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Yang F, Yuan T, Ao J, Gao L, Shen Z, Zhou J, Wang B, Pan X. Human exposure risk of organic UV filters: A comprehensive analysis based on primary exposure pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116800. [PMID: 39096691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
The exposure of organic UV filters has been increasingly confirmed to induce adverse effects on humans. However, the critical exposure pathway and the vulnerable population of organic UV filters are not clearly identified. This paper attempts to evaluate the health risk of commonly used organic UV filters from various exposure routes based on comprehensive analysis strategy. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) values of organic UV filters through four pathways (dermal exposure, indoor dust, indoor air, and drinking water) for various age groups were determined. Although the total HQ values (0.01-0.4) from comprehensive exposure of organic UV filters were below risk threshold (1.0), infants were identified as the most vulnerable population, with EDI (75.71 ng/kg-bw/day) of 2-3 times higher than that of adults. Additionally, the total EDI values of individual exposure pathways were estimated and ranked as follows: indoor air (138.44 ng/kg-bw/day) > sunscreen application (37.2 ng/kg-bw/day) > drinking water (21.87 ng/kg-bw/day) > indoor dust (9.24 ng/kg-bw/day). Moreover, we successfully tailored the Sankey diagram to depict the EDI proportion of individual organic UV filters from four exposure pathways. It was noted that EHMC (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate) and EHS (ethylhexyl salicylate) dominated the contribution of EDI (72 %) via indoor air exposure routes. This study serves as a crucial reference for enhancing public health risk awareness concerning organic UV filters, with a special focus on the vulnerable populations such as infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, China.
| | - Junjie Ao
- Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Li Gao
- School of Resource and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinyang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Beili Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, China
| | - Xiaolei Pan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, China
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Zhang Y, Chang F, Junaid M, Ju H, Qin Y, Yin L, Liu J, Zhang J, Diao X. Distribution, sources, ecological and human health risks of organic ultraviolet filters in coastal waters and beach deposits in Hainan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124610. [PMID: 39053805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are extensively incorporated into both cosmetic items and industrial products and have been commonly found in water ecosystems. This study aims to examine the environmental levels, sources, ecological and human health risks of 14 commonly used OUVFs both in coastal water and beach deposit samples collected from the nearshore regions of Hainan Island and the South China Sea. This is first study highlighting the contamination of OUVFs in Hainan Island and utilizing economic and tourism data to confirm the potential source of OUVF pollution in costal aquatic and coastal ecosystem. Along the coastal tourist regions of Hainan Island, the median concentrations in coastal waters and beach deposits of these OUVFs fall within the range from 1.2 to 53.2 ng/L and 0.2-17.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In coastal water and beach deposit, the concentration of BP-3 was the highest, with median concentrations of 53.2 ng/L and 17.0 ng/g dw, respectively. Regarding human health risks, the daily intake of all 14 OUVFs through swimming was found to be 40-48 ng/kg/day. Ecological risk assessment indicates that BP-3 presents a medium risk for marine microalgae with a concurrent low risk for corals. The correlation analysis underscores a substantial interrelation of OUVFs in both coastal waters and beach deposits with various economic indicators, including annual rainfall, overnight tourists, total hotel rooms (unit), room occupancy rate, and sewage treatment capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Fengtong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Hanye Ju
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yongqiang Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Lianzheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Xiaoping Diao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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3
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Hrabáková K, Hložek T, Bosáková Z, Tůma P. Hydrophobic eutectic solvents for surface water treatment with a focus on benzophenone type UV filters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116528. [PMID: 38820821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Effective removal of organic UV filters from aquatic environmental compartments and swimming waters is very important because these substances are hazardous to humans and wildlife at low concentrations and act as endocrine disruptors. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to determine the extraction efficiencies of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) for the selected UV filters based on benzophenone structure (benzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,2´,4,4´-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2,2´-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 4-methacryloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone) from aqueous matrices. For this purpose, six HDESs based on dl-menthol in combination with caprylic, decanoic and lauric acid are prepared and compared with referent terpene solvents such as terpineol and linalool. The effect of various parameters such as HDES composition, volume ratio, frequency and shaking time are studied. The highest extraction efficiency is shown by HDES of menthol:caprylic acid (1:1) composition at the aqueous:organic phase volume ratio of 1:1, shaking frequency of 1500 rpm and shaking time of 15 min. The achieved extraction efficiencies are higher than 99.6 % for all benzophenones studied in the purification of stagnant pond water, swimming pool water and river water samples. After a simple and fast sample treatment, the residual levels of benzophenones in the waters are controlled by a newly developed sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method with LOQs in the range of 0.7 - 5.0 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hrabáková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 6, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hložek
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene, Ruská 87, Prague 10 100 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosáková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 6, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Tůma
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hygiene, Ruská 87, Prague 10 100 00, Czech Republic.
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Pellacani G, Lim HW, Stockfleth E, Sibaud V, Brugués AO, Saint Aroman M. Photoprotection: Current developments and controversies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38 Suppl 5:12-20. [PMID: 38924160 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This review aimed at summarizing some of the key points that were discussed during the photoprotection session at the International Forum of Dermatology in 2022. This international conference was designed to address prominent topics of clinical dermatology in a holistic way, allowing to articulate multiple viewpoints. Therefore, this review does not claim to be exhaustive, but is instead intended to give an overview of recent developments and ongoing controversies in the field of photoprotection. Cumulative ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is the major aetiological factor in the development of photoageing, photoimunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis. UVA (320-400 nm) penetrates into the dermis and damages DNA and other intracellular and acellular targets primarily by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is the major contributor to photoageing, characterized by fine and coarse wrinkles, dyspigmentation and loss of elasticity. UVB (290-320 nm) is responsible for sunburns through direct damage to DNA by the formation of 6-4 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine 6-4 pyrimidone photoproducts. Both UVA and UVB exposure increase the risk of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. In recent years, visible light (VL; 400-700 nm) has also been implicated in the exacerbation of conditions aggravated by sun exposure such as hyperpigmentation and melasma. Photoprotection is a critical health strategy to reduce the deleterious effects of UVR and VL. Comprehensive photoprotection strategies include staying in the shade when outdoors, wearing photoprotective clothing including a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses, and the use of sunscreen. Due to the absorption of UV filters, the safety of sunscreens has been questioned. Newer sunscreens are becoming available with filters with absorption even beyond the UV spectrum, offering enhanced protection compared with older products. Prevention of photocarcinogenesis, sun-induced or sunlight-exacerbated hyperpigmentary conditions and drug-induced photosensitivity is an important reason for adopting comprehensive photoprotection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vincent Sibaud
- Department of Oncodermatology, Claudius Regaud Institute and University Cancer Institute Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Ariadna Ortiz Brugués
- Department of Oncodermatology, Claudius Regaud Institute and University Cancer Institute Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoires Dermatologiques Avène, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Les Cauquillous, Lavaur, France
| | - Markéta Saint Aroman
- Medical Direction Dermo-Cosmétique & Personal Care, Pierre Fabre Group, Toulouse, France
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Singh S, Mourya D, Patel SK, Shukla S, Kumar V, Kotian SY, Yadav AK, Pandey A, Dwivedi A, Tripathi A. Photoprotective efficacy of Sunset Yellow via inhibition of type-I and type-II pathway under exposure of sunlight. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38899585 DOI: 10.1111/php.13966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to phototoxicants and photosensitizers can result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and various skin-related issues such as aging, allergies, and cancer. While several photo-protectants offer defense against ultraviolet radiation (UV-R), their effectiveness is often limited by photo-instability. Sunset Yellow (SY), an FDA-approved food dye, possesses significant UV-R and visible light absorption properties. However, its photoprotective potential has remained unexplored. Our investigation reveals that SY exhibits remarkable photostability for up to 8 h under both UV-R and sunlight. Notably, SY demonstrates the ability to quench ROS, including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radicals (O 2 · - $$ {\mathrm{O}}_2^{\cdotp -} $$ ), and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) induced by rose bengal, riboflavin and levofloxacin, respectively. Moreover, SY proves effective in protecting against the apoptotic and necrotic cell death induced by the phototoxicant chlorpromazine (CPZ) in HaCaT cells. Further, it was observed that SY imparts photoprotection by inhibiting intracellular ROS generation and calcium release. Genotoxicity evaluation provides additional evidence supporting SY's photoprotective effects against CPZ-induced DNA damage. In conclusion, these findings underscore the potential of SY as a promising photoprotective agent against the toxic hazards induced by phototoxicants, suggesting its prospective application in the formulation of broad-spectrum sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Singh
- Food Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Durgesh Mourya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Drug and chemical toxicology group (FEST), CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Photobiology Laboratory, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Shukla
- Food Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Food Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumana Y Kotian
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- ASSIST-group Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh K Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- ASSIST-group Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Pandey
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Drug and chemical toxicology group (FEST), CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Ashish Dwivedi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Photobiology Laboratory, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rafeletou A, Niemi JVL, Lagunas-Rangel FA, Liu W, Kudłak B, Schiöth HB. The exposure to UV filters: Prevalence, effects, possible molecular mechanisms of action and interactions within mixtures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:170999. [PMID: 38458461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Substances that can absorb sunlight and harmful UV radiation such as organic UV filters are widely used in cosmetics and other personal care products. Since humans use a wide variety of chemicals for multiple purposes it is common for UV filters to co-occur with other substances either in human originating specimens or in the environment. There is increasing interest in understanding such co-occurrence in form of potential synergy, antagonist, or additive effects of biological systems. This review focuses on the collection of data about the simultaneous occurrence of UV filters oxybenzone (OXYB), ethylexyl-methoxycinnamate (EMC) and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) as well as other classes of chemicals (such as pesticides, bisphenols, and parabens) to understand better any such interactions considering synergy, additive effect and antagonism. Our analysis identified >20 different confirmed synergies in 11 papers involving 16 compounds. We also highlight pathways (such as transcriptional activation of estrogen receptor, promotion of estradiol synthesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, and upregulation of thyroid-hormone synthesis) and proteins (such as Membrane Associated Progesterone Receptor (MAPR), cytochrome P450, and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)) that can act as important key nodes for such potential interactions. This article aims to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms on how commonly used UV filters act and may interact with other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rafeletou
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenni Viivi Linnea Niemi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Wen Liu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Błażej Kudłak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Str., Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yu Q, Wang G, Shao Z, Sun Y, Yang Z. Changes in life history parameters and expression of key genes of Brachionus plicatilis exposed to a combination of organic and inorganic ultraviolet filters. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142213. [PMID: 38697570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The increasing use of ultraviolet filters has become an emerging contaminant on the coast, posing potential ecological risks. Rotifers are essential components of marine ecosystems, serving as an association between primary producers and higher-level consumers. These organisms frequently encounter ultraviolet filters in coastal waters. This study aimed to assess the comprehensive effects of organic ultraviolet filters, specifically 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), and inorganic ultraviolet filters, namely, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. We exposed B. plicatilis to multiple combinations of different concentrations of EHMC and TiO2 NPs to observe changes in life history parameters and the expression of genes related to reproduction and antioxidant responses. Our findings indicated that increased EHMC concentrations significantly delayed the age at first reproduction, reduced the total offspring, and led to considerable alterations in the expression of genes associated with reproduction and stress. Exposure to TiO2 NPs resulted in earlier reproduction and decreased total offspring, although these changes were not synchronised in gene expression. The two ultraviolet filters had a significant interaction on the age at first reproduction and the total offspring of rotifer, with these interactions extending to the first generation. This research offers new insights into the comprehensive effects of different types of ultraviolet filters on rotifers by examining life history parameters and gene expression related to reproduction and stress, highlighting the importance of understanding the impacts of sunscreen products on zooplankton health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Gongyuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhihao Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Bruhns T, Sánchez-Girón Barba C, König L, Timm S, Fisch K, Sokolova IM. Combined effects of organic and mineral UV-filters on the lugworm Arenicola marina. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142184. [PMID: 38697569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Pollution from personal care products, such as UV-filters like avobenzone and nano-zinc oxide (nZnO), poses a growing threat to marine ecosystems. To better understand this hazard, especially for lesser-studied sediment-dwelling marine organisms, we investigated the physiological impacts of simultaneous exposure to nZnO and avobenzone on the lugworm Arenicola marina. Lugworms were exposed to nZnO, avobenzone, or their combination for three weeks. We assessed pollutant-induced metabolic changes by measuring key metabolic intermediates in the body wall and coelomic fluid, and oxidative stress by analyzing antioxidant levels and oxidative lesions in proteins and lipids of the body wall. Exposure to UV filters resulted in shifts in the concentrations of Krebs' cycle and urea cycle intermediates, as well as alterations in certain amino acids in the body wall and coelomic fluid of the lugworms. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed that nZnO induced more pronounced metabolic shifts compared to avobenzone or their combination. Exposure to avobenzone or nZnO alone prompted an increase in tissue antioxidant capacity, indicating a compensatory response to restore redox balance, which effectively prevented oxidative damage to proteins or lipids. However, co-exposure to nZnO and avobenzone suppressed superoxide dismutase and lead to accumulation of lipid peroxides and methionine sulfoxide, indicating oxidative stress and damage to lipids and proteins. Our findings highlight oxidative stress as a significant mechanism of toxicity for both nZnO and avobenzone, especially when combined, and underscores the importance of further investigating the fitness implications of oxidative stress induced by these common UV filters in benthic marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Bruhns
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Candela Sánchez-Girón Barba
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian König
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Timm
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Fisch
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 21, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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9
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Lorigo M, Quintaneiro C, Breitenfeld L, Cairrao E. Exposure to UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate and human health effects: Focus on endocrine disruptor actions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142218. [PMID: 38704047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Human skin is the first line of photoprotection against UV radiation. However, despite having its defence mechanisms, the photoprotection that the skin exerts is not enough. To protect human skin, the inclusion of UV filters in the cosmetic industry has grown significantly as a photoprotection strategy. Octylmethoxycinnamate, also designated by octinoxate, or 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (CAS number: 5466-77-3) is one of the most widely used UV-B filter in the cosmetic industry. The toxic effects of OMC have alarmed the public, but there is still no consensus in the scientific community about its use. This article aims to provide an overview of the UV filters' photoprotection, emphasizing the OMC and the possible negative effects it may have on the public health. Moreover, the current legislation will be addressed. In summary, the recommendations should be rethought to assess their risk-benefit, since the existing literature warns us to endocrine-disrupting effects of OMC. Further studies should be focus on the toxicity of OMC alone, in mixture and should consider its degradation products, to improve the knowledge of its risk assessment as EDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Luiza Breitenfeld
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Słoczyńska K, Piska K, Kocot N, Żelaszczyk D, Krupa A, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Marona H, Pękala E. In vitro safety evaluation of (6-methoxy-9-oxo-9 H-xanthen-2-yl)methyl ( E)-3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (K-116) - the novel potential UV filter designed by means of a double chromophore strategy. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:266-278. [PMID: 38819995 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2363332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The use of topical photoprotection is necessary to reduce adverse effects caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Despite the high standards set for UV filters, many of them may contribute to the occurrence of adverse effects. The newly synthesised compound K-116, the (E)-cinnamoyl xanthone derivative, could be an alternative. We conducted extended in vitro safety evaluation of compound K-116. The research included assessment of irritation potential on skin tissue, evaluation of penetration through the epidermis, and assessment of phototoxicity, and mutagenicity. Additionally, the eco-safety of compound K-116 was evaluated, including an examination of its degradation pathway in the Cunninghamella echinulata model, as well as in silico simulation of the toxicity of both the parent compound and its degradation products. The research showed that compound K-116 tested in future application conditions is deprived of skin irritant potential additionally it does not penetrate through the epidermis. Results showed that K-116 concentrate is not phototoxic and not mutagenic. The eco-safety studies showed that it undergoes biodegradation in 27% in Cunninghamella echinulata model. The parent compound and formed metabolite are less toxic than reference UV filters (octinoxate and octocrylene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Kocot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Krupa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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11
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Chen HC, Huang YF, Wu CT. Concentrations, compositional profiles, and health risks of benzophenones among the Taiwanese population based on analysis of 23 daily consumed foods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134077. [PMID: 38574654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the occurrence and distribution of 11 benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (BPs) in 893 food samples spanning 7 food categories in Taiwan. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of BPs. The results indicated that cornflakes had the highest mean level of BPs (103 ng/g), followed by bread (101 ng/g) and pastries (59 ng/g). BP was the most prevalent category, followed by 4-methylbenzophenone (4-MBP), 2-hydroxybenzophenone, and benzophenone-3. Estimation of the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of BP (average life expectancy of 80 years) placed them in the 50th and 97.5th percentiles [P50 (P97.5)] LTCR of 1.9 × 10-7 (5.7 × 10-6), indicating that BP in food poses a low renal hazard to the Taiwanese population. The noncarcinogenic risk of BPs was evaluated using a hazard quotient and combined margin of exposure (MOET), revealing a P50 (P97.5) hazard index of < 1 for BP, 4-MBP, and methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate. Although the P50 MOET values for all age groups were within the moderate range of concern, with a more conservative extreme (P2.5), the MOET values for the 0-3, 3-6, and 6-12 age groups fell below 100, indicating a high concern for renal degeneration and hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Ting Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Science Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Li B, Yao Z, Wei D, Guo L, Ma Z, Li C. Uptake, accumulation and metabolism of UV-320 in vegetables and its impact on growth and quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171228. [PMID: 38402974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
UV-320 is classified as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) by the European Chemicals Agency and has attracted significant attention due to its presence in the environment. Understanding the uptake, translocation and metabolic patterns of UV-320 in vegetables is essential for assessing their ability to bioaccumulate and potential risks to human health. In this study, we investigated the uptake and translocation of UV-320 in lettuce and radish by hydroponic experiments. The results showed that the root concentration factors (Croot/Csolution, RCF) of lettuce and radish were in the range of 47.9 to 464 mL/g and 194 to 787 mL/g, respectively. The transfer factors (Cshoot/Croot, TF) were observed to be 0.001-0.012 for lettuce and 0.02-0.05 for radish. Additionally, non-targeted screening identified twelve phase I and one phase II metabolites of UV-320 in vegetables, which were confirmed based on their molecular formulas and structures. The metabolic pathways involving oxidation, ketonylation and deamination were proposed in vegetables. Also, we have observed that UV-320 inhibits the growth of vegetables. Meanwhile, we evaluated the health risk of UV-320 in lettuce and radish and found that the consumption of lettuce is relatively safe, while the consumption of radish has a risk of HQ >1 for both adults and children, which should be seriously considered. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior and ecological risks of UV-320 in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dizhe Wei
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co, Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
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13
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Kisielinski K, Hockertz S, Hirsch O, Korupp S, Klosterhalfen B, Schnepf A, Dyker G. Wearing face masks as a potential source for inhalation and oral uptake of inanimate toxins - A scoping review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:115858. [PMID: 38537476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 2020 to 2023 many people around the world were forced to wear masks for large proportions of the day based on mandates and laws. We aimed to study the potential of face masks for the content and release of inanimate toxins. METHODS A scoping review of 1003 studies was performed (database search in PubMed/MEDLINE, qualitative and quantitative evaluation). RESULTS 24 studies were included (experimental time 17 min to 15 days) evaluating content and/or release in 631 masks (273 surgical, 228 textile and 130 N95 masks). Most studies (63%) showed alarming results with high micro- and nanoplastics (MPs and NPs) release and exceedances could also be evidenced for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), xylene, acrolein, per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalates (including di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate, DEHP) and for Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Sb and TiO2. DISCUSSION Of course, masks filter larger dirt and plastic particles and fibers from the air we breathe and have specific indications, but according to our data they also carry risks. Depending on the application, a risk-benefit analysis is necessary. CONCLUSION Undoubtedly, mask mandates during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have been generating an additional source of potentially harmful exposition to toxins with health threatening and carcinogenic properties at population level with almost zero distance to the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kisielinski
- Social Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Clinical Medicine (Surgery), Private Practice, 40212 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stefan Hockertz
- Toxicology, Pharmacology, Immunology, tpi consult AG, Haldenstr. 1, CH 6340 Baar, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, FOM University of Applied Sciences, 57078 Siegen, Germany
| | - Stephan Korupp
- Surgeon, Emergency Medicine, Private Practice, 52070 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Klosterhalfen
- Institute of Pathology, Dueren Hospital, Roonstrasse 30, 52351 Dueren, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Dyker
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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14
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Lam TK, Law JCF, Leung KSY. Hybrid radical coupling during MnO 2-mediated transformation of a mixture of organic UV filters: Chemistry and toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170121. [PMID: 38232841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Manganese oxide (MnO2) is one of the most abundant metal oxides, and it is renowned for its ability to degrade various phenolic micropollutants. However, under MnO2-mediated transformation, BP-3 transforms into 12 different radical-coupled transformation products (TPs) out of 15 identified TPs. These radical-coupled TPs are reported with adverse environmental impacts. This study explored the effects of MnO2 on organic UV filter mixtures and different water constituents (i.e., bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), humic acid (HA) and halide ions) in terms of degradation efficiency and transformation chemistry. When a mixture of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and avobenzone (AVO) underwent transformation by MnO2, hybrid radical-coupled TPs derived from both organic UV filters were generated. These hybrid radical-coupled TPs were evaluated by an in silico prediction tool and Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay (VFBIA). Results showed that these TPs were potentially toxic to aquatic organisms, even more so than their parent compounds. The higher the concentration of HCO3-, HA, chloride ion (Cl-) and bromide ion (Br-), the greater the reduction in the efficiencies of degrading BP-3 and AVO. Contrastingly, in the presence of iodide ion (I-), degradation efficiencies of BP-3 and AVO were enhanced; however, iodinated TPs and iodinated radical-coupled TPs were formed, with questionable toxicity. This study has revealed the environmental risks of hybrid radical-coupled TPs, iodinated TPs and iodinated radical-coupled TPs when the organic UV filters BP-3 and AVO are transformed by MnO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Ki Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, PR China.
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15
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Schierano-Marotti G, Altamirano GA, Oddi S, Gomez AL, Meyer N, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Zenclussen AC, Rodríguez HA, Kass L. Branching morphogenesis of the mouse mammary gland after exposure to benzophenone-3. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 484:116868. [PMID: 38382712 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Pubertal mammary branching morphogenesis is a hormone-regulated process susceptible to exposure to chemicals with endocrine disruptive capacity, such as the UV-filter benzophenone-3 (BP3). Our aim was to assess whether intrauterine or in vitro exposure to BP3 modified the branching morphogenesis of the female mouse mammary gland. For this, pregnant mice were dermally exposed to BP3 (0.15 or 50 mg/kg/day) from gestation day (GD) 8.5 to GD18.5. Sesame oil treatment served as control. Changes of the mammary glands of the offspring were studied on postnatal day 45. Further, mammary organoids from untreated mice were cultured under branching induction conditions and exposed for 9 days to BP3 (1 × 10-6 M, 1 × 10-9 M, or 1 × 10-12 M with 0.01% ethanol as control) to evaluate the branching progression. Mice that were exposed to BP3 in utero showed decreased mRNA levels of progesterone receptor (PR) and WNT4. However, estradiol and progesterone serum levels, mammary histomorphology, proliferation, and protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and PR were not significantly altered. Interestingly, direct exposure to BP3 in vitro also decreased the mRNA levels of PR, RANKL, and amphiregulin without affecting the branching progression. Most effects were found after exposure to 50 mg/kg/day or 1 × 10-6 M of BP3, both related to sunscreen application in humans. In conclusion, exposure to BP3 does not impair mammary branching morphogenesis in our models. However, BP3 affects PR transcriptional expression and its downstream mediators, suggesting that exposure to BP3 might affect other developmental stages of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Schierano-Marotti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Altamirano
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sofia Oddi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ayelen L Gomez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nicole Meyer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mónica Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana C Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and Perinatal Immunology, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Horacio A Rodríguez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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16
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Lorigo M, Quintaneiro C, Breitenfeld L, Cairrao E. Effects associated with exposure to the emerging contaminant octyl-methoxycinnamate (a UV-B filter) in the aquatic environment: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2024; 27:55-72. [PMID: 38146151 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2296897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing concern surrounding ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin damage, there has been a rise in demand for UV filters. Currently, UV-filters are considered emerging contaminants. The extensive production and use of UV filters have led to their widespread release into the aquatic environment. Thus, there is growing concern that UV filters may bioaccumulate and exhibit persistent properties within the environment, raising several safety health concerns. Octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) is extensively employed as a UV-B filter in the cosmetic industry. While initially designed to mitigate the adverse photobiological effects attributed to UV radiation, the safety of OMC has been questioned with some studies reporting toxic effects on environment. The aim of this review to provide an overview of the scientific information regarding the most widely used organic UV-filter (OMC), and its effects on biodiversity and aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luiza Breitenfeld
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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17
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Li M, Ivantsova E, Liang X, Martyniuk CJ. Neurotoxicity of Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizers in Teleost Fishes: A Review. TOXICS 2024; 12:125. [PMID: 38393220 PMCID: PMC10891865 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Plastic additives that maintain integrity have been extensively studied for potential toxicity to fish; however, chemicals that protect polymers from (artificial) UV degradation are less studied. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVSs) are the most widely used UV stabilizers in plastics and are often used in sunscreens, cosmetics, paint, and food packaging. BUVSs can negatively affect aquatic wildlife when released into the environment via plastic degradation. In this review, we summarize the distribution of BUVSs globally and discuss neurotoxicological endpoints measured in fish to understand how these plastic additives can affect the neurological health of teleost fishes. BUVSs have been detected in aquatic environments at concentrations ranging from 0.05 up to 99,200 ng/L. Studies show that BUVSs affect behavioral responses and acetylcholinesterase activity, indicators of neurotoxicity. Our computational analysis using transcriptome data suggests certain pathways associated with neurodegeneration are responsive to exposure to BUVSs, like "Complement Activation in Alzheimer's Disease". Based on our review, we identify some research needs for future investigations: (1) molecular studies in the central nervous system to define precise mechanisms of neurotoxicity; (2) a wider range of tests for assessing aberrant behaviors given that BUVSs can affect the activity of larval zebrafish; and (3) histopathology of the nervous system to accompany biochemical analyses. These data are expected to enhance understanding of the neurotoxicity potential of benzotriazoles and other plastic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; (M.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Emma Ivantsova
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Xuefang Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; (M.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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18
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Fatima N, Yaqoob S, Rana S, Hameed A, Mirza MR, Jabeen A. In vitro photoprotective potential of aryl-sandwiched (thio)semicarbazones against UVA mediated cellular and DNA damage. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 251:112841. [PMID: 38194816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The most prevalent solar ultraviolet radiation is ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation. It is the inducer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a potent mediator of inflammation and photocarcinogenesis. Regular application of sunscreens containing UVA filters is an effective preventive measure in mitigating the risk associated with the formation of dermal carcinoma. Therefore, the development of new photoprotective agents is of great need. The current work examined the in vitro photoprotection of the aryl-linked (thio)semicarbazone derivatives against UVA-mediated DNA damage, inflammation, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and ROS. Except for the inflammatory cytokine assay, which was carried out on the human monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cell line, all tests were conducted on the human dermal fibroblast (BJ) cell line. In comparison to benzophenone (reference compound), the compound (2Z, 2'Z)-2,2'-(1,3-Phenylenebis (methanylylidene)) bis (hydrazine-1-carbothioamide) (DD-21) demonstrated considerable protection against UVA-induced damage. Compared to the UVA-irradiated control, DD-21 significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and ROS (p < 0.001). In the presence of DD-21, the release of UVA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Moreover, it was observed that DD-21 protected the cells from UVA-mediated DNA strand breaks and also inhibited the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) upon comparison to the UVA-exposed control cells (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the findings of this study revealed that DD-21 exhibits remarkable photoprotective properties, thus demonstrating its potential as a candidate UVA filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Fatima
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sana Yaqoob
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Rana
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Hameed
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Munazza Raza Mirza
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research (PCMD), International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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19
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D'Amico M, Kallenborn R, Scoto F, Gambaro A, Gallet JC, Spolaor A, Vecchiato M. Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern in north-western Spitsbergen snow: Distribution and sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168401. [PMID: 37939944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products contain chemicals that are considered of emerging concern in the Arctic. In this study, a selected group of personal care products was investigated in the snowpack on north-western Spitsbergen. We report a preliminary study on the spatial and seasonal distribution of 13 ingredients commonly found in personal care products, including fragrance materials, UV filters, BHT and BPA. Possible sources and deposition processes are discussed. Experimental analyses utilizing GC-MS/MS, were complemented with outputs from the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model. The results reveal the presence of all selected compounds in the snow, both in proximity to and distant from the research village of Ny-Ålesund. For some of these chemicals this is the first time their presence is reported in snow in Svalbard. These chemicals show different partitioning behaviours between the particulate and dissolved phases, affecting their transport and deposition processes. Additionally, concentrations of certain compounds vary across different altitudes. It is observed the relevance of long-range atmospheric transport during winter at most sites, and, regardless of the proximity to human settlements, snow concentrations can be influenced by long-distance sources. This study highlights the need for detailed information on CEACs' physical-chemical properties, considering their potential impact on fresh and marine waters during the snowmelt under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna D'Amico
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology (AT), University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), 9176 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
| | - Federico Scoto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Campus Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Spolaor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy.
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20
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Grant GJ, Kohli I, Mohammad TF. A narrative review of the impact of ultraviolet radiation and sunscreen on the skin microbiome. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2024; 40:e12943. [PMID: 38288770 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human skin microbiome is a dynamic ecosystem that plays an important role in skin health. The skin microbiome has been implicated in numerous diseases, and our knowledge surrounding it continues to evolve. A better understanding of the interactions between the environment and the skin microbiome will lead to improvements in skin health. METHODS This article reviews the published literature surrounding the impact of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and sunscreen on the skin microbiome. RESULTS Skin microbes are differentially impacted by UVR, and alterations in the microbiome can be detected following UVR exposure. These changes are related to direct bactericidal effects, alterations in the cutaneous metabolome, and changes in the cutaneous immune system. UV filters used in sunscreen have been shown to have bactericidal effects, and many compounds used in sunscreen emulsions can also negatively impact cutaneous microbes. CONCLUSION A healthy microbiome has been shown to produce compounds that help protect the skin from UVR, and sunscreen has the potential to reduce the diversity of the skin microbiome. This indicates that designing sunscreen products that both provide protection against UVR and preserve the skin microbiome may offer additional benefits to skin health when compared with traditional sunscreen products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garett J Grant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Transitional Year Residency Program, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- The Henry W Lim, MD, Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tasneem F Mohammad
- The Henry W Lim, MD, Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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21
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Fan LX, Chen L, Zhang HY, Xu WH, Wang XL, Xu S, Wang YZ. Dual Photo-Responsive Diphenylacetylene Enables PET In-Situ Upcycling with Reverse Enhanced UV-Resistance and Strength. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314448. [PMID: 37938175 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel in situ chemical upcycling strategy for plastic waste is proposed by the customized diphenylacetylene monomer with dual photo-response. That is, diphenylacetylene reactive monomers are in situ inserted into the macromolecular chain of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics/fibers through one-pot transesterification of slight-depolymerization and re-polymerization. On the one hand, the diphenylacetylene group absorbs short-wave high-energy UV rays and then releases long-wave low-energy harmless fluorescence. On the other hand, the UV-induced photo-crosslinking reaction among diphenylacetylene groups produces extended π-conjugated structure, resulting in a red-shift (due to decreased HOMO-LUMO separation) in the UV absorption band and locked crosslink points between PET chains. Therefore, with increasing UV exposure time, the upcycled PET plastics exhibit reverse enhanced UV resistance and mechanical strength (superior to original performance), instead of serious UV-photodegradation and damaged performance. This upcycling strategy at oligomer-scale not only provides a new idea for traditional plastic recycling, but also solves the common problem of gradual degradation of polymer performance during use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hua-Yu Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wen-Hao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shimei Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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22
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Huang Y, Wang P, Peng W, Law JCF, Zhang L, Shi H, Zhang Y, Leung KSY. Co-exposure to organic UV filters and phthalates and their associations with oxidative stress levels in children: A prospective follow-up study in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167433. [PMID: 37774881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Children are highly vulnerable to environmental pollutants, especially endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Previous research has linked both organic UV filters and phthalates exposure to adiposity and pubertal development in children. Nevertheless, the individual and collective effects of these chemicals on this population remain poorly understood. In this study, twelve organic UV filters and metabolites, six phthalate metabolites and two oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed in a prospective follow-up study in Shanghai, China after a baseline study conducted 1.5 years earlier. Results revealed a positive association between exposure to individual organic UV filters or their mixture and levels of 8-OHdG (β ranging from 0.242 to 0.588, P < 0.05), a marker of oxidative DNA damage. BP-3 and OD-PABA made a greater contribution to oxidative DNA damage than other UV filters. Levels of 8-OHdG were also positively correlated with single phthalate metabolites and their mixture, with MnBP and MMP contributing the most. Stratified analysis found that these associations were mainly observed in girls. Our mixture analysis revealed cumulative risks of oxidative DNA damage when there was co-exposure to these two kinds of EDCs. These results underscore the importance of considering the risks associated with organic UV filters and the necessity of evaluating the effects of all these pollutants, both individually and in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Huang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiyu Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Liyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, China.
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China.
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23
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Chen XJ, Bai CW, Sun YJ, Huang XT, Zhang BB, Zhang YS, Yang Q, Wu JH, Chen F. pH-Driven Efficacy of the Ferrate(VI)-Peracetic Acid System in Swift Sulfonamide Antibiotic Degradation: A Deep Dive into Active Species Evolution and Mechanistic Insights. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20206-20218. [PMID: 37965750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of wastewater treatment, the power of ferrate (Fe(VI)) and peracetic acid (PAA) as oxidants stands out. But their combined might is where the enhancement truly lies. Their collaborative effect intensifies, but the underlying mechanics, especially across varying pH levels and pollutant types, still lurks in obscurity. Our study delved into the sophisticated oxidation interplay among Fe(VI)-PAA, Fe(VI)-H2O2, and standalone Fe(VI) systems. Notably, at a pH of 9.0, boasting a kinetic constant of ∼0.127 M-1·s-1, the Fe(VI)-PAA system annihilated the pollutant sulfamethoxazole, outpacing its counterparts by a staggering 48.73-fold when compared to the Fe(VI)-H2O2 system and 105.58-fold when using Fe(VI) individually. The behavior of active species─such as the dynamic •OH radicals and high-valent iron species (Fe(IV)/Fe(V))─shifted with pH variations, leading to distinct degradation pathways. Our detailed exploration pinpoints the behaviors of certain species across pH levels from 3.0 to 9.0. In more acidic environments, the •OH species proved indispensable for the system's reactivity. Conversely, as the pH inclined, degradation was increasingly steered by high-valent iron species. This intensive probe demystifies Fe(VI) interactions, deepening our understanding of the capabilities of the Fe(VI)-centered system and guiding us toward cleaner water solutions. Importantly, pH value, often underappreciated, holds the reins in organic wastewater decontamination. Embracing this key player is vital as we strategize for more expansive systems in upcoming ventures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Chang-Wei Bai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yi-Jiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xin-Tong Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Bin-Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yi-Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jing-Hang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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24
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Lam TK, Law JCF, Leung KSY. Hazardous radical-coupled transformation products of benzophenone-3 formed during manganese dioxide treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166481. [PMID: 37611723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Radical-coupled transformation products (TPs) have been identified as the byproducts of various transformation processes, including both natural attenuation and artificial treatments, of phenolic micropollutants. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), an organic UV filter of emerging concern, has been previously reported with ubiquitous occurrence in the natural environment and water bodies. Current research has demonstrated how TPs are formed from BP-3 when it is treated with manganese oxide (MnO2). The ecological and toxicological risks of these TPs have also been assessed. Polymerization of BP-3 through radical coupling was observed as the major pathway by which BP-3 is transformed when treated with MnO2. These radical-coupled TPs haven't shown further degradation after formation, suggesting their potential persistence once occurred in the environment. In silico experiments predict the radical-coupled TPs will increase in mobility, persistence and ecotoxicity. If true, they also represent an ever-increasing threat to the environment, ecosystems and, most immediately, aquatic living organisms. In addition, radical-coupled TPs produced by MnO2 transformation of BP-3 have shown escalated estrogenic activity compared to the parent compound. This suggests that radical coupling amplifies the toxicological impacts of parent compound. These results provide strong evidence that radical-coupled TPs with larger molecular sizes are having potential adverse impacts on the ecosystem and biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Ki Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
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25
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Mozas-Blanco S, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Kalman J, Quintana G, Díaz-Cruz MS, Rico A, López-Heras I, Martínez-Morcillo S, Motas M, Lertxundi U, Orive G, Santos O, Valcárcel Y. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of organic UV filters in coastal waters of the Iberian Peninsula. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115644. [PMID: 37922592 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the presence of 21 UVFs and metabolites in coastal regions of the Iberian Peninsula, to evaluate their environmental risk, and identify possible influential factors affecting their measured concentrations. Sampling was carried out in spring and summer to assess possible seasonal variations. UVFs were detected in 43 of the 46 sampling sites. Only 5 were found above LOD: BP4, OC, BP3 and metabolites BP1 and BP8. Samples collected in Mar Menor had the greatest variety of compounds per sample and the highest cumulative concentrations. The risk was characterized using Risk Quotients (RQ). BP1 showed a Low environmental Risk in 2 sites while for OC the RQ indicated a Moderate Risk in 22 points. The variables that contribute most to the variation are population density, sampling season, whether it was an open bay or not, and level of urbanization. The presence of WWTPs had a lower influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mozas-Blanco
- Research Group on Human and Environmental Risk (RISAMA), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Gil
- Research Group on Human and Environmental Risk (RISAMA), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; IISD - Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, MB R3B 0T4, Canada; Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M6, Canada.
| | - Judit Kalman
- Research Group on Human and Environmental Risk (RISAMA), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerard Quintana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC). Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC). Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, c/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Heras
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salomé Martínez-Morcillo
- Toxicology Unit, Veterinary School, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Miguel Motas
- Department of Toxicology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Veterinary, Campus of Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Unax Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academy, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Osvaldo Santos
- Environmental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Research Group on Human and Environmental Risk (RISAMA), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Onyango DO, Selman BG, Rose JL, Ellison CA, Nash JF. Comparison between endocrine activity assessed using ToxCast/Tox21 database and human plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients/UV filters. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:25-37. [PMID: 37561120 PMCID: PMC10613966 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunscreen products are composed of ultraviolet (UV) filters and formulated to reduce exposure to sunlight thereby lessening skin damage. Concerns have been raised regarding the toxicity and potential endocrine disrupting (ED) effects of UV filters. The ToxCast/Tox21 program, that is, CompTox, is a high-throughput in vitro screening database of chemicals that identify adverse outcome pathways, key events, and ED potential of chemicals. Using the ToxCast/Tox21 database, octisalate, homosalate, octocrylene, oxybenzone, octinoxate, and avobenzone, 6 commonly used organic UV filters, were found to have been evaluated. These UV filters showed low potency in these bioassays with most activity detected above the range of the cytotoxic burst. The pathways that were most affected were the cell cycle and the nuclear receptor pathways. Most activity was observed in liver and kidney-based bioassays. These organic filters and their metabolites showed relatively weak ED activity when tested in bioassays measuring estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), thyroid receptor, and steroidogenesis activity. Except for oxybenzone, all activity in the endocrine assays occurred at concentrations greater than the cytotoxic burst. Moreover, except for oxybenzone, plasma concentrations (Cmax) measured in humans were at least 100× lower than bioactive (AC50/ACC) concentrations that produced a response in ToxCast/Tox21 assays. These data are consistent with in vivo animal/human studies showing weak or negligible endocrine activity. In sum, when considered as part of a weight-of-evidence assessment and compared with measured plasma concentrations, the results show these organic UV filters have low intrinsic biological activity and risk of toxicity including endocrine disruption in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Onyango
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Bastian G Selman
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Jane L Rose
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Corie A Ellison
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - J F Nash
- Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
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27
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Diffey B. When should sunscreen be applied: The balance between health benefit and adverse consequences to humans and the environment. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45 Suppl 1:45-51. [PMID: 37799082 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a strategy for using sunscreens that optimizes the balance between skin health and adverse effects to humans and the environment. METHODS A model was developed to explore the relationship between sunscreen usage and personal sun exposure throughout the year in populations resident at different latitudes. RESULTS There is little biological justification in terms of skin health for applying sunscreen over the 4-6 winter months at latitudes of 45° N and higher, whereas year-round sunscreen is advised at latitudes of 30° N and lower. Avoiding sunscreen application at times when it is biologically unnecessary results in an annual reduction in sunscreen use of 25%. Furthermore, using products containing UV filters over the winter months at more northerly latitudes could lead to a higher number of people with vitamin D deficiency. The single largest use of sunscreen is on a sun-seeking holiday and encouragement to make more use of clothing and shade would appreciably reduce the sunscreen burden to the environment. CONCLUSION We need to use sunscreens wisely so that we gain the health benefit from their use while at the same time limiting possible harm to ourselves and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Diffey
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (Dermatology), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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28
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Liu Y, Gao L, Ai Q, Qiao L, Li J, Lyu B, Zheng M, Wu Y. Concentrations, Profiles, and Health Risks of Organic Ultraviolet Filters in Eight Food Categories Determined through the Sixth Chinese Total Diet Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13366-13374. [PMID: 37647541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are emerging contaminants that have been found in high concentrations in human tissues. Food intake is generally considered to be the primary route of human exposure to contaminants. In this study, 184 composite food samples, prepared from 4268 individual samples in eight categories collected from 23 Chinese provinces for the sixth Chinese total diet study, were analyzed. The total and median UV filter concentrations in food samples were 1.5-68.3 and 7.9 ng/g wet weight, respectively. The highest median concentrations were found in decreasing order in meat, cereals, and legumes. In total, 15 UV filters were analyzed. 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate, homosalate, and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate were dominant and made median contributions of 34.1%, 22.6%, and 14.5%, respectively, and 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol contributed the median of 0.03%, of the total UV filter concentrations. The estimated total daily UV filter intake in animal-origin foods and total UV filter concentration in human milk from the same province were significantly correlated (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Predicted absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination properties led to 10 UV filters being prioritized as most likely to be retained in human tissues. The prioritization results and toxicity assessments indicated that octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate have stronger effects in vivo and therefore require more attention than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014); NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
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Tkalec Ž, Runkel AA, Kosjek T, Horvat M, Heath E. Contaminants of emerging concern in urine: a review of analytical methods for determining diisocyanates, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, isothiazolinones, fragrances, and non-phthalate plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:95106-95138. [PMID: 37597142 PMCID: PMC10482756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) frameworks assess human exposure to hazardous chemicals. In this review, we discuss and summarize sample preparation procedures and analytical methodology for six groups of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs), namely diisocyanates, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, isothiazolinones, fragrances, and non-phthalate plasticizers, which are increasingly detected in urine, however, are not yet widely included in HBM schemes, despite posing a risk to human health. The sample preparation procedures depend largely on the chemical group; however, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is most often used due to the minimized sample handling, lower sample volume, and generally achieving lower limits of quantification (LOQs) compared to other extraction techniques. In terms of sample analysis, LC-based methods generally achieve lower limits of quantification (LOQs) compared to GC-based methods for the selected six groups of chemicals owing to their broader chemical coverage. In conclusion, since these chemicals are expected to be more frequently included in future HBM studies, it becomes evident that there is a pressing need for rigorous quality assurance programs to ensure better comparability of data. These programs should include the reporting of measurement uncertainty and facilitate inter-laboratory comparisons among the reporting laboratories. In addition, high-resolution mass spectrometry should be more commonly employed to enhance the specificity and selectivity of the applied analytical methodology since it is underrepresented in HBM. Furthermore, due to the scarcity of data on the levels of these CECs in urine, large population HBM studies are necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Tkalec
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Agneta Annika Runkel
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences (O2), Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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30
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Hong S, Peng Z, Wu M, Nie Y, Yi Y, Cai H, Zhang XZ. Human-Hair-Derived Natural Particles as Multifunctional Sunscreen for Effective UV Protection. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14943-14953. [PMID: 37485891 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation can lead to a series of skin problems. Although commercial sunscreens can protect skin from UV-induced damage to an extent, the side effects caused by such products are still worrisome. Here, inspired by the natural photoprotection effect of human hair, we extracted the multifunctional particles from human hair as sunscreens for UV protection. Both in vitro and in vivo results indicate that hair-derived particles (HDPs) could effectively protect skin from UV radiation. Besides, HDPs retain the antioxidant capability of melanin in hair, which avoids UV-induced oxidative damage. In addition, the unique shape of HDPs can prevent them from penetrating into the skin, thus avoiding potential toxicity. Moreover, owing to their mesoporous structure, the particles can also be used as drug carriers. With the loading of octocrylene, the particles are more effective in blocking UV radiation. This study provides an ingenious tactic for the design and development of sunscreens from a natural substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangwen Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichu Nie
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Yi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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31
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He T, Tsui MMP, Mayfield AB, Liu PJ, Chen TH, Wang LH, Fan TY, Lam PKS, Murphy MB. Organic ultraviolet filter mixture promotes bleaching of reef corals upon the threat of elevated seawater temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162744. [PMID: 36907390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Global reef degradation is a critical environmental health issue that has triggered intensive research on ocean warming, but the implications of emerging contaminants in coral habitats are largely overlooked. Laboratory experiments assessing organic ultraviolet (UV) filter exposure have shown that these chemicals negatively affect coral health; their ubiquitous occurrence in association with ocean warming may pose great challenges to coral health. We investigated both short- (10-day) and long-term (60-day) single and co-exposures of coral nubbins to environmentally relevant organic UV filter mixtures (200 ng/L of 12 compounds) and elevated water temperatures (30 °C) to investigate their effects and potential mechanisms of action. The initial 10-day exposure of Seriatopora caliendrum resulted in bleaching only under co-exposure conditions (compounds + temperature). The 60-day mesocosm study entailed the same exposure settings with nubbins of three species (S. caliendrum, Pocillopora acuta and Montipora aequituberculata). Bleaching (37.5 %) and mortality (12.5 %) of S. caliendrum were observed under UV filter mixture exposure. In the co-exposure treatment, 100 % S. caliendrum and P. acuta bleached associating with 100 % and 50 % mortality, respectively, and significant increase of catalase activities in P. acuta and M. aequituberculata nubbins were found. Biochemical and molecular analyses indicated significant alteration of oxidative stress and metabolic enzymes. The results suggest that upon the adverse effects of thermal stress, organic UV filter mixture at environmental concentrations can cause bleaching in corals by inducing a significant oxidative stress and detoxification burden, suggesting that emerging contaminants may play a unique role in global reef degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangtian He
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Mirabelle M P Tsui
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Anderson B Mayfield
- Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, 130 Severn Ave., Annapolis, MD 21403, USA
| | - Pi-Jen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Te-Hao Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tung-Yung Fan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Margaret B Murphy
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Campodoni E, Montanari M, Artusi C, Bergamini L, Bassi G, Destro E, Fenoglio I, Panseri S, Tampieri A, Sanson A, Sandri M. Biomineralization: A new tool for developing eco-sustainable Ti-doped hydroxyapatite-based hybrid UV filters. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 151:213474. [PMID: 37207586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the prolonged exposure to UV radiation from sunlight can compromise human health and is particularly damaging to the skin, leading to sunburn, photo-aging and skin cancer. Sunscreen formulations containing UV-filters present a barrier against solar UV and help to mitigate the harmful effects however, concern about their safety for both human and environmental health is still a much-debated topic. EC regulations classify UV-filters depending on their chemical nature, particle size, and mechanism of action. Furthermore, it regulates their use in cosmetic products with specific limitations in terms of concentration (organic UV filters) and particle size and surface modification to reduce their photo-activity (mineral UV filters). The regulations have prompted researchers to identify new materials that show promise for use in sunscreens. In this work, biomimetic hybrid materials composed of titanium-doped hydroxyapatite (TiHA) grown on two different organic templates, derived from animal (gelatin - from pig skin) and vegetable (alginate - from algae) sources. These novel materials were developed and characterized to obtain sustainable UV-filters as a safer alternative for both human and ecosystem health. This 'biomineralization' process yielded TiHA nanoparticles that demonstrated high UV reflectance, low photoactivity, good biocompatibility and an aggregate morphology which prevents dermal penetration. The materials are safe for topical application and for the marine environment; moreover, they can protect organic sunscreen components from photodegradation and yield long-lasting protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Campodoni
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), Faenza, Italy.
| | - Margherita Montanari
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), Faenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Artusi
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), Faenza, Italy
| | - Linda Bergamini
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), Faenza, Italy
| | - Giada Bassi
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), Faenza, Italy
| | - Elena Destro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Panseri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), Faenza, Italy
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), Faenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sanson
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), Faenza, Italy
| | - Monica Sandri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council (ISTEC-CNR), Faenza, Italy.
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Liu M, Wu N, Li X, Zhang S, Sharma VK, Ajarem JS, Allam AA, Qu R. Insights into manganese(VII) enhanced oxidation of benzophenone-8 by ferrate(VI): Mechanism and transformation products. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120034. [PMID: 37150061 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are commonly used as UV filters in cosmetics and plastics products and are potentially toxic to the environment. This paper presents kinetics and products of BPs oxidation by ferrate(VI) (FeO42-, Fe(VI)) promoted by permanganate (Mn(VII)) . Degradation of 10.0 µM 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-8)were determined under different experimental conditions ([Mn(VII)] = 0.5-1.5 µM, [Fe(VI)] = 50-150 µM, and pH = 7.0-10.0). The addition of Mn(VII) traces to Fe(VI)-BP-8 solution enhanced kinetics and efficiency of the removal. Similar enhanced removals were also seen for other BPs (BP-1, BP-3, and BP-4) under optimized conditions. The second-order rate constants (k, M-1s-1) of the degradation of BPs showed positive relationship with the energy of the highest occupied orbital (EHOMO). The possible interaction between Mn(VII) and BP-8 and the enhanced generation of Fe(V)/Fe(IV) and •OH was proposed to facilitate the oxidation of the target benzophenone, supported by in-situ electrochemical measurements, theoretical calculations and reactive species quenching experiments. Thirteen oxidation products of BP-8 suggested hydroxylation, bond breaking, polymerization and carboxylation steps in the oxidation. Toxicity assessments by ECOSAR program showed that the oxidized intermediate products posed a tapering ecological risk during the degradation process. Overall, the addition of Mn(VII) could improve the oxidation efficiency of Fe(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - ShengNan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
| | - Jamaan S Ajarem
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Allam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, 65211, Egypt
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
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Wang Y, Jiang S, Chen X, Liu X, Li N, Nie Y, Lu G. Comparison of developmental toxicity of benzophenone-3 and its metabolite benzophenone-8 in zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 258:106515. [PMID: 37011548 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) as one of frequently used organic UV filters has been considered an emerging pollutant due to its toxicities. Benzophenone-8 (BP-8) is one of the main metabolites of BP-3 in organisms. Current reports show that BP-8 may be more toxic than BP-3. However, difference of their toxicities on embryonic development has rarely been reported. In this study, zebrafish embryos were chosen as the target organism to explore the developmental toxicities of BP-3 and BP-8. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis was performed to compare their modes of action. Results showed that BP-8 exposures led to higher bioaccumulation and lower hatching rate of zebrafish larvae than BP-3. Both BP-8 and BP-3 exposures caused behavioral abnormalities of zebrafish larvae, but no significant difference was found between them. At the metabolome level, 1 μg/L BP-3 and 1 μg/L BP-8 exposures altered neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway and FoxO signaling pathway, respectively, which might be involved in the abnormal behaviors in zebrafish larvae. For higher exposure groups (30 and 300 μg/L), both BP-3 and BP-8 exposures changed metabolism of cofactors and vitamins of zebrafish larvae. Exposure of BP-3 altered the metabolism by pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathway, while BP-8 exposure changed riboflavin metabolism and folate biosynthesis. The above results indicated different modes of action of BP-3 and BP-8 in zebrafish embryonic development. This study sheds new light to biological hazards of BP-3 due to its metabolism in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Shengnan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yang Nie
- Hangzhou Hydrology and Water Resources Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310016, PR China.
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Hu H, Li Y, Lu G, Wang WX, Li H, You J. Spatiotemporal trends of ultraviolet absorbents in oysters from the Pearl River Estuary, south China during 2015-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121298. [PMID: 36804145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) are widely used in various industrial materials, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products, resulting in their frequent occurrences in sediment, water, and biota. However, our understanding of the spatiotemporal characteristics and long-term contamination status of UVAs is still limited. Here, a 6-year biomonitoring study with oysters during wet and dry seasons was conducted to examine the annual, seasonal, and spatial characteristics of UVAs in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China. The concentrations of Σ6UVA ranged from 9.1 to 119 (geometric mean ± standard deviation: 31 ± 22) ng/g dry wt. and peaked in 2018. Significant spatiotemporal variations in UVA contamination were observed. The concentrations of UVAs in oysters during the wet season were higher than the dry season, and concentrations in the more industrialized eastern coast were higher than the western coast (p < 0.05). Environmental factors, including precipitation, temperature, and salinity in water significantly impacted the UVA bioaccumulation in the oysters. The present study highlights that long-term biomonitoring with oysters provided valuable insight in the magnitude and seasonal variation of UVAs in this highly dynamic estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Guangyuan Lu
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Lukić J, Đurkić T, Onjia A. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and Monte Carlo simulation of margin of safety for octocrylene, EHMC, 2ES, and homosalate in sunscreens. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5590. [PMID: 36709999 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) using a floating organic drop has been optimized and used for the sample preparation of four commonly used ultraviolet filter (UVF) substances in sunscreens. Plackett-Burman experimental design was used to screen 10 variables in DLLME. The most significant variables were then optimized by using a response surface method with a Box-Behnken design. DLLME followed by an optimized HPLC identified octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and homosalate as the frequently found UVFs in commercial sunscreens. The systemic exposure dosage and margin of safety (MoS) for the identified UVFs were estimated using in-use concentrations and application patterns. The average systemic exposure dosage values for octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, ethylhexyl salicylate, and homosalate were 0.52, 0.61, 0.020, and 0.079 mg/kg body weight per day, respectively. Whereas the average MoS values for individual UVFs ranging from 296 to 3160 were all significantly higher than the limit value of 100, the combined exposure risks were slightly above the limit. The probabilistic health risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the combined MoS values were (mean, 10‰, 90‰) 342, 119, and 441, respectively. Regarding the usage of sunscreen cosmetics containing the UVFs studied, these results indicate a safety concern for those who apply multiple UVF products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Lukić
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Đurkić
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Antonije Onjia
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Zhou Y, Wang P, Li J, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Sze-Yin Leung K, Shi H, Zhang Y. Mixed exposure to phthalates and organic UV filters affects Children's pubertal development in a gender-specific manner. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138073. [PMID: 36758816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed phthalates and UV filters are endocrine-disruptive and associated with puberty. However, few studies have examined effects of mixed exposure. METHODS Six phthalate metabolites and 12 organic UV filters were detected among 223 school-age children. Puberty development was evaluated at baseline and after 18 months of follow-up. Ordered logistic regression models, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp) were used to evaluate relationships between phthalate metabolites or UV filters exposure and pubertal development. RESULTS Six phthalate metabolites and 5 UV filters were detectable in urine samples. In boys, BP-3 and 4'-MAP were negatively associated with genital (ORBP-3 = 0.52, (0.27, 0.93), OR4'-MAP = 0.45, (0.25, 0.74)) and pubic hair development (ORBP-3:0.24, (0.05, 0.76), OR4'-MAP:0.24, (0.05, 0.77)). In girls, MEP levels were associated with advanced breast development (OR: 1.29, (1.04, 1.64)). LASSO regression identified BP-3, 4'-MAP, and OD-PABA for inverse associations with pubertal development in boys. MEP was related to an increase in girls' breast development (OR: 1.64, (1.08, 2.63)). Overall mixture was related to a 70% reduction in boys' genital development stage, with a larger effect size than a single chemical in qgcomp. Mixed exposure was associated with girls' earlier puberty onset (OR: 2.61, (1.06, 6.42)). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested higher levels of phthalate metabolites and UV filters were associated with delayed pubertal development in boys but with earlier puberty in girls. Higher effect size of joint exposure than single chemicals suggested phthalates and UV filters might have synergistic effects on puberty and distort adolescent endocrine function together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Zhou
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiufeng Li
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingya Zhao
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yanran Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Ma Q, Zhang Y, Huangfu Y, Gao S, Zhou C, Rong H, Deng L, Dong A, Zhang J. Solid SiO 2-Sealed Mesoporous Silica for Synergistically Combined Use of Inorganic and Organic Filters to Achieve Safe and Effective Skin Protection from All-Band UV Radiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12209-12220. [PMID: 36846915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To effectively shield the full band of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and provide desirable protection, the combination of inorganic and organic filters was often used to protect human skin from the serious harm of UV exposure. However, the incompatibility of different filters and their mutual negative effect limit the production of multifilter sunscreen. In addition, the hazard of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by inorganic filters after UV exposure and the skin permeability of organic filters remain unresolved problems. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), two kinds of common filters with complementary UV shielding range, were first encapsulated into large mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN, ∼300 nm) to obtain MSN-TiO2 and MSN-DHHB. Also, a SiO2 coating was then made to seal and stabilize the MSN-TiO2 and MSN-DHHB. The structure, UV screen function, and safety of the SiO2-coated filters, MSN-TiO2@SiO2 and MSN-DHHB@SiO2, were evaluated. The good mechanical stability exhibited by the solid SiO2 layer prevented the release and skin penetration of the sealed DHHB and the photocatalysis of TiO2. Furthermore, the combination of MSN-TiO2@SiO2 and MSN-DHHB@SiO2 in sunscreen cream showed excellent UV shielding performance on covering the whole UV radiation range without mutual interference. Therefore, coating SiO2 over MSN is a feasible strategy for entrapping various filters to improve their photostability, preventing skin penetration and ROS generation, and enhancing their compatibility with different sunscreen formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yini Huangfu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shangdong Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Canhao Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hui Rong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Liandong Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Anjie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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39
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Kim H, Kim D, An YJ. Microplastics enhance the toxicity and phototoxicity of UV filter avobenzone on Daphnia magna. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130627. [PMID: 37056007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and ultraviolet (UV) filters cause pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, regulations on the use and discharge of UV filters in personal care products are lacking. Therefore, the combined toxicity of MPs (virgin polystyrene (PS) spheres; size: 200 nm) and avobenzone (AVO; a UV filter) on Daphnia magna were assessed. The exposure groups were AVO, AVO + UV irradiation for 6 h [AVO (UV)], AVO with MPs (Mix), and AVO with MPs + UV irradiation for 6 h [Mix (UV)]. The daphnids were exposed to these treatments for 48 h and observed for an additional 6 h. Energy reserves of all treated groups increased compared to that of the control group. Growth in the Mix group was inhibited despite a high food uptake, and food uptake and growth inhibition were validated in the Mix (UV) group. Additionally, the food uptake of the AVO (UV) and Mix (UV) groups decreased during the recovery period, possibly owing to a decrease in the normal feeding ability resulting from an increase in abnormality. These results indicate that the combined toxicity of MPs+AVO can be exacerbated under natural conditions; the complex toxicity should be considered when assessing aquatic environment pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haemi Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dokyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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40
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Analytical methods for investigating the presence, photoisomerisation-, and degradation kinetics of the UV-A filter avobenzone under aqueous conditions to ensure a more realistic environmental measurement. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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41
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Recent trends in the determination of organic UV filters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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42
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Tian L, Guo M, Chen H, Wu Y. Human health risk assessment of cinnamate UV absorbers: In vitro and in silico investigations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107658. [PMID: 36459820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV absorbers (UVAs) are contaminants of emerging concern. Environmental persistence and potential toxicological enrichment studies of UVAs have attracted international concern. It is important to study the toxicity mechanism of UVAs. This study is the first to report the toxicological mechanism of two cinnamate UV absorbers (CUVAs), 2-ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate (OMC) and isoamyl 4-methoxycinnamate (IMC) based on cellular models and molecular models. Cellular models demonstrated that the CUVAs-induced apoptosis might be associated with cellular mitochondrial damage pathways. The results of molecular models showed that OMC and IMC could affect the binding between major proteins and enzymes in the mitochondrial damage pathway and contaminants, ultimately leading to apoptosis. The cellular-molecular models showed that IMC and OMC have dose-effect relationships on cytotoxicity. The composite model is more informative than a single model. This study further indicate that UVAs causes toxicology effects that have implications for the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Haili Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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43
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Diffey BL. Sun protection: false beliefs and misguided advocacy. Br J Dermatol 2022; 188:552-554. [PMID: 36641769 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Diffey
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (Dermatology), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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44
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Probing photoprotection properties of lipophilic chain conjugated thiourea-aryl group molecules to attenuate ultraviolet-A induced cellular and DNA damages. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20907. [PMID: 36463260 PMCID: PMC9719470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation is a major contributor to reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrite species (RNS), inflammation, and DNA damage, which causes photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the UVA protective potential of lipophilic chain conjugated thiourea-substituted aryl group molecules against UVA-induced cellular damages in human dermal fibroblasts (BJ cell line). We tested a series of nineteen (19) molecules for UVA photoprotection, from which 2',5'-dichlorophenyl-substituted molecule DD-04 showed remarkable UVA protection properties compared to the reference (benzophenone). The results indicate that DD-04 significantly reduced intracellular ROS and nitric oxide (NO) as compared to the UVA-irradiated control (p < 0.001). Moreover, the compound DD-04 showed anti-inflammatory activity as it significantly reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by THP-1 (human monocytic) cells (p < 0.05). DNA damage was also prevented by DD-04 treatment in the presence of UVA. It was observed that DD-04 significantly reduced the number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) when compared to the UVA-irradiated control (p < 0.001). Finally, the DNA strand breaks were checked and a single intact DNA band was seen upon treatment with DD-04 in the presence of UVA. In conclusion, DD-04 can be considered a potential candidate UVA filter due to its photoprotective potential.
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45
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Jia LL, Luan YL, Shen HM, Guo Y. Long-term stability of several endocrine disruptors in the first morning urine samples and their associations with lifestyle characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157873. [PMID: 35940260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parabens, triclosan (TCS), bisphenols, benzophenones, and phthalates are typical endocrine disruptors (EDs) with short half-lives in the human body. The concentration levels of those EDs in a spot urine sample are frequently used in exposure assessment studies, and the reproducibility of urinary levels of these nonpersistent EDs should be considered. In the present study, we consecutively collected 45-day first morning void (FMV) urine samples, as well as daily questionnaires, in six recruited participants and measured the urinary concentrations of six parabens, TCS, nine bisphenols, five benzophenones, and ten phthalate metabolites by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MeP, EtP, PrP, TCS, BPA, BPS, BPF, and most phthalate metabolites were frequently detected (over 62 % of samples). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for ED concentrations in FMV urine samples ranged from fair to excellent for MeP (0.683), EtP (0.702), BPA (0.505), BPS (0.908), BPF (0.887), BP-3 (0.712), mMP (0.661), mEP (0.523), mBP (0.500), miBP (0.724), mBzP (0.961) and all metabolites of DEHP (0.867-0.957), whereas they were low for PrP (0.321) and TCS (0.306). After creatinine adjustment, the values of ICCs for most target EDs were increased with mild to significant improvement. The stability of ED concentrations was affected by daily diet (MeP, TCS, BPA, mMP, miBP, mBP and mBzP), food containers (PrP and mECPP), use of personal care products (HMWP metabolites), pharmaceuticals (EtP) and recorded activities (BPS, mEHP, mBzP, mEHHP and mEOHP), as confirmed by a general linear mixed model. Furthermore, extending the FMV sampling period improved the probability of acceptable reproducibility (ICCs > 0.40) of MeP, EtP, BP-3 and mEP concentrations. For BPS, BPF and HMWP metabolite concentrations showed high probabilities (>80 %) of acceptable reproducibility in the last three days, and the increasing sample size slowly improved the ability to discriminate the subjects. The results were exactly the opposite for BPA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Ling Luan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui-Min Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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46
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Engineered fabrication of EGCG-UV absorber conjugated nano-assemblies for antioxidative sunscreens with broad-band absorption. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Liu Y, Gao L, Qiao L, Huang D, Lyu B, Li J, Wu Y, Zheng M. Concentrations, Compound Profiles, and Possible Sources of Organic UV Filters in Human Milk in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15930-15940. [PMID: 36260437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are of great concern due to their wide occurrence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Little is known about human exposure to UV filters. A total of 3467 individual human milk samples from 24 Chinese provinces were collected during 2017-2019. The concentrations of 12 UV filters in 100 pooled milk samples were determined. The total UV filter concentration was 78-846 (mean 235 ± 120) ng/g lipid weight. The highest and lowest total mean concentrations were for samples from Qinghai and Sichuan provinces, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between UV radiation levels and UV concentrations in the samples. The dominant UV filters were 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) benzotriazole (UV-P) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), which contributed means of 32 and 22%, respectively, to the total concentrations. Plastic products and sunscreens were probably the sources of UV-P and EHMC in the human milk from China, respectively. The mean 2-(3,5-di-tert-amyl-2-hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazole (UV-328) concentration was 2.6 ± 2.6 ng/g lipid weight. The UV filter profiles were similar to profiles for samples from Japan, the Philippines, and Switzerland but not for samples from Korea and Vietnam. The estimated daily UV filter intake for breastfed infants was below the corresponding reference dose. This was the first large-scale study of UV filters in human milk and will help assess the risks posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
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48
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Chatzigianni M, Pavlou P, Siamidi A, Vlachou M, Varvaresou A, Papageorgiou S. Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1331-1345. [PMID: 36173495 PMCID: PMC9652235 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreen use has increased in recent years, as sunscreen products minimize the damaging effects of solar radiation. Active ingredients called ultraviolet (UV) filters or UV agents, either organic or inorganic, responsible for defending skin tissue against harmful UV rays, are incorporated in sunscreen formulations. UV agents have a serious impact on many members of bio communities, and they are transferred to the environment either directly or indirectly. Many organic UV filters are found to be accumulated in marine environments because of high values of the octanol/water partition coefficient. However, due to the fact that UV agents are not stable in water, unwanted by-products may be formed. Experimental studies or field observations have shown that organic UV filters tend to bioaccumulate in various aquatic animals, such as corals, algae, arthropods, mollusks, echinoderms, marine vertebrates. This review was conducted in order to understand the effects of UV agents on both the environment and marine biota. In vivo and in vitro studies of UV filters show a wide range of adverse effects on the environment and exposed organisms. Coral bleaching receives considerable attention, but the scientific data identify potential toxicities of endocrine, neurologic, neoplastic and developmental pathways. However, more controlled environmental studies and long-term human use data are limited. Several jurisdictions have prohibited specific UV filters, but this does not adequately address the dichotomy of the benefits of photoprotection vs lack of eco-friendly, safe, and approved alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Chatzigianni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
| | - Panagoula Pavlou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece.
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece.
| | - Angeliki Siamidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Marilena Vlachou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Varvaresou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
| | - Spyridon Papageorgiou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243, Egaleo, Greece
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49
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Provencher J, Malaisé F, Mallory ML, Braune BM, Pirie-Dominix L, Lu Z. 44-Year Retrospective Analysis of Ultraviolet Absorbents and Industrial Antioxidants in Seabird Eggs from the Canadian Arctic (1975 to 2019). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14562-14573. [PMID: 36198135 PMCID: PMC9583603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) absorbents and industrial antioxidants are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), but little is known about their distribution in Arctic wildlife, as well as how these contaminants vary over time, across regions, and between species. We used archived egg samples to examine the temporal patterns of 26 UV absorbents and industrial antioxidants in three seabird species (black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, thick-billed murres Uria lomvia, northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis) sampled in Arctic Canada between 1975 and 2019. Various synthetic phenolic antioxidants, aromatic secondary amines, benzotriazole UV stabilizers, and organic UV filters were detected in the seabird eggs. Overall, kittiwakes had higher levels of several UV absorbents and industrial antioxidants. Most target contaminants reached their peak concentrations at different points during the 44-year study period or did not vary significantly over time. None of these contaminant concentrations have increased in recent years. The antioxidant 2-6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was the most frequently detected contaminant in seabird eggs, and its level significantly declined over the course of the study period in kittiwake eggs but did not change in the eggs of murres and fulmars. Future research should examine the effects of these CECs on the health of avian species, the sources, and exposure pathways of these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
F. Provencher
- Ecotoxicology
and Wildlife Health Division, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Florentine Malaisé
- Institut
des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université
du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Mark L. Mallory
- Department
of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Birgit M. Braune
- Ecotoxicology
and Wildlife Health Division, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Lisa Pirie-Dominix
- Canadian
Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate
Change Canada, Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 0H0, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut
des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université
du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
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50
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Klančič V, Gobec M, Jakopin Ž. Environmental contamination status with common ingredients of household and personal care products exhibiting endocrine-disrupting potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:73648-73674. [PMID: 36083363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The continuous use of household and personal care products (HPCPs) produces an immense amount of chemicals, such as parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones and alkylphenol ethoxylates, which are of great concern due to their well-known endocrine-disrupting properties. These chemicals easily enter the environment through man-made activities, thus contaminating the biota, including soil, water, plants and animals. Thus, on top of the direct exposure on account of their presence in HPCPs, humans are also susceptible to secondary indirect exposure attributed to the ubiquitous environmental contamination. The aim of this review was therefore to examine the sources and occurrence of these noteworthy contaminants (i.e. parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, alkylphenol ethoxylates), to summarise the available research on their environmental presence and to highlight their bioaccumulation potential. The most notable environmental contaminants appear to be MeP and PrP among parabens, BPA and BPS among bisphenols, BP-3 among benzophenones and NP among alkylphenols. Their maximum detected concentrations in the environment are mostly in the range of ng/L, while in human tissues, their maximum concentrations achieved μg/L due to bioaccumulation, with BP-3 and nonylphenol showing the highest potential to bioaccumulate. Finally, of another great concern is the fact that even the unapproved parabens and benzophenones have been detected in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Klančič
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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