pose a threat to the aquatic environment due to their environmental persistence. The removal of PFAS using constructed wetlands (CWs) has received interest, but the adsorption saturation and limited removal capacity of the substrate is frequently challenging. To enhance the microbial degradation and performance of the substrate, different configurations of iron minerals were used as substrate to remove perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from CWs. The addition of iron minerals resulted in elimination of 57.2% and 63.9% of PFOS and PFOA in the effluent, respectively, which were 35.0% and 36.8% higher than that of control. Moreover, up to 85.4%, 86%, and 85.1% of NH4+, NO3-, and phosphorus, respectively, was removed using iron minerals. The enhanced electron transfer in iron mineral-based CWs was confirmed by a 61.2% increase in cytochrome C reductase content and an increased Fe(III)/Fe(II) ratio. Microbial analysis showed that the proportions of microbes with PFAS removal capacity (e.g. Burkholderiae and Pseudomonas), and the key pathways of the TCA cycle and glycolysis were increased in iron mineral-based CW. Based on these findings, we conclude that supplementation with iron mineral could enhance PFOA and PFOS removal in CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqin Ma
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yan Kang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Mei Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jiahao Dong
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jingqian Xiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zizhang Guo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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36
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Zhong T, Lin T, Zhang X, Jiang F, Chen H. Impact of biological activated carbon filtration and backwashing on the behaviour of PFASs in drinking water treatment plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130641. [PMID: 36580789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PFASs are present in surface water, tap water and even commercial drinking water and pose a risk to human health. In this study, the treatment efficiency of 14 PFASs was studied in a large drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) using Taihu Lake as the source, and it was found that the ozone/biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) process was the most effective process for the removal of PFASs in DWTPs. For the O3-BAC process, there were differences in the removal of PFASs by BACs (1,4,7,13 years) of different ages. The sterilization experiments revealed that for GAC, its physical adsorption capacity reached saturation after one year, while for BAC with mature biofilms, biosorption was the main mechanism for the removal of PFASs. The abundance of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria in biofilms was positively correlated with the age of the BAC. The microbial community with higher abundance is beneficial to the biodegradation of organic matter and thus provides more active sites for the adsorption of PFASs. PFASs can leak in the early stage of filtration after backwashing, so it is necessary to pay close attention to the influent and effluent concentrations of PFASs during biofilm maturation after backwashing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Suzhou Water Supply Company, Suzhou 215002, PR China
| | - Fuchun Jiang
- Suzhou Water Supply Company, Suzhou 215002, PR China
| | - Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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37
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Efficient PFAS prioritization in non-target HRMS data: systematic evaluation of the novel MD/C-m/C approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1791-1801. [PMID: 36826506 PMCID: PMC10049945 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Non-target screening (NTS) based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is necessary to comprehensively characterize per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in environmental, biological, and technical samples due to the very limited availability of authentic PFAS reference standards. Since in trace analysis, MS/MS information is not always achievable and only selected PFAS are present in homologous series, further techniques to prioritize measured HRMS data (features) according to their likelihood of being PFAS are highly desired due to the importance of efficient data reduction during NTS. Kaufmann et al. (J AOAC Int, 2022) presented a very promising approach to separate selected PFAS from sample matrix features by plotting the mass defect (MD) normalized to the number of carbons (MD/C) vs. mass normalized to the number of C (m/C). We systematically evaluated the advantages and limitations of this approach by using ~ 490,000 chemical formulas of organic chemicals (~ 210,000 PFAS, ~ 160,000 organic contaminants, and 125,000 natural organic matter compounds) and calculating how efficiently, and especially which, PFAS can be prioritized. While PFAS with high fluorine content (approximately: F/C > 0.8, H/F < 0.8, mass percent of fluorine > 55%) can be separated well, partially fluorinated PFAS with a high hydrogen content are more difficult to prioritize, which we discuss for selected PFAS. In the MD/C-m/C approach, even compounds with highly positive MDs above 0.5 Da and hence incorrectly assigned to negative MDs can still be separated from true negative mass defect features by the normalized mass (m/C). Furthermore, based on the position in the MD/C-m/C plot, we propose the estimation of the fluorine fraction in molecules for selected PFAS classes. The promising MD/C-m/C approach can be widely used in PFAS research and routine analysis. The concept is also applicable to other compound classes like iodinated compounds.
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38
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Berhanu A, Mutanda I, Taolin J, Qaria MA, Yang B, Zhu D. A review of microbial degradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Biotransformation routes and enzymes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160010. [PMID: 36356780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1950s, copious amounts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (dubbed "forever chemicals") have been dumped into the environment, causing heavy contamination of soil, surface water, and groundwater sources. Humans, animals, and the environment are frequently exposed to PFAS through food, water, consumer products, as well as waste streams from PFAS-manufacturing industries. PFAS are a large group of synthetic organic fluorinated compounds with widely diverse chemical structures that are extremely resistant to microbial degradation. Their persistence, toxicity to life on earth, bioaccumulation tendencies, and adverse health and ecological effects have earned them a "top priority pollutant" designation by regulatory bodies. Despite that a number of physicochemical methods exist for PFAS treatment, they suffer from major drawbacks regarding high costs, use of high energy and incomplete mineralization (destruction of the CF bond). Consequently, microbial degradation and enzymatic treatment of PFAS are highly sought after as they offer a complete, cheaper, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternative. In this critical review, we provide an overview of the classification, properties, and interaction of PFAS within the environment relevant to microbial degradation. We discuss latest developments in the biodegradation of PFAS by microbes, transformation routes, transformation products and degradative enzymes. Finally, we highlight the existing challenges, limitations, and prospects of bioremediation approaches in treating PFAS and proffer possible solutions and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Berhanu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Haramaya Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Ishmael Mutanda
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ji Taolin
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Majjid A Qaria
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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39
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Li Z, Luo ZM, Huang Y, Wang JW, Ouyang G. Recent trends in degradation strategies of PFOA/PFOS substitutes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137653. [PMID: 36581124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global elimination and restriction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), respectively, have urged manufacturers to shift production to their substitutes which still pose threat to the environment with their bioaccumulation, toxicity and migration issues. In this context, efficient technologies and systematic mechanistic studies on the degradation of PFOA/PFOS substitutes are highly desirable. In this review, we summarize the progress in degrading PFOA/PFOS substitutes, including four kinds of mainstream methods. The pros and cons of the present technologies are analyzed, which renders the discussion of future prospects on rational optimizations. Additional discussion is made on the differences in the degradation of various kinds of substitutes, which is compared to the PFOA/PFOS and derives designing principles for more degradable F-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizi Li
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanjun Huang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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40
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Kolanczyk RC, Saley MR, Serrano JA, Daley SM, Tapper MA. PFAS Biotransformation Pathways: A Species Comparison Study. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11010074. [PMID: 36668800 PMCID: PMC9862377 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Limited availability of fish metabolic pathways for PFAS may lead to risk assessments with inherent uncertainties based only upon the parent chemical or the assumption that the biodegradation or mammalian metabolism map data will serve as an adequate surrogate. A rapid and transparent process, utilizing a recently created database of systematically collected information for fish, mammals, poultry, plant, earthworm, sediment, sludge, bacteria, and fungus using data evaluation tools in the previously described metabolism pathway software system MetaPath, is presented. The fish metabolism maps for 10 PFAS, heptadecafluorooctyl(tridecafluorohexyl)phosphinic acid (C6/C8 PFPiA), bis(perfluorooctyl)phosphinic acid (C8/C8 PFPiA), 2-[(6-chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-dodecafluorohexyl)oxy]-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA), N-Ethylperfluorooctane-1-sulfonamide (Sulfuramid; N-EtFOSA), N-Ethyl Perfluorooctane Sulfonamido Ethanol phosphate diester (SAmPAP), Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), 8:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP), 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH), 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (10:2 FTOH), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), were compared across multiple species and systems. The approach demonstrates how comparisons of metabolic maps across species are aided by considering the sample matrix in which metabolites were quantified for each species, differences in analytical methods used to identify metabolites in each study, and the relative amounts of metabolites quantified. Overall, the pathways appear to be well conserved across species and systems. For PFAS lacking a fish metabolism study, a composite map consisting of all available maps would serve as the best basis for metabolite prediction. This emphasizes the importance and utility of collating metabolism into a searchable database such as that created in this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Kolanczyk
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Megan R. Saley
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jose A. Serrano
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Sara M. Daley
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Mark A. Tapper
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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41
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Ren J, Fernando S, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Crimmins BS. Suspect Screening and Nontargeted Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Lake Ontario Food Web. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17626-17634. [PMID: 36468978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are globally distributed in the natural environment, and their persistent and bioaccumulative potential illicit public concern. The production of certain PFAS has been halted or controlled by regulation due to their adverse effect on the health of humans and wildlife. However, new PFAS are continuously developed as alternatives to legacy PFAS. Additionally, many precursors are unknown, and their metabolites have not been assessed. To better understand the PFAS profiles in the Lake Ontario (LO) aquatic food web, a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QToF) coupled to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to generate high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) from sample extracts. The HRMS data files were analyzed using an isotopic profile deconvoluted chromatogram (IPDC) algorithm to isolate PFAS profiles in aquatic organisms. Fourteen legacy PFAAs (C5-C14) and 15 known precursors were detected in the LO food web. In addition, over 400 unknown PFAS features that appear to biomagnify in the LO food web were found. Profundal benthic organisms, deepwater sculpin(Myoxocephalus thompsonii), and Mysis were found to have more known precursors than other species in the food web, suggesting that there is a large reservoir of fluorinated substances in the benthic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Ren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- AEACS, LLC, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
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42
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Gong YZ, Niu QY, Liu YG, Dong J, Xia MM. Development of multifarious carrier materials and impact conditions of immobilised microbial technology for environmental remediation: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120232. [PMID: 36155222 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbial technology is the most sustainable and eco-friendly method of environmental remediation. Immobilised microorganisms were introduced to further advance microbial technology. In immobilisation technology, carrier materials distribute a large number of microorganisms evenly on their surface or inside and protect them from external interference to better treat the targets, thus effectively improving their bioavailability. Although many carrier materials have been developed, there have been relatively few comprehensive reviews. Therefore, this paper summarises the types of carrier materials explored in the last ten years from the perspective of structure, microbial activity, and cost. Among these, carbon materials and biofilms, as environmentally friendly functional materials, have been widely applied for immobilisation because of their abundant sources and favorable growth conditions for microorganisms. The novel covalent organic framework (COF) could also be a new immobilisation material, due to its easy preparation and high performance. Different immobilisation methods were used to determine the relationship between carriers and microorganisms. Co-immobilisation is particularly important because it can compensate for the deficiencies of a single immobilisation method. This paper emphasises that impact conditions also affect the immobilisation effect and function. In addition to temperature and pH, the media conditions during the preparation and reaction of materials also play a role. Additionally, this study mainly reviews the applications and mechanisms of immobilised microorganisms in environmental remediation. Future development of immobilisation technology should focus on the discovery of novel and environmentally friendly carrier materials, as well as the establishment of optimal immobilisation conditions for microorganisms. This review intends to provide references for the development of immobilisation technology in environmental applications and to further the improve understanding of immobilisation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Zi Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Qiu-Ya Niu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Yun-Guo Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Jie Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Meng-Meng Xia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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43
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Li J, Peng G, Xu X, Liang E, Sun W, Chen Q, Yao L. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater from a contaminated site in the North China Plain: Occurrence, source apportionment, and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134873. [PMID: 35551938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are manmade chemicals that have wide industrial and commercial application. However, little research has been carried out on PFASs pollution in groundwater from a previously contaminated site. Here, we investigated 43 PFASs in a monitoring campaign from two different aquifers in the North China Plain. Our results revealed that total PFASs concentrations (∑43PFASs) ranged from 0.22 to 3,776.76 ng/L, with no spatial or compositional differences. Moreover, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) were the dominant pollutants with mean concentrations of 177.33 ng/L and 51 ng/L, respectively. ∑43PFAS decreased with well depth due to the adsorption of PFASs to the aquifer materials. Water temperature, total organic carbon, dissolved oxygen, and total phosphorus concentrations were correlated to the PFAS concentrations. Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources of PFASs in groundwater were untreated industrial discharge, untreated domestic wastewater, food packaging, aqueous film forming foams and metal plating, and surface runoff, which overlapped with the industries that previously existed in a nearby city. Human health risks from drinking contaminated groundwater were low to the local residents, with children aged 1-2 years being the most sensitive group. One specific site with a high PFOA concentration was of concern, as it was several orders higher than the 70 ng/L recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency health advisory. This study provided baseline data for PFASs in a previously-contaminated site, which will help in the development of effective strategies for controlling PFASs pollution in the North China Plain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Ceramics, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guyu Peng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuming Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Enhang Liang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Lei Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology of Ceramics, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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44
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Wackett LP. Strategies for the Biodegradation of Polyfluorinated Compounds. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081664. [PMID: 36014082 PMCID: PMC9415301 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cite the strength of C–F bonds for the poor microbial biodegradability of polyfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs). However, commercial PFCs almost invariably contain more functionality than fluorine. The additional functionality provides a weak entry point for reactions that activate C–F bonds and lead to their eventual cleavage. This metabolic activation strategy is common in microbial biodegradation pathways and is observed with aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated compounds, phosphonates and many other compounds. Initial metabolic activation precedes critical bond breakage and assimilation of nutrients. A similar strategy with commercial PFCs proceeds via initial attack at the non-fluorinated functionalities: sulfonates, carboxylates, chlorines, phenyl rings, or phosphonates. Metabolic transformation of these non-fluorinated groups can activate the C–F bonds, allowing more facile cleavage than a direct attack on the C–F bonds. Given that virtually all compounds denoted as “PFAS” are not perfluorinated and are not alkanes, it is posited here that considering their individual chemical classes is more useful for both chemical and microbiological considerations of their fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Wackett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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45
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Tang Z, Song X, Xu M, Yao J, Ali M, Wang Q, Zeng J, Ding X, Wang C, Zhang Z, Liu X. Effects of co-occurrence of PFASs and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons on microbial communities in groundwater: A field study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128969. [PMID: 35472535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) co-contamination on the microbial community in the field have not been studied. In this study, we evaluated the presence of PFASs and CAHs in groundwater collected from a fluorochemical plant (FCP), and carried out Illumina MiSeq sequencing to understand the impact of mixed PFASs and CAHs on the indigenous microbial community. The sum concentrations of 20 PFASs in FCP groundwater ranged from 2.05 to 317.40 μg/L, and the highest PFOA concentration was observed in the deep aquifer (60 m below ground surface), co-contaminated by dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL). The existence of PFASs and CAHs co-contamination in groundwater resulted in a considerable decrease in the diversity of microbial communities, while the abundance of metabolisms associated with contaminants biodegradation has increased significantly compared to the background wells. Furthermore, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter were the dominant genera in PFASs and CAHs co-contaminated groundwater. The presence of high concentrations of PFASs and CAHs has been positively associated with the genus of Citreitalea. Finally, geochemical parameters, such as ORP, sulfate and nitrate were the key factors to shape up the structure of the microbial community and sources to rich the abundance of the potential functional bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minmin Xu
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Co., LTD, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Jin Yao
- Zhongke Hualu Soil Remediation Engineering Co., LTD, Dezhou 253500, China
| | - Mukhtiar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Congjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhuanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Yi S, Harding-Marjanovic KC, Houtz EF, Antell E, Olivares C, Nichiporuk RV, Iavarone AT, Zhuang WQ, Field JA, Sedlak DL, Alvarez-Cohen L. Biotransformation of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Thioether Amido Sulfonate in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams under Nitrate-Reducing Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10646-10655. [PMID: 35861429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of nitrate reduction in groundwater, the biotransformation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) under nitrate-reducing conditions remains mostly unknown compared with aerobic or strong reducing conditions. We constructed microcosms under nitrate-reducing conditions to simulate the biotransformation occurring at groundwater sites impacted by aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). We investigated the biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate (6:2 FtTAoS), a principal PFAS constituent of several AFFF formulations using both quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and qualitative high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses. Our results reveal that the biotransformation rates of 6:2 FtTAoS under nitrate-reducing conditions were about 10 times slower than under aerobic conditions, but about 2.7 times faster than under sulfate-reducing conditions. Although minimal production of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate and the terminal perfluoroalkyl carboxylate, perfluorohexanoate was observed, fluorotelomer thioether and sulfinyl compounds were identified in the aqueous samples. Evidence for the formation of volatile PFAS was obtained by mass balance analysis using the total oxidizable precursor assay and detection of 6:2 fluorotelomer thiol by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our results underscore the complexity of PFAS biotransformation and the interactions between redox conditions and microbial biotransformation activities, contributing to the better elucidation of PFAS environmental fate and impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Katie C Harding-Marjanovic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erika F Houtz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Edmund Antell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher Olivares
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Samueli Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rita V Nichiporuk
- The California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anthony T Iavarone
- The California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wei-Qin Zhuang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - David L Sedlak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lisa Alvarez-Cohen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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47
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Yang SH, Shan L, Chu KH. Fate and Transformation of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonic Acid Affected by Plant, Nutrient, Bioaugmentation, and Soil Microbiome Interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10721-10731. [PMID: 35830472 PMCID: PMC10134682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) is a dominant per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted soil. While its biotransformation mechanisms have been studied, the complex effects from plants, nutrients, and soil microbiome interactions on the fate and removal of 6:2 FTSA are poorly understood. This study systematically investigated the potential of phytoremediation for 6:2 FTSA byArabidopsis thalianacoupled with bioaugmentation ofRhodococcus jostiiRHA1 (designated as RHA1 hereafter) under different nutrient and microbiome conditions. Hyperaccumulation of 6:2 FTSA, defined as tissue/soil concentration > 10 and high translocation factor > 3, was observed in plants. However, biotransformation of 6:2 FTSA only occurred under sulfur-limited conditions. Spiking RHA1 not only enhanced the biotransformation of 6:2 FTSA in soil but also promoted plant growth. Soil microbiome analysis uncovered Rhodococcus as one of the dominant species in all RHA1-spiked soil. Different nutrients such as sulfur and carbon, bioaugmentation, and amendment of 6:2 FTSA caused significant changes in - microbial community structure. This study revealed the synergistic effects of phytoremediation and bioaugmentation on 6:2 FTSA removal. and highlighted that the fate of 6:2 FTSA was highly influced by the complex interactions of plants, nutrients, and soil microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hung Yang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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48
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Khan K, Younas M, Zhou Y, Sharif HMA, Li X, Yaseen M, Ibrahim SM, Baninla Y, Cao X, Lu Y. First report of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the Indus Drainage System: Occurrence, source and environmental risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113113. [PMID: 35283080 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are of global interest due to their persistence in the aquatic environment. This study assessed the occurrence of PFAAs in the Indus Drainage System and discerned their potential sources and environmental risks for the first time in Pakistan. 13 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 4 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) were analyzed to verify the dominant prevalence of short-chain PFAAs in the environment since the phase-out of long-chain perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). A significant variation (p ≤ 0.05) of individual PFAAs between the monitoring sites was confirmed by data normality tests Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk, suggesting that different locations contribute differently to individual PFAAs concentrations. ΣPFAAs concentrations in riverine water and sediments ranged from 2.28 to 221.75 ng/L and 0.78-29.19 ng/g dw, respectively. PFBA, PFPeA, and PFHxA were the most abundant PFAAs, and on average accounted for 14.64, 13.75, and 12.97 ng/L of ∑PFAAs in riverine water and 0.34, 0.64, and 0.79 ng/g dw of ∑PFAAs in sediments. ΣPFAAs mean contamination in the drainage was significantly (p < 0.05) high in River Chenab followed by River Indus > Soan > Ravi > Kabul > Swat with more prevalence of short-chain (C4-C7) PFCAs followed by PFOA, PFBS, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, PFUnDA, and PFDoDA. The correlation analysis determined the PFAAs' fate and distribution along the drainage, indicating that PFAAs with carbon chains C4-C12, except for PFSAs with carbon chains C6-C8, were most likely contaminated by the same source, the values of Kd and Koc increased linearly with the length of the perfluoroalkyl carbon chain, better understand the transport and partitioning of individual PFAAs between riverine water and sediments, where the HCA and PCA discerned industrial/municipal wastewater discharge, agricultural and surface runoff from nearby fields, and urban localities as potential sources of PFAAs contamination. The collective mass flux of short-chain (C4-C7) PFCAs was 5x higher than that of PFOS + PFOA, suggesting a continuous shift in the production and usage of fluorinated replacements for long-chain PFAAs with short-chain homologs. In terms of risk, individual PFAAs pollution in the drainage was within the world's risk thresholds for human health, with the exception of PFBA, PFPeA, PFHpA, PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, and PFBS, whereas for ecology, the concentrations of individual PFAAs did not exceed the ecological risk thresholds of the United States of America, Canada, European Union (EU), Italy, Australia, and New Zealand, with the exception of PFSAs, whose detected individual concentrations were significantly higher than the EU, Australian and New Zealander PFSAs guidelines of 0.002 μg/L, 0.00047 μg/L, 0.00065 μg/L, 0.00013 μg/L, and 0.00023 μg/L, respectively, which may pose chronic risks to the regional ecosystem and population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Younas
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | | | - Xu Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Muhammad Yaseen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sobhy Mostafa Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yvette Baninla
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Hiroshima, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan; Department of Geology, Mining and Environmental Science, University of Bamenda, P. O Box 39, Bambili, North West Region, Cameroon
| | - Xianghui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, China
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49
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Ambaye TG, Vaccari M, Prasad S, Rtimi S. Recent progress and challenges on the removal of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated soil and water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58405-58428. [PMID: 35754080 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, due to an increase in urbanization and industrialization around the world, a large volume of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) containing materials such as aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), protective coatings, landfill leachates, and wastewater are produced. Most of the polluted wastewaters are left untreated and discharged into the environment, which causes high environmental risks, a threat to human beings, and hampered socioeconomic growth. Developing sustainable alternatives for removing PFAS from contaminated soil and water has attracted more attention from policymakers and scientists worldwide under various conditions. This paper reviews the recent emerging technologies for the degradation or sorption of PFAS to treat contaminated soil and water. It highlights the mechanisms involved in removing these persistent contaminants at a molecular level. Recent advances in developing nanostructured and advanced reduction remediation materials, challenges, and perspectives in the future are also discussed. Among the variety of nanomaterials, modified nano-sized iron oxides are the best sorbents materials due to their specific surface area and photogenerated holes and appear extremely promising in the remediation of PFAS from contaminated soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teklit Gebregiorgis Ambaye
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mentore Vaccari
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sami Rtimi
- Global Institute for Water, Environment and Health, CH-1201, Geneva, Switzerland.
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50
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Méndez V, Holland S, Bhardwaj S, McDonald J, Khan S, O'Carroll D, Pickford R, Richards S, O'Farrell C, Coleman N, Lee M, Manefield MJ. Aerobic biotransformation of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate by Dietzia aurantiaca J3 under sulfur-limiting conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154587. [PMID: 35306084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The polyfluorinated alkyl substance 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) has been detected in diverse environments impacted by aqueous film-forming foams used for firefighting. In this study, a bacterial strain (J3) using 6:2 FTS as a sulfur source was isolated from landfill leachate previously exposed to polyfluoroalkyl substances in New South Wales, Australia. Strain J3 shares 99.9% similarity with the 16S rRNA gene of Dietzia aurantiaca CCUG 35676T. Genome sequencing yielded a draft genome sequence of 37 contigs with a G + C content of 69.7%. A gene cluster related to organic sulfur utilisation and assimilation was identified, that included an alkanesulfonate monooxygenase component B (ssuD), an alkanesulfonate permease protein (ssuC), an ABC transporter (ssuB), and an alkanesulfonate-binding protein (ssuA). Proteomic analyses comparing strain J3 cultures using sulfate and 6:2 FTS as sulfur source indicated that the ssu gene cluster was involved in 6:2 FTS biodegradation. Upregulated proteins included the SsuD monooxygenase, the SsuB transporter, the ABC transporter permease (SsuC), an alkanesulfonate-binding protein (SsuA), and a nitrilotriacetate monooxygenase component B. 6:2 Fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated acid (6:2 FTUA) were detected as early degradation products in cultures (after 72 h) while 5:3 fluorotelomer acid (5:3 FTCA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) were detected as later degradation products (after 168 h). This work provides biochemical and metabolic insights into 6:2 FTS biodegradation by the Actinobacterium D. aurantiaca J3, informing the fate of PFAS in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Méndez
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sophie Holland
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shefali Bhardwaj
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James McDonald
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Denis O'Carroll
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- UNSW Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicholas Coleman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew Lee
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Manefield
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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