The adipose tissue as an endocrine organ

Association of adipokine levels with obesity in periodontal health and disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression

This study aimed to investigate the levels of serum, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and salivary adipokines and their possible relationship with periodontitis and obesity. An electronic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed/ Medline, Scopus, and EBSCOhost through February 2023. Two independent reviewers screened the titles, abstracts, and full text of all the studies. Studies comparing the levels of adipokines in GCF, serum, and/or saliva in subjects with obesity and periodontitis (group 1), subjects with normal weight and periodontitis (group 2), and subjects with obesity and gingival health (group 3) were included. Meta-analyses and meta-regression were performed on the data from included studies. Seventeen studies with study participants ranging from 30 to 120 were included with subjects in each group ranging from 10 to 40. There was a significant increase in levels of serum TNF-α, leptin, IL-6, and CRP between groups 1 and 2 (p < .05). In GCF, TNF-α and resistin levels were significantly higher (p < .05) in Group 1 vs. 2. Serum level of leptin was higher for group 1 vs. 3 (p < .05). Meta-regression analysis revealed that the obesity definition (body mass index (BMI) cut-off value >25 or >30) was significant for serum resistin (p < .05) and GCF resistin (p < .05) between group 1 and 2. The current analysis indicates that both periodontitis and obesity can modulate the pro-inflammatory cytokines at systemic and local levels. This bidirectional interaction of periodontitis and obesity via the inflammation pathway seems likely plausible. Further studies are required to elucidate this mechanism in more detail.

Therapeutic targeting of white adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction in obesity: mechanisms and opportunities

White adipose tissue is not only a highly heterogeneous organ containing various cells, such as adipocytes, adipose stem and progenitor cells, and immune cells, but also an endocrine organ that is highly important for regulating metabolic and immune homeostasis. In individuals with obesity, dynamic cellular changes in adipose tissue result in phenotypic switching and adipose tissue dysfunction, including pathological expansion, WAT fibrosis, immune cell infiltration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ectopic lipid accumulation, ultimately leading to chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. Recently, many distinct subpopulations of adipose tissue have been identified, providing new insights into the potential mechanisms of adipose dysfunction in individuals with obesity. Therefore, targeting white adipose tissue as a therapeutic agent for treating obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases is of great scientific interest. Here, we provide an overview of white adipose tissue remodeling in individuals with obesity including cellular changes and discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of white adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction. Currently, various studies have uncovered promising targets and strategies for obesity treatment. We also outline the potential therapeutic signaling pathways of targeting adipose tissue and summarize existing therapeutic strategies for antiobesity treatment including pharmacological approaches, lifestyle interventions, and novel therapies.

Periodontitis and the incidence of metabolic syndrome: An 8-year longitudinal study of an adult Japanese cohort

AIM

To examine the effect of periodontitis on the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS components.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study included 4761 participants aged 30-74 years who underwent health examinations at both baseline and 8-year follow-up. The Japanese MetS criteria were used for diagnosis. The Community Periodontal Index was used to assess periodontal status. The association between periodontal status and MetS incidence was examined by Poisson regression analysis.

RESULTS

Multivariate analysis revealed that individuals with a ≥6 mm periodontal pocket had a significantly higher relative risk (RR) for MetS onset, as compared to individuals without deep periodontal pockets (adjusted RR 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.67). Compared to individuals without a deep periodontal pocket, individuals with a ≥6 mm periodontal pocket had significantly higher RRs for developing two components of MetS; the RRs were 1.25 (95% CI: 1.01-1.56) for abdominal obesity and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.03-1.86) for hyperglycaemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals with periodontitis had a significantly higher risk of MetS onset, possibly due to the influence of periodontitis on abdominal obesity and hyperglycaemia.

Gingival crevicular fluid levels of apelin correlates with clinical periodontal diagnosis

OBJECTIVES

Limitations of clinical periodontal measurements have led to the search for reliable biomarkers that can be used in diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal diseases. Considering the relationship of adipokines with periodontal disease, diabetes, and obesity, apelin may be a biomarker for periodontal diseases due to its modulating effects on inflammation. The present study was conducted to determine gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) apelin levels in systemically healthy individuals and to evaluate the potential of apelin as a biomarker for periodontal diagnosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten individuals with clinically healthy periodontal tissues, 10 patients diagnosed with gingivitis, and 10 patients with periodontitis were included in the present study. Whole mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded and GCF samples were obtained from the buccal approximal regions of single-rooted teeth with features that would represent clinical periodontal diagnosis. Apelin level in the samples was determined by ELISA. Clinical and biochemical findings were statistically analyzed. Possible relationship between the variables was evaluated with Pearson correlation analysis.

RESULTS

Apelin level in the gingivitis group was higher than that in the clinically healthy group (p = 0.000) and lower than that in the periodontitis group (p = 0.000). A positive correlation was found between GCF apelin concentration and plaque score, bleeding on probing, and probing depth (p = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limits of this study, it can be suggested that GCF apelin concentration may be a biomarker that can distinguish between healthy periodontal tissues, gingivitis, and periodontitis patients.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Apelin concentration in the gingival crevicular fluid may aid in the diagnosis of periodontal disease.

Cydonia oblonga Miller fruit extract exerts an anti-obesity effect in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by activating the AMPK signaling pathway

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The fruit of Cydonia oblonga Miller (COM) is used traditionally in Mediterranean region medicine to prevent or treat obesity, but its mechanism of action is still unclear. Beyond a demonstrated anti-obesity effect, the fruit was tested for the mechanism of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.

MATERIALS/METHODS

3T3-L1 preadipocytes were cultured for 8 days with COM fruit extract (COME) at different concentrations (0-600 µg/mL) with adipocyte differentiation medium. The cell viability was measured using an MTT assay; triglyceride (TG) was stained with Oil Red O. The expression levels of the adipogenesis-related genes and protein expression were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively.

RESULTS

COME inhibited intracellular TG accumulation during adipogenesis. A COME treatment in 3T3-L1 cells induced upregulation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α phosphorylation and downregulation of the adipogenic transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α. The COME treatment reduced the mRNA expression of fatty acyl synthetase, adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase, adipocyte protein 2, and lipoprotein lipase. It increased the mRNA expression of hormone-sensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in 3T3-L1 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

COME inhibits adipogenesis via the AMPK signaling pathways. COME may be used to prevent and treat obesity.

Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis HN019 can reduce the sequelae of experimental periodontitis in rats modulating intestinal parameters, expression of lipogenic genes, and levels of hepatic steatosis

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis HN019 (B. lactis HN019) can reduce the sequelae of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats modulating systemic parameters.

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated the effects of probiotic therapy (PROB) in the prevention of local and systemic damage resulting from EP.

METHODS

Forty-eight rats were allocated into four groups: C (control), PROB, EP, and EP-PROB. PROB (1 × 1010  CFU/mL) administration lasted 8 weeks and PE was induced on the 7th week by placing ligature on the animals' lower first molars. All animals were euthanized in the 9th week of the experiment. Biomolecular analyses, RT-PCR, and histomorphometric analyses were performed. The data obtained were analyzed statistically (ANOVA, Tukey, p < .05).

RESULTS

The EP group had higher dyslipidemia when compared to the C group, as well as higher levels of insulin resistance, proteinuria levels, percentages of systolic blood pressure, percentage of fatty hepatocytes in the liver, and expression of adipokines was up-regulated (LEPR, NAMPT, and FABP4). All these parameters (except insulin resistance, systolic blood pressure, LEPR and FABP4 gene expression) were reduced in the EP-PROB group when compared to the EP group. The EP group had lower villus height and crypt depth, as well as a greater reduction in Bacteroidetes and a greater increase in Firmicutes when compared to the EP-PROB group. Greater alveolar bone loss was observed in the EP group when compared to the EP-PROB group.

CONCLUSION

Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 can reduce the sequelae of EP in rats modulating intestinal parameters, attenuating expression of lipogenic genes and hepatic steatosis.

Adipogenesis-Related Metabolic Condition Affects Shear-Stressed Endothelial Cells Activity Responding to Titanium

PURPOSE

Obesity has increased around the world. Obese individuals need to be better assisted, with special attention given to dental and medical specialties. Among obesity-related complications, the osseointegration of dental implants has raised concerns. This mechanism depends on healthy angiogenesis surrounding the implanted devices. As an experimental analysis able to mimic this issue is currently lacking, we address this issue by proposing an in vitro high-adipogenesis model using differentiated adipocytes to further investigate their endocrine and synergic effect in endothelial cells responding to titanium.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Firstly, adipocytes (3T3-L1 cell line) were differentiated under two experimental conditions: Ctrl (normal glucose concentration) and High-Glucose Medium (50 mM of glucose), which was validated using Oil Red O Staining and inflammatory markers gene expression by qPCR. Further, the adipocyte-conditioned medium was enriched by two types of titanium-related surfaces: Dual Acid-Etching (DAE) and Nano-Hydroxyapatite blasted surfaces (nHA) for up to 24 h. Finally, the endothelial cells (ECs) were exposed in those conditioned media under shear stress mimicking blood flow. Important genes related to angiogenesis were then evaluated by using RT-qPCR and Western blot.

RESULTS

Firstly, the high-adipogenicity model using 3T3-L1 adipocytes was validated presenting an increase in the oxidative stress markers, concomitantly with an increase in intracellular fat droplets, pro-inflammatory-related gene expressions, and also the ECM remodeling, as well as modulating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, Src was evaluated by Western blot, and its modulation can be related to EC survival signaling.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides an experimental model of high adipogenesis in vitro by establishing a pro-inflammatory environment and intracellular fat droplets. Additionally, the efficacy of this model to evaluate the EC response to titanium-enriched mediums under adipogenicity-related metabolic conditions was analyzed, revealing significant interference with EC performance. Altogether, these data gather valuable findings on understanding the reasons for the higher percentage of implant failures in obese individuals.

Effect of Renal Denervation on the Plasma Adiponectin Concentration in Patients with Resistant Hypertension

(1) Introduction: Adiponectin is synthetized by white adipose tissue and has anti-diabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. In patients with arterial hypertension, plasma concentration of adiponectin is lower than in healthy subjects. Renal denervation, i.e., percutaneous ablation of fibers from the sympathetic nervous system located in the wall of the renal arteries by radio frequency waves, is a method of resistant arterial hypertension treatment. (2) The aim of this single center, interventional, clinical study was to assess the effect of renal denervation on the plasma adiponectin concentration in patients with resistant arterial hypertension. (3) Materials and methods: 28 patients (13 women, 15 men) aged 54.4 ± 9.2 years with resistant hypertension who underwent renal denervation using Simplicity catheters (Medtronic, Inc., Northridge, CA, USA) were enrolled in the study. Plasma adiponectin concentration was determined using the Human Adiponectin ELISA Kit (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Tokyo, Japan) before the renal denervation and 6 and 12 months after this procedure. (4) Results: Blood pressure (BP) values before renal denervation and 6 and 12 months after this procedure were as follows: systolic BP 190.4 ± 24.5, 160.8 ± 14.5, 155.7 ± 17.9 mmHg (p < 0.001) and diastolic BP 111.7 ± 18.9, 88.9 ± 8.3, 91.2 + 10.2 mmHg (p < 0.001), respectively. Body mass index (BMI) before renal denervation, 6 and 12 months after this procedure were 31.5 ± 4.2, 30.5 ± 4.4, 30.2 ± 4.0 kg/m2, (p = 0.057), respectively. Plasma adiponectin concentration before the renal denervation and 6 and 12 months after this procedure were 4.79 (3.95; 9.49), 7.58 (5.04; 9.51), 6.62 (4.57; 11.65) [µg/mL] (p = 0.007), respectively. (5) Conclusions: Plasma adiponectin concentration increases significantly after successful renal denervation in patients with resistant hypertension. Higher plasma adiponectin concentration may participate—beyond blood pressure reduction—in the cardiovascular benefits related to successful renal denervation; however’ clinical consequences of these results need further investigations.

Melatonin Treatment in Kidney Diseases

Melatonin is a neurohormone that is mainly secreted by the pineal gland. It coordinates the work of the superior biological clock and consequently affects many processes in the human body. Disorders of the waking and sleeping period result in nervous system imbalance and generate metabolic and endocrine derangements. The purpose of this review is to provide information regarding the potential benefits of melatonin use, particularly in kidney diseases. The impact on the cardiovascular system, diabetes, and homeostasis causes melatonin to be indirectly connected to kidney function and quality of life in people with chronic kidney disease. Moreover, there are numerous reports showing that melatonin plays a role as an antioxidant, free radical scavenger, and cytoprotective agent. This means that the supplementation of melatonin can be helpful in almost every type of kidney injury because inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress occur, regardless of the mechanism. The administration of melatonin has a renoprotective effect and inhibits the progression of complications connected to renal failure. It is very important that exogenous melatonin supplementation is well tolerated and that the number of side effects caused by this type of treatment is low.

The association between obesity and vitamin D deficiency modifies the progression of kidney disease after ischemia/reperfusion injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) alters renal hemodynamics, leading to tubular injury, activating pathways of inflammation, proliferation, and cell death. The initial damage caused to renal tissue after an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury exerts an important role in the pathogenesis of the course of AKI, as well as in the predisposition to chronic kidney disease. Vitamin D deficiency has been considered a risk factor for kidney disease and it is associated with tubulointerstitial damage, contributing to the progression of kidney disease. Obesity is directly related to diabetes mellitus and hypertension, the main metabolic disorders responsible for the progression of kidney disease. Furthermore, the expansion of adipose tissue is described as an important factor for increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their respective influence on the progression of kidney disease. We aimed to investigate the influence of vitamin D deficiency and obesity on the progression of renal disease in a murine model of renal I/R. Male Wistar rats underwent renal I/R surgery on day 45 and followed until day 90 of the protocol. We allocated the animals to four groups according to each diet received: standard (SD), vitamin D-depleted (VDD), high fat (HFD), or high fat vitamin D-depleted (HFDV). At the end of 90 days, we observed almost undetectable levels of vitamin D in the VDD and HFDV groups. In addition, HFD and HFDV groups presented alterations in the anthropometric and metabolic profile. The combination of vitamin D deficiency and obesity contributed to alterations of functional and hemodynamic parameters observed in the HFDV group. Moreover, this combination favored the exacerbation of the inflammatory process and the renal expression of extracellular matrix proteins and phenotypic alteration markers, resulting in an enlargement of the tubulointerstitial compartment. All these changes were associated with an increased renal expression of transforming growth factor β and reduced expression of the vitamin D receptor. Our results show that the synergistic effect of obesity and vitamin D deficiency exacerbated the hemodynamic and morphological changes present in the evolution of renal disease induced by I/R.

Testosterone Deficiency and Nutritional Parameters as Predictors of All-Cause Mortality among Male Dialysis Patients

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an accelerated risk of cardiovascular mortality. Hormonal and metabolic disorders in CKD may constitute novel risk factors. Our objective was to characterize and evaluate prognostic implications of circulating sex steroids and selected nutritional parameters in patients at different stages of CKD. Methods: Studied groups were composed of 78 men: 31 on hemodialysis (HD), 17 on peritoneal dialysis (PD), 30 with CKD stage G3-G4. Total testosterone (TT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), androstenedione, luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and biochemical parameters were measured; Free testosterone (FT) was calculated. Results: The lowest TT and FT were observed in HD, the highest- in CKD (p = 0.006 for TT, p = 0.005 for FT). TT positively correlated with total cholesterol in HD (p = 0.012), FT negatively correlated with BMI in CKD (p = 0.023). During the 12 months, 9 patients died (5 in the HD, 4 in the PD group). The deceased group had significantly lower concentrations of albumin (p = 0.006) and prealbumin (p = 0.001), and a significantly higher concentration of androstenedione (p = 0.019) than the surviving group. In the group of men on dialysis, a serum TT concentration <2.55 ng/mL (Q1-first quartile) was associated with a 3.7-fold higher risk of death, although statistical significance was not achieved (p = 0.198). After analysis of the ROC curves, the FT level was the best prognostic marker in HD (AUC = 0.788; 95% CI: 0.581−0.996; p = 0.006) Conclusions: Total and free testosterone levels were lower in the HD group than in the CKD group. The nutritional status undoubtedly affects the survival of dialysis patients but also the concentrations of testosterone significantly contributes to further worsening the prognosis.

Cellular cross talk between epicardial fat and cardiovascular risk

A variety of fat compartments have several local and systemic effect and play a crucial role in the maintenance of health and development of disease. For the past few years, special attention has been paid to epicardial fat. It is the visceral fat compartment of the heart and has several local and systemic effects. It can perform a role in the development of cardiometabolic risk. The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a unique and multifunctional fat compartment of the heart. It is located between the myocardium and the visceral pericardium. During normal physiological conditions, the EAT has metabolic, thermogenic, and mechanical (cardioprotective) characteristics. The EAT can produce several adipocytokines and chemokines depending on microenvironments. It can influence through paracrine and vasocrine mechanism and participate in the development and progression of cardiovascular (CVS) diseases. In addition, metabolic disease leads to changes in both thickness and volume of the EAT, and it can modify the structure and the function of heart. It has been associated with various CVS diseases such as, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease. Therefore, EAT is a potential therapeutic target for CVS risk.

The Adhesive Perinephric Fat Score is Correlated with Outcomes of Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Benign Diseases

Background

Retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy (RLA) possessing unique superiority with minimal abdominal interference is complicated by the status of periadrenal fat, including its quantity and texture. We hypothesized that an adherent perinephric fat predictor, the Mayo Adhesive Probability score (Mayo score), is associated with the perioperative outcomes of RLA.

Methods

This retrospective study included consecutive patients who underwent RLA for the diagnosis of benign adrenal tumors at our institution between 2017 and 2020. Medical records were reviewed to evaluate the association between Mayo scores obtained from preoperative computed tomography imaging and surgical outcomes as well as complications. Factors independently related to perioperative results were analyzed using multivariable regression models.

Results

In total, 186 RLA were included. According to their Mayo scores, the patients were divided as follows: 0 (n = 51, 27.4%), 1 (n = 34, 18.3%), 2 (n = 45, 24.2%), 3 (n = 29, 15.6%), 4 (n = 16, 8.6%) and 5 (n = 11, 5.9%). Longer operative time (92.0 ± 25.0 vs. 114.7 ± 30.6 vs. 137.4 ± 27.1 min, P < 0.001), higher estimated blood loss (42.2 ± 28.1 vs. 70.5 ± 44.9 vs. 132.6 ± 63.4 mL, P < 0.001) and greater decline of hemoglobin (0.7 ± 0.4 vs. 1.0 ± 0.4 vs. 1.3 ± 0.6 g/dL, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with elevated Mayo score risks. No difference in complication rates was found. The score was identified as a unique, independent risk factor for perioperative outcomes on multivariable analysis.

Conclusions

The Mayo score is a vital outcome predictor of RLA. It may be utilized in the preoperative planning for patients undergoing RLA.

Adipose tissue in bone regeneration - stem cell source and beyond

Adipose tissue (AT) is recognized as a complex organ involved in major home-ostatic body functions, such as food intake, energy balance, immunomodulation, development and growth, and functioning of the reproductive organs. The role of AT in tissue and organ homeostasis, repair and regeneration is increasingly recognized. Different AT compartments (white AT, brown AT and bone marrow AT) and their interrelation with bone metabolism will be presented. AT-derived stem cell populations - adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and pluripotent-like stem cells. Multilineage differentiating stress-enduring and dedifferentiated fat cells can be obtained in relatively high quantities compared to other sources. Their role in different strategies of bone and fracture healing tissue engineering and cell therapy will be described. The current use of AT- or AT-derived stem cell populations for fracture healing and bone regenerative strategies will be presented, as well as major challenges in furthering bone regenerative strategies to clinical settings.

Obesity affects the proteome profile of periodontal ligament submitted to mechanical forces induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats

The prevalence of obesity has increased significantly worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of obesity on the proteomic profile of periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues of rat first maxillary molars (1 M) submitted to orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Ten Holtzman rats were distributed into two groups (n = 5): the M group (OTM), and the OM group (obesity induction plus OTM). Obesity was induced by a high-fat diet for the entire experimental periods After that period, the animals were euthanized and the hemimaxillae removed and processed for laser capture microdissection of the PDL tissues of the 1 M. Peptide extracts were obtained and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033647. Out of the 109 proteins with differential abundance, 49 were identified in the OM group, including Vinculin, Cathepsin D, and Osteopontin, which were selected for in situ localization by immunohistochemistry analysis (IHC). Overall, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that enriched proteins were related to the GO component cellular category. IHC validated the trends for selected proteins. Our study highlights the differences in the PDL proteome profiling of healthy and obese subjects undergoing OTM. These findings may provide valuable information needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in tissue remodeling in obese patients submitted to orthodontic treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Emerging findings in the field of dentistry suggest that obesity influences the tissues around the teeth, especially those in the periodontal ligament. Therefore, evaluation of the effect of obesity on periodontal tissues remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement is a relevant research topic. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate proteomic changes in periodontal ligament tissue in response to the association between orthodontic tooth movement and obesity. Our study identified a novel protein profile associated with obesity by using laser microdissection and proteomic analysis, providing new information to increase understanding of the mechanisms involved in obese patients undergoing orthodontic treatment which can lead to a more personalized orthodontic treatment approach.

High Hydrostatic Pressure Extract of Mulberry Leaf Attenuated Obesity-Induced Inflammation in Rats

Low-grade inflammation might be a link between obesity and obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction, including diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and other health complications. This study investigated whether the supplementation of high hydrostatic pressure extract of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves (HML) to obese rats could counteract obesity-related inflammation. Three-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into three groups as follows: (a) a normal diet, (b) 45% high-fat (HF) diet, and HF diet containing 0.4% HML (c) or 0.8% HML (d) (IACUC No. 17-033). After 14 weeks of HML supplementation, adipose tissue mass, mRNA expression of adipogenic genes, such as aP2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), and macrophage recruitment were significantly decreased in HF-fed obese rats. Serum concentrations of nitric oxide and mRNA levels of arginase1 (Arg1), CD11c, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) involved in adipose tissue macrophage M1 polarization were also significantly reduced by HML. Moreover, HML alleviated the serum and hepatic lipid profiles and reduced hepatic lipogenic gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), CPT1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1), and SREBP1c, and inflammation-associated genes, including IL1β, interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Serum IL6 and TNFα levels were remarkedly suppressed in the 0.8% HML group. These results suggested that the favorable effect of HML on obesity-associated inflammation might be related in part to the decrease in adipose tissue and hepatic fat deposition and inflammation.

Obesity influences the proteome of periodontal ligament tissues following periodontitis induction in rats

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Many studies have been conducted to better understand the molecular mechanism involved with periodontitis progression. There has been growing interest in the potential impact of obesity on periodontitis onset and progression, but the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. The present study was designed to determine the impact of obesity on experimentally induced periodontitis in rats and identify novel pathways involved.

METHODS

Sixteen Holtzman rats were distributed into two groups (n = 8): ligature-induced periodontitis (P) and obesity plus ligature-induced periodontitis (OP). Obesity was induced by a high-fat diet for 70 days, whereas periodontitis was induced for 20 days, with a cotton thread placed around the upper first molars bilaterally. Alveolar bone loss was measured by microtomographic analysis and histologically by histometry on the hemimaxillae. The protein composition of the periodontal ligament was evaluated by proteomic analysis.

RESULTS

Data analysis (body weight, adipose tissue weight, and blood test) confirmed obesity induction, whereas bone loss was confirmed by micro-CT and histologic analyses. Proteome analysis from the periodontal ligament tissues (PDL) identified 819 proteins, 53 exclusive to the P group, 28 exclusive to the OP group, and 738 commonly expressed. Validation was performed by immunohistochemistry for selected proteins (spondin1, vinculin, and TRAP).

CONCLUSION

Histologically, it was found that obesity did not significantly affect bone loss resulting from periodontitis. However, the present study's findings indicated that obesity affects the proteome of PDL submitted to experimental periodontitis, allowing for identifying potential targets for personalized approaches.

Effects of Obesity on Bone Healing in Rats

Although the association between periodontitis and obesity is well explored, it is unclear whether obesity is associated with a worse therapeutic outcome after periodontal treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of obesity on bone healing with and without the application of regeneration-promoting molecules. A standardized bone fenestration-type defect was created over the root of the mandibular first molar in 15 Wistar rats. Ten animals received a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFSD), while the remaining five animals were fed a standard diet. During surgery, the fenestration defects from half of the HFSD-fed, i.e., obese animals, were treated with regeneration-promoting molecules (enamel matrix derivative; EMD). After four weeks, bone healing was evaluated by histomorphometry, TRAP staining and immunohistochemistry for RUNX2 and osteopontin. The analyses revealed that the spontaneous healing of the periodontal defects was compromised by obesity. Application of EMD partially compensated for the negative effect of obesity. Nevertheless, EMD-stimulated bone healing in obese animals was not better than the spontaneous healing in the obesity-free control group, indicating that obesity may also inhibit the stimulatory effects of regeneration-promoting molecules. Our results show that obesity can negatively influence bone healing and suggest that bone healing may be compromised in humans.

Anti-Obesity Effect of α-Cubebenol Isolated from Schisandra chinensis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

The efficacy of α-cubebenol isolated from Schisandra chinensis has been studied in several diseases, including cecal ligation, puncture challenge-induced sepsis, and degranulation of neutrophils. To identify the novel functions of α-cubebenol on lipid metabolism, alterations on the regulation of lipogenesis, lipolysis, and inflammatory response were observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with α-cubebenol. Most lipogenic targets, including lipid accumulation, level of lipogenic transcription factors, and expression of lipogenic regulators, were suppressed in MDI (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin)-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with α-cubebenol without significant cytotoxicity. In addition, similar inhibition effects were observed in the iNOS-induced COX-2 mediated pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway of MDI-stimulated 3T3-L1 cells treated with α-cubebenol. Lipolytic targets, such as cAMP concentration, expression of adenylyl cyclase and PDE4, and their downstream signaling pathway, in MDI-stimulated 3T3-L1 cells were stimulated by the α-cubebenol treatment. The levels of transcription factors and related proteins for β-oxidation were significantly higher in the MDI + α-cubebenol treated group than in the MDI + Vehicle treated group. These results show that α-cubebenol has a novel role as a lipogenesis inhibitor, lipolysis and β-oxidation stimulator, and inflammasome suppressor in MDI-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Cardiometabolic syndrome and associated factors among Ethiopian public servants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasingly becoming the global cause of premature death encompassing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes mellitus. However, cardiometabolic risk factors in the general population, especially among the high-risk groups have rarely been assessed in Ethiopia. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, its components and associated factors among staff in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). An institutional-based cross-section study was conducted from March to June 2018 among EPHI staff members. A total of 450 study participants were involved in the study, and the World Health Organization NCD STEPS survey instrument version 3.1 was used for the assessment. The biochemical parameters were analyzed by using COBAS 6000 analyzer. Statistical package for the social science (SPSS) version 20 was used for data analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify associated risk factors. p value < 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 27.6% and 16.7% according to IDF and NCEP criteria respectively, with males having greater prevalence than females (35.8% vs 19.4%). Central obesity, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and hypertension had a prevalence of 80.2%, 41.3%, and 23.6%, respectively. In multivariate analysis increasing age and having a higher body mass index (25-29.9) were significantly associated with metabolic syndromes. The magnitude of metabolic syndrome was relatively high among public employees. Preventive intervention measures should be designed on the modification of lifestyle, nutrition and physical activities, and early screening for early identification of cardiometabolic risks factors should be practised to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

Periodontal disease-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: An emerging concept of oral-liver axis

Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues, is not only a major cause of tooth loss, but it is also known to exacerbate/be associated with various metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Recently, growing evidence has suggested that periodontal disease has adverse effects on the pathophysiology of liver disease. In particular, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, has been associated with periodontal disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by hepatic fat deposition in the absence of a habitual drinking history, viral infections, or autoimmune diseases. A subset of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases can develop into more severe and progressive forms, namely nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The latter can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which are end‐stage liver diseases. Extensive research has provided plausible mechanisms to explain how periodontal disease can negatively affect nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, namely via hematogenous or enteral routes. During periodontitis, the liver is under constant exposure to various pathogenic factors that diffuse systemically from the oral cavity, such as bacteria and their by‐products, inflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species, and these can be involved in disease promotion of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Also, gut microbiome dysbiosis induced by enteral translocation of periodontopathic bacteria may impair gut wall barrier function and promote the transfer of hepatotoxins and enterobacteria to the liver through the enterohepatic circulation. Moreover, in a population with metabolic syndrome, the interaction between periodontitis and systemic conditions related to insulin resistance further strengthens the association with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, most of the pathologic links between periodontitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans are provided by epidemiologic observational studies, with the causal relationship not yet being established. Several systematic and meta‐analysis studies also show conflicting results. In addition, the effect of periodontal treatment on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has hardly been studied. Despite these limitations, the global burden of periodontal disease combined with the recent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease epidemic has important clinical and public health implications. Emerging evidence suggests an association between periodontal disease and liver diseases, and thus we propose the term periodontal disease–related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or periodontal disease–related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Continued efforts in this area will pave the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on a periodontologic viewpoint to address this life‐threatening liver disease.

Lipocalin-type Prostaglandin D2 Synthase appears to function as a Novel Adipokine Preventing Adipose Dysfunction in response to a High Fat Diet

Adipose dysfunction is the primary defect in obesity that contributes to the development of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and some cancers. Previously, we demonstrated the development of NAFLD in lipocalin-type prostaglandin D₂ synthase (L-PGDS) knockout mice regardless of diet. In the present study, we examined the role of L-PGDS in adipose in response to a high fat diet. We observed decreased expression of L-PGDS in adipose tissue and concomitant lower plasma levels in a dietary model of obesity as well as in insulin resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We show reduced adiponectin expression and phosphorylation of AMPK in white adipose tissue of L-PGDS KO mice after 14 weeks on a high fat diet as compared to control C57BL/6 mice. We also observe an increased fat content in L-PGDS KO mice as demonstrated by adipocyte hypertrophy and increased expression of lipogenenic genes. We confirmed our in vivo findings in in vitro 3T3-L1 adipocytes, using an enzymatic inhibitor of L-PGDS (AT56). Rosiglitazone treatment drastically increased L-PGDS expression in insulin resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes and increased adiponectin expression and AMPK phosphorylation in AT56 treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We conclude that the absence of L-PGDS has a deleterious effect on adipose tissue functioning, which further reduces insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. Consequently, we propose L-PGDS appears to function as a potential member of the adipokine secretome involved in the regulation of the obesity-associated metabolic syndrome.

Obesity Without Metabolic Abnormality and Incident CKD: A Population-Based British Cohort Study

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE

Metabolically healthy obesity (obesity without any metabolic abnormality) is not considered to be associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. We examined and quantified the association between metabolically healthy overweight/obesity and the risk of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a British primary care population.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective population-based cohort study.

SETTING & PARTICIPANTS

4,447,955 of the 5,182,908 adults in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database (United Kingdom, 1995-2015) with a recorded body mass index (BMI) at the time of registration date who were free of CKD and cardiovascular disease.

EXPOSURE

11 body size phenotypes were created, defined by BMI categories (underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity) and 3 metabolic abnormalities (diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia).

OUTCOME

Incident CKD defined as a recorded code for kidney replacement therapy, a recorded diagnosis of CKD, or by an estimated glomerular filtration rate of<60mL/min/1.73m² for≥90 days, or a urinary albumin-creatinine ratio>3mg/mmol for≥90 days.

RESULTS

Of the 4.5 million individuals, 1,040,921 (23.4%) and 588,909 (13.2%) had metabolically healthy overweight and metabolically healthy obesity, respectively. During a mean follow-up interval of 5.4±4.3 (SD) years, compared with individuals with a metabolically healthy normal weight (n=1,656,231), there was a higher risk of incident CKD among those who had metabolically healthy overweight (adjusted HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.28-1.33]) and metabolically healthy obesity (adjusted HR, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.62-1.70]). The association was stronger in those younger than 65 years of age. In all BMI categories, there was greater risk of incident CKD with a greater number of metabolic abnormalities in a graded manner.

LIMITATIONS

Potential misclassification of metabolic status due to delayed diagnosis and residual confounding due to unmeasured factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Overweight and obesity without metabolic abnormality are associated with a higher risk of incident CKD compared with those with normal body weight and no metabolic abnormality.

Relationships between plasma apelin and adiponectin with normal weight obesity, body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness in working adults

Background

A significant proportion of adults have normal weight obesity (NWO), defined as a normal body mass index (BMI) but disproportionately high body fat percentage. Individuals with NWO may have increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders and lower exercise tolerance, but it is unclear if this obesity phenotype is linked with dysregulated production of adipokines or myokines such as adiponectin and apelin, respectively.

Methods

This cross-sectional, secondary analysis included 177 working adults (mean age 49.6 ± 9.9 yrs, 64% female). Plasma high-molecular weight adiponectin and apelin levels were measured by ELISA. Body composition and fat distribution were assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Exercise tolerance (VO₂ maximum) was determined by treadmill testing. NWO was defined as a BMI <25 kg/m² and body fat >30% for women or >23% for men. Participants were categorized as lean, NWO, or overweight-obese.

Results

A total of 14.7% of subjects were categorized as lean, 23.7% as having NWO, and 61.6% as having overweight-obesity. Plasma adiponectin levels were elevated in the overweight-obesity group (P < 0.05) compared to the lean and NWO groups, which did not differ from each other (P > 0.05). Adiponectin concentrations were inversely associated with BMI, fat mass, fat mass percent, visceral fat, and trunk to leg fat ratio and positively associated with leg fat mass (all P < 0.001). Plasma apelin levels were similar between the three body composition groups (P < 0.05) and were not significantly associated with any body composition indices. Apelin concentrations were inversely related to VO₂ maximum (β = −0.03 ± 0.01, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Plasma adiponectin and apelin levels did not distinguish between lean and NWO groups. Positive relationships with leg fat mass and adiponectin suggest the importance of assessing body composition and fat distribution when studying adipokines and cardiometabolic disorders. Further investigations are needed to understand relationships between exercise, body composition, and apelin secretion.

Visceral adiposity index and its association with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet scores among older adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2011-2014

BACKGROUND & AIMS

The visceral adiposity index (VAI) has been shown to be a reliable estimate of visceral adiposity, but little is known about its association with specific dietary patterns such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, particularly in older adults. Many studies have shown the DASH diet to be beneficial for cardiometabolic health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between DASH diet scores and the VAI in older adults using a nationally representative dataset.

METHODS

Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2011 to 2014, data from 508 community-dwelling older adults were examined, and dietary intake was evaluated using the Dixon's DASH diet index. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the relationship between VAI and DASH diet score was assessed while controlling for demographic variables.

RESULTS

Participants' average DASH diet score was 2.41 (SE = 0.07), and the average VAI was 1.55 (SE = 0.08). The results suggest a significant inverse relationship between the DASH diet and VAI (β = -0.19, t = -2.73, p = 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS

Results of this study suggest that protective properties of the DASH diet pattern may be due in part to its inverse relationship with visceral adiposity. This information supports practitioners' use of the VAI with older adults in addition to providing nutrition counseling with the DASH diet to reduce patients' cardiometabolic risk.

Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity

Over 650 million adults are obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m²) worldwide. Obesity is commonly associated with several comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. However, compiled estimates suggest that from 5 to 40% of obese individuals do not experience metabolic or cardiovascular complications. The existence of the metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) and the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotypes suggests that underlying differences exist in both tissues and overall systemic function. Macrophage accumulation in white adipose tissue (AT) in obesity is typically associated with insulin resistance. However, as plastic cells, macrophages respond to stimuli in their microenvironments, altering their polarization between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, depending on the state of their surroundings. The dichotomous nature of MHO and MUO clinical phenotypes suggests that differences in white AT function dictate local inflammatory responses by driving changes in macrophage subtypes. As obesity requires extensive AT expansion, we posit that remodeling capacity with adipose expansion potentiates favorable macrophage profiles in MHO as compared with MUO individuals. In this review, we discuss how differences in adipogenesis, AT extracellular matrix deposition and breakdown, and AT angiogenesis perpetuate altered AT macrophage profiles in MUO compared with MHO. We discuss how non-autonomous effects of remote organ systems, including the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system, interact with white adipose favorably in MHO. Preferential AT macrophage profiles in MHO stem from sustained AT function and improved overall fitness and systemic health.

Effects of obesity on periodontal tissue remodeling during orthodontic movement

INTRODUCTION

Orthodontic movement triggers a sequence of cellular and molecular events that may be affected by different systemic conditions. This study evaluated the effect of obesity on rat periodontal tissue remodeling induced by mechanical orthodontic force.

METHODS

Thirty-two Holtzman rats were distributed into 4 groups: control, obesity induction (O), orthodontic movement (M), and obesity induction and orthodontic movement (OM). Obesity was induced by a high-fat diet for 90 days. After 15 days of orthodontic movement, the animals were killed. Obesity induction was confirmed by animal body weight, adipose tissue weight, and serologic analysis. Periodontal tissue remodeling was evaluated using microcomputed tomography and histologic analysis. The gene expression of adipokines and cytokines in gingival tissues was evaluated.

RESULTS

An increase in body and adipose tissue weight was observed in the obesity induction groups. The O group presented an increase in lipids and blood glucose. The OM group showed a decrease in bone volume fraction and bone mineral density compared with all other groups and a tendency for more rapid tooth movement than the M group. The OM group showed a higher quantity of inflammatory cells and higher Mmp1 expression than the O group. The O and OM groups showed higher Nampt expression than the control group and lower Nampt expression than the M group.

CONCLUSIONS

Obesity modulates periodontal tissue remodeling during orthodontic movement and results in more inflammation and bone loss than in nonobese animals.

Prolonged multimodal fasting modulates periodontal inflammation in female patients with metabolic syndrome: A prospective cohort study

AIM

To determine the potential anti-inflammatory effect of a multimodal periodic fasting programme on surrogate parameters of periodontal inflammation in hospitalized patients diagnosed for metabolic syndrome (MetS).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 47 patients were recruited and hospitalized in an integrative ward for an intensified two-week multimodal fasting, diet and lifestyle programme. Patients were periodontally examined at baseline (t1), after the 2-week fasting protocol (t2) and, subsequently, 4 months after fasting (t3). The following parameters were determined: periodontal screening index (PSI), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival crevicular fluid volume (GCF), plaque index (PI), C-reactive protein (CRP), blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose (FGLU), triglycerides (TRG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and HbA1c.

RESULTS

A total of 28 female and 8 male patients fulfilled the defined criteria for MetS and were analysed separately by gender. At t2, BOP and GCF were reduced when compared to t1 (median: t2 = 39; t1 = 33.1%; p < .001 and t2 = 73.9; t1 = 59.3 Periotron units p = .02, respectively). BOP reduction correlated to FGLU (R = .37, p = .049) and weight reduction (R = .4, p = .04).

CONCLUSION

This study showed for the first time that clinically supervised periodic fasting in female patients with MetS may facilitate the reduction of periodontal inflammation.

An Overview of the Role of Adipokines in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) leads to an increase in morbidity, mortality, and a shortening of life span. The changes in heart structure and function as well as metabolic profile are caused by obese people, including those free of metabolic disorders. Obesity alters heart function structure and affects lipid and glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and increase inflammatory cytokines. Adipokines, specific cytokines of adipocytes, are involved in the progression of obesity and the associated co-morbidities. In the current study, we review the scientific evidence on the effects of obesity on CVDs, focusing on the changes in adipokines. Several adipokines have anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects comprising omentin, apelin, adiponectin, and secreted frizzled-related protein (Sfrp-5). Other adipokines have pro-inflammatory impacts on the cardiovascular system and obesity including leptin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), retinol-binding protein4 (RBP-4), visfatin, resistin, and osteopontin. We found that obesity is associated with multiple CVDs, but can only occur in unhealthy metabolic patients. However, more studies should be designed to clarify the association between obesity, adipokine changes, and the occurrence of CVDs.

The Role of microRNAs in Metabolic Syndrome-Related Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress (OxS) is the cause and the consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the incidence and economic burden of which is increasing each year. OxS triggers the dysregulation of signaling pathways associated with metabolism and epigenetics, including microRNAs, which are biomarkers of metabolic disorders. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the interplay between microRNAs and OxS in MetS and its components. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar to summarize the most relevant studies. Collected data suggested that different sources of OxS (e.g., hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, obesity, proinflammatory cytokines) change the expression of numerous microRNAs in organs involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and endothelium. Dysregulated microRNAs either directly or indirectly affect the expression and/or activity of molecules of antioxidative signaling pathways (SIRT1, FOXOs, Keap1/Nrf2) along with effector enzymes (e.g., GPx-1, SOD1/2, HO-1), ROS producers (e.g., NOX4/5), as well as genes of numerous signaling pathways connected with inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism, thus promoting the progression of metabolic imbalance. MicroRNAs appear to be important epigenetic modifiers in managing the delicate redox balance, mediating either pro- or antioxidant biological impacts. Summarizing, microRNAs may be promising therapeutic targets in ameliorating the repercussions of OxS in MetS.

β-actin contributes to open chromatin for activation of the adipogenic pioneer factor CEBPA during transcriptional reprograming

Adipogenesis is regulated by a cascade of signals that drive transcriptional reprogramming in adipocytes. Here, we report that nuclear actin regulates the chromatin states that establish tissue- specific expression during adipogenesis. To study the role of β-actin in adipocyte differentiation, we conducted RNA sequencing on wild-type and β-actin knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) after reprograming to adipocytes. We found that β-actin depletion affects induction of several adipogenic genes during transcriptional reprograming. This impaired regulation of adipogenic genes is linked to reduced expression of the pioneer factor Cebpa and is rescued by reintroducing NLS-tagged β-actin. ATAC-Seq in knockout MEFs revealed that actin-dependent reduction of Cebpa expression correlates with decreased chromatin accessibility and loss of chromatin association of the ATPase Brg1. This, in turn, impairs CEBPB's association with its Cebpa promoter-proximal binding site during adipogenesis. We propose a role for the nuclear β-actin pool in maintaining open chromatin for transcriptional reprogramming during adipogenic differentiation.

Leptin reduces in vitro cementoblast mineralization and survival as well as induces PGE2 release by ERK1/2 commitment

Objectives

Juvenile obesity is a complex clinical condition that is present more and more frequently in the daily orthodontic practice. Over-weighted patients have an impaired bone metabolism, due in part to their increased levels of circulating adipokines. Particularly, leptin has been reported to play a key role in bone physiology. Leptin is ubiquitously present in the body, including blood, saliva, and crevicular fluid. If, and to what extent, it could influence the reaction of cementoblasts during orthodontic-induced forces is yet unknown.

Material and methods

OCCM-30 cementoblasts were cultivated under compressive forces using different concentrations of leptin. The expression of ObR, Runx-2, Osteocalcin, Rank-L, Sost, Caspase 3, 8, and 9 were analyzed by RT-PCR. Western blots were employed for protein analysis. The ERK1/2 antagonist FR180204 (Calbiochem) was used and cPLA2 activation, PGE2, and cytochrome C release were further evaluated.

Results

In vitro, when compressive forces are applied, leptin promotes ERK1/2 phosphorylation, as well as upregulates PGE2 and caspase 3 and caspase 9 on OCCM cells. Blockade of ERK1/2 impairs leptin-induced PGE2 secretion and reduced caspase 3 and caspase 9 expression.

Conclusions

Leptin influences the physiological effect of compressive forces on cementoblasts, exerting in vitro a pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effect.

Clinical relevance

Our findings indicate that leptin exacerbates the physiological effect of compressive forces on cementoblasts promoting the release of PGE2 and increases the rate of cell apoptosis, and thus, increased levels of leptin may influence the inflammatory response during orthodontically induced tooth movement.

The association of periodontal diseases with metabolic syndrome and obesity

Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic plaque biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. Globally, it is estimated that 740 million people are affected by its severe form. Periodontitis has been suggested to be linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity, defined as excessive fat accumulation, is a complex multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease, with a high and increasing prevalence. Metabolic syndrome is defined as a cluster of obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and dysglycemia. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and periodontitis are among the most common non-communicable diseases and a large body of evidence from epidemiologic studies supports the association between these conditions. Extensive research has established plausible mechanisms to explain how these conditions can negatively impact each other, pointing to a bidirectional adverse relationship. At present there is only limited evidence available from a few intervention studies. Nevertheless, the global burden of periodontitis combined with the obesity epidemic has important clinical and public health implications for the dental team. In accordance with the common risk factor approach for tackling non-communicable diseases, it has been proposed that oral healthcare professionals have an important role in the promotion of periodontal health and general well-being through facilitation of healthy lifestyle behaviours.

Comparison of cricket diet with peanut-based and milk-based diets in the recovery from protein malnutrition in mice and the impact on growth, metabolism and immune function

Some evidence suggests that edible insects could be used to treat malnutrition following protein deficiency. However, additional studies are needed to better assess the potential of edible insects as a therapeutic food supplement and their long-term impact on recovery from malnutrition. The goals of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of a cricket-based diet in recovery from protein-malnutrition in early life, and to compare cricket protein to more traditional sources used for food fortification and supplementation. Protein-malnutrition was induced by administration of an isocaloric hypoprotein diet (5% protein calories) in young male mice for two weeks during puberty, followed by a six-week recovery period using a cricket-, peanut- or milk-based diet. We examined the impact of protein-malnutrition and subsequent recovery on body weight, growth and select biomarkers of inflammation and metabolism. Protein-malnutrition resulted in growth retardation, downregulation of inflammatory markers in spleen tissue, decreased levels of serum triglycerides, and elevated serum levels of leptin and adiponectin. The cricket-based diet performed equally well as the peanut- and milk-based diets in body weight recovery, but there were differences in immune and metabolic markers among the different recovery diets. Results suggest edible crickets may provide an alternative nutrient-dense protein source with relatively low environmental demands for combating the effects of early-life malnutrition compared to more traditional supplementation and fortification sources. Additional investigations are needed to examine the short and long term impacts of different recovery diets on metabolism and immune function.

Negative correlation of serum adiponectin level with peripheral artery occlusive disease in hemodialysis patients

Objective:

Adiponectin is a fat-derived hormone that secretes exclusively by adipocytes and has antiatherosclerotic effects. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is associated with an increased risk of death in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum adiponectin levels and PAOD by ankle–brachial index (ABI) in HD patients.

Materials and Methods:

Blood samples were obtained from 100 HD patients. Serum adiponectin levels were measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. ABI values were measured using the automated oscillometric method (VaSera VS-1000). ABI values that <0.9 were included in the low ABI group.

Results:

Among the 100 HD patients, 18 of them (18.0%) were in the low ABI group. Compared with patients in the normal ABI group, the patients in the low ABI group had a higher prevalence of diabetes (P = 0.043), older age (P = 0.027), and lower serum adiponectin level (P = 0.003). In addition, the multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that adiponectin (Odds ratio [OR]: 0.927, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.867–0.990, P = 0.025) and age (OR: 1.054, 95% CI: 1.002–1.109, P = 0.043) were the independently associated with PAOD in HD patients.

Conclusion:

In this study, serum adiponectin level was found to be associated with PAOD in HD patients.

Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue as markers of local and systemic inflammation: a comparison between celiac and obese patients using MRI

BACKGROUND

Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic inflammatory disease, which primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract. It has been recently demonstrated that adipose-tissue infiltration by proinflammatory immune cells causes a chronic low-grade inflammation in obese patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has already proved to be useful in evaluation of inflammatory states. The aim of the present study was to determine whether alterations of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, identified with MRI, could serve as markers of local and systemic inflammation in patients with CD.

METHODS

A pilot study was conducted comparing alterations in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in CD patients vs obese patients and healthy controls. Fifty patients were enrolled and assigned to one of the following groups: Group A: 11 active CD patients; Group B: 11 CD patients in remission; Group C: 16 obese patients; Group D: 12 healthy controls. A 3-T MRI unit was used and T2-weighted TSE images of VAT and SAT were obtained in specific regions of interest. Serum cytokine concentrations (TNF-α, IL-6, adiponectin, leptin, IL-2, IFN-γ) were determined.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference in VAT T2 relaxation time between Group A and B (p < 0.001), A and D (p < 0.01), B and C (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in SAT T2 relaxation time between Group A and B (p < 0.001), A and C (p < 0.05), A and D (p < 0.001), B and C (p < 0.01). In addition, VAT/SAT T2 relaxation time ratio showed a statistically significant difference between Group A and C (p < 0.05) and between Group B and C (p < 0.01). Only TNF-α and IL-6 significantly correlated with both VAT and VAT/SAT ratio in active CD.

CONCLUSIONS

MRI showed similar increased visceral inflammatory signals in patients with active CD and obese patients. However, subcutaneous inflammatory signals were higher in active CD than in all the other groups. These data show that there is a systemic inflammatory state in active CD, whereas chronic inflammation appears confined to VAT in obesity. These data were only partially confirmed by serological cytokine profiles, which showed less specificity than MRI.

Ability of 2 estimation methods of body fat percentage in identifying unfavorable levels of cardiometabolic biomarkers in adolescents: Results from the LabMed study

Background:

To assess and compare the ability of body fat percentage (BF%) estimated by 2 methods, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and by the Slaughter et al equations for triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (SKF), in identifying unfavorable levels of several biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk.

Methods:

Cross-sectional school-based study with 529 apparently healthy adolescents (267 girls), aged 14.3 ± 1.7 years.

Results:

BF% estimated by both methods always showed higher areas under the curve (AUC) for each biomarker in girls than in boys (with the exception of BIA for leptin). BF% estimated by BIA and by SKF presented a discriminatory ability in identifying unfavorable levels in all biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in girls; however, BF% estimated by BIA displayed the highest AUC (except for C-reactive protein). In boys, BF% estimated by SKF presented higher AUC for C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; and BF% estimated by BIA for complement C3 and leptin. Positive and significant associations between BIA and SKF with all biomarkers (P < .05) were found (except for SKF and complement C4 in girls, and SKF and fibrinogen and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in boys), after adjustments for pubertal stage, cardiorespiratory fitness, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and socioeconomic status.

Conclusions:

Overall, diagnostic performance was more accurate in girls. BF% estimated by BIA presented a slightly better overall discriminatory ability for each biomarker than BF% estimated by SKF in girls, while in boys no method clearly prevailed over the other.

Hydrogen sulfide modulates high glucose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Activation of the NACHT leucine rich repeat and pyd domains-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in the initiation of inflammation in adipose tissue in diabetic patients. However, the mechanisms underlying this are not fully understood. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in various cell types. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of H₂S on high glucose (HG)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in adipocytes. Adipocytes were differentiated from 3T3-L1 cells and treated with low glucose (LG), HG, H₂S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) or N-acetyl-tyrosyl-valyl- alanyl-aspartyl chloromethyl ketone, an inhibitor of the cysteine protease caspase-1. The expression levels of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing A CARD (ASC) and caspase-1, and the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 were measured. The results of the present study indicated that HG increased the expression levels of NLRP3, ASC and cleaved caspase-1, and the release of IL-1β and IL-18 in adipocytes. Caspase-1 inhibition abolished HG-induced production of IL-1β and IL-18 in adipocytes. Furthermore, NaHS inhibited the expression of NLRP3, ASC and cleaved caspase-1, and the production of IL-1β and IL-18 in adipocytes treated with HG. In conclusion, HG may increase and exogenous H₂S may inhibit HG-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in adipocytes.

Effect of resveratrol on adipokines and myokines involved in fat browning: Perspectives in healthy weight against obesity

Obesity is a globally widespread metabolic disorder, characterized by immoderate fat accumulation in the body. There are different types of body fats such as white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores surplus energy in the body, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) which utilize energy to produce heat during metabolism. BAT acts many beneficial functions in metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes and obesity. Recent studies have investigated methods for promoting the fat browning process of WAT in obesity because of various reasons such as the improvement of insulin resistance, and weight loss. Among natural polyphenolic compounds, resveratrol has been highlighted due to its anti-oxidant and anti-obesity as well as anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties. Recent studies have paid a lot of attention to that resveratrol may act as a fat browning activator, involved in the secretion of many myokines and adipokines. Here, we reviewed the role of resveratrol in fat browning and also the association between resveratrol and adipokines/myokines in the fat browning process. Our review may provide novel insight into the role of resveratrol in fat browning, leading to the maintenance of a healthy weight against obesity.

Association of Low Serum Adiponectin Levels with Aortic Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic protein, affects glucose metabolism. High serum adiponectin levels are associated with decreased diabetes mellitus (DM) risks. Aortic arterial stiffness (AS) is associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 2 DM patients. We assessed the association between adiponectin levels and aortic AS in type 2 DM patients. We measured serum adiponectin levels in 140 volunteers with type 2 DM and assigned patients with carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) >10 m/s to the aortic AS group (n = 54, 38.6%). These patients had higher systolic (p = 0.001) and diastolic (p = 0.010) blood pressures; body fat masses (p = 0.041); serum triglyceride (p = 0.026), phosphorus (p = 0.037), and insulin (p = 0.040) levels; and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance values (p = 0.029) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rates (p = 0.009) and serum adiponectin levels (p = 0.001) than controls. Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders showed serum adiponectin levels (OR 0.922; 95% CI, 0.876–0.970; p = 0.002) as an independent predictor of aortic AS. Multivariable forward stepwise linear regression analyses showed that serum adiponectin levels (β = −0.283, adjusted R² change: 0.054, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with cfPWV. Thus, serum adiponectin level is an independent predictor of aortic AS in type 2 DM patients.

How lifestyle factors and their associated pathogenetic mechanisms impact psoriasis

BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS

Psoriasis is a skin disorder affecting approximately 2-3% of the global population. While research has revealed a strong genetic component, there are few studies exploring the extent to which lifestyle factors influence psoriasis pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to describe the role of lifestyle factors as both a potential cause and treatment for psoriasis. The review also examines the underlying mechanisms through which these lifestyle factors may operate.

METHODS

This narrative review aims to incorporate current knowledge relating to both lifestyle and pathogenetic factors that contribute to and alleviate psoriasis presentation. Studies reporting the effect of an inflammatory diet and potential dietary benefits are reported, as well as insights into the effects of stress, smoking and alcohol, insulin resistance and exercise.

RESULTS

Poor nutrition and low Omega 3 fatty acid intake, likely combined with fat malabsorption caused by gut dysbiosis and systemic inflammation, are associated with psoriasis. The data strongly suggest that improvements to disease severity can be made through dietary and lifestyle interventions and increased physical activity. Less conclusive, although worthy of mention, is the beneficial effect of bile acid supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS

Lifestyle interventions are a promising treatment for psoriasis and its associated co-morbidities. However, gaps and inadequacies exist within the literature, e.g. methodology, absence of a unified scoring system, lack of controlled clinical data and lack of studies without simultaneous usage of biologics or alternative therapies. Future directions should focus on high quality cohort studies and clinical trials.

Regulation of somatostatin receptor 2 by proinflammatory, microbial and obesity-related signals in periodontal cells and tissues

Background

Periodontitis is a chronic disease characterized by a progressive and irreversible destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues, including gingiva and periodontal ligament (PDL). Microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, evoke an inflammatory host response, which leads to increased levels of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-1β. Periodontitis has been linked to obesity, and adipokines have been suggested to represent a pathomechanistic link. The hormone somatostatin (SST) exerts antiproliferative, antiangiogenetic, proapoptotic, anti-nociceptive and other effects through binding to its receptors, such as SSTR2. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the regulation of SSTR2 in periodontal cells and tissues under inflammatory, microbial and obesity-related conditions.

Methods

In-vitro, human PDL fibroblasts were exposed to IL-1β, F. nucleatum, leptin or visfatin. The SSTR2 regulation was assessed by real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. In-vivo, the SSTR2 expression was analyzed in gingival biopsies of periodontally diseased and healthy subjects by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the SSTR2 expression was determined in gingival biopsies of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis, rats with diet-induced obesity, and periodontally and systemically healthy control animals. For statistical analyses, the Mann-Whitney-U test and ANOVA with post-hoc tests were applied (p < 0.05).

Results

Exposure of PDL cells to IL-1β and F. nucleatum caused a significant SSTR2 upregulation by 2.6-fold and 6.4-fold, respectively. Additionally, leptin and visfatin increased significantly the SSTR2 gene expression by 3.0-fold and 2.8-fold, respectively. These stimulatory effects were also observed at protein level. SSTR2 expressions in human gingival biopsies from sites of periodontitis were significantly higher than those in healthy biopsies. Similarly, SSTR2 expression levels were significantly enhanced at periodontally-diseased sites in rat experimental periodontitis. Finally, the SSTR2 expression was significantly upregulated in gingival biopsies of obese rats as compared to normal weight control animals.

Conclusions

Our study provides original insights into the SSTR2 regulation in cells and tissues of the periodontium. We demonstrate for the first time that proinflammatory, microbial and obesity-associated molecules result in an SSTR2 upregulation. Since SST has been shown to be antiproliferative, antiangiogenetic, and proapoptotic, our study suggests that SSTR2 might play a critical role in the aetiopathogenesis of periodontitis.

Changes in obese metabolic phenotypes over time and risk of incident chronic kidney disease

AIM

To examine the association between metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and study whether changes in metabolic phenotypes over time could affect CKD risk.

METHODS

A total of 8589 subjects from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were categorized into four groups based on the presence of obesity and metabolic abnormalities (MA). The primary endpoint was an onset of incident CKD defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² . Multivariable Cox analysis and time-varying Cox analysis were performed to delineate the relationship between obese metabolic phenotypes and incident CKD after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and clinical and laboratory parameters.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up duration of 9.3 years, CKD occurred in 782 (9.1%) participants. In the multivariable Cox model, the hazard ratio (HR) for incident CKD in the MHO, metabolically abnormal non-obese (MANO), and metabolically abnormal obese (MAO) groups was 1.42 (P = 0.002), 1.45 (P < 0.001), and 1.77 (P < 0.001), respectively, compared with the metabolically healthy non-obese (MHNO) group. Time-varying analysis with these four phenotypes as time-varying exposures showed the same results. Furthermore, subjects with persistent MHO through follow-up were at a 2.0-fold increased risk of CKD (P < 0.001). 41.0% of subjects experienced phenotype changes during follow-up. Over the long term, the MHO group had a higher proportion of transition to the MA phenotype and unfavourable metabolic profiles than the MHNO group. Among MHO subjects, those who transitioned to MAO were at a 4.1-fold increased risk of incident CKD than those who regressed to MHNO. In addition, transition to MHO from other groups carried a higher risk of CKD than persistent MHNO.

CONCLUSION

MHO subjects are at increased risk for incident CKD.

Visceral fat and insulin resistance - what we know?

One of the most significant challenges of current medicine is the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide that is accompanied by a wide range of chronic health complications and increased mortality. White adipose tissue actively contributes to metabolic regulation by production of a variety of hormones and cytokines, commonly referred to as adipokines. The spectrum and quantity of adipokines produced by the adipose tissue of obese patients is directly or indirectly involved in much obesity-related pathology (type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory response). One of the underlying mechanisms linking obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular complications is subclinical inflammation, primarily arising in visceral adipose tissue. Adipocyte size, number and polarization of lymphocytes and infiltrated macrophages are closely related to metabolic and obesity-related diseases. The storage capacity of hypertrophic adipocytes in obese patients is limited. This results in chronic energy overload and leads to increased apoptosis of adipocytes that in turn stimulates the infiltration of visceral adipose tissue by immune cells, in particular macrophages. These cells produce many proinflammatory factors; while the overall production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines is decreased. The constant release of proinflammatory factors into the circulation then contributes to a subclinical systemic inflammation, which is directly linked to the metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity.

Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in periodontal fibroblasts and tissues by obesity-associated stimuli

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines and has been connected to aggravated progression of periodontal disease under chronic stress. Obesity is known to increase the risk of periodontitis and adipokines have been suggested to be a pathomechanistic link. This study examines if obesity-associated stimuli have regulatory effects on TH levels in periodontal cells and tissues. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of leptin or visfatin for up to 2 days. Untreated cells served as control. TH regulation was analyzed by real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry and ELISA. TH gene expression in periodontal tissues of normal-weight and obese rodents was determined. Examination of gingival biopsies from rats and patients with and without periodontal disease was performed by real-time PCR or immunohistochemistry. For statistics, ANOVA and post hoc tests were applied (p < 0.05). In vitro, TH gene expression and protein levels were increased by leptin and visfatin. In vivo, TH gene expression was upregulated in periodontal tissues of obese rodents as compared to normal-weight animals. Additionally, increased TH gene expression was found in rat gingival biopsies with experimental periodontitis. Human gingival biopsies from sites of periodontitis confirmed the animal data by demonstrating elevated TH levels at periodontally diseased sites. This study provides original evidence that obesity-associated stimuli induce a TH upregulation in periodontal cells and tissues. Since TH levels were also increased at periodontitis sites, our in vitro and animal findings suggest that this enzyme could represent a pathomechanism whereby obesity contributes to periodontitis.

ADHD symptoms and body composition changes in childhood: a longitudinal study evaluating directionality of associations

BACKGROUND

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to increased risk of overweight/obesity among children and adults. Studies have also implicated obesity as a risk factor for ADHD. However, no studies have evaluated bidirectional, longitudinal associations between childhood fat mass and ADHD symptom severity.

OBJECTIVES

We investigate bidirectional associations between ADHD symptoms and measures of body composition between ages 1.5 and 9. We further examine effects of specific eating patterns linked to ADHD on associations between symptom severity and body composition.

METHODS

The study utilized data from children (N = 3903) participating in the Generation R cohort (Netherlands). Children were enrolled at birth and retained regardless of ADHD symptoms over time. Cross-lagged and change models examined bidirectional associations between body composition (body mass index/dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and ADHD symptoms at four time points in childhood.

RESULTS

A child with a clinically concerning ADHD symptom z-score two standard deviations above the mean at age 6 would be expected to experience about 0.22 kg greater fat mass gain measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry between ages 6 and 9, even if they displayed healthy eating patterns (95% CI: 0.11 - 0.28, p < 0.001). Conversely, fat mass at any age did not predict worse ADHD symptoms later.

CONCLUSIONS

Beginning in early childhood, more ADHD symptoms predict higher fat mass at later ages. We did not find evidence of a reverse association. Based on these and prior findings, lifestyle counselling during treatment for children with a diagnosis of ADHD should be considered, even if they are diagnosed in early childhood and do not yet have a body mass index of clinical concern.

Characterization of a diet-induced obesity rat model for periodontal research

OBJECTIVES

Obesity is associated with periodontitis, but the mechanisms underlying this association have yet to be unraveled. The present investigation was to evaluate a common rat model, in which obesity is induced by high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFSD), for its applicability in periodontal research.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ten male Wistar rats were fed a 3-month HFSD along with a matching control group. Afterwards, the body weight, adipocyte morphology, leptin and adiponectin levels in adipose tissue, gingiva, and serum as well as the serum levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, and glucose were analyzed. For statistical analyses, parametric and non-parametric tests were applied (p < 0.05).

RESULTS

Body weight was significantly higher in the HFSD group after dieting as compared to control. HFSD caused a significant increase in serum triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and leptin levels and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, adipose tissue from HFSD rats exhibited significantly larger adipocytes, displayed a significant upregulation of leptin and, surprisingly, elevated adiponectin levels, which is in contrast to chronic obesity in humans. Although leptin and adiponectin were also observed in gingival biopsies, no obvious differences between the groups were found.

CONCLUSIONS

Although this rat diet-induced obesity model is characterized by changes typical of obesity, it also has limitations, which have to be considered when data, especially with regard to adipokines, are extrapolated to humans.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The rodent diet-induced obesity model may be useful for unraveling pathomechanisms underlying the association between obesity and periodontal destruction but conclusions have to be drawn with caution.

Diet-Induced Obesity Affects Muscle Regeneration After Murine Blunt Muscle Trauma-A Broad Spectrum Analysis

Injury to skeletal muscle affects millions of people worldwide. The underlying regenerative process however, is a very complex mechanism, time-wise highly coordinated, and subdivided in an initial inflammatory, a regenerative and a remodeling phase. Muscle regeneration can be impaired by several factors, among them diet-induced obesity (DIO). In order to evaluate if obesity negatively affects healing processes after trauma, we utilized a blunt injury approach to damage the extensor iliotibialis anticus muscle on the left hind limb of obese and normal weight C57BL/6J without showing any significant differences in force input between normal weight and obese mice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the injury and regeneration process revealed edema formation and hemorrhage exudate in muscle tissue of normal weight and obese mice. In addition, morphological analysis of physiological changes revealed tissue necrosis, immune cell infiltration, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and fibrosis formation in the damaged muscle tissue. Regeneration was delayed in muscles of obese mice, with a higher incidence of fibrosis formation due to hampered expression levels of genes involved in ECM organization. Furthermore, a detailed molecular fingerprint in different stages of muscle regeneration underlined a delay or even lack of a regenerative response to injury in obese mice. A time-lapse heatmap determined 81 differentially expressed genes (DEG) with at least three hits in our model at all-time points, suggesting key candidates with a high impact on muscle regeneration. Pathway analysis of the DEG revealed five pathways with a high confidence level: myeloid leukocyte migration, regulation of tumor necrosis factor production, CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation, ECM organization, and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Moreover, changes in complement-, Wnt-, and satellite cell-related genes were found to be impaired in obese animals after trauma. Furthermore, histological satellite cell evaluation showed lower satellite cell numbers in the obese model upon injury. Ankrd1, C3ar1, Ccl8, Mpeg1, and Myog expression levels were also verified by qPCR. In summary, increased fibrosis formation, the reduction of Pax7⁺ satellite cells as well as specific changes in gene expression and signaling pathways could explain the delay of tissue regeneration in obese mice post trauma.