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Kim D, Song J, Mancuso N, Mangul S, Jung J, Jang W. Large-scale integrative analysis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis for new insight into its pathogenesis. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:47. [PMID: 38336809 PMCID: PMC10858498 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-024-03280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most prevalent rheumatic disorders in children and is classified as an autoimmune disease (AID). While a robust genetic contribution to JIA etiology has been established, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. METHODS To prioritize biologically interpretable susceptibility genes and proteins for JIA, we conducted transcriptome-wide and proteome-wide association studies (TWAS/PWAS). Then, to understand the genetic architecture of JIA, we systematically analyzed single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability, a signature of natural selection, and polygenicity. Next, we conducted HLA typing using multi-ethnicity RNA sequencing data. Additionally, we examined the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire at a single-cell level to explore the potential links between immunity and JIA risk. RESULTS We have identified 19 TWAS genes and two PWAS proteins associated with JIA risks. Furthermore, we observe that the heritability and cell type enrichment analysis of JIA are enriched in T lymphocytes and HLA regions and that JIA shows higher polygenicity compared to other AIDs. In multi-ancestry HLA typing, B*45:01 is more prevalent in African JIA patients than in European JIA patients, whereas DQA1*01:01, DQA1*03:01, and DRB1*04:01 exhibit a higher frequency in European JIA patients. Using single-cell immune repertoire analysis, we identify clonally expanded T cell subpopulations in JIA patients, including CXCL13+BHLHE40+ TH cells which are significantly associated with JIA risks. CONCLUSION Our findings shed new light on the pathogenesis of JIA and provide a strong foundation for future mechanistic studies aimed at uncovering the molecular drivers of JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicholas Mancuso
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Serghei Mangul
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junghyun Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Hollywood, CA, USA.
| | - Wonhee Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Vamshidhar IS, Rani SSS, Kalpana M, Gaur A, Umesh M, Ganji V, Saluja R, Taranikanti M, John NA. Impact of COVID-19 on thyroid gland functions with reference to Graves' disease: A systematic review. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1784-1789. [PMID: 38024874 PMCID: PMC10657079 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2246_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Both immediate and long-term adverse effects arise out of this disease's aftermath. It involves various organs, which include endocrine glands, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and other organs. The long-term outcomes of the SARS-CoV-2 infection are influenced by preexisting comorbidities. Genetic, environmental, and immunological factors contribute to the development of various autoimmune diseases, which include Graves' disease (GD). The growing mystery surrounding this virus is exacerbated by auto-inflammatory diseases, such as pediatric inflammatory multisystemic syndrome (PIMS) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), which raises concerns about the nature of the virus' connection to the autoimmune and auto-inflammatory sequelae. There is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms of developing GD in post-COVID-19 patients. There are limited data regarding the pathogenesis involved in post-COVID-19 GD. Our goal was to understand the various mechanisms involved in post-COVID-19 GD among patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for 2020, a literature search of medical databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus) from February 2021 to February 2022 was performed by five authors. The keywords used were "Post COVID-19," "Grave's disease," "Cytokine storm," "Autoimmunity," and "Molecular mimicry." This review revealed three underlying mechanisms that resulted in post-COVID GD, which included cytokine storm, molecular mimicry, ACE2 receptor concentration, and cell-mediated immunity. The full spectrum of the effects of COVID-19 needs to be researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. S. Vamshidhar
- Department of Physiology, Government Medical College, Mahabubabad, Telangana, India
| | - S. S. Sabitha Rani
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Bhadradri Kothagudem, Telangana, India
| | - Medala Kalpana
- Department of Physiology, AIIMS Bibinagar, Telangana, India
| | - Archana Gaur
- Department of Physiology, AIIMS Bibinagar, Telangana, India
| | | | - Vidya Ganji
- Department of Physiology, AIIMS Bibinagar, Telangana, India
| | - Rohit Saluja
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Bibinagar, Telangana, India
| | | | - Nitin A. John
- Department of Physiology, AIIMS Bibinagar, Telangana, India
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3
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Wang SJ, Dougan SK, Dougan M. Immune mechanisms of toxicity from checkpoint inhibitors. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:543-553. [PMID: 37117135 PMCID: PMC10330206 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the treatment landscape for cancer over the past decade. Inhibitors of the immune checkpoint proteins cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, programmed death (PD)-1, and PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) can induce durable remissions in a subset of patients with metastatic disease. However, these treatments can be limited by inflammatory toxicities that can affect any organ system in the body and in some cases can be life threatening. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the drivers of these toxicities as well as effective management strategies. Further research into understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive toxicity will enable better prediction of toxicity and development of optimized therapies for these toxicities that avoid interfering with antitumor immunity. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the inflammatory toxicities from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and propose optimal treatment strategies for these toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jennifer Wang
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Li X, Singh NK, Collins DR, Ng R, Zhang A, Lamothe-Molina PA, Shahinian P, Xu S, Tan K, Piechocka-Trocha A, Urbach JM, Weber JK, Gaiha GD, Takou Mbah OC, Huynh T, Cheever S, Chen J, Birnbaum M, Zhou R, Walker BD, Wang JH. Molecular basis of differential HLA class I-restricted T cell recognition of a highly networked HIV peptide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2929. [PMID: 37217466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) mediated control of HIV-1 is enhanced by targeting highly networked epitopes in complex with human-leukocyte-antigen-class-I (HLA-I). However, the extent to which the presenting HLA allele contributes to this process is unknown. Here we examine the CTL response to QW9, a highly networked epitope presented by the disease-protective HLA-B57 and disease-neutral HLA-B53. Despite robust targeting of QW9 in persons expressing either allele, T cell receptor (TCR) cross-recognition of the naturally occurring variant QW9_S3T is consistently reduced when presented by HLA-B53 but not by HLA-B57. Crystal structures show substantial conformational changes from QW9-HLA to QW9_S3T-HLA by both alleles. The TCR-QW9-B53 ternary complex structure manifests how the QW9-B53 can elicit effective CTLs and suggests sterically hindered cross-recognition by QW9_S3T-B53. We observe populations of cross-reactive TCRs for B57, but not B53 and also find greater peptide-HLA stability for B57 in comparison to B53. These data demonstrate differential impacts of HLAs on TCR cross-recognition and antigen presentation of a naturally arising variant, with important implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Nishant Kumar Singh
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Robert Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Angela Zhang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Peter Shahinian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shutong Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kemin Tan
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey K Weber
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | | | - Tien Huynh
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Sophia Cheever
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael Birnbaum
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, USA
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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5
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Taylor J, Gandhi A, Gray E, Zaenker P. Checkpoint inhibitor immune-related adverse events: A focused review on autoantibodies and B cells as biomarkers, advancements and future possibilities. Front Immunol 2023; 13:991433. [PMID: 36713389 PMCID: PMC9874109 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has evolved rapidly with unprecedented treatment benefits being obtained for cancer patients, including improved patient survival. However, over half of the patients experience immune related adverse events (irAEs) or toxicities, which can be fatal, affect the quality of life of patients and potentially cause treatment interruption or cessation. Complications from these toxicities can also cause long term irreversible organ damage and other chronic health conditions. Toxicities can occur in various organ systems, with common observations in the skin, rheumatologic, gastrointestinal, hepatic, endocrine system and the lungs. These are not only challenging to manage but also difficult to detect during the early stages of treatment. Currently, no biomarker exists to predict which patients are likely to develop toxicities from ICI therapy and efforts to identify robust biomarkers are ongoing. B cells and antibodies against autologous antigens (autoantibodies) have shown promise and are emerging as markers to predict the development of irAEs in cancer patients. In this review, we discuss the interplay between ICIs and toxicities in cancer patients, insights into the underlying mechanisms of irAEs, and the involvement of the humoral immune response, particularly by B cells and autoantibodies in irAE development. We also provide an appraisal of the progress, key empirical results and advances in B cell and autoantibody research as biomarkers for predicting irAEs. We conclude the review by outlining the challenges and steps required for their potential clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Taylor
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia,*Correspondence: John Taylor,
| | - Aesha Gandhi
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Elin Gray
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Pauline Zaenker
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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6
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Identification of Potential SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T Cell Escape Mutants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040542. [PMID: 35455291 PMCID: PMC9028849 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses induced upon infection or COVID-19 vaccination have been important for protecting against severe COVID-19 disease while being largely robust against variants of concern (VOCs) observed so far. However, T cell immunity may be weakened by genetic mutations in future SARS-CoV-2 variants that lead to widespread T cell escape. The capacity for SARS-CoV-2 mutations to escape memory T cell responses requires comprehensive experimental investigation, though this is prohibited by the large number of SARS-CoV-2 mutations that have been observed. To guide targeted experimental studies, here we provide a screened list of potential SARS-CoV-2 T cell escape mutants. These mutants are identified as candidates for T cell escape as they lie within CD8+ T cell epitopes that are commonly targeted in individuals and are predicted to abrogate HLA–peptide binding.
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7
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Abstract
Anti-PD-1 therapies can activate tumor-specific T cells to destroy tumors. However, whether and how T cells with different antigen specificity and affinity are differentially regulated by PD-1 remain vaguely understood. Upon antigen stimulation, a variety of genes is induced in T cells. Recently, we found that T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength required for the induction of genes varies across different genes and PD-1 preferentially inhibits the induction of genes that require stronger TCR signal. As each T cell has its own response characteristics, inducibility of genes likely differs across different T cells. Accordingly, the inhibitory effects of PD-1 are also expected to differ across different T cells. In the current study, we investigated whether and how factors that modulate T cell responsiveness to antigenic stimuli influence PD-1 function. By analyzing TCRs with different affinities to peptide-MHC complexes (pMHC) and pMHCs with different affinities to TCR, we demonstrated that PD-1 inhibits the expression of TCR-inducible genes efficiently when TCR:pMHC affinity is low. In contrast, affinities of peptides to MHC and MHC expression levels did not affect PD-1 sensitivity of TCR-inducible genes although they markedly altered the dose responsiveness of T cells by changing the efficiency of pMHC formation, suggesting that the strength of individual TCR signal is the key determinant of PD-1 sensitivity. Accordingly, we observed a preferential expansion of T cells with low-affinity to tumor-antigen in PD-1-deficient mice upon inoculation of tumor cells. These results demonstrate that PD-1 imposes qualitative control of T cell responses by preferentially suppressing low-affinity T cells.
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8
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Dougan M, Luoma AM, Dougan SK, Wucherpfennig KW. Understanding and treating the inflammatory adverse events of cancer immunotherapy. Cell 2021; 184:1575-1588. [PMID: 33675691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, immunotherapies have made a major impact on the treatment of diverse types of cancer. Inflammatory toxicities are not only a major concern for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, but also limit the development and use of combination therapies. Fundamentally, these adverse events highlight the intricate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that regulate protective immune responses. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammatory adverse events, current approaches to treatment, as well as opportunities for the design of immunotherapies that limit such inflammatory toxicities while preserving anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Adrienne M Luoma
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Bonaventura A, Vecchié A, Mauro AG, Brucato AL, Imazio M, Abbate A. An update on the pathophysiology of acute and recurrent pericarditis. Panminerva Med 2020; 63:249-260. [PMID: 33337127 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.20.04205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pericarditis is an inflammatory disease of the pericardium. Progress has been done in recent years in the understanding of its pathophysiology. In particular, pre-clinical and clinical studies have contributed to increasing our knowledge on the role of interleukin (IL)-1 and NLRP3 (NACHT, leucine- rich repeat, and pyrin domain- containing protein 3) inflammasome. Based on current evidence, pericarditis should be considered as an inflammatory reaction to various stimuli, including chemical/physical, infectious, or ischemic ones, with a viral infection being a common etiology. Interaction of pathogens or irritants with toll-like receptor (TLRs) and stimulation of IL-1 receptor by IL-1α and IL-1β lead to an increased transcription of pro-inflammatory genes, including those needed for NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. This pathway is confirmed indirectly by the beneficial effect of colchicine (an indirect NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor) and IL-1 blockers in patients with recurrent pericarditis. More recently, a direct evidence of the NLRP3 inflammasome within the inflamed pericardium has been provided as well. It may, however, occur that selfantigens on the surface of mesothelial cells or microbial peptides may stimulate autoreactive T cells along with B cells producing anti-heart antibodies, although less evidence is available on this. Some uncertainties still remain about the role of neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and pericardial interstitial cells in recurrent and constrictive pericarditis. Unraveling these aspects might have a direct impact on the development of novel targeted therapies, especially considering the increasing number of drugs targeting NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Bonaventura
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA - .,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy - .,Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria-Ospedale Di Circolo di Varese, ASST Dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy -
| | - Alessandra Vecchié
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria-Ospedale Di Circolo di Varese, ASST Dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Adolfo G Mauro
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Antonio L Brucato
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Imazio
- University Cardiology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. We review the two core MS features, myelin instability, fragmentation, and remyelination failure, and dominance of pathogenic CD4+ Th17 cells over protective CD4+ Treg cells. To better understand myelin pathology, we describe myelin biosynthesis, structure, and function, then highlight stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in nervonic acid biosynthesis and nervonic acid's contribution to myelin stability. Noting that vitamin D deficiency decreases SCD in the periphery, we propose it also decreases SCD in oligodendrocytes, disrupting the nervonic acid supply and causing myelin instability and fragmentation. To better understand the distorted Th17/Treg cell balance, we summarize Th17 cell contributions to MS pathogenesis, then highlight how 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 signaling from microglia to CD4+ T cells restores Treg cell dominance. This signaling rapidly increases flux through the methionine cycle, removing homocysteine, replenishing S-adenosyl-methionine, and improving epigenetic marking. Noting that DNA hypomethylation and inappropriate DRB1*1501 expression were observed in MS patient CD4+ T cells, we propose that vitamin D deficiency thwarts epigenetic downregulation of DRB1*1501 and Th17 cell signature genes, and upregulation of Treg cell signature genes, causing dysregulation within the CD4+ T cell compartment. We explain how obesity reduces vitamin D status, and how estrogen and vitamin D collaborate to promote Treg cell dominance in females. Finally, we discuss the implications of this new knowledge concerning myelin and the Th17/Treg cell balance, and advocate for efforts to address the global epidemics of obesity and vitamin D deficiency in the expectation of reducing the impact of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E. Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - James M. Ntambi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Singh J, Sharma A, Rani L, Kaur N, Anand S, Saikia B, Jha S, Nada R, Minz RW. Distinct HLA and non-HLA associations in different subtypes of ANCA-associated vasculitides in North India. Int J Rheum Dis 2020; 23:958-965. [PMID: 32297471 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) is an autoimmune disease characterized by necrotizing small vessel vasculitis that can affect various organs and present multiple symptoms. Susceptibility to AAV is multifactorial and most likely caused by an amalgamation of genetic and environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to explore the distribution of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1/DQB1, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) and cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) polymorphisms in North Indian AAV patients and their associations with clinical and pathological characteristics associated with the disease. METHODS A total of 150 AAV patients and 150 healthy controls were recruited. The clinical classification showed 128 as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and 21 as microscopic polyangiitis. Only 1 case of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis was encountered, which was excluded from analysis. HLA-DRB1/DQB1 alleles were determined by polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method and single nucleotide variant genotyping for CTLA-4 and PTPN22 was done by simple probe-based SNP arrays. RESULTS A significant predispositional association of DRB1*03 and DQB1*02 alleles, were confirmed in proteinase 3 (PR3)-AAV patients, whereas DRB1*10, DRB1*14 and DQB1*05 were protective alleles in AAV, PR3-AAV and GPA patients. GG genotype of CTLA-4 + 49A/G was increased in patients as compared to controls and showed an association with AAV, PR3-AAV and GPA patients. CONCLUSION The study indicated strong genetic associations were linked with PR3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody specificity and it appears that PR3-AAV and MPO-AAV have distinct genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Singh
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lekha Rani
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navchetan Kaur
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Saket Jha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritambhra Nada
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Walker Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Tanno H, Gould TM, McDaniel JR, Cao W, Tanno Y, Durrett RE, Park D, Cate SJ, Hildebrand WH, Dekker CL, Tian L, Weyand CM, Georgiou G, Goronzy JJ. Determinants governing T cell receptor α/β-chain pairing in repertoire formation of identical twins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:532-540. [PMID: 31879353 PMCID: PMC6955297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915008117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell repertoire in each individual includes T cell receptors (TCRs) of enormous sequence diversity through the pairing of diverse TCR α- and β-chains, each generated by somatic recombination of paralogous gene segments. Whether the TCR repertoire contributes to susceptibility to infectious or autoimmune diseases in concert with disease-associated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphisms is unknown. Due to a lack in high-throughput technologies to sequence TCR α-β pairs, current studies on whether the TCR repertoire is shaped by host genetics have so far relied only on single-chain analysis. Using a high-throughput single T cell sequencing technology, we obtained the largest paired TCRαβ dataset so far, comprising 965,523 clonotypes from 15 healthy individuals including 6 monozygotic twin pairs. Public TCR α- and, to a lesser extent, TCR β-chain sequences were common in all individuals. In contrast, sharing of entirely identical TCRαβ amino acid sequences was very infrequent in unrelated individuals, but highly increased in twins, in particular in CD4 memory T cells. Based on nucleotide sequence identity, a subset of these shared clonotypes appeared to be the progeny of T cells that had been generated during fetal development and had persisted for more than 50 y. Additional shared TCRαβ in twins were encoded by different nucleotide sequences, implying that genetic determinants impose structural constraints on thymic selection that favor the selection of TCR α-β pairs with entire sequence identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Tanno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Timothy M Gould
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Jonathan R McDaniel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Yuri Tanno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Russell E Durrett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Daechan Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Steven J Cate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712;
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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13
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Zhong H, Zhao C, Luo S. HLA in myasthenia gravis: From superficial correlation to underlying mechanism. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:102349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chow IT, Gates TJ, Papadopoulos GK, Moustakas AK, Kolawole EM, Notturno RJ, McGinty JW, Torres-Chinn N, James EA, Greenbaum C, Nepom GT, Evavold BD, Kwok WW. Discriminative T cell recognition of cross-reactive islet-antigens is associated with HLA-DQ8 transdimer-mediated autoimmune diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw9336. [PMID: 31457096 PMCID: PMC6703875 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw9336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ8 transdimer (HLA-DQA1*0501/DQB1*0302) confers exceptionally high risk in autoimmune diabetes. However, little is known about HLA-DQ8 transdimer-restricted CD4 T cell recognition, an event crucial for triggering HLA-DQ8 transdimer-specific anti-islet immunity. Here, we report a high degree of epitope overlap and T cell promiscuity between susceptible HLA-DQ8 and HLA-DQ8 transdimer. Despite preservation of putative residues for T cell receptor (TCR) contact, stronger disease-associated responses to cross-reactive, immunodominant islet epitopes are elicited by HLA-DQ8 transdimer. Mutagenesis at the α chain of HLA-DQ8 transdimer in complex with the disease-relevant GAD65250-266 peptide and in silico analysis reveal the DQ α52 residue located within the N-terminal edge of the peptide-binding cleft for the enhanced T cell reactivity, altering avidity and biophysical affinity between TCR and HLA-peptide complexes. Accordingly, a structurally promiscuous but nondegenerate TCR-HLA-peptide interface is pivotal for HLA-DQ8 transdimer-mediated autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Theresa J. Gates
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - George K. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Antonis K. Moustakas
- Department of Food Technology, Ionian University, GR28100 Argostoli, Cephallonia, Greece
| | - Elizabeth M. Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Richard J. Notturno
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - John W. McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Nadia Torres-Chinn
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Carla Greenbaum
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Gerald T. Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - William W. Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave., Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Santos E, Bettencourt A, Duarte S, Gabriel D, Oliveira V, da Silva AM, Costa PP, Lopes C, Gonçalves G, da Silva BM, Leite MI. Refractory myasthenia gravis: Characteristics of a portuguese cohort. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60:188-191. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.26507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernestina Santos
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do PortoHospital de Santo António Largo Prof Abel Salazar, 4099‐001 Porto Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in BiomedicineInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar–Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Andreia Bettencourt
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in BiomedicineInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar–Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Immunogenetics LaboratoryInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar–Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do PortoHospital de Santo António Largo Prof Abel Salazar, 4099‐001 Porto Portugal
| | - Denis Gabriel
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do PortoHospital de Santo António Largo Prof Abel Salazar, 4099‐001 Porto Portugal
| | - Vanessa Oliveira
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do PortoHospital de Santo António Largo Prof Abel Salazar, 4099‐001 Porto Portugal
| | - Ana Martins da Silva
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do PortoHospital de Santo António Largo Prof Abel Salazar, 4099‐001 Porto Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in BiomedicineInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar–Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Paulo Pinho Costa
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in BiomedicineInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar–Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Immunogenetics LaboratoryInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar–Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge Porto Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in BiomedicineInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar–Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Guilherme Gonçalves
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in BiomedicineInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar–Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Berta Martins da Silva
- Immunogenetics LaboratoryInstituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar–Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Leite
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesOxford University Hospitals and University of Oxford Oxford UK
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Curtin F, Bernard C, Levet S, Perron H, Porchet H, Médina J, Malpass S, Lloyd D, Simpson R. A new therapeutic approach for type 1 diabetes: Rationale for GNbAC1, an anti-HERV-W-Env monoclonal antibody. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2075-2084. [PMID: 29749030 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a newly identified therapeutic target for type 1 diabetes (T1D): an envelope protein of endogenous retroviral origin, human endogenous retrovirus W envelope (HERV-W-Env). HERV-W-Env was found to be detected in the blood of ~60% of patients with T1D and is expressed in acinar pancreatic cells of 75% of patients with T1D at post mortem examination. Preclinical experiments showed that this protein displays direct cytotoxicity on human β-islet cells. In vivo HERV-W-Env impairs the insulin and glucose metabolism in transgenic mice expressing HERV-W-Env. GNbAC1, an IgG4 monoclonal antibody, has been developed to specifically target HERV-W-Env and to neutralize the effect of HERV-W-Env in vitro and in vivo. GNbAC1 is currently in clinical development for multiple sclerosis and > 300 subjects have been administered with GNbAC1 so far. GNbAC1 is now being tested in T1D in the RAINBOW-T1D study, which is a randomized placebo-controlled study with the objective of showing the safety and pharmacodynamic response of GNbAC1 in patients who have had T1D with a maximum of 4 years' duration. GNbAC1 is being tested vs placebo at the dose of 6 mg/kg in 60 patients during six repeated administrations for 6 months; a 6-month open-label extension will follow. The primary endpoint is to assess safety, and secondary endpoints are the pharmacodynamic responses to GNbAC1. GNbAC1 targeting HERV-W-Env is currently in clinical development in T1D, with the first safety and pharmacodynamic study. If the study results are positive, this may open the door to the development of an innovative non-immunomodulatory disease-modifying treatment for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Curtin
- GeNeuro SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
- Geneuro-Innovation, Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Immune Deficiencies, Faculty of Medicine Laënnec, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Porchet
- GeNeuro SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Sam Malpass
- Southern Star Research Pty Ltd, Gordon, Australia
| | - David Lloyd
- Southern Star Research Pty Ltd, Gordon, Australia
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17
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Alvaro-Benito M, Morrison E, Wieczorek M, Sticht J, Freund C. Human leukocyte Antigen-DM polymorphisms in autoimmune diseases. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160165. [PMID: 27534821 PMCID: PMC5008016 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical MHC class II (MHCII) proteins present peptides for CD4+ T-cell surveillance and are by far the most prominent risk factor for a number of autoimmune disorders. To date, many studies have shown that this link between particular MHCII alleles and disease depends on the MHCII's particular ability to bind and present certain peptides in specific physiological contexts. However, less attention has been paid to the non-classical MHCII molecule human leucocyte antigen-DM, which catalyses peptide exchange on classical MHCII proteins acting as a peptide editor. DM function impacts the presentation of both antigenic peptides in the periphery and key self-peptides during T-cell development in the thymus. In this way, DM activity directly influences the response to pathogens, as well as mechanisms of self-tolerance acquisition. While decreased DM editing of particular MHCII proteins has been proposed to be related to autoimmune disorders, no experimental evidence for different DM catalytic properties had been reported until recently. Biochemical and structural investigations, together with new animal models of loss of DM activity, have provided an attractive foundation for identifying different catalytic efficiencies for DM allotypes. Here, we revisit the current knowledge of DM function and discuss how DM function may impart autoimmunity at the organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alvaro-Benito
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliot Morrison
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Sticht
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Lee T, Sprouse ML, Banerjee P, Bettini M, Bettini ML. Ectopic Expression of Self-Antigen Drives Regulatory T Cell Development and Not Deletion of Autoimmune T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2270-2278. [PMID: 28835461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that is characterized by Ag-specific targeting and destruction of insulin-producing β cells. Although multiple studies have characterized the pathogenic potential of β cell-specific T cells, we have limited mechanistic insight into self-reactive autoimmune T cell development and their escape from negative selection in the thymus. In this study, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of insulin epitope B:9-23 (InsB9-23) by thymic APCs is insufficient to induce deletion of high- or low-affinity InsB9-23-reactive CD4+ T cells; however, we observe an increase in the proportion and number of thymic and peripheral Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. In contrast, the MHC stable insulin mimetope (InsB9-23 R22E) efficiently deletes insulin-specific T cells and prevents escape of high-affinity thymocytes. Collectively, these results suggest that Ag dose and peptide-MHC complex stability can lead to multiple fates of insulin-reactive CD4+ T cell development and autoimmune disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Maran L Sprouse
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Pinaki Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
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Burnard S, Lechner-Scott J, Scott RJ. EBV and MS: Major cause, minor contribution or red-herring? Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017; 16:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Design and Synthesis of Non-Peptide Mimetics Mapping the Immunodominant Myelin Basic Protein (MBP 83-96) Epitope to Function as T-Cell Receptor Antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061215. [PMID: 28594344 PMCID: PMC5486038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Encephalitogenic T cells are heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Their stimulation is triggered by the formation of a trimolecular complex between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA), an immunodominant myelin basic protein (MBP) epitope, and the T cell receptor (TCR). We detail herein our studies directed towards the rational design and synthesis of non-peptide mimetic molecules, based on the immunodominant MBP83-96 epitope that is recognized by the TCR in complex with HLA. We focused our attention on the inhibition of the trimolecular complex formation and consequently the inhibition of proliferation of activated T cells. A structure-based pharmacophore model was generated, in view of the interactions between the TCR and the HLA-MBP83-96 complex. As a result, new candidate molecules were designed based on lead compounds obtained through the ZINC database. Moreover, semi-empirical and density functional theory methods were applied for the prediction of the binding energy between the proposed non-peptide mimetics and the TCR. We synthesized six molecules that were further evaluated in vitro as TCR antagonists. Analogues 15 and 16 were able to inhibit to some extent the stimulation of T cells by the immunodominant MBP83-99 peptide from immunized mice. Inhibition was followed to a lesser degree by analogues 17 and 18 and then by analogue 19. These studies show that lead compounds 15 and 16 may be used for immunotherapy against MS.
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Functional genomics analysis of vitamin D effects on CD4+ T cells in vivo in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1678-E1687. [PMID: 28196884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615783114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D exerts multiple immunomodulatory functions and has been implicated in the etiology and treatment of several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). We have previously reported that in juvenile/adolescent rats, vitamin D supplementation protects from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. Here we demonstrate that this protective effect associates with decreased proliferation of CD4+ T cells and lower frequency of pathogenic T helper (Th) 17 cells. Using transcriptome, methylome, and pathway analyses in CD4+ T cells, we show that vitamin D affects multiple signaling and metabolic pathways critical for T-cell activation and differentiation into Th1 and Th17 subsets in vivo. Namely, Jak/Stat, Erk/Mapk, and Pi3K/Akt/mTor signaling pathway genes were down-regulated upon vitamin D supplementation. The protective effect associated with epigenetic mechanisms, such as (i) changed levels of enzymes involved in establishment and maintenance of epigenetic marks, i.e., DNA methylation and histone modifications; (ii) genome-wide reduction of DNA methylation, and (iii) up-regulation of noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, with concomitant down-regulation of their protein-coding target RNAs involved in T-cell activation and differentiation. We further demonstrate that treatment of myelin-specific T cells with vitamin D reduces frequency of Th1 and Th17 cells, down-regulates genes in key signaling pathways and epigenetic machinery, and impairs their ability to transfer EAE. Finally, orthologs of nearly 50% of candidate MS risk genes and 40% of signature genes of myelin-reactive T cells in MS changed their expression in vivo in EAE upon supplementation, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D may modulate risk for developing MS.
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Rühl G, Niedl AG, Patronov A, Siewert K, Pinkert S, Kalemanov M, Friese MA, Attfield KE, Antes I, Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K. Multiple sclerosis: Molecular mimicry of an antimyelin HLA class I restricted T-cell receptor. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e241. [PMID: 27231714 PMCID: PMC4871805 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify target antigens presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01 to the myelin-reactive human T-cell receptor (TCR) 2D1, which was originally isolated from a CD8+ T-cell clone recognizing proteolipid protein (PLP) in the context of HLA-A*03:01, we employed a new antigen search technology. METHODS We used our recently developed antigen search technology that employs plasmid-encoded combinatorial peptide libraries and a highly sensitive single cell detection system to identify endogenous candidate peptides of mice and human origin. We validated candidate antigens by independent T-cell assays using synthetic peptides and refolded HLA:peptide complexes. A molecular model of HLA-A*02:01:peptide complexes was obtained by molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS We identified one peptide from glycerolphosphatidylcholine phosphodiesterase 1, which is identical in mice and humans and originates from a protein that is expressed in many cell types. When bound to HLA-A*02:01, this peptide cross-stimulates the PLP-reactive HLA-A3-restricted TCR 2D1. Investigation of molecular details revealed that the peptide length plays a crucial role in its capacity to bind HLA-A*02:01 and to activate TCR 2D1. Molecular modeling illustrated the 3D structures of activating HLA:peptide complexes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that our antigen search technology allows us to identify new candidate antigens of a presumably pathogenic, autoreactive, human CD8+ T-cell-derived TCR. They further illustrate how this TCR, which recognizes a myelin peptide bound to HLA-A*03:01, may cross-react with an unrelated peptide presented by the protective HLA class I allele HLA-A*02:01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Rühl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Anna G Niedl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Atanas Patronov
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Stefan Pinkert
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Maria Kalemanov
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Kathrine E Attfield
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Iris Antes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology (G.R., A.G.N., K.S., R.H., K.D.) and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (R.H., K.D.), Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich; Department of Life Sciences (A.P., M.K., I.A.), Technical University Munich, Freising; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry (S.P.), Martinsried; Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (M.A.F.), University Medical Centre, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; MRC Human Immunology Unit (K.E.A.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK; and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) (I.A.), Germany
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The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 1: autoreactive CD4+ T lymphocytes as pathogenic effectors and therapeutic targets. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:198-209. [PMID: 26724103 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the target antigens of pathogenic antibodies and T cells is of fundamental importance for understanding the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, and for the development of personalised treatments for the disease. Myelin-specific CD4+ T cells emerged long ago as a key player in animal models of multiple sclerosis. Taking a forward-translational approach, autoreactive CD4+ T cells have been studied extensively in patients with multiple sclerosis, and there is evidence, but as yet no direct proof, that autoreactive CD4+ T cells are a key player in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Several therapies that selectively target myelin-specific CD4+ T cells have been investigated in clinical trials up to phase 3. So far, however, none of these (mostly underpowered) therapeutic trials have provided definitive evidence of clinical efficacy. One major obstacle to personalised, highly selective immunotherapy is the absence of standardised and reliable assays to assess antigen-specific human T-cell responses. Such assays would be essential for stratification of patients with multiple sclerosis according to their individual target antigens.
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The Protective Role of HLA-DRB1(∗)13 in Autoimmune Diseases. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:948723. [PMID: 26605347 PMCID: PMC4641944 DOI: 10.1155/2015/948723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are characterized by a multifactorial aetiology and a complex genetic background, with the MHC region playing a major role. We genotyped for HLA-DRB1 locus 1228 patients with AIDs-213 with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), 166 with Psoriasis or Psoriatic Arthritis (Ps + PsA), 153 with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), 67 with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), 536 with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and 93 with Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and 282 unrelated controls. We confirmed previously established associations of HLA-DRB1∗15 (OR = 2.17) and HLA-DRB1∗03 (OR = 1.81) alleles with MS, HLA-DRB1∗03 with SLE (OR = 2.49), HLA-DRB1∗01 (OR = 1.79) and HLA-DRB1∗04 (OR = 2.81) with RA, HLA-DRB1∗07 with Ps + PsA (OR = 1.79), HLA-DRB1∗01 (OR = 2.28) and HLA-DRB1∗08 (OR = 3.01) with SSc, and HLA-DRB1∗03 with MG (OR = 2.98). We further observed a consistent negative association of HLA-DRB1∗13 allele with SLE, Ps + PsA, RA, and SSc (18.3%, 19.3%, 16.3%, and 11.9%, resp., versus 29.8% in controls). HLA-DRB1∗13 frequency in the AIDs group was 20.0% (OR = 0.58). Although different alleles were associated with particular AIDs, the same allele, HLA-DRB1∗13, was underrepresented in all of the six diseases analysed. This observation suggests that this allele may confer protection for AIDs, particularly for systemic and rheumatic disease. The protective effect of HLA-DRB1∗13 could be explained by a more proficient antigen presentation by these molecules, favouring efficient clonal deletion during thymic selection.
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25
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Peptide motif analysis predicts lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as trigger for multiple sclerosis. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:625-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Spanier JA, Nashold FE, Mayne CG, Nelson CD, Hayes CE. Vitamin D and estrogen synergy in Vdr-expressing CD4+ T cells is essential to induce Helios+FoxP3+ T cells and prevent autoimmune demyelinating disease. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 286:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Attaf M, Legut M, Cole DK, Sewell AK. The T cell antigen receptor: the Swiss army knife of the immune system. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:1-18. [PMID: 25753381 PMCID: PMC4469151 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian T cell receptor (TCR) orchestrates immunity by responding to many billions of different ligands that it has never encountered before and cannot adapt to at the protein sequence level. This remarkable receptor exists in two main heterodimeric isoforms: αβ TCR and γδ TCR. The αβ TCR is expressed on the majority of peripheral T cells. Most αβ T cells recognize peptides, derived from degraded proteins, presented at the cell surface in molecular cradles called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Recent reports have described other αβ T cell subsets. These 'unconventional' T cells bear TCRs that are capable of recognizing lipid ligands presented in the context of the MHC-like CD1 protein family or bacterial metabolites bound to the MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). γδ T cells constitute a minority of the T cell pool in human blood, but can represent up to half of total T cells in tissues such as the gut and skin. The identity of the preferred ligands for γδ T cells remains obscure, but it is now known that this receptor can also functionally engage CD1-lipid, or immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily proteins called butyrophilins in the presence of pyrophosphate intermediates of bacterial lipid biosynthesis. Interactions between TCRs and these ligands allow the host to discriminate between self and non-self and co-ordinate an attack on the latter. Here, we describe how cells of the T lymphocyte lineage and their antigen receptors are generated and discuss the various modes of antigen recognition by these extraordinarily versatile receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - D K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - A K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Hayes CE, Hubler SL, Moore JR, Barta LE, Praska CE, Nashold FE. Vitamin D Actions on CD4(+) T Cells in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:100. [PMID: 25852682 PMCID: PMC4364365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes and integrates research on vitamin D and CD4+ T-lymphocyte biology to develop new mechanistic insights into the molecular etiology of autoimmune disease. A deep understanding of molecular mechanisms relevant to gene–environment interactions is needed to deliver etiology-based autoimmune disease prevention and treatment strategies. Evidence linking sunlight, vitamin D, and the risk of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes is summarized to develop the thesis that vitamin D is the environmental factor that most strongly influences autoimmune disease development. Evidence for CD4+ T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4+ T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight’s main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3+CD4+ T-regulatory cell and CD4+ T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1–Tr1 switch. The proposed Th1–Tr1 switch appears to bridge two stable, self-reinforcing immune states, pro- and anti-inflammatory, each with a characteristic gene regulatory network. The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell–cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. Finally, unanswered questions and potentially informative future research directions are highlighted to speed delivery of etiology-based strategies to reduce autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Elizabeth Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Shane L Hubler
- Department of Statistics, College of Letters and Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Jerott R Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Lauren E Barta
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Corinne E Praska
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Faye E Nashold
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI , USA
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Abstract
Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical contributors to the establishment and maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. Autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the loss of self-tolerance to the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas and the destruction of β cells, resulting in the development of chronic hyperglycemia at diagnosis. The application of strong agonistic T-cell receptor ligands provided under subimmunogenic conditions functions as a critical means for the efficient de novo conversion of naive CD4⁺ T cells into Foxp3⁺ Treg cells. The specific induction of Treg cells upon supply of strong-agonistic variants of certain self-antigens could therefore function as a critical instrument in order to achieve safe and specific prevention of autoimmunity such as T1D via the restoration of self-tolerance. Such immunotherapeutic strategies are being developed, and in the case of T1D aim to restrict autoimmunity and β-cell destruction. In this review, we discuss the requirements and opportunities for Treg-based tolerance approaches with the goal of interfering with autoimmune T1D.
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Lucca LE, Desbois S, Ramadan A, Ben-Nun A, Eisenstein M, Carrié N, Guéry JC, Sette A, Nguyen P, Geiger TL, Mars LT, Liblau RS. Bispecificity for myelin and neuronal self-antigens is a common feature of CD4 T cells in C57BL/6 mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3267-77. [PMID: 25135834 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of multiple ligands by a single TCR is an intrinsic feature of T cell biology, with important consequences for physiological and pathological processes. Polyspecific T cells targeting distinct self-antigens have been identified in healthy individuals as well as in the context of autoimmunity. We have previously shown that the 2D2 TCR recognizes the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein epitope (MOG)35-55 as well as an epitope within the axonal protein neurofilament medium (NF-M15-35) in H-2(b) mice. In this study, we assess whether this cross-reactivity is a common feature of the MOG35-55-specific T cell response. To this end, we analyzed the CD4 T cell response of MOG35-55-immunized C57BL/6 mice for cross-reactivity with NF-M15-35. Using Ag recall responses, we established that an important proportion of MOG35-55-specific CD4 T cells also responded to NF-M15-35 in all mice tested. To study the clonality of this response, we analyzed 22 MOG35-55-specific T cell hybridomas expressing distinct TCR. Seven hybridomas were found to cross-react with NF-M15-35. Using an alanine scan of NF-M18-30 and an in silico predictive model, we dissected the molecular basis of cross-reactivity between MOG35-55 and NF-M15-35. We established that NF-M F24, R26, and V27 proved important TCR contacts. Strikingly, the identified TCR contacts are conserved within MOG38-50. Our data indicate that due to linear sequence homology, part of the MOG35-55-specific T cell repertoire of all C57BL/6 mice also recognizes NF-M15-35, with potential implications for CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana E Lucca
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Sabine Desbois
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Abdulraouf Ramadan
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Chemical Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Miriam Eisenstein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Chemical Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nadège Carrié
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Lennart T Mars
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France; Département d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France
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31
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Vaughan K, Peters B, O'Connor KC, Martin R, Sette A. A molecular view of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis: what can we learn from the epitope data? J Neuroimmunol 2014; 267:73-85. [PMID: 24365494 PMCID: PMC4784960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An analysis to inventory all immune epitope data related to multiple sclerosis (MS) was performed using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). The analysis revealed that MS related data represent >20% of all autoimmune data, and that studies of EAE predominate; only 22% of the references describe human data. To date, >5800 unique peptides, analogs, mimotopes, and/or non-protein epitopes have been reported from 861 references, including data describing myelin-containing, as well as non-myelin antigens. This work provides a reference point for the scientific community of the universe of available data for MS-related adaptive immunity in the context of EAE and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Vaughan
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
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32
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Tsai S, Santamaria P. MHC Class II Polymorphisms, Autoreactive T-Cells, and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:321. [PMID: 24133494 PMCID: PMC3794362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, also known as human leukocyte antigen genes (HLA) in humans, are the prevailing contributors of genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, among others (1–3). Although the pathways through which MHC molecules afford autoimmune risk or resistance remain to be fully mapped out, it is generally accepted that they do so by shaping the central and peripheral T-cell repertoires of the host toward autoimmune proclivity or resistance, respectively. Disease-predisposing MHC alleles would both spare autoreactive thymocytes from central tolerance and bias their development toward a pathogenic phenotype. Protective MHC alleles, on the other hand, would promote central deletion of autoreactive thymocytes and skew their development toward non-pathogenic phenotypes. This interpretation of the data is at odds with two other observations: that in MHC-heterozygous individuals, resistance is dominant over susceptibility; and that it is difficult to understand how deletion of one or a few clonal autoreactive T-cell types would suffice to curb autoimmune responses driven by hundreds if not thousands of autoreactive T-cell specificities. This review provides an update on current advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying MHC class II-associated autoimmune disease susceptibility and/or resistance and attempts to reconcile these seemingly opposing concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Tsai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
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Wooldridge L. Individual MHCI-Restricted T-Cell Receptors are Characterized by a Unique Peptide Recognition Signature. Front Immunol 2013; 4:199. [PMID: 23888160 PMCID: PMC3719040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective immunity requires that a limited TCR repertoire is able to recognize a vast number of foreign peptide-MHCI (peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I) molecules. This challenge is overcome by the ability of individual TCRs to recognize large numbers of peptides. Recently, it was demonstrated that MHCI-restricted TCRs can recognize up to 106 peptides of a defined length. Astonishingly, this remarkable level of promiscuity does not extend to peptides of different lengths, a fundamental observation that has broad implications for CD8+ T-cell immunity. In particular, the findings suggest that effective immunity can only be achieved by mobilization of “length-matched” CD8+ T-cell clonotypes. Overall, recent findings suggest that every TCR is specific for a unique set of peptides, which can be described as a unique “peptide recognition signature” (PRS) and consists of three components: (1) peptide length preference, (2) number of peptides recognized; and, (3) sequence identity (e.g., self versus pathogen derived). In future, the ability to de-convolute peptide recognition signatures across the normal and pathogenic repertoire will be essential for understanding the system requirements for effective CD8+ T-cell immunity and elucidating mechanisms which underlie CD8+ T-cell mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wooldridge
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Heath Park, Cardiff , UK
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34
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Therapeutic opportunities for manipulating T(Reg) cells in autoimmunity and cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:51-63. [PMID: 23274471 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)-expressing regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells have a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses and in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance. These cells have emerged as attractive targets for strategies that allow the steering of immune responses in desired directions - arming the immune system to destroy infected cells and cancer cells or downregulating it to limit tissue destruction in autoimmunity. Efforts to understand the generation, activation and function of T(Reg) cells should permit the development of therapeutics for reprogramming the immune system. In this Review, we discuss insights into the generation of T(Reg) cells, their involvement in disease and the molecular basis of the dominant tolerance exerted by FOXP3(+) T(Reg) cells that could permit their safe and specific manipulation in humans.
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36
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Kumar A, Cocco E, Atzori L, Marrosu MG, Pieroni E. Structural and dynamical insights on HLA-DR2 complexes that confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis in Sardinia: a molecular dynamics simulation study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59711. [PMID: 23555757 PMCID: PMC3608583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sardinia is a major Island in the Mediterranean with a high incidence of multiple sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Disease susceptibility in Sardinian population has been associated with five alleles of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB1 gene. We performed 120 ns of molecular dynamics simulation on one predisposing and one protective alleles, unbound and in complex with the two relevant peptides: Myelin Basic Protein and Epstein Barr Virus derived peptide. In particular we focused on the MHC peptide binding groove dynamics. The predisposing allele was found to form a stable complex with both the peptides, while the protective allele displayed stability only when bound with myelin peptide. The local flexibility of the MHC was probed dividing the binding groove into four compartments covering the well known peptide anchoring pockets. The predisposing allele in the first half cleft exhibits a narrower and more rigid groove conformation in the presence of myelin peptide. The protective allele shows a similar behavior, while in the second half cleft it displays a narrower and more flexible groove conformation in the presence of viral peptide. We further characterized these dynamical differences by evaluating H-bonds, hydrophobic and stacking interaction networks, finding striking similarities with super-type patterns emerging in other autoimmune diseases. The protective allele shows a defined preferential binding to myelin peptide, as confirmed by binding free energy calculations. All together, we believe the presented molecular analysis could help to design experimental assays, supports the molecular mimicry hypothesis and suggests that propensity to multiple sclerosis in Sardinia could be partly linked to distinct peptide-MHC interaction and binding characteristics of the antigen presentation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris, Bio-Engineering Group, Piscina Manna, Pula (CA) Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (AK); (EP)
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enrico Pieroni
- CRS4 Science and Technology Park Polaris, Bio-Engineering Group, Piscina Manna, Pula (CA) Italy
- * E-mail: (AK); (EP)
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Yin Y, Li Y, Mariuzza RA. Structural basis for self-recognition by autoimmune T-cell receptors. Immunol Rev 2013; 250:32-48. [PMID: 23046121 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHC) to discriminate between foreign and self-antigens. Whereas T-cell recognition of foreign peptides is essential for protection against microbial pathogens, recognition of self-peptides by T cells that have escaped negative selection in the thymus can lead to autoimmune disease. Structural studies of autoimmune TCR-pMHC complexes have provided insights into the mechanisms underlying self-recognition and escape from thymic deletion. Two broad categories of self-reactive TCRs can be clearly distinguished: (i) TCRs with altered binding topologies to self-pMHC and (ii) TCRs that bind self-pMHC in the canonical diagonal orientation, but where there are structural defects or suboptimal anchors in the self-ligand. For both categories, however, the overall stability of the autoimmune TCR-pMHC complex is markedly reduced compared to anti-microbial complexes, allowing the autoreactive T cells to evade negative selection, yet retain the ability to be activated by self-antigens in target organs. Additionally, the structures provide insights into TCR cross-reactivity, which can contribute to autoimmunity by increasing the likelihood of self-pMHC recognition. Efforts are now underway to understand the impact of structural alterations in autoimmune TCR-pMHC complexes on higher order assemblies involved in TCR signaling, as well as on immunological synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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38
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Lewis JE, Fu SM, Gaskin F. Autoimmunity, end organ damage, and the origin of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2013; 15:85-92. [PMID: 23449110 PMCID: PMC3725807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype of systemic autoimmunity affecting many systems. Both antibodies and autoreactive T cells play significant roles in its pathogenesis. Experimental data and clinical observations indicate that autoimmunity and end organ damage are under separate genetic controls and that there are significant interactions between these two pathways. Experimental evidence has been obtained to support the hypothesis that autoantibodies and autoreactive T effector cells may be initiated by environmental factors through molecular mimicry and the inherent polyreactive nature of antigen receptors. A unified hypothesis has been postulated for the pathogenesis of SLE that has practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Lewis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Sethi DK, Gordo S, Schubert DA, Wucherpfennig KW. Crossreactivity of a human autoimmune TCR is dominated by a single TCR loop. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2623. [PMID: 24136005 PMCID: PMC4193804 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive CD4 T cells are thought to have a central role in the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory human diseases. Microbial peptides can activate self-reactive T cells, but the structural basis for such crossreactivity is not well understood. The Hy.1B11 T cell receptor (TCR) originates from a patient with multiple sclerosis and recognizes the self-antigen myelin basic protein. Here we report the structural mechanism of TCR crossreactivity with two distinct peptides from human pathogens. The structures show that a single TCR residue (CDR3α F95) makes the majority of contacts with the self-peptide and both microbial peptides (66.7-80.6%) due to a highly tilted TCR-binding topology on the peptide-MHC surface. Further, a neighbouring residue located on the same TCR loop (CDR3α E98) forms an energetically critical interaction with the MHC molecule. These data show how binding by a self-reactive TCR favors crossreactivity between self and microbial antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv K Sethi
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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40
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Autoantibodies in senear-usher syndrome: cross-reactivity or multiple autoimmunity? Autoimmune Dis 2012; 2012:296214. [PMID: 23320149 PMCID: PMC3539423 DOI: 10.1155/2012/296214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Senear-Usher syndrome or pemphigus erythematosus is a pathology that overlaps clinically and serologically with pemphigus foliaceus and lupus erythematosus. Skin biopsies of patients with pemphigus erythematosus reveal acantholysis and deposits of immunoglobulins in desmosomes, and they are positive in the lupus band test. In the present paper, we determined whether the autoantibodies associated with pemphigus erythematosus targeted a single antigen or multiple antigens as a result of the stimulation of independent B cell clones. Our present paper demonstrates that patients with pemphigus erythematosus produce both antiepithelial antibodies specific for desmoglein 1 and 3 and antinuclear antibodies specific for Ro, La, Sm, and double-stranded DNA antigens. After eluting specific anti-epithelial or anti-nuclear antibodies, which were recovered and tested using double-fluorescence assays, a lack of cross-reactivity was demonstrated between desmosomes and nuclear and cytoplasmic lupus antigens. This result suggests that autoantibodies in pemphigus erythematosus are directed against different antigens and that these autoantibodies are produced by independent clones. Given these clinical and serological data, we suggest that pemphigus erythematosus behaves as a multiple autoimmune disease.
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Abstract
αβ-TCRs expressed at the CD8(+) T-cell surface interact with short peptide fragments (p) bound to MHC class I molecules (pMHCI). The TCR/pMHCI interaction is pivotal in all aspects of CD8(+) T-cell immunity. However, the rules that govern the outcome of TCR/pMHCI engagement are not entirely understood, and this is a major barrier to understanding the requirements for both effective immunity and vaccination. In the present study, we discovered an unexpected feature of the TCR/pMHCI interaction by showing that any given TCR exhibits an explicit preference for a single MHCI-peptide length. Agonists of nonpreferred length were extremely rare, suboptimal, and often entirely distinct in sequence. Structural analysis indicated that alterations in peptide length have a major impact on antigenic complexity, to which individual TCRs are unable to adapt. This novel finding demonstrates that the outcome of TCR/pMHCI engagement is determined by peptide length in addition to the sequence identity of the MHCI-bound peptide. Accordingly, the effective recognition of pMHCI Ag, which is a prerequisite for successful CD8(+) T-cell immunity and protective vaccination, can only be achieved by length-matched Ag-specific CD8(+) T-cell clonotypes.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The disease is characterized by the loss of self-tolerance to the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas, the destruction of β-cells, and finally the development of chronic hyperglycemia at diagnosis of T1D. Its incidence and prevalence are rising dramatically, highlighting the need for immunotherapeutic strategies able to prevent or treat the disease in a safe and specific manner. Immunotherapeutic strategies are being developed, and aim to restore immunological self-tolerance, thereby limiting unwanted immunity and β-cell destruction. Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells exert essential functions to maintain and restore immunological self-tolerance. The identification of the transcription factor Foxp3 as the specification factor for the Treg cell lineage facilitated our understanding in the biology of Treg generation and function. This review highlights the current understanding of immunotherapeutic approaches as preventative and curative measures for autoimmune T1D. It includes an overview on early immunointervention studies, which made use of general immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin A, followed by a discussion on newly emerging clinical trials. Besides non-antigen-specific therapies, particular attention is given to antigen-specific generation of Foxp3+ Treg cells and their potential use to limit autoimmunity such as T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Weigmann
- Research Campus of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Medical Clinic I, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Gras S, Burrows SR, Turner SJ, Sewell AK, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. A structural voyage toward an understanding of the MHC-I-restricted immune response: lessons learned and much to be learned. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:61-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Monash University; Clayton; Australia
| | - Scott R. Burrows
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for Vaccine Development; Brisbane; Australia
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Australia
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff; UK
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Australia
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Weigmann B, Daniel C. Treg vaccination with a strong-agonistic insulin mimetope. Curr Diab Rep 2012; 12:463-70. [PMID: 22763731 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells serve as a vital mechanism of negative regulation to maintain immunological self-tolerance thereby suppressing immune-mediated inflammation. The identification of the transcription factor Foxp3 as the specification factor for the Treg cell lineage facilitated our understanding in the biology of Treg generation and function. In the past, we carefully studied the extrathymic conversion of naive CD4(+) T cells into Foxp3(+) expressing Treg cells and found that this process is most efficient upon subimmunogenic supply of strong-agonistic T cell receptor (TCR) ligands avoiding activation of antigen-presenting and T cells. In contrast, weak-agonistic antigens fail to efficiently induce stable Foxp3(+) Treg cells irrespective of the applied dose. Here, we discuss the specific requirements for the establishment of Treg vaccination protocols to interfere with autoimmunity such as Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Weigmann
- Research Campus of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Medical Clinic I, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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Michel M, Schmidt MJ, Mirnics K. Immune system gene dysregulation in autism and schizophrenia. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1277-87. [PMID: 22753382 PMCID: PMC3435446 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene*environment interactions play critical roles in the emergence of autism and schizophrenia pathophysiology. In both disorders, recent genetic association studies have provided evidence for disease-linked variation in immune system genes and postmortem gene expression studies have shown extensive chronic immune abnormalities in brains of diseased subjects. Furthermore, peripheral biomarker studies revealed that both innate and adaptive immune systems are dysregulated. In both disorders symptoms of the disease correlate with the immune system dysfunction; yet, in autism this process appears to be chronic and sustained, while in schizophrenia it is exacerbated during acute episodes. Furthermore, since immune abnormalities endure into adulthood and anti-inflammatory agents appear to be beneficial, it is likely that these immune changes actively contribute to disease symptoms. Modeling these changes in animals provided further evidence that prenatal maternal immune activation alters neurodevelopment and leads to behavioral changes that are relevant for autism and schizophrenia. The converging evidence strongly argues that neurodevelopmental immune insults and genetic background critically interact and result in increased risk for either autism or schizophrenia. Further research in these areas may improve prenatal health screening in genetically at-risk families and may also lead to new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Michel
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychiatry, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychiatry, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychiatry, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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46
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Zhou XJ, Zhang H. Autophagy in immunity: implications in etiology of autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. Autophagy 2012; 8:1286-99. [PMID: 22878595 DOI: 10.4161/auto.21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is now emerging as a spotlight in trafficking events that activate innate and adaptive immunity. It facilitates innate pathogen detection and antigen presentation, as well as pathogen clearance and lymphocyte homeostasis. In this review, we first summarize new insights into its functions in immunity, which underlie its associations with autoimmunity. As some lines of evidence are emerging to support its role in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, we further discuss whether and how it affects autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis, as well as autoinflammatory diseases, such as Crohn disease and vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Abstract
The first textbook on autoimmunity was published by Ian Mackay and McFarland Burnett in 1963. It was the first attempt to summarize existing knowledge on human autoimmunity. Since that time, there have been tens of thousands of experimental papers and numerous textbooks that focus on the diagnosis and treatment of human autoimmunity. There have been at least as many, if not more, directed at similar issues in animal models. Enormous strides have been made not only in diagnosis, but also in the pathophysiology and especially in treatment. We have gone from the era of simple HLA typing to deep sequencing and, more recently, epigenetic analysis. We have gone from the era of white blood cell differentials to detailed lymphoid phenotyping. We have gone from the era of simple antinuclear antibodies to detailed and sophisticated immunodiagnosis with recombinant autoantigens and disease-specific epitopes. We have gone from the era of using only corticosteroids to selective biologic agents. Diseases that were previously considered idiopathic are now very much understood as autoimmune. We are in the era of autoinflammatory reactions and the concept of both innate versus adaptive immunity in mediating immunopathology. In this edition of Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology, we focus on key and cutting-edge issues in the pathophysiology of autoimmunity. The issues are very much oriented and driven by hypothesis, i.e., a prediction of events expected to occur based on observations. It is not meant to be a complete summary of potential mechanisms of autoimmunity, but rather an attempt to accelerate discussion and better understanding. The primary goal is obviously to help our patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley H Brooks
- Experimental HTS Core, SRB-3, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612-9416, USA.
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Schubert DA, Gordo S, Sabatino JJ, Vardhana S, Gagnon E, Sethi DK, Seth NP, Choudhuri K, Reijonen H, Nepom GT, Evavold BD, Dustin ML, Wucherpfennig KW. Self-reactive human CD4 T cell clones form unusual immunological synapses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:335-52. [PMID: 22312112 PMCID: PMC3280872 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compared with influenza-specific T cells, self-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis or type 1 diabetes fail to slow down and do not form normal immunological synapses upon encounter with cognate self-peptide presented by MHC. Recognition of self–peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes by CD4 T cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. We analyzed formation of immunological synapses (IS) in self-reactive T cell clones from patients with multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. All self-reactive T cells contained a large number of phosphorylated T cell receptor (TCR) microclusters, indicative of active TCR signaling. However, they showed little or no visible pMHC accumulation or transport of TCR–pMHC complexes into a central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC). In contrast, influenza-specific T cells accumulated large quantities of pMHC complexes in microclusters and a cSMAC, even when presented with 100-fold lower pMHC densities. The self-reactive T cells also maintained a high degree of motility, again in sharp contrast to virus-specific T cells. 2D affinity measurements of three of these self-reactive T cell clones demonstrated a normal off-rate but a slow on-rate of TCR binding to pMHC. These unusual IS features may facilitate escape from negative selection by self-reactive T cells encountering very small amounts of self-antigen in the thymus. However, these same features may enable acquisition of effector functions by self-reactive T cells encountering large amounts of self-antigen in the target organ of the autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Schubert
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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50
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Bulek AM, Cole DK, Skowera A, Dolton G, Gras S, Madura F, Fuller A, Miles JJ, Gostick E, Price DA, Drijfhout JW, Knight RR, Huang GC, Lissin N, Molloy PE, Wooldridge L, Jakobsen BK, Rossjohn J, Peakman M, Rizkallah PJ, Sewell AK. Structural basis for the killing of human beta cells by CD8(+) T cells in type 1 diabetes. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:283-9. [PMID: 22245737 PMCID: PMC3378510 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The structural characteristics of the engagement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted self antigens by autoreactive T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) is established, but how autoimmune TCRs interact with complexes of self peptide and MHC class I has been unclear. Here we examined how CD8(+) T cells kill human islet beta cells in type 1 diabetes via recognition of a human leukocyte antigen HLA-A*0201-restricted glucose-sensitive preproinsulin peptide by the autoreactive TCR 1E6. Rigid 'lock-and-key' binding underpinned the 1E6-HLA-A*0201-peptide interaction, whereby 1E6 docked similarly to most MHC class I-restricted TCRs. However, this interaction was extraordinarily weak because of limited contacts with MHC class I. TCR binding was highly peptide centric, dominated by two residues of the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) loops that acted as an 'aromatic-cap' over the complex of peptide and MHC class I (pMHCI). Thus, highly focused peptide-centric interactions associated with suboptimal TCR-pMHCI binding affinities might lead to thymic escape and potential CD8(+) T cell-mediated autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Bulek
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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