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Nickel P, Stiawa M, Götzl C, Krieg G, Mayer L, Krumm S. [Why Men Choose for Concealment and Against Disclosure of their Depressive Illness? A Qualitative Study]. PSYCHIATRISCHE PRAXIS 2024; 51:245-252. [PMID: 38552638 DOI: 10.1055/a-2249-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The qualitative study aims to explore reasons and occations for concealment in male participants with depression. METHODS Five focus groups with 16 men were analysed via Qualitative Content Analysis. RESULTS Four motives of concealment have been explored: 1. continuity of professional career, 2. Ensure acceptance and social belonging, 3. control over social identity, 4. avoiding loads of personal environment. Participants differentiate from stereotypes of hegemonic male gender norms. However, participants connect to hegemonic male gender norms when attributing professional success with vigour and assertiveness. CONCLUSION Results confirm the presence of hegemonic male gender norms particularly on the job. As a consequence, men with depressiopn replicate self- and social stigma if they fail to comply with hegemonic male gender roles. Workplace interventions that react to discrimination of mental health problems may be beneficial for men with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nickel
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie II der Universität Ulm
| | - Maja Stiawa
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie II der Universität Ulm
| | - Christian Götzl
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie II der Universität Ulm
- Klinik für Forensische Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität Ulm
| | - Gironimo Krieg
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie II der Universität Ulm
| | - Lea Mayer
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie II der Universität Ulm
| | - Silvia Krumm
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie II der Universität Ulm
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2
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Klauber DG, Christensen SH, Fink-Jensen A, Pagsberg AK. I Didn't Want the Psychotic Thing to Get Out to Anyone at All: Adolescents with Early Onset Psychosis Managing Stigma. Cult Med Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s11013-024-09859-3. [PMID: 38869653 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-024-09859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The impact of stigmatisation on adults with mental illnesses has been thoroughly demonstrated. However, little is known about experiences of stigmatisation among adolescents with mental illness. Through semi-structured interviews with 34 Danish adolescents (14-19 years) diagnosed with psychosis, this study explores adolescents' experiences of psychosis stigma. On the basis of phenomenological analysis, we find that stigmatisation is widely experienced, and psychosis is generally regarded as more stigmatising than co-morbid mental illnesses. The participants engage in different strategies to manage possible stigma, especially strategies of (non-)disclosure. Disclosure is experienced as both therapeutic and normative, but also bears the risk of stigmatisation, and is therefore associated with numerous considerations. Being understood when disclosing is central to the participants, and lack of understanding from others is a continuous challenge. Nevertheless, participants experience benefits when feeling understood by people they confide in and can to a degree create the grounds for this through centralising aspects of their experiences of psychosis and mental illness. We argue that disclosure is both a stigma management strategy and a normative imperative, and that being understood or not is a challenge transcending stigma definitions.Clinical trial registration: Danish Health and Medicines Authority: 2612-4168. The Ethics Committee of Capital Region: H-3-2009-123. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01119014. Danish Data Protection Agency: 2009-41-3991.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Gowers Klauber
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Heidenheim Christensen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anders Fink-Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Nordre Ringvej 26-67, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Katrine Pagsberg
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Mehmood S, Ye C, Hanley AJ, Connelly PW, Sermer M, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Impact of the diagnosis of gestational diabetes on maternal physical activity after pregnancy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1207-1215. [PMID: 38116699 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM The diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM) identifies women who are at future risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, it is unclear if diagnosing GDM thus motivates women to increase physical activity after pregnancy or if this medicalization has the opposite effect of decreasing activity, possibly reflecting assumption of a sick role. We thus sought to evaluate the impact of diagnosing GDM on changes in maternal physical activity after pregnancy. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, physical activity patterns were assessed by the Baecke questionnaire for the year before pregnancy and the first year postpartum in 405 white women comprising the following three gestational glucose tolerance groups: (a) those who did not have GDM (non-GDM; n = 247), (b) women with undiagnosed GDM (n = 46) and (c) those diagnosed with GDM (n = 112). RESULTS In the year before pregnancy, mean adjusted total physical activity progressively decreased from non-GDM to undiagnosed GDM to diagnosed GDM (p = .067). Conversely, at 1 year postpartum, total physical activity was highest in those who had been diagnosed with GDM (p = .02). Compared with non-GDM, diagnosed GDM predicted an increase in total physical activity from pre-pregnancy to 1 year postpartum (t = 2.3, p = .02) whereas undiagnosed GDM predicted a concurrent decrease in leisure-time activity (t = -2.74, p = .006). Accordingly, the mean adjusted increase in body mass index from pre-pregnancy to 1 year postpartum was lowest in those with diagnosed GDM (0.26 ± 0.25 kg/m2 ), highest in undiagnosed GDM (1.23 ± 0.38 kg/m2 ) and intermediate in non-GDM (0.89 ± 0.22 kg/m2 ) (overall p = .04). CONCLUSION Diagnosis of GDM leads to increased physical activity after pregnancy that may partially attenuate postpartum weight retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Mehmood
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chang Ye
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony J Hanley
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip W Connelly
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mathew Sermer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernard Zinman
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ravi Retnakaran
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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4
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Adu P, Jurcik T, Demah E, Korang PT, Grigoryev D. Mental health literacy for social phobia in Ghana: Investigation of gender stereotypes and previous experience for recognition rates and prejudice. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024; 70:271-281. [PMID: 37968913 PMCID: PMC10913351 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231206055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health literacy (MHL) research has been of substantial interest internationally. Nevertheless, the interplay between beliefs, attitudes, previous experience with mental disorders, and knowledge of Ghanaians on specific mental disorders remains to be understood. The present study explored the interconnectedness between gender stereotypes, prejudice, previous experience with social phobia, and MHL among the general population in Ghana. METHOD Six hundred and one Ghanaians were recruited for an online experimental study design using a survey approach for data gathering. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions (i.e., male and female vignettes) depicting symptoms of social phobia for a hypothetical person. Participants further completed self-reported measures including gender stereotypes (based on Ambivalent Sexism Inventory) and prejudice. RESULTS Results revealed a 15.5% recognition rate for social phobia. Recognition rates of social phobia did not differ by the experimental condition or by the gender of participants. However, personal experience of social phobia was positively related to an increased likelihood of correctly labeling social phobia among men in the female vignette condition, whereas correct recognition of social phobia was negatively related to prejudice among women in the male vignette condition. In the male vignette condition, men with more hostile sexism attitudes toward men exhibited more prejudice toward their hypothetical male counterpart. In contrast, women with hostile sexism attitudes toward men exhibited less prejudice, but greater benevolent sexism attitudes toward men was associated with more prejudice toward the hypothetical male in the vignette. CONCLUSION Findings from the current study emphasize the role of the cultural milieu in shaping effective mental health interventions. The results also have implications for promoting MHL to reduce prejudice in Ghana and other developing countries in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Adu
- School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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5
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Nan D, Chong ESK, Dannuo W, Zewei L, Zexuan M, Shuyu D, Huang YT. Prevalence, risk, and protective factors of self-stigma for people living with depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 332:327-340. [PMID: 37060952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with depression are subjected to widespread stigmatization worldwide. Self-stigma may negatively affect patients' treatment, recovery, and psychological well-being. This review aims to summarize and synthesize the evidence on the prevalence, risk, and protective factors of depression self-stigma. METHODS Four online databases, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Embase, were searched to identify eligible studies. Fifty-six studies involving a total of 11,549 samples were included in the final analysis. Four reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias in eligible studies. Pearson's r was chosen as the effect size metric of risk and protective factors. RESULTS The results showed that the global prevalence of depression self-stigma was 29 %. Levels of self-stigma varied across regions, but this difference was not significant. Two demographic factors were identified: ethnicity (r = 0.10, p < 0.05) and having a partner/married (r = -0.22, p < 0.001). Five risk factors were identified: depression severity (r = 0.33, p < 0.01), public stigma (r = 0.44, p < 0.001), treatment stigma (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), perceived stigma (r = 0.37, p < 0.001), and enacted stigma (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). Five protective factors were identified: quality of life (r = -0.38, p < 0.001), social relationship (r = -0.26, p < 0.05), self-esteem (r = -0.46, p < 0.001), extroversion (r = -0.32, p < 0.001), and social functioning (r = -0.49, p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity was observed in some of the results. Causality cannot be inferred due to the predominance of cross-sectional designs among the included literature. CONCLUSIONS Risk and protective factors of depression self-stigma exist across many dimensions. Future research should examine the inner mechanisms and effectiveness of interventions to reduce stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Nan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eddie S K Chong
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Dannuo
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liu Zewei
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mu Zexuan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Deng Shuyu
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Te Huang
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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6
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DeBate R, Gatto A, Rafal G, Bleck J. A qualitative assessment of mental health literacy and help-seeking behaviors among male college students. DISCOVER MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 2:23. [PMID: 37861733 PMCID: PMC10501103 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-022-00028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the number of students receiving care from college counseling centers has increased, engaging male college students to seek help presents a unique challenge. This qualitative study explored mental health literacy and help-seeking behaviors among undergraduate college men. Semi-structured interviews (n = 26) based on three vignettes (anxiety, depression, stress) were employed to assess mental health literacy. Analysis revealed three general themes and associated sub-themes: (a) knowledge of signs and symptoms (physiological, behavioral, and emotional); (b) recommended help-seeking behaviors (do nothing, self-care, seek help); and (c) barriers to help-seeking (social stigma, self-stigma, masculinity). Findings present a triadic interplay between the person, help-seeking behavior, and environment. Future research should explore this dynamic relationship to inform interventions aimed at improving college male mental health help-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita DeBate
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Amy Gatto
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Gregor Rafal
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Dr. S, Denver, CO 80246 USA
| | - Jennifer Bleck
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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7
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Loch AA, Lopes-Rocha AC, Ara A, Gondim JM, Cecchi GA, Corcoran CM, Mota NB, Argolo FC. Ethical Implications of the Use of Language Analysis Technologies for the Diagnosis and Prediction of Psychiatric Disorders. JMIR Ment Health 2022; 9:e41014. [PMID: 36318266 PMCID: PMC9667377 DOI: 10.2196/41014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in artificial intelligence technologies have come to a point where machine learning algorithms can infer mental status based on someone's photos and texts posted on social media. More than that, these algorithms are able to predict, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, future mental illness. They potentially represent an important advance in mental health care for preventive and early diagnosis initiatives, and for aiding professionals in the follow-up and prognosis of their patients. However, important issues call for major caution in the use of such technologies, namely, privacy and the stigma related to mental disorders. In this paper, we discuss the bioethical implications of using such technologies to diagnose and predict future mental illness, given the current scenario of swiftly growing technologies that analyze human language and the online availability of personal information given by social media. We also suggest future directions to be taken to minimize the misuse of such important technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Andrade Loch
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazilia, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Ara
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Guillermo A Cecchi
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, United States
| | | | - Natália Bezerra Mota
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Research Department at Motrix Lab, Motrix, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Argolo
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Tao TJ, Hui CLM, Ho ECN, Hui PWM, Suen YN, Lee EHM, Chan SKW, Chang WC, Chen EYH. Correlates and predictors of perceived stigma and self-stigma in Chinese patients with psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2022; 16:1075-1084. [PMID: 34913256 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In patients with psychosis, perceived stigma (i.e., beliefs about discriminative viewpoints held by the public) and self-stigma (i.e., internalization of such perceived stereotypes) could have devastating consequences. Knowledge about their correlates bears importance for understanding individual differences in stigma experiences, and further, given the social nature of stigma, Asians may show more distinctive features than Westerners. METHODS A total of 142 Chinese patients who originally enrolled into a randomized controlled trial during their first-episode psychosis were followed up at 10 years. We explored potential demographics, clinical and psychosocial correlates of perceived stigma and self-stigma. RESULTS Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that both perceived- and self-stigma were predicted by a more negative attitude to treatment, whereas differential factors including perceived recovery predicted perceived stigma, and quality of life and attention predicted self-stigma. CONCLUSIONS These results can help identify individuals susceptible to experiencing perceived- or self-stigma, highlighting the need to consider factors such as attitude towards treatment when designing anti-stigma strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Junchen Tao
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | | | - Elise Chun Ning Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | | | - Yi Nam Suen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Edwin Ho Ming Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sherry Kit Wa Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wing Chung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Eric Yu Hai Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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9
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Bengtsson TT, Olsen RF, Lausten M. The role of mental health problems in out-of-home care youths' educational pathways: Quantitative and qualitative analysis of Danish longitudinal data. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 131:105782. [PMID: 35816902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the low educational attainment of out-of-home care youth (OHC youth) has been well established, less is known about the role mental health problems play in shaping their educational pathways. OBJECTIVE This paper examines how mental health problems influence OHC youths' educational pathways and how this influence can be understood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The paper draws on a mixed-methods longitudinal study of OHC youth in Denmark. METHODS Sequence and cluster analyses and logistic regressions of survey data (n = 525) and administrative registries were used and combined with narrative analyses of two qualitative cases. RESULTS We identified four educational pathways: 1) the typical academic pathway, 2) the typical vocational pathway, 3) the disrupted pathway, and 4) the non-completion pathway. Moreover, mental health problems were found to be an essential predicting factor of entrance into the disrupted pathway (3) or the non-completion pathway (4). For youths who entered the disrupted pathway (3), mental health problems appeared to be the key predicting factor. Even though mental health problems also played a fundamental role in entrance into the non-completion pathway (4), we also found a more complex intersection of predictive factors, such as care history, lack of social support, and other social problems, such as cannabis abuse and homelessness. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed a need for a stronger focus on how mental health problems among OHC youths impact their educational pathways. Mental health problems played a key role in OHC youths' transition to independent adulthood and, consequently, their chances for a better life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikke Fuglsang Olsen
- VIVE - The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Herluf Trolles Gade 11, 1052 Kbh. K, Denmark
| | - Mette Lausten
- VIVE - The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Herluf Trolles Gade 11, 1052 Kbh. K, Denmark
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10
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Reynard S, Dias J, Mitic M, Schrank B, Woodcock KA. Digital Interventions for Emotion Regulation in Children and Early Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JMIR Serious Games 2022; 10:e31456. [PMID: 35984681 PMCID: PMC9440412 DOI: 10.2196/31456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Difficulties in emotion regulation are common in adolescence and are associated with poor social and mental health outcomes. However, psychological therapies that promote adaptive emotion regulation may be inaccessible and unattractive to youth. Digital interventions may help address this need. Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize evidence on the efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of emotion regulation digital interventions in children and early adolescents aged 8 to 14 years. Methods Systematic searches of Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Education Resources Information Centre, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Xplore up to July 2020 identified 39 studies, of which 11 (28%) were included in the meta-analyses (n=2476 participants). A bespoke tool was used to assess risk of bias. Results The studies evaluated digital games (27/39, 69%), biofeedback (4/39, 10%), virtual or augmented reality (4/39, 10%), and program or multimedia (4/39, 10%) digital interventions in samples classified as diagnosed, at risk, healthy, and universal. The most consistent evidence came from digital games, which reduced negative emotional experience with a small significant effect, largely in youth at risk of anxiety (Hedges g=–0.19, 95% CI –0.34 to –0.04). In general, digital interventions tended to improve emotion regulation, but this effect was not significant (Hedges g=0.19, 95% CI –0.16 to 0.54). Conclusions Most feasibility issues were identified in diagnosed youth, and acceptability was generally high across intervention types and samples. Although there is cause to be optimistic about digital interventions supporting the difficulties that youth experience in emotion regulation, the predominance of early-stage development studies highlights the need for more work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Reynard
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joao Dias
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Centre of Marine Sciences, Faro, Portugal.,Institute of Systems and Computer Engineering: Research and Development, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marija Mitic
- Die Offene Tür Research Group for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Beate Schrank
- Die Offene Tür Research Group for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tulln, Tulln, Austria
| | - Kate Anne Woodcock
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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11
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Manago B, Mize TD. The status and stigma consequences of mental illness labels, deviant behavior, and fear. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2022; 105:102690. [PMID: 35659043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the breadth of research on mental illness, there remains some ambivalence about the distinct and combined effects of mental illness labels and deviant behavior for stigma and status. To examine the effects of mental illness labels and deviant behavior on stigma and status, we use experimental methods. Because fear is tightly linked with understandings of mental illness, we also consider the role of fear in these processes. We find that absent behavioral descriptions, mental illness labels do not affect status; however, deviant behavior that is and is not labeled as a mental illness decreases status. Neither deviant behavior nor mental illness labels independently affect stigma; however, compared to unlabeled deviant behavior, deviant behavior that is labeled as a mental illness either increases or decreases stigma for fear-inducing and fear-neutral behavior, respectively. In summary, the effects of mental illness labels appear to depend on behavioral connotations, including fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Manago
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Sociology, USA.
| | - Trenton D Mize
- Purdue University, Department of Sociology & Advanced Methodologies, USA
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12
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Nikolaou E, Petkari E. Stigma towards schizophrenia in Cyprus: Does studying a mental health related programme make a difference? Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:891-897. [PMID: 33845608 DOI: 10.1177/00207640211010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Students from mental health related programmes may display stigmatising attitudes towards people of schizophrenia, however there are no data available on this population in Cyprus. The purpose of the present study was (a) to examine the levels of contact and stigma towards schizophrenia in Cypriot students of programmes related to mental health and students of other programmes and (b) to examine whether the successful recognition of a person with schizophrenia through a vignette and the estimation of severity levels was related to stigmatising attitudes. METHODS The participants were undergraduate students purposively selected across Cypriot universities (N = 152). A vignette depicting a person with schizophrenia, followed by the OMI to examine stigma and the BAE to examine contact with mental illness were used to collect the data. RESULTS The results showed that studying a mental health related programme and being a man was associated with more positive views related to social integration. No further stigma dimensions were predicted by the included variables. Similarly, level of contact and being able to identify the mental condition and estimate its severity was not related to stigma. CONCLUSION The results emphasise the need to develop educational interventions to tackle stigma across students independently of their study programme and enhance mental health related programmes with opportunities for structured contact with patients with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleni Petkari
- European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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13
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Varughese T, Casameni Montiel T, Engebretson J, Savitz SI, Sharrief A, Beauchamp JES. A Person-Centered Approach Understanding Stroke Survivor and Family Caregiver Emotional Health. J Neurosci Nurs 2022; 54:68-73. [PMID: 35153291 DOI: 10.1097/jnn.0000000000000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to incorporate a person-centered approach to understand the emotional health needs and perspectives of stroke survivors (SSs) and their caregivers. METHODS: In collaboration with 4 SSs and caregivers as research partners, quantitative data were collected to assess poststroke emotional health needs, and qualitative data were collected to gain insight into SS and caregiver emotional health perspectives after stroke. RESULTS: Forty surveys (n = 26 SSs, n = 14 caregivers) were collected. The predominate emotional health needs were frustration (65%), anxiety (54%), and stress (50%) for SSs and stress (71%), worry (57%), and frustration (57%) for caregivers. Two group interviews (n = 7 SSs, n = 3 caregivers) were completed. Four emerging themes were identified: receiving support from those in similar situations, poststroke emotional responses, situations experienced in healthcare settings, and a hypervigilance for sudden and unexpected events. CONCLUSION: Emotional healthcare services for SSs and their caregivers may consider providing reoccurring mental health education and multifaceted treatment approaches, including provision of peer support, and addressing the unique emotional stressors SSs and caregivers may be experiencing. The small sample size precludes generalizing the results into the broader stroke population. However, by leveraging the lived experience of SSs and their caregivers, the results may help find ways to support SSs' and caregivers' emotional health.
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Mental Health Literacy and Stigma Among Salvadorian Youth: Anxiety, Depression and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:48-60. [PMID: 33389389 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined (1) adolescent mental health literacy (MHL) and stigma for depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs), and (2) demographic moderators. Participants were 383 high school students (50.9% boys) aged 11-18 years (M = 14.12, SD = 1.91) in El Salvador. Participants read vignettes of adolescents with mental health problems and reported on their beliefs about (1) what was wrong with the young person, (2) expected recovery time, (3) help-seeking beliefs and recommendations, and (4) stigma and preferred social distance associated with each condition. Results suggested that recognition of mental health conditions, especially anxiety disorders and OCRDs, was limited, although one third could recognize depression in a peer. Help-seeking attitudes were favorable. Adolescents were only somewhat willing to be affiliated with someone experiencing a mental health problem. Girls showed better MHL and lower stigma than boys. Stigma was lower among those with exposure to mental health problems.
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15
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Sims R, Michaleff ZA, Glasziou P, Thomas R. Consequences of a Diagnostic Label: A Systematic Scoping Review and Thematic Framework. Front Public Health 2022; 9:725877. [PMID: 35004561 PMCID: PMC8727520 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.725877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To develop a thematic framework for the range of consequences arising from a diagnostic label from an individual, family/caregiver, healthcare professional, and community perspective. Design: Systematic scoping review of qualitative studies. Search Strategy: We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and CINAHL for primary studies and syntheses of primary studies that explore the consequences of labelling non-cancer diagnoses. Reference lists of included studies were screened, and forward citation searches undertaken. Study Selection: We included peer reviewed publications describing the perceived consequences for individuals labelled with a non-cancer diagnostic label from four perspectives: that of the individual, their family/caregiver, healthcare professional and/or community members. We excluded studies using hypothetical scenarios. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Data extraction used a three-staged process: one third was used to develop a preliminary framework, the next third for framework validation, and the final third coded if thematic saturation was not achieved. Author themes and supporting quotes were extracted, and analysed from the perspective of individual, family/caregiver, healthcare professional, or community member. Results: After deduplication, searches identified 7,379 unique articles. Following screening, 146 articles, consisting of 128 primary studies and 18 reviews, were included. The developed framework consisted of five overarching themes relevant to the four perspectives: psychosocial impact (e.g., positive/negative psychological impact, social- and self-identity, stigma), support (e.g., increased, decreased, relationship changes, professional interactions), future planning (e.g., action and uncertainty), behaviour (e.g., beneficial or detrimental modifications), and treatment expectations (e.g., positive/negative experiences). Perspectives of individuals were most frequently reported. Conclusions: This review developed and validated a framework of five domains of consequences following diagnostic labelling. Further research is required to test the external validity and acceptability of the framework for individuals and their family/caregiver, healthcare professionals, and community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sims
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare (IEBH), Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Zoe A Michaleff
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare (IEBH), Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Glasziou
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare (IEBH), Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Rae Thomas
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare (IEBH), Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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16
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Luo J, Ge Y, Hao JC, Wilkinson RB, Wenger JL. Measurement Invariance of the Questionnaire on the Internal Stigma of Internet Surfing Among Sino-Australian Undergraduates. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823504. [PMID: 35211044 PMCID: PMC8860903 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stigma of internet surfing is a relatively new area of study arising from the popularity of the internet. The Questionnaire on the Internal Stigma of Internet Surfing-9 (QISIS-9) was developed for the Chinese culture, so its suitability for use in other cultural contexts is uncertain. This paper examines the measurement invariance of the QISIS-9 among Sino-Australian undergraduates to verify the cross-cultural measurement invariance of QISIS-9 and promote cross-cultural (nationality) research regarding the internal stigma of internet surfing. METHODS The Internal Stigma of Internet Surfing-9 (QISIS-9) was used to assess 200 Chinese undergraduates (50% female, Mage = 19.78) and 204 Australian undergraduates (76% female, Mage = 21.10), respectively. RESULTS A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the single-factor model of QISIS-9 is acceptable with both Chinese and Australian undergraduates. However, the factor loading of Item 9, to which a reverse score is assigned, is not ideal for both samples. Thus, the item should be deleted. According to a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA), QISIS-8, the revised version of QISIS-9, meets the strict measurement invariance among the Chinese and Australian participants. The QISIS-8 demonstrated appropriate internal consistency in the scores for both the Chinese and Australian undergraduates. CONCLUSION The new QISIS-8 can effectively assess the internal stigma of internet surfing among Chinese and Australian undergraduates, and it provides a frame of reference for further cross-cultural (border) comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Key Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health in Chongqing, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China.,School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Chun Hao
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ross B Wilkinson
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jay L Wenger
- Social Sciences Division, HACC, Central Pennsylvania's Community College, Lancaster, PA, United States
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17
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Kim HC. Mediating effect of stigma on the relationship between mental health literacy and help-seeking attitudes among university students in South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2021.1965397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Chul Kim
- Department of Social Welfare, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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18
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O'Connor C, Brassil M, O'Sullivan S, Seery C, Nearchou F. How does diagnostic labelling affect social responses to people with mental illness? A systematic review of experimental studies using vignette-based designs. J Ment Health 2021; 31:115-130. [PMID: 34008456 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outstanding question in the stigma literature is the extent to which negative responses are provoked by diagnostic labels, rather than observable symptoms of mental illness. Experimental studies frequently use vignettes to identify the unique effects of diagnostic labels on social responses to people with mental illness, independent of their behaviour or socio-demographic characteristics. AIMS The current article identifies, evaluates, and synthesises the body of experimental vignette studies of labelling effects. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies were subjected to quality evaluation and narrative synthesis. RESULTS Of 1511 articles screened, 22 met inclusion criteria. Most studies focused on the diagnostic categories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and autism spectrum disorder. The literature reported diverse effects, with diagnostic disclosure either exacerbating, mitigating, or not affecting stigma. The quality of studies was generally acceptable but the review identified an over-reliance on convenience sampling and unvalidated measures. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the complexity of labelling effects, which diverge across diagnostic categories and social contexts. The review emphasises the need for expansion of diagnostic labels and contexts studied, standardisation of validated attitude scales, incorporation of behavioural outcomes, and diversification of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryanne Brassil
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sadhbh O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christina Seery
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Finiki Nearchou
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Stigma of Treatment Stages for First-Episode Psychosis: A Conceptual Framework for Early Intervention Services. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2021; 29:131-141. [PMID: 33666396 PMCID: PMC9931450 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Early intervention services (EIS; in the United States, Coordinated Specialty Care) can lead to substantial improvements in psychiatric symptoms and social functioning for individuals with first-episode psychosis who engage in treatment. Nevertheless, stigma associated with early intervention services can limit their full potential benefits by preventing or reducing participation. Drawing from Corrigan's "why try" model positing relationships between public and self-stigma, engagement in treatment services, and the EIS treatment model, this article proposes a framework that delineates how distinct forms of stigma are linked to given stages of treatment engagement in first-episode psychosis. We identify three phases of engagement: (1) community outreach, which has associations with public stigma; (2) the referral and evaluation process, which primarily has associations with self-stigma; and (3) EIS, which have associations with self-stigma and its psychosocial consequences. For each phase, we describe evidence-based strategies typically provided by EIS programs, using OnTrackNY as an exemplary model, to illustrate potential linkages in our conceptual framework. By specifying how distinct forms of stigma are associated with EIS treatment stages, this framework is intended to guide EIS programs in explicitly addressing stigma to optimize recovery of individuals with first-episode psychosis.
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20
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Oshima F, William M, Takahashi N, Tsuchiyagaito A, Kuwabara H, Shiina A, Seto M, Hongo M, Iwama Y, Hirano Y, Sutoh C, Taguchi K, Yoshida T, Kawasaki Y, Ozawa Y, Masuya J, Sato N, Nakamura S, Kuno M, Takahashi J, Ohtani T, Matsuzawa D, Inada N, Kuroda M, Ando M, Hori A, Nakagawa A, Shimizu E. Cognitive-behavioral family therapy as psychoeducation for adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: Aware and Care for my Autistic Traits (ACAT) program study protocol for a pragmatic multisite randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:814. [PMID: 32993775 PMCID: PMC7526096 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One aim of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis is to obtain special support for the disorder, though this does not guarantee practical support. We developed a psychoeducational program using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and Aware and Care for my Autistic Traits (ACAT) for Japanese adolescents with high-functioning ASD and their parents. Methods This multisite study is a randomized controlled trial. In total, 24 participants will be assigned to the ACAT group and 24 to the treatment-as-usual (TAU) group. The ACAT group will receive a weekly 100-min session for 6 weeks, regular medical care, and one follow-up session. In this ongoing clinical trial, we will compare the scores of the measures recorded in the pre- and post-intervention stages between the ACAT and TAU groups. A total of 41 patients out of a target of 48 have participated in the trial to date. The primary outcome measure is the Autism Knowledge Questionnaire. Secondary outcome measures include Barriers to Access to Care Evaluation 3rd Edition, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales second edition, the Parenting Resilience Elements Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire 12, and the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children assessments, as well as an electroencephalographic recording. Discussion It is expected that participants in the ACAT group will significantly increase their self-understanding and awareness of ASD symptoms compared to those in the TAU group. Additionally, the ACAT group is expected to exhibit improved social adaptation and mental health if children and parents are able to better understand the ASD characteristics through sessions. This intervention will contribute to the establishment of an effective evidence-based treatment strategy for adolescents with ASD. Trial registration UMIN Register 000029851. Registered on January 06, 2018
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyo Oshima
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Mandy William
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Fukushima University Child Mental Health-Care Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Aki Tsuchiyagaito
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Laureate Instituto for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shiina
- Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mikuko Seto
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Minako Hongo
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yui Iwama
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sutoh
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kayoko Taguchi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tokiko Yoshida
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Ozawa
- Biostatistics Section, Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jiro Masuya
- Fukushima University Child Mental Health-Care Center, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Fukushima University Child Mental Health-Care Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shizuka Nakamura
- Fukushima University Child Mental Health-Care Center, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masaru Kuno
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Jumpei Takahashi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohtani
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsuzawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoko Inada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Kuroda
- Department of Human Care, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mika Ando
- Department of Psychiatry, Hibarigaoka Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Akiko Nakagawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuouku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Gonschor J, Eisma MC, Barke A, Doering BK. Public stigma towards prolonged grief disorder: Does diagnostic labeling matter? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237021. [PMID: 32915800 PMCID: PMC7485774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) as a diagnostic category may cause negative social reactions (i.e. public stigma). Vignette experiments demonstrate that persons with both PGD symptoms and a PGD diagnosis elicit more public stigma than persons who experience integrated grief. However, the strength of the influence of the diagnosis itself remains unclear: We aimed to clarify if the diagnostic label PGD produces additional public stigma beyond PGD symptoms. We further compared whether public stigma varies between the label PGD and the label major depressive episode (MDE) (when PGD symptoms are present) and if gender of the bereaved person influences public stigma or moderates the aforementioned effects. Eight-hundred fifty-two participants (77% female; Mage = 32.6 years, SD = 13.3) were randomly assigned to read online one of eight vignettes describing either a bereaved male or female, with PGD symptoms and PGD diagnosis; PGD symptoms and MDE diagnosis; PGD symptoms and no diagnosis, or no PGD symptoms and no diagnosis (i.e., integrated grief). Following the vignettes, participants indicated which negative characteristics they ascribed to the person, their emotional reactions, and preferred social distance from the person. People with PGD symptoms and PGD (or MDE) diagnosis were attributed more negative characteristics, and elicited more negative emotions and a stronger desire for social distance than people with integrated grief. However, public stigma did not differ for people with both PGD symptoms and diagnosis compared to people only experiencing PGD symptoms. Gender of the bereaved only had an influence on desired social distance, which was larger towards men. Helping severely distressed bereaved people (regardless of diagnostic status) cope with negative social reactions may help them adapt to bereavement. Results demonstrate that the experience of severe grief reactions, yet not a diagnostic label per se, causes public stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Gonschor
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maarten C. Eisma
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antonia Barke
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany
| | - Bettina K. Doering
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Catholic University Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany
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22
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Gillespie-Lynch K, Daou N, Obeid R, Reardon S, Khan S, Goldknopf EJ. What Contributes to Stigma Towards Autistic University Students and Students with Other Diagnoses? J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:459-475. [PMID: 32504342 PMCID: PMC7273383 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Little remains known about the degree to which autistic university students are stigmatized relative to students with other diagnoses. We conducted an online survey with students in New York City (n = 633) and Beirut (n = 274). Students with diagnoses that were perceived as dangerous (e.g., psychopathy) were more stigmatized than students with diagnoses that were perceived as less dangerous (e.g., autism). Disruptive autistic behaviors (described via vignettes) evoked more stigma than withdrawn behaviors. Perceived dangerousness predicted autism stigma. Greater acceptance of inequality, less openness, and lower cognitive empathy co-occurred with heightened stigma towards most conditions. Diagnostic labels were typically less stigmatized than behaviors. Findings suggest that interventions are needed to decrease stigma towards varied diagnoses in collegiate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Gillespie-Lynch
- College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA.
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Nidal Daou
- American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA, USA
| | - Rita Obeid
- College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Spogmay Khan
- College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
- College of Staten Island, Staten Island, USA
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23
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Improving mental health in autistic young adults: a qualitative study exploring help-seeking barriers in UK primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2020; 70:e356-e363. [PMID: 32312761 PMCID: PMC7176358 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20x709421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autistic people are at increased risk of developing mental health problems. To reduce the negative impact of living with autism in a non-autistic world, efforts to improve take-up and access to care, and support in early years, which will typically start with a GP appointment, must be grounded in the accounts of autistic young adults. Aim To explore how autistic young adults understand and manage mental health problems; and to consider help seeking as a focus. Design and setting A cross-sectional, qualitative study. Autistic participants were purposively selected to represent a range of mental health conditions including anxiety and depression. A subsample were recruited from a population cohort screened for autism in childhood. The study concerns access to primary care. Method Nineteen autistic young adults without learning disabilities, aged 23 or 24 years, were recruited. In-depth, semi-structured interviews explored how they understood and managed mental health problems. Data were analysed thematically. Results Young adults preferred self-management strategies. Multiple factors contributed to a focus on self-management, including: beliefs about the aetiology of mental health difficulties and increased vulnerability with the context of a diagnosis of autism, knowledge of self-management, and a view that formal support was unavailable or inadequate. Families had limited awareness of professional support. Conclusion Young autistic adults without learning disabilities, and their families, may hold erroneous beliefs about autism and mental health. This may affect help seeking and contribute to an exacerbation of symptoms. GPs need to be alert to the fact that autistic young adults in their care may be experiencing mental health difficulties but may not recognise them as such.
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Grover S, Shouan A, Sahoo S. Labels used for persons with severe mental illness and their stigma experience in North India. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 48:101909. [PMID: 31896428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the extent to stigma experienced by the PMI in the hands of their family members and friends/colleagues in the form of commonly used labels and factors associated with use of various labels for persons with mental illnesses. METHODOLOGY 191 patients with severe mental illness (120 patients with mood disorders and 71 patients with psychotic illness) were assessed using a self-designed questionnaire for the derogatory labels faced by patients in the hands of their family members and friends/colleagues. RESULTS 60 % and 39.8 % of the patients reported of being teased by the family members and friends/colleagues respectively for being suffering from mental illness. The most commonly used label/adjective by the family members was Aalsi (lazy) (20.9 %), followed by sustt (lethargic) (15.2 %) and paagal (mad) (14.1 %). The commonly used labels/adjectives by friends/colleagues were paagal (mad) (6.3 %), followed by darpok (coward) (5.2 %). Mean number of labels used by the family members and friends/co-workers were 5.93 and 3.4 respectively. Around one third of the patients (32.5 %) reported that seeking treatment is associated with facing these labels and due to the same they stopped or wanted to stop their treatment. Significantly higher numbers of labels were used for patients with psychotic disorders, when compared to those with affective disorders. Poor functioning was associated with use of significantly higher number of derogatory labels. CONCLUSIONS Stigmatizing labels are commonly used by family members and friends of the patients with severe mental illness and these cause significant distress to the patients. There is a need to make the society aware that there is a need to stop use of these derogatory labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Anish Shouan
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Swapnajeet Sahoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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25
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Wainwright A, Mojtahedi D. An examination of stigmatising attributions about mental illness amongst police custody staff. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 68:101522. [PMID: 32033693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who enter police custody may experience mental illness, making it highly imperative for custody staff to be knowledgeable and competent in this area- however, reports suggest this is not always the case (Leese & Russell, 2017). The present study examined the differences in casual attributions and stereotypes of individuals experiencing mental illnesses, mainly, schizophrenia between police custody staff (n = 77) and members of the general population (n = 85). Using the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-27; Corrigan, 2004), the current study found that the general population held more negative attitudes towards individuals experiencing mental illnesses than police custody staff. In particular they endorsed the attributions anger, avoidance, dangerousness and fear. Custody staff were found to help vulnerable adults more than the general population. In addition, people who knew a family member or friend experiencing a mental illness scored higher on the help and pity attributions. Furthermore, police custody staff highlighted that additional training around mental health would be beneficial to their job role. Further development of an adequate measurement of attitudes of police custody staff towards mental health needs developing in order to put in place effective training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wainwright
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK..
| | - Dara Mojtahedi
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK..
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White R, Barreto M, Harrington J, Kapp SK, Hayes J, Russell G. Is disclosing an autism spectrum disorder in school associated with reduced stigmatization? AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:744-754. [PMID: 31773970 DOI: 10.1177/1362361319887625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests disclosing an autism diagnosis is associated with reduced stigmatization for autistic adults. However, it is unknown whether this is true for autistic adolescents. We used a vignette-and-questionnaire design to study stigmatizing attitudes with adolescents (aged 11-12 and 14-16 years, total N = 250) in a UK school. We investigated the effect of disclosing that a fictional adolescent had an autism diagnosis on stigmatizing attitudes of peers by testing the effect of disclosure of diagnosis on the social and emotional distance pupils wanted to maintain from the autistic adolescent. We also tested the effect of disclosure on peers' assessment of the adolescent's responsibility for their own behaviour. We checked to see if the effects were moderated by gender and age-group. Disclosing autism did not affect the social and emotional distance peers wanted to maintain from the autistic adolescent, but was associated with significant reduction in personal responsibility attributed to the adolescent's behaviour. Boys attributed more personal responsibility to the autistic adolescent than girls, but this gender effect was reduced when autism was disclosed. These findings suggest that disclosing autism to other pupils may be of limited use in reducing stigmatization by peers in UK schools.
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Parrish EM, Kim NS, Woodberry KA, Friedman-Yakoobian M. Clinical high risk for psychosis: The effects of labelling on public stigma in a undergraduate population. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019; 13:874-881. [PMID: 29927070 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Schizophrenia is a highly stigmatized disorder. Identification of youth at high risk for psychosis has the potential for improved outcomes. However, identifying youth at risk could subject them to increased public stigma. Using an experimental vignette design, this study examined relative levels of public stigma elicited by the labels "schizophrenia," "clinical high risk (CHR)," "attenuated psychotic symptoms syndrome (APSS)," a label implying normative adolescent development ("a bad breakup"), and a no-label control condition. METHODS Ninety-six undergraduates (age: 18.8 + 1.1, range: 18-22) read a vignette describing an adolescent experiencing symptoms typical of CHR for psychosis. The vignette label (APSS, CHR, schizophrenia, a bad breakup or no label) was counterbalanced between participants. Participants answered questions assessing stigma toward the individual and their prior knowledge of and familiarity with psychosis. RESULTS Overall stigma did not differ across conditions. Only ratings of personal responsibility were higher for the breakup label than the schizophrenia label (P < .05). More prior knowledge about, and higher familiarity with, psychotic symptoms predicted lower overall stigma. CONCLUSION We did not find that schizophrenia, CHR or APSS labels elicited elevated stigma in this sample relative to the control labels. This may reflect relatively low levels of mental health stigma in the group studied, a new finding inconsistent with earlier work. Greater levels of knowledge about and familiarity with psychosis were associated with lower stigma. These findings reinforce the potential for mental health awareness campaigns to reduce stigma but also raise questions about factors contributing to lower rates of stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Parrish
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Early Detection Assessment and Response to Risk at Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Commonwealth Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy S Kim
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen A Woodberry
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Commonwealth Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Friedman-Yakoobian
- Center for Early Detection Assessment and Response to Risk at Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Commonwealth Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Halsall T, Garinger C, Dixon K, Forneris T. Evaluation of a Social Media Strategy to Promote Mental Health Literacy and Help-Seeking in Youth. JOURNAL OF CONSUMER HEALTH ON THE INTERNET 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15398285.2019.1571301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Halsall
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kaylyn Dixon
- Youth Research Unit, the Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Research affiliated with the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tanya Forneris
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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La stigmatisation sociale des personnes vivant avec la schizophrénie : une revue systématique de la littérature. EVOLUTION PSYCHIATRIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evopsy.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tully LA, Hawes DJ, Doyle FL, Sawyer MG, Dadds MR. A national child mental health literacy initiative is needed to reduce childhood mental health disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:286-290. [PMID: 30654614 DOI: 10.1177/0004867418821440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Half of all lifetime mental health disorders emerge in childhood, so intervening in the childhood years is critical to prevent chronic trajectories of mental health disorders. The prevalence of child mental health disorders is not decreasing despite the increased availability of evidence-based interventions. One key reason for the high prevalence and low treatment uptake may be low levels of child mental health literacy in the general community. Mental health literacy refers to knowledge and beliefs about mental health disorders that aid in their recognition, prevention and management. There is emerging evidence of poor recognition of child mental health problems in the community and low levels of parental knowledge about how to seek help, along with high levels of stigmatising attitudes. Although Australia has been a world leader in research and practice in improving mental health literacy for adolescent and adult mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, mental health literacy for childhood disorders has been largely overlooked. In order to improve knowledge of child mental health disorders, reduce stigma, improve appropriate help-seeking and impact on the prevalence of child mental health disorders, we argue that a national initiative focussing on increasing mental health literacy for childhood disorders is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Tully
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Hawes
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Frances L Doyle
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael G Sawyer
- 2 School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
- 3 Research and Evaluation Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, Women's and Children's Health Network, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark R Dadds
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Villatoro AP, DuPont-Reyes MJ, Phelan JC, Painter K, Link BG. Parental recognition of preadolescent mental health problems: Does stigma matter? Soc Sci Med 2018; 216:88-96. [PMID: 30273777 PMCID: PMC6383650 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Parents are one of several key gatekeepers to mental health (MH) services for adolescents with MH problems. Parental MH stigma is a significant barrier to treatment, yet little is known about how stigma may bias parental recognition of mental illness in youth. OBJECTIVE This study examines how stigma influences a critical and early stage of the help-seeking process-the recognition of MH problems in preadolescents by their parents. METHOD Parents from a school-based anti-stigma intervention study were analyzed. Logistic regressions examined the association of stigma with parental recognition of MH problems in their preadolescent child (10-12 years old) and that of two preadolescent vignette characters described as having bipolar disorder and social anxiety disorder. RESULTS The more parents desired their preadolescent child to avoid interaction with individuals with a mental illness-that is, to be more socially distant-the less likely these parents believed their child had a MH problem, controlling for parent-reported MH symptoms and other covariates. This pattern was prominent among parents who reported high symptoms in their child. Social distance had no bearing on whether parents recognized the vignette characters as having a problem. Avoidance of individuals with a mental illness and knowledge/positive MH attitudes were not associated with problem recognition. CONCLUSION Stigmatizing attitudes of parents may be detrimental when trying to understand the psychopathology of their own preadolescent children but not preadolescents outside their family. Stigma may present itself as a barrier to problem recognition because it may impose a significant personal cost on the family, thereby affecting the help-seeking process earlier than considered by previous work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice P Villatoro
- Latino Research Initiative, The University of Texas at Austin, 210 W. 24th Street, Stop F9200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Melissa J DuPont-Reyes
- Latino Research Initiative, The University of Texas at Austin, 210 W. 24th Street, Stop F9200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Jo C Phelan
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W. 168th Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Kirstin Painter
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20857, USA.
| | - Bruce G Link
- School of Public Policy and Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside, 4159 Interdisciplinary South, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA.
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Abstract
AIMS The aim of the current study was to carry out a national population-based survey to assess the proportion of people disclosing mental health problems in a variety of settings. A further aim was to explore respondent characteristics associated with disclosure. METHODS In 2014, telephone interviews were carried out with 5220 Australians aged 18+, 1381 of whom reported a mental health problem or scored highly on a symptom screening questionnaire. Questions covered disclosure of mental health problems to friends, intimate partners, other family members, supervisors or other colleagues in the workplace, teachers, lecturers or other students in the educational institution, health professionals and others in the community. Other than for intimate partners or supervisors, participants were asked whether or not they told everybody, some people or no one. Multinomial logistic regression was used to model the correlates of disclosure in each setting. RESULTS For friends and family, respondents were more likely to disclose to some people than to everyone or to no one. In most other domains, non-disclosure was most common, including in the workplace, where non-disclosure to supervisors was more likely than disclosure. Disclosure was associated with having received treatment or with support in all settings except healthcare, while it was only associated with discrimination in two settings (healthcare and education). CONCLUSIONS Disclosure of mental health problems does not appear to be linked to discrimination in most settings, and is typically associated with receiving support. Selective or non-disclosure may be particularly critical in workplaces, education and healthcare settings.
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Rasdale AR, Warman DM, Phalen PL. An examination of perceptions of individuals with an intellectual disability, with and without co-morbid schizophrenia: effects of labels on stigma. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:544-556. [PMID: 29700873 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research demonstrates negative perceptions of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and individuals with schizophrenia, but no study has examined ID with a co-morbid psychiatric disorder. The present study examined the social distance desired from and perceptions of dangerousness of ID, schizophrenia and co-morbid schizophrenia and ID and examined the impact of providing a label for the behaviours presented in a vignette. METHODS A total of 160 participants, all university students, were randomly assigned to one of six vignettes detailing a person with schizophrenia, ID, or a person with both presenting problems. Half of the participants were randomly assigned to read vignettes that had a label provided for the behaviours of the target. RESULTS Participants desired more social distance from the unlabelled than labelled targets. Presence of schizophrenia resulted in increased social distance, but co-morbid ID and schizophrenia elicited less desire for social distance than schizophrenia alone. Schizophrenia resulted in more perceived danger, but labelled co-morbid schizophrenia and ID resulted in little perceived danger. CONCLUSIONS Labels resulted in positive outcomes, particularly, when ID was co-morbid with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia stigma appears to be impacted by an ID label, indicating educating the public about the spectrum of co-morbidity may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rasdale
- College of Applied Behavioral Sciences, The University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D M Warman
- College of Applied Behavioral Sciences, The University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - P L Phalen
- College of Applied Behavioral Sciences, The University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Smith RA, Applegate A. Mental Health Stigma and Communication and Their Intersections with Education. COMMUNICATION EDUCATION 2018; 67:382-393. [PMID: 31354181 PMCID: PMC6660176 DOI: 10.1080/03634523.2018.1465988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Smith
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.A
| | - Amanda Applegate
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.A
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Rafal G, Gatto A, DeBate R. Mental health literacy, stigma, and help-seeking behaviors among male college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2018; 66:284-291. [PMID: 29419361 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1434780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mental health literacy (MHL) is low in college-aged men potentially resulting in impaired mental wellbeing. This study assessed MHL, psychosocial determinants, and help-seeking behaviors among male university students. PARTICIPANTS Male undergraduate and graduate students were surveyed in Spring 2017 (n = 1,242) at a large southeastern university in the United States. METHODS Preexisting validated scales for MHL, psychosocial determinants, and help-seeking intention were used in measurement and demographic variables were collected. T-tests and one-way ANOVA were performed to measure differences between groups. RESULTS Participants showed low scores for all constructs with statistically significant differences between undergraduate and graduate students, as well as between races and major classifications. Undergraduate men had moderate MHL and low intentions to seek professional care. CONCLUSIONS Interventions focusing on increasing mental health knowledge and improving beliefs can improve MHL among male college students. Further, interventions should be tailored for racial groups and major classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Rafal
- a Graduate Research Assistant, Master of Public Health Candidate, University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida , USA
| | - Amy Gatto
- b Prevention Coordinator, Center for Student Well-Being, University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida , USA
| | - Rita DeBate
- c Associate Vice-President Health & Wellness, Professor, College of Public Health, University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida , USA
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Abstract
Disordered eating is common among young women, but rates of help-seeking are remarkably low. Studies attempting to understand how disordered eating is perceived by young women have exposed participants to fictional vignettes that describe characters exhibiting eating pathologies, and assessed beliefs about the women's issues. These studies have informed our understanding of how young women perceive disordered eating in other women, but do not address the question of how disordered eating is perceived in oneself. In the present study, we randomly assigned 204 young women (ages 18-25 years) to one of two conditions (self or other). In each condition, participants read a hypothetical vignette in which the main character (the participant herself [self] or another female student [other]) exhibited disordered eating, and answered questions about her behavior and her need for help. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations, chi square tests, multiple regression analyses, multinomial logistic regressions, and independent samples t-tests. Overall, results supported the existence of a broad discrepancy in how young women perceive disordered eating in themselves versus in other women. Specifically, relative to women who read the vignette about another individual, women who read the vignette about themselves were more likely to attribute their behavior to a general mental health issue (as opposed to an eating disorder); to believe that they were able to cope with their problem alone; and to believe that they did not need to seek help for their eating behaviors (despite perceiving fewer barriers to doing so). These findings highlight the need for empirical research to consider this self-other discrepancy when using findings to inform the development of disordered eating prevention and intervention programs; if not considered, we risk developing programs based on information that may not accurately represent the young women in need of services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanne Menna
- a Department of Psychology , University of Windsor , Windsor , Ontario , Canada
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Saint Arnault DM, Gang M, Woo S. Construct Validity and Reliability of the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale for American, Japanese, and Korean Women. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2017; 31:349-363. [PMID: 29137694 DOI: 10.1891/1541-6577.31.4.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale (BMI) across women from the United States, Japan, and South Korea. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was employed. The sample was 564 women aged 21-64 years old who were recruited in the United States and Korea (American = 127, Japanese immigrants in the United States = 204, and Korean = 233). We carried out item analysis, construct validity by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency using SPSS Version 22 and AMOS Version 22. RESULTS An acceptable model fit for a 20-item BMI (Beliefs Toward Mental Illness Scale-Revised [BMI-R]) with 3 factors was confirmed using CFA. Construct validity of the BMI-R showed to be all acceptable; convergent validity (average variance extracted [AVE] ≥0.5, construct reliability [CR] ≥0.7) and discriminant validity (r = .65-.89, AVE >.79). The Cronbach's alpha of the BMI-R was .92. CONCLUSION These results showed that the BMI was a reliable tool to study beliefs about mental illness across cultures. Our findings also suggested that continued efforts to reduce stigma in culturally specific contexts within and between countries are necessary to promote help-seeking for those suffering from psychological distress.
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Rodwell J, Cole J, Grogan S. Language and labelling used by university students when discussing mental health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12968/bjsn.2017.12.8.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Rodwell
- Programme support tutor, Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University
| | - Jenny Cole
- Senior lecturer, Department of Psychology Manchester Metropolitan University
| | - Sarah Grogan
- Professor, Department of Psychology Manchester Metropolitan University
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Dolphin L, Hennessy E. Labelling effects and adolescent responses to peers with depression: an experimental investigation. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:228. [PMID: 28646873 PMCID: PMC5483288 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of illness labels on the stigma experiences of individuals with mental health problems is a matter of ongoing debate. Some argue that labels have a negative influence on judgments and should be avoided in favour of information emphasising the existence of a continuum of mental health/illness. Others believe that behavioral symptoms are more powerful influencers of stigma than labels. The phenomenon has received little attention in adolescent research, despite the critical importance of the peer group at this developmental stage. This study employs a novel experimental design to examine the impact of the depression label and continuum information on adolescents' responses to peers with depression. METHODS Participants were 156 adolescents, 76 male, 80 female (M = 16.25 years; SD = .361), assigned to one of three conditions (Control, Label, Continuum). Participants respond to four audio-visual vignette characters (two clinically depressed) on three occasions. Outcome measures included judgment of the mental health of the vignette characters and emotional responses to them. RESULTS Neither the provision of a depression label or continuum information influenced perceptions of the mental health of the characters in the audio-visual vignettes or participants' emotional responses to them. CONCLUSION The findings have implications for the design of interventions to combat depression stigma with adolescents. Interventions should not necessarily target perceptions of psychiatric labels, but rather perceptions of symptomatic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dolphin
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eilis Hennessy
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Dublin, Ireland
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Broomfield C, Stedal K, Touyz S, Rhodes P. Labeling and defining severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and critical analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:611-623. [PMID: 28444828 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With anorexia nervosa (AN) having various presentations, attention has been directed towards particularly durable forms of the condition in both research and clinical contexts. A major hindrance in terms of advancing the field is the inconsistent labeling and defining of this subgroup. This has two implications; first, the inconsistent recruitment of participants when researching this sample, and second, the misdiagnosing of patients who may or may not have a durable course of the disease. The current research had the purpose of providing an overview of the current labels and criteria used for defining cases of severe and enduring AN, and critically analysing the implications of these findings. METHOD In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, a literature search was conducted using four electronic databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus) in order to identify 32 records that met the standards stipulated by the criteria. Data extraction included explicit labeling, the definition or criteria used to describe the subgroup, along with participant age and study design. RESULTS It was found that the terms chronic and severe and enduring were the most commonly used adjectives when referring to this subgroup. In terms of criteria, illness duration and the number of previously failed treatment attempts were the most common defining features within the literature. DISCUSSION It is the aim of the authors to inspire further research into what is the most appropriate label and defining features for the subgroup in order to facilitate a better approach and outcome for the individuals affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin Stedal
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål
| | - Stephen Touyz
- Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Influence of age and gender on mental health literacy of anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Res 2017; 251:8-13. [PMID: 28189082 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the influence of age and gender on Mental Health Literacy (MHL) of various anxiety disorders. The aim was to determine whether the gender and age of participants and gender of the disorders character had a significant effect on their ability to recognise a range of anxiety disorders. A convenience sample of 162 individuals (aged 18-70yrs) completed one of two questionnaires, which differed only on the gender of the vignette's character. Participants had to label the "problems" of individual in six vignettes and state their opinion on how well adjusted the characters were in terms of happiness and work and personal relationships. 'Correct' labelling (using the official/technical term) of the different disorders varied from 3% to 29% of all participants. Gender differences of participants had a significant effect on literacy where females demonstrated higher MHL than males and the youngest group (18-29yrs) showed better MHL than older groups. There was a non-significant effect of vignette gender on recognition rates. The research points to the evidence that MHL remains relatively low for all anxiety disorders.
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Raymond KY, Willis DG, Sullivan-Bolyai S. Parents Caring For Adult Children With Serious Mental Illness. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2017; 23:119-132. [PMID: 28060601 DOI: 10.1177/1078390316685404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents often become the caregivers for their adult children with serious mental illness (SMI) due to the chronic and debilitating course of the illness and shortages in funding for community mental health services and residential placements. OBJECTIVE To examine parents' management styles when caring for adult children with SMI and parents' perspectives on what type of community-based mental health interventions would support and/or enhance overall family functioning. DESIGN A qualitative descriptive study using semistructured interviews with parents caring for adult children with SMI. The study was undergirded by Knafl and Deatrick's Family Management Style Framework. RESULTS Four major themes emerged from the data describing prolonged and difficult phases that parents and the family undergo in caring for an adult child with SMI. CONCLUSIONS Successful management of these phases must include increasing access to mental health information, mental health screening, early interventions, and violence prevention for adult children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Y Raymond
- 1 Kathryn Y. Raymond, PhD, RN, APRN, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Danny G Willis
- 2 Danny G. Willis, DNS, RN, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Susan Sullivan-Bolyai
- 3 Susan Sullivan-Bolyai, DNSc, RN, CNS, FAAN, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Tharaldsen KB, Stallard P, Cuijpers P, Bru E, Bjaastad JF. ‘It’s a bit taboo’: a qualitative study of Norwegian adolescents’ perceptions of mental healthcare services. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2016.1248692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edvin Bru
- Norwegian Centre for Learning Environment and Behavioral Research in Education, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jon Fauskanger Bjaastad
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Uni Research Health, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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Xu Z, Müller M, Heekeren K, Theodoridou A, Metzler S, Dvorsky D, Oexle N, Walitza S, Rössler W, Rüsch N. Pathways between stigma and suicidal ideation among people at risk of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2016; 172:184-8. [PMID: 26843510 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental illness stigma may contribute to suicidality and is associated with social isolation and low self-esteem among young people at risk of psychosis. However, it is unclear whether mental illness stigma contributes to suicidality in this population. We therefore examined the associations of self-labeling and stigma stress with suicidality among young people at risk. Self-labeling as "mentally ill", stigma stress, social isolation, self-esteem, symptoms and suicidal ideation were assessed in 172 individuals at risk of psychosis. Self-labeling and stigma stress were examined as predictors of suicidality by path analysis. Increased self-labeling as "mentally ill" was associated with suicidality, directly as well as indirectly mediated by social isolation. More stigma stress was related to social isolation which in turn was associated with low self-esteem, depression and suicidal ideation. Social isolation fully mediated the link between stigma stress and suicidal ideation. Interventions to reduce the public stigma associated with risk of psychosis as well as programs to facilitate non-stigmatizing awareness of at-risk mental state and to reduce stigma stress among young people at risk of psychosis might strengthen suicide prevention in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Xu
- Department of Psychiatry II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany.
| | - Mario Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Heekeren
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Switzerland
| | - Anastasia Theodoridou
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Metzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Switzerland
| | - Diane Dvorsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Oexle
- Department of Psychiatry II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Rössler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Zürich University Hospital of Psychiatry, Switzerland; Institute of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM27, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Rüsch
- Department of Psychiatry II, University of Ulm and BKH Günzburg, Germany
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Imhoff R. Zeroing in on the Effect of the Schizophrenia Label on Stigmatizing Attitudes: A Large-scale Study. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:456-63. [PMID: 26409222 PMCID: PMC4753605 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The idea that psychiatric diagnoses are not mere descriptors of a symptomatology but create incrementally negative effects in patients has received considerable support in the literature. The flipside to this effect, that calling someone by a psychiatric diagnosis also has an effect on how this person is perceived by others, however, has been less well documented and remains disputed. An experimental study was conducted with a large sample (N = 2265) to ensure statistical power to detect even small effects of such adding a psychiatric diagnosis to a description of symptoms or not. Dependent variables were chosen in an exploratory manner and tests were corrected for alpha inflation. Results show that calling the identical symptomatology schizophrenia (vs not labeling it) led to greater perceptions of aggressiveness, less trustworthiness, more anxiety toward this person, and stronger assumptions this person feels aggression-related emotions. Although stigmatizing attitudes were generally lower for persons with personal experiences with mental illnesses as either a patient or a close relative, such personal involvement did not moderate the effect. Implications of these findings and limitations of the study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Imhoff
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany, Köln, Germany
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46
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Self-labelling and stigma as predictors of attitudes towards help-seeking among people at risk of psychosis: 1-year follow-up. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:79-82. [PMID: 25631617 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mental health service use is helpful but rare among young people at risk of psychosis. The label and stigma associated with mental illness may affect attitudes towards help-seeking. We examined 67 individuals at risk of psychosis over the course of 1 year. An increase of self-labelling as "mentally ill" predicted more positive attitudes towards psychiatric medication, while increased perceived stigma and the cognitive appraisal of stigma as a stressor predicted poorer attitudes towards psychotherapy after 1 year. Early intervention could improve non-stigmatizing awareness of at-risk mental state and reduce the public stigma associated with at-risk status to facilitate help-seeking.
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Hart LM, Mason RJ, Kelly CM, Cvetkovski S, Jorm AF. 'teen Mental Health First Aid': a description of the program and an initial evaluation. Int J Ment Health Syst 2016; 10:3. [PMID: 26788123 PMCID: PMC4717562 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-016-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many adolescents have poor mental health literacy, stigmatising attitudes towards people with mental illness, and lack skills in providing optimal Mental Health First Aid to peers. These could be improved with training to facilitate better social support and increase appropriate help-seeking among adolescents with emerging mental health problems. teen Mental Health First Aid (teen MHFA), a new initiative of Mental Health First Aid International, is a 3 × 75 min classroom based training program for students aged 15-18 years. METHODS An uncontrolled pilot of the teen MHFA course was undertaken to examine the feasibility of providing the program in Australian secondary schools, to test relevant measures of student knowledge, attitudes and behaviours, and to provide initial evidence of program effects. RESULTS Across four schools, 988 students received the teen MHFA program. 520 students with a mean age of 16 years completed the baseline questionnaire, 345 completed the post-test and 241 completed the three-month follow-up. Statistically significant improvements were found in mental health literacy, confidence in providing Mental Health First Aid to a peer, help-seeking intentions and student mental health, while stigmatising attitudes significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS teen MHFA appears to be an effective and feasible program for training high school students in Mental Health First Aid techniques. Further research is required with a randomized controlled design to elucidate the causal role of the program in the changes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Hart
- />Population Mental Health Group, Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- />School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert J. Mason
- />Population Mental Health Group, Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire M. Kelly
- />Mental Health First Aid, Melbourne, Australia
- />School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stefan Cvetkovski
- />Population Mental Health Group, Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony F. Jorm
- />Population Mental Health Group, Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Gillispie SK, Britt TW, Burnette CM, McFadden AC. Employee mental health treatment seeking: Perceptions of responsibility and resilience. JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE BEHAVIORAL HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15555240.2015.1100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Moss-Racusin CA, Miller HG. “Taking charge” of stigma: Treatment seeking alleviates mental illness stigma targeting men. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, research on stigma has continued. Building on conceptual and empirical work, the recent period clarifies new types of stigmas, expansion of measures, identification of new directions, and increasingly complex levels. Standard beliefs have been challenged, the relationship between stigma research and public debates reconsidered, and new scientific foundations for policy and programs suggested. We begin with a summary of the most recent Annual Review articles on stigma, which reminded sociologists of conceptual tools, informed them of developments from academic neighbors, and claimed findings from the early period of "resurgence." Continued (even accelerated) progress has also revealed a central problem. Terms and measures are often used interchangeably, leading to confusion and decreasing accumulated knowledge. Drawing from this work but focusing on the past 14 years of stigma research (including mental illness, sexual orientation, HIV/AIDS, and race/ethnicity), we provide a theoretical architecture of concepts (e.g., prejudice, experienced/received discrimination), drawn together through a stigma process (i.e., stigmatization), based on four theoretical premises. Many characteristics of the mark (e.g., discredited, concealable) and variants (i.e., stigma types and targets) become the focus of increasingly specific and multidimensional definitions. Drawing from complex and systems science, we propose a stigma complex, a system of interrelated, heterogeneous parts bringing together insights across disciplines to provide a more realistic and complicated sense of the challenge facing research and change efforts. The Framework Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma (FINIS) offers a multilevel approach that can be tailored to stigmatized statuses. Finally, we outline challenges for the next phase of stigma research, with the goal of continuing scientific activity that enhances our understanding of stigma and builds the scientific foundation for efforts to reduce intolerance.
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