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Semenza DC, Kravitz-Wirtz N. Gun violence exposure and population health inequality: a conceptual framework. Inj Prev 2024:ip-2023-045197. [PMID: 39358037 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2023-045197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
This essay establishes a conceptual framework to understand how direct, secondar and community exposures to gun violence converge to influence population health. Our framework asserts that persistent gun violence in structurally disadvantaged communities enacts broad consequences for mental, physical and behavioural health, operating as a key driver of racial and socioeconomic health disparities. We discuss the applications of this framework for research and improved data collection with a focus on establishing timely and accurate measures of gun violence alongside individual and community health measures. We then address the policy implications of the framework, emphasising the need for long-term, institutional investment in gun violence prevention and intervention, survivor service provision and evidence-based policies at all levels of government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Kravitz-Wirtz
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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Kafka JM, Schleimer JP, Toomet O, Chen K, Ellyson A, Rowhani-Rahbar A. Measuring interpersonal firearm violence: natural language processing methods to address limitations in criminal charge data. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2024; 31:2374-2378. [PMID: 38607336 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Firearm violence constitutes a public health crisis in the United States, but comprehensive data infrastructure is lacking to study this problem. To address this challenge, we used natural language processing (NLP) to classify court record documents from alleged violent crimes as firearm-related or non-firearm-related. MATERIALS AND METHODS We accessed and digitized court records from the state of Washington (n = 1472). Human review established a gold standard label for firearm involvement (yes/no). We developed a key term search and trained supervised machine learning classifiers for this labeling task. Results were evaluated in a held-out test set. RESULTS The decision tree performed best (F1 score: 0.82). The key term list had perfect recall (1.0) and a modest F1 score (0.65). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This case report highlights the accuracy, feasibility, and potential time-saved by using NLP to identify firearm involvement in alleged violent crimes based on digitized narratives from court documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Kafka
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Julia P Schleimer
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ott Toomet
- Information School, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kaidi Chen
- Information School, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Alice Ellyson
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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Paruk J, Semenza D. Gun Violence Exposure and Quality of Life in Nine US States. J Urban Health 2024; 101:942-950. [PMID: 39075287 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Direct and indirect gun violence exposure (GVE) is associated with a broad range of detrimental health effects. However, much of this research has examined the effects of a single type of GVE (e.g., being shot) on discrete outcomes (e.g., daily pain, PTSD). Since people may experience numerous types of GVE (e.g., being threatened with a gun and hearing gunshots in their neighborhood) with broad effects on their well-being, we study the association between four types of direct and indirect GVE and five aspects of quality of life (overall, physical, psychological, social, and environmental). Using a representative sample of adults from nine states (N = 7455), we find that witnessing/hearing about a shooting in one's neighborhood was the most commonly experienced GVE associated with significant decreases in all five types of quality of life. Cumulative GVE was also associated with significant decreases in overall physical, psychological, social, and environmental quality of life. For example, individuals with four GVEs had an adjusted average physical quality of life that was 11.14 points lower and environmental quality of life that was 7.18 points lower than individuals with no GVE. Decreasing gun violence is a critical component of improving community health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Paruk
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
| | - Daniel Semenza
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Christopoulos K. Associations between gun violence exposure and suicide mortality rates in US counties. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02771-6. [PMID: 39340546 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gun violence traumatizes communities and places a heavy burden on the mental health of those exposed. This ecological study examines the association between gun violence exposure and suicide mortality rates in US counties for the period 1999-2020 at various urbanicity levels. METHODS A Bayesian hierarchical Gamma-Poisson model with state random effects was employed to model the age-adjusted suicide mortality rates which adjusted for sex ratio, urbanicity, social vulnerability, gun ownership, culture of honor, and exposure spillovers from neighbouring counties. RESULTS Results indicate a small significant positive association between gun violence and suicide mortality rates. Urbanicity levels do not appear to modify this association, although the association may be slightly smaller for large urban metros. CONCLUSIONS Gun violence exposure may be positively associated with suicide mortality in US counties.
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Walker DT, Bills KL, Motley RO. Physical and Mental Health Outcomes of Black Emerging Adults with Community Violence Exposure: An Integrative Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1769-1779. [PMID: 37609870 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231194055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Community violence exposure (CVE) and its health impact is a public health crisis. Violent crime has steadily increased over recent years and has disproportionately affected Black communities. Emerging adulthood (18-29 years old) is a vulnerable period of development and Black emerging adults may be at increased risk for negative physical and mental health consequences from CVE. This integrative review was conducted to evaluate available evidence on health outcomes in Black emerging adults exposed to CVE. This review appraised published studies (2012-2022) addressing physical and mental health outcomes of Black emerging adults with CVE. Articles were identified using structured search terms in several databases (CINAHL, PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science), a gray literature search, and citation mining. A total of 177 studies were identified for screening and 19 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The majority of studies found a significant positive association between CVE and adverse mental (n = 12) and physical (n = 7) health outcomes. CVE appears to have both mental and physical health consequences for Black emerging adults. Given that violent crime disproportionately increased in Black communities and Black people are more likely to develop chronic health conditions at younger ages, more work is needed to elucidate the relationship between CVE and health outcomes.
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Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Position Statement: Gun violence and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024; 231:B9-B11. [PMID: 38599477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Position: The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine acknowledges gun violence as a public health crisis in the United States, with a substantial impact on pregnant and postpartum people. We recognize the urgent need for a robust, equitable, data-driven approach to mitigate the impact of access to firearms and accompanying violence on pregnant and postpartum individuals and communities. As such, the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine endorses the following policy principles.
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Iktilat K, Isacson M, Tzemah-Shahar R, Agmon M. The link between exposure to violence and psychological distress among middle-aged Muslims in Israel: the role of gender. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1382053. [PMID: 38903569 PMCID: PMC11188443 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1382053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction To date, it is still unclear if exposure to violence affects psychological distress in middle-aged adults and if the effects are gender specific. This age group is of special interest as it is at the onset of the aging process and is often overlooked or understudied in scholarly research. Specifically, targeted research on middle-aged Muslims living in Israel, a unique population exposed to increasing violence, is lacking. Methods We examined the relationship between exposure to violence and psychological distress in a cohort of 363 middle-aged adults (223 women) from three Muslim villages in northern Israel, collecting data on violence exposure (Screen for Adolescent Violence Exposure (SAVE) questionnaire), psychological distress (Kessler 6 Psychological Distress questionnaire), and other demographic characteristics including education level and socioeconomic status. We used this data to answer two questions: (1) is exposure to violence a predictor of psychological distress in middle-aged Muslims, and (2) does the relationship between exposure and distress differ between men and women? Results We revealed a positive link between exposure to violence and psychological distress (β = 0.145, p = 0.017) when controlling for gender, age, education level, and socioeconomic level. Discussion Despite previous evidence of gender-based differences in this interplay in younger cohorts, we did not find a significant interaction between gender and the violence exposure-psychological distress interplay. Our findings are some of the first to focus on middle-aged individuals and show that both men and women exhibit connections between exposure to violence and psychological distress when considering covariates. This research provides insights that can be used when planning community-wide interventions and treatment schemes to support healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Iktilat
- Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Health and Social Welfare, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Ramat Gan Academic College, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Roy Tzemah-Shahar
- The Cheryl Spencer Institute for Nursing Research, Faculty of Health and Social Welfare, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maayan Agmon
- The Cheryl Spencer Institute for Nursing Research, Faculty of Health and Social Welfare, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Semenza DC, Silver IA, Stansfield R, Bamwine P. Local gun violence, mental health, and sleep: A neighborhood analysis in one hundred US Cities. Soc Sci Med 2024; 351:116929. [PMID: 38733888 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Community gun violence significantly shapes public health and collective well-being. Understanding how gun violence is associated with community health outcomes like mental health and sleep is crucial for developing interventions to mitigate disparities exacerbated by violence exposure. OBJECTIVE This study examines the associations between community gun violence , insufficient sleep, and poor mental health across neighborhoods in the United States. METHODS We utilized a novel database covering nearly 16,000 neighborhoods in 100 US cities from 2014 through 2019. Correlated trait fixed-effects models were employed to conduct all analyses while considering various neighborhood covariates such as concentrated disadvantage, demographic composition, population density, and proximity to trauma centers. RESULTS Our analysis revealed that greater gun violence is associated with both insufficient sleep and poor mental health in subsequent years. There is a reciprocal relationship between poor mental health and insufficient sleep, with each partially mediating the other's association with community gun violence. Notably, gun violence exhibits the strongest direct association with poor sleep rather than with poor mental health. We found a consistent reciprocal relationship between sleep and mental health at the community level. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight a complex interplay between community violence, sleep, and mental health, underlining the importance of reducing community violence through numerous long-term interventions to address health disparities across the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University - Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, NJ, USA.
| | - Ian A Silver
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard Stansfield
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University - Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Patricia Bamwine
- College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Gause EL, McLone SG, Cunningham M, Jay J. Community-Academic Partnership to Assess the Role of Physical Disinvestment on Firearm Violence in Toledo, OH. J Urban Health 2024; 101:584-594. [PMID: 38771432 PMCID: PMC11189884 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Reversing physical disinvestment, e.g., by remediating abandoned buildings and vacant lots, is an evidence-based strategy to reduce urban firearm violence. However, adoption of this strategy has been inconsistent across US cities. Our community-academic partnership sought to support adoption in Toledo, OH, USA, by generating locally relevant analyses on physical disinvestment and firearm violence. We used a spatial case-control design with matching. Physical disinvestment measures were derived from a citywide parcel foot audit conducted by the Lucas County Land Bank in summer 2021. Firearm violence outcomes were incident-level shootings data from the Toledo Police Department from October 2021 through February 2023. Shooting locations were matched to controls 1:4 on poverty rate, roadway characteristics, and zoning type. Exposures were calculated by aggregating parcels within 5-min walking buffers of each case and control point. We tested multiple disinvestment measures, including a composite index. Models were logistic regressions that adjusted for the matching variables and for potential spatial autocorrelation. Our sample included N = 281 shooting locations and N = 1124 matched controls. A 1-unit increase in the disinvestment score, equal to approximately 1 additional disrepair condition for the average parcel within the walking buffer, was associated with 1.68 times (95% CI: 1.36, 2.07) higher odds of shooting incidence. Across all other measures, greater disinvestment was associated with higher odds of shooting incidence. Our finding of a strong association between physical disinvestment and firearm violence in Toledo can inform local action. Community-academic partnership could help increase adoption of violence prevention strategies focused on reversing physical disinvestment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Gause
- Center for Climate and Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Firearm Injury and Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Suzanne G McLone
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malcolm Cunningham
- Mayor's Office of Neighborhood Safety and Engagement, City of Toledo, OH, USA
- Bloomberg American Health Initiative, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Jay
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Gillum TL, Hampton CJ, Coppedge C. Using the Socio-Ecological Model to Understand Increased Risk of Gun Violence in the African American Community. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241256635. [PMID: 38804858 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241256635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Gun violence is a major public health issue of growing concern in the United States (U.S.) with 48,830 lives lost to gun related violence in 2021, documenting the highest number of gun related homicides and suicides ever recorded. The African American community is disproportionately impacted by gun violence and members of this community are almost 14x more likely to die by gun homicide than their white counterparts. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified a socio-ecological framework as a lens through which to better understand violence and inform potential prevention strategies to address it. This model identifies four levels (individual, relationship, community, societal) which help to enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between individuals and their environments. Here, we use this model to understand why the African American community experiences elevated risk of gun violence in the U.S. and propose strategies for prevention. Understanding the issue of gun violence beyond individual level risk, this analysis highlights the interplay between multiple levels including the ways in which societal level factors influence violence. While this paper provides a lens through which to understand the multi-leveled factors that contribute to gun violence in the African American community, it also serves as a call to action for policymakers, scholars, and agencies to develop culturally informed policy and programming efforts specific to those who are most impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tameka L Gillum
- College of Population Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Clarice J Hampton
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chanté Coppedge
- Psychological Counseling Center, State University of New York New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, USA
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López-Ortiz E, Altamirano JM, Romero-Henríquez LF, López-Ortiz G. Characterization of Homicides in Mexico: Analysis of 2015-2022. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:617. [PMID: 38791831 PMCID: PMC11121517 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mexico, homicides are the leading cause of death among men aged 15 to 44 years; however, despite their increase in recent decades, the study of this issue is insufficient, given its magnitude and impact. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the spatial and temporal patterns and associated factors of homicides in Mexico from 2015 to 2022. METHODS An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing death records from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography's general mortality databases. Simple frequencies and incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants by sex, year, and state of the Mexican Republic were calculated. Mortality was evaluated by age groups and geographic areas, and bivariate logistic regression models with sociodemographic variables were performed. RESULTS Records of 229,182 homicides in Mexico were analyzed, with a median age of 33 years, interquartile range 18. A total of 203,898 (88.96%) were men and 25,284 (11.04%) were women. The majority of deaths occurred in public places and were caused by firearms; women had a higher percentage of homicides at home. States with high incidence rates for both sexes were Chihuahua, Zacatecas, Michoacán, Colima, and Estado de México. The total years of life lost were 9.19 million years. The national incidence of homicides in men showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2019; however, in the case of women, this incidence increased in various age groups during the study period. Occupation, education, marital status, and place of occurrence had significant associations in the logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a spatial-temporal characterization of homicides in Mexico between 2015 and 2022, highlighting the high incidence in men and the upward trend in certain age groups among women. These findings underscore the need for preventive measures and public policies to address this issue in a multisectoral manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo López-Ortiz
- Subdivisión de Medicina Familiar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Juan Manuel Altamirano
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Ángeles Clínica Londres, Mexico City 06700, Mexico;
| | - Luisa Fernanda Romero-Henríquez
- Posgrado en Pedagogía, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
- Cuerpo Académico CAMCM-CA-2321, Centro de Actualización del Magisterio en la Ciudad de México, Autoridad Educativa Federal, Secretaría de Educación Pública, Mexico City 06400, Mexico
| | - Geovani López-Ortiz
- Subdivisión de Medicina Familiar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Fazel S, Burghart M, Wolf A, Whiting D, Yu R. Effectiveness of Violence Prevention Interventions: Umbrella Review of Research in the General Population. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1709-1718. [PMID: 37650521 PMCID: PMC10913357 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231195880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
To address the societal harms of violence, many violence prevention interventions have been developed, tested, and implemented in the general population. These have been reported in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which have typically focused on one type of intervention or outcome. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of different psychosocial interventions in reducing all forms of violence toward others. We have conducted an umbrella review of previous meta-analyses using standard approaches and converted findings on effectiveness into odds ratios. We tested for the underlying quality of the meta-analytic evidence by examining heterogeneity, excess statistical significance, prediction intervals, and small study effects. We identified 16 meta-analyses, including nine investigating psychosocial interventions, and five legislative and policy changes. Most meta-analyses reported positive effects of tested interventions. The strongest effects were found for sports-based initiatives, and the weakest for general population programs aimed at early childhood, youth development, and reducing sexual assault perpetration by men. Legislative changes had varying effectiveness. We conclude that simple, scalable, and cost-efficient programs, such as sport-based initiatives, have the clearest empirical support as population-based approaches to violence prevention.
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Anestis MD, Moceri-Brooks J, Ziminski D, Barnes RT, Semenza D. Firearm Access and Gun Violence Exposure Among American Indian or Alaska Native and Black Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e240073. [PMID: 38436959 PMCID: PMC10912965 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance American Indian or Alaska Native and Black adults experience elevated rates of firearm injury and death, but both groups are severely underrepresented in research on firearm exposure and behaviors. Objective To explore geodemographic differences in firearm behaviors and violence exposure among American Indian or Alaska Native and Black adults in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants In this survey study, nationally representative samples of American Indian or Alaska Native and/or Black adults recruited from KnowledgePanel were surveyed cross-sectionally. Surveys were administered online between April 12 and May 4, 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Firearm access, storage, and carrying behaviors and lifetime firearm violence exposure were the primary outcomes. Demographic factors such as age, geographic location, and political affiliation were considered. Data were weighted to geodemographic distributions from the US Census Bureau's 2022 Current Population Survey. Results Of 3542 participants, 527 (14.9%) were American Indian or Alaska Native (280 [53.1%] female) and 3015 (85.1%) were Black (1646 [54.6%] female). Both groups exhibited high firearm access rates (American Indian or Alaska Native adults: 238 [45.4%; 95% CI, 39.4%-51.7%]; Black adults: 909 [30.4%; 95% CI, 28.0%-32.9%]), predominantly owning handguns for home protection. The groups demonstrated similar firearm storage patterns, and a substantial proportion endorsed always or almost always carrying firearms outside the home (American Indian or Alaska Native adults: 18.9%; Black adults: 15.2%). Self-protection was a common reason for carrying a firearm (American Indian or Alaska Native adults: 104 [84.9%; 95% CI, 74.1%-91.7%]; Black adults: 350 [88.3%; 95% CI, 82.3%-92.4%]), and a minority of participants cited lack of faith in the police (American Indian or Alaska Native adults: 19 [15.2%; 95% CI, 8.2%-26.7%]; Black adults: 61 [15.4%; 95% CI, 10.3%-21.2%]), indicating potential shifts in public safety dynamics. Conclusions and Relevance In this survey study of American Indian or Alaska Native and Black US adults, a substantial percentage of both groups reported living in homes with firearms, storing firearms loaded and unlocked, frequently carrying firearms outside the home, and having been exposed directly and indirectly to gun violence. These findings underscore the need for nuanced public health campaigns and policies and highlight challenges for law enforcement in contexts of racial disparities and changing legal frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Anestis
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway
- School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway
| | - Jayna Moceri-Brooks
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway
| | - Devon Ziminski
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway
- Senator Walter Rand Institute for Public Affairs, Rutgers University–Camden, Cinnaminson, New Jersey
| | - R. Thurman Barnes
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway
- School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway
| | - Daniel Semenza
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway
- School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University–Camden, Cinnaminson, New Jersey
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Fayaz I, Saharan A. Assessment of factors leading to resilience among adults in violence-affected area of Kashmir: an exploratory study employing content analysis and best-worst method. Med Confl Surviv 2024; 40:5-27. [PMID: 38297973 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2024.2309189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to violence can have profound and lasting effects on individuals and communities, impacting various aspects of their lives. Understanding the relationship between exposure to violence and resilience is crucial for designing effective interventions and support systems. This study aims to identify resilience factors among adults living in such areas and rank them from most to least important. Two staged mixed-method approaches, including face-to-face interviews and the best-worst method, were used to identify factors, assign weights, and rank them. A total of twenty-three sub-factors classified under seven broader factors were identified and ranked by triangulating the opinions of victims, experts, and scholars. Out of twenty-three sub-factors, the top-ranked six factors included family support, trusting higher powers, peer support, better interpersonal relationships, engaging in regular prayers, and better role models, which contributes fifty two percent to resilience formation. By promoting these factors, individuals and communities can better cope with the stress and trauma of violence, promote positive adaptation and growth, and build social support networks to help promote recovery and healing. Implications for practice, policy, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Fayaz
- Jindal Institute of Behavioural Sciences (JIBS), O P Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India
| | - Akash Saharan
- Jindal Global Business School (JGBS), O P Jindal Global University, Sonipat, India
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Semenza DC, Hamilton JL, Testa A, Jackson DB. Individual and cumulative firearm violence exposure: Implications for sleep among Black and American Indian/Alaska Native adults. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 91:18-22. [PMID: 38244953 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the relationship between various forms of firearm violence exposure and sleep problems among nationally representative samples of Black (N = 3015) and American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) (N = 527) adults, focusing on difficulties falling asleep, staying asleep, and waking too early. Survey data were collected in April and May 2023. METHODS We employed negative binomial regression models to analyze the associations between the different types of firearm violence exposure and sleep problems. We further examined associations between cumulative firearm violence exposure and sleep outcomes. RESULTS A substantial proportion of Black (59%) and AI/AN (56%) adults reported experiencing some form of firearm violence exposure. Being threatened with a firearm emerged as a consistent factor associated with sleep problems for both racial groups. Witnessing or hearing about shootings was linked to sleep problems in the Black sample, while cumulative firearm violence exposure was associated with all sleep problems in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Individual and cumulative firearm violence exposure is associated with increased sleep problems among Black and AI/AN adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA; Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, MD, USA
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16
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Band-Winterstein T, Shulyaev K, Eisikovits Z. Is lifetime abuse forgivable in old age? J Elder Abuse Negl 2024; 36:198-225. [PMID: 38379201 DOI: 10.1080/08946566.2024.2319785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Old age is characterized by reflection and a retrospective examination of the multiple meanings of various life experiences, including lifelong abuse. Forgiveness is found to have a salutary effect, especially for older adults. To understand the place and role of forgiveness in the reflective process during aging, we performed a secondary analysis of in-depth, semi-structured interviews (N = 78) with older women survivors of abuse. Inductive thematic analysis was based on concepts developed deductively from the literature review. The findings include three main themes: (1) The dimensions of forgiving: The victim as subject; (2) Being forgiven: Between lost forgiveness and hope; and (3) Self-forgiveness and the aging self. Despite the known salutary effect of forgiveness, we must consider that this is not a universally desirable process. We included the dimension of forgiveness in the study of abuse throughout the older person's life course and identified further complexities in addition to the "forgiveness"/"unforgiveness."
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Band-Winterstein
- The Minerva Centre on Intersectionality in Aging (MCIA), Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ksenya Shulyaev
- The Minerva Centre on Intersectionality in Aging (MCIA), Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Center of Research & Study of Aging (CRCA), Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zvi Eisikovits
- The Minerva Centre on Intersectionality in Aging (MCIA), Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Centre for the Study of Society, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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17
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Semenza DC, Daruwala S, Brooks Stephens JR, Anestis MD. Gun Violence Exposure and Suicide Among Black Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2354953. [PMID: 38319659 PMCID: PMC10848043 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.54953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Black individuals are disproportionately exposed to gun violence in the US. Suicide rates among Black US individuals have increased in recent years. Objective To evaluate whether gun violence exposures (GVEs) are associated with suicidal ideation and behaviors among Black adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used survey data collected from a nationally representative sample of self-identified Black or African American (hereafter, Black) adults in the US from April 12, 2023, through May 4, 2023. Exposures Ever being shot, being threatened with a gun, knowing someone who has been shot, and witnessing or hearing about a shooting. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcome variables were derived from the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview, including suicidal ideation, suicide attempt preparation, and suicide attempt. A subsample of those exhibiting suicidal ideation was used to assess for suicidal behaviors. Results The study sample included 3015 Black adults (1646 [55%] female; mean [SD] age, 46.34 [0.44] years [range, 18-94 years]). Most respondents were exposed to at least 1 type of gun violence (1693 [56%]), and 300 (12%) were exposed to at least 3 types of gun violence. Being threatened with a gun (odds ratio [OR], 1.44; 95% CI, 1.01-2.05) or knowing someone who has been shot (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.05-1.97) was associated with reporting lifetime suicidal ideation. Being shot was associated with reporting ever planning a suicide (OR, 3.73; 95% CI, 1.10-12.64). Being threatened (OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 2.41-5.09) or knowing someone who has been shot (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.42-5.74) was associated with reporting lifetime suicide attempts. Cumulative GVE was associated with reporting lifetime suicidal ideation (1 type: OR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.19-2.39]; 2 types: OR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.17-2.44]; ≥3 types: OR, 2.27 [95% CI, 1.48-3.48]), suicide attempt preparation (≥3 types; OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 2.37-5.63), and attempting suicide (2 types: OR, 4.78 [95% CI, 1.80-12.71]; ≥3 types: OR, 4.01 [95% CI, 1.41-11.44]). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, GVE among Black adults in the US was significantly associated with lifetime suicidal ideation and behavior. Public health efforts to substantially reduce interpersonal gun violence may yield additional benefits by decreasing suicide among Black individuals in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway
| | - Samantha Daruwala
- VA Center of Excellence for Suicide Prevention, VA Finger Lakes Health Care System, Canandaigua, New York
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | | | - Michael D. Anestis
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway
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18
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Mattingly DT, Mezuk B, Elliott MR, Neighbors HW, Leventhal AM, Fleischer NL. Distress about social problems and tobacco and cannabis use outcomes among young adults in Los Angeles County. Prev Med 2024; 179:107850. [PMID: 38199591 PMCID: PMC10843547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of concern, worry, and stress about discrimination, shootings/violence, and police brutality and exclusive and dual tobacco and cannabis use among young adults. METHODS A prospective, racially/ethnically diverse cohort of young adults (n = 1960) living in Los Angeles, California completed a baseline survey in 2020 (age range: 19-23) and a follow-up survey in 2021. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed on nine variables assessing levels of concern, worry, and stress about societal discrimination, societal shootings/violence, and community police brutality at baseline. Past 30-day tobacco and cannabis use at follow-up was categorized as current exclusive tobacco, exclusive cannabis, and dual tobacco and cannabis (vs never/former) use based on eleven use variables. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated adjusted associations between each factor score (translated to standard deviation units) with exclusive and dual tobacco and cannabis use. RESULTS The EFA produced four factor scores representing concern/worry/stress (i.e., distress) about community police brutality (F1), distress about societal shootings/violence (F2), and distress about societal discrimination (F3), as well as generalized stress about police brutality, shootings/violence, and discrimination (F4). F1, F2, and F3 were associated with subsequent exclusive current cannabis use, with F1 having the strongest association (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.18-1.55), while only F1 (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.27-1.78) was associated with dual tobacco and cannabis use. None of the factors were associated with exclusive tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS Young adult concern, worry, and/or stress about social problems may increase risk of cannabis use with or without concurrent tobacco use 6-12 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delvon T Mattingly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Health Equity Transformation, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Briana Mezuk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Harold W Neighbors
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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19
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Ghahyazi K, Familiar-Lopez I, Culbert O, Uruchima J, Van Engen A, Cevallos W, Eisenberg JNS, Levy K, Lee GO. Correlates of maternal depression, anxiety and functioning across an urban-rural gradient in northern Ecuador. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2291697. [PMID: 38084739 PMCID: PMC10787496 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2291697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal depression remains under characterised in many low- and middle-income countries, especially in rural settings. We aimed to describe maternal depression and anxiety symptoms in rural and urban communities in northern Ecuador and to identify socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with these symptoms. Data from 508 mothers participating in a longitudinal cohort study were included. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25), and maternal psychological functioning was assessed using a checklist of daily activities. Tobit regression models were used to examine associations with sociodemographic variables and urbanicity. The median HSCL-25 score was 1.2 (IQR: 0.4) and 14% of women scored above the threshold for clinically relevant symptoms. Rural women reported similar food insecurity, less education, younger age of first pregnancy, and lower socio-economic status compared to their urban counterparts. After adjusting for these factors, rural women reported lower HSCL-25 scores compared to women lin urban areas (β = -0.48, 95%CI:0.65, -0.31). Rural residence was also associated with lower depression and anxiety HSCL-25 sub-scale scores, and similar levels of maternal functioning, compared to urban residence. Our results suggest that both household and community-level factors are risk factors for maternal depression and anxiety in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Ghahyazi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Oriana Culbert
- Rutgers Global Health Institute and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jessica Uruchima
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda Van Engen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William Cevallos
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gwenyth O Lee
- Rutgers Global Health Institute and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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20
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Gehris JS, Oyeyemi AL, Baishya ML, Roth SC, Stoutenberg M. The role of physical activity in the relationship between exposure to community violence and mental health: A systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2023; 36:102509. [PMID: 38116284 PMCID: PMC10728451 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Community violence is a global public health problem that is associated with mental health disorders. Physical activity can enhance mental health and may play an important role in the relationship between exposure to community violence and mental health. We systematically reviewed the literature to better understand the potential role of physical activity in this relationship. In this review, we searched the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, PsycInfo, and SPORTdiscus, and conducted a grey literature search of one clinical trials registry and four organizations' websites. The review included quantitative observational studies, intervention studies, and qualitative studies published by November 30, 2022 and that involved generally healthy individuals across the lifespan. Eligible studies included measures of community violence, mental health, and physical activity. Five studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. Four studies were conducted in high-income countries, only two minority populations were represented in the studies, and none of the studies included older adults or children. Studies defined and measured community violence, mental health, and physical activity in different ways. In most studies, physical activity was not a primary focus but assessed as one item within a larger construct. The role of physical activity was examined differently across the studies and only one study found a significant role (mediator) of physical activity. This review revealed that few studies have specifically examined physical activity's role in the relationship between exposure to community violence and mental health. Further research is needed involving low-income countries, diverse minority populations, and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Gehris
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, 1800 North Broad Street, 251 Pearson Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Adewale L. Oyeyemi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 North 5th Street, Arizona Biomedical Collaborative, Room 234, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Mona L. Baishya
- College of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Roth
- Biomedical & Research Services Librarian, Temple University Health Sciences Library, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mark Stoutenberg
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, 1800 North Broad Street, 237 Pearson Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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21
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Semenza DC, Stansfield R, Silver IA, Savage B. Reciprocal Neighborhood Dynamics in Gun Violence Exposure, Community Health, and Concentrated Disadvantage in One Hundred US Cities. J Urban Health 2023; 100:1128-1139. [PMID: 37843742 PMCID: PMC10728405 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Gun violence imparts a tremendous human and financial toll on local communities. Researchers have documented extensive mental and physical health consequences of generalized violence exposure but few studies have analyzed the particular impacts of gun violence on community well-being using nationally comprehensive data. We leverage a unique database of almost 16,000 neighborhoods in 100 US cities (2014-2019) to examine how year-over-year rates of gun violence correspond to overall neighborhood well-being and three aspects of community health: (1) health behaviors, (2) physical and mental health status, and (3) health prevention efforts. We simultaneously consider the reciprocal influence of neighborhood well-being on subsequent gun violence while accounting for concentrated disadvantage in communities. The results demonstrate that gun violence is associated with poorer community health in subsequent years, particularly health behaviors and mental/physical health status. Furthermore, we find substantial reciprocal effects for both gun violence and community health in their relationship to neighborhood concentrated disadvantage. These findings highlight the consequential role of gun violence in perpetuating cycles of harm in local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA.
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Richard Stansfield
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Ian A Silver
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brielle Savage
- School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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22
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Neupane SN, Ruel E. Association between Racial Residential Segregation and COVID-19 Mortality. J Urban Health 2023; 100:937-949. [PMID: 37715049 PMCID: PMC10618147 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of racial residential segregation on COVID-19 mortality during the first year of the US epidemic. Data comes from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's and the University of Wisconsin's joint county health rankings project. The observation includes a record of 8,670,781 individuals in 1488 counties. We regressed COVID-19 deaths, using hierarchical logistic regression models, on individual and county-level predictors. We found that as racial residential segregation increased, mortality rates increased. Controlling for segregation, Blacks and Asians had a greater risk of mortality, while Hispanics and other racial groups had a lower risk of mortality, compared to Whites. The impact of racial residential segregation on COVID-19 mortality did not vary by racial group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Nath Neupane
- Urban Studies Institute, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Erin Ruel
- Department of Sociology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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Boodoo R, Lagman JG, Eisele C, Saunders EFH. Highlighting Areas for Gun Violence Advocacy, as a Part of Medical Education in the USA. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2023; 47:466-468. [PMID: 37651037 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-023-01846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramnarine Boodoo
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | | | - Caroline Eisele
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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24
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Jaffee SR, Hasford S, Fein JA. Differential exposure to gun or knife violence over two decades is associated with sibling differences in depression. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2096-2102. [PMID: 35983801 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether exposure to gun or knife violence over two decades is a cause of depression in young adulthood using data from a nationally representative sample in the United States. The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health is a sample of 20,745 adolescents, assessed in 1994-95 with follow-ups in 1995-1996 (n = 14,738), 2001-2002 (n = 15,197) and 2007-2008 (n = 15,701; 24 to 32 years old). At each wave, respondents reported exposure to gun or knife violence and symptoms of depression. Regression and sibling fixed effects analyses were conducted to test whether cumulative exposure to gun or knife violence was associated with depression. In fully adjusted models, greater cumulative exposure to gun or knife violence was associated with more symptoms of depression (b = 0.12, 95% C. I. = 0.05; 0.19, p < 0.01) and higher risk for clinically significant depression in young adulthood (OR = 1.07, 95% C. I. = 1.02; 1.13, p < 0.01). Results replicated in sibling fixed effects models (b = 0.21, 95% C. I. = 0.01; 0.42, p < 0.05). These quasi-experimental data suggest that exposure to gun or knife violence is a cause of depression in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Jaffee
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Hasford
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel A Fein
- Center for Violence Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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25
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Boateng ACO, Webster J, Richmond TS. Spiritual coping behaviors among injured urban black men in Philadelphia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2023; 46:91-97. [PMID: 37813511 PMCID: PMC10562640 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High rates of firearm injury among urban Black men in the US can lead to long physical and psychological recovery times, worsened by limited access to mental health services. Spirituality can propel positive thoughts, actions, perceptions and behaviors about self and others yet how it is used among Black men recovering from firearm injury is underexplored. This study examined the role of spirituality in the recovery of Black male survivors of firearm injury. METHOD Ten injured urban Black men in Philadelphia were interviewed using descriptive phenomenology. A subset of participants from the Emotional Responses and Recovery from Injury in Urban Black Men study who agreed to be recontacted for future studies were enrolled. Informed consent was obtained, semi-structured interviews were conducted via phone and were audiotaped, transcribed, and de-identified. Thematic content analysis was used to understand perceptions of spirituality and to identify spiritual coping behavior themes. RESULTS Findings suggest that injured urban Black men engaged in theistic and non-theistic spiritual activities that resulted in positive character development, reduced risk of re-injury, hope, improved mental health and social bonds. CONCLUSION Spirituality may serve as a protective factor against firearm re-injury or retaliation by promoting desired behaviors and mental health among injured urban Black men. Combining culturally sensitive spiritual resources and psychotherapy may lead to effective trauma-informed care in addressing spiritual and existential challenges of injured urban Black men who may find spirituality important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine C O Boateng
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, United States of America; Penn Injury Science Center, United States of America.
| | - Jessica Webster
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, United States of America
| | - Therese S Richmond
- University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, United States of America; Penn Injury Science Center, United States of America
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26
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Semenza DC, Baker N, Ziminski D. Firearm violence exposure and health in 2 national samples of Black and American Indian/Alaska Native adults. HEALTH AFFAIRS SCHOLAR 2023; 1:qxad036. [PMID: 38756674 PMCID: PMC10986215 DOI: 10.1093/haschl/qxad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to firearm violence is widespread and disproportionately experienced by communities of color, with implications for broad health disparities. Survey data were collected from 2 nationally representative samples of Black (n = 3015) and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) (n = 527) adults in the United States in April and May 2023. The exposure measures were 4 types of firearm violence exposure. The outcome measures were self-rated health, number of poor physical health days, and number of poor mental health days. Regression results demonstrate that being threatened with a firearm and hearing about or witnessing a shooting were associated with poorer self-rated, mental, and physical health across both samples. Cumulative exposure to firearm violence was particularly associated with increasing harms to health for all outcomes. In general, individual and cumulative firearm violence exposures are linked to poorer health among Black and AI/AN adults in the United States. Significant enhancements and long-term investment are needed for firearm violence prevention to yield improvements to population health, particularly among communities burdened with high levels of exposure to firearm violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, United States
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Nazsa Baker
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Devon Ziminski
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
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27
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Rhoden-Neita MA, Strickland J, Riffer A, Moreno D. Community Violence Intervention in African American Communities: Resilience and Coping among Outreach Workers. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SERVICE RESEARCH 2023; 49:530-545. [PMID: 38046898 PMCID: PMC10691586 DOI: 10.1080/01488376.2023.2237542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
African American communities are at risk of negative psychological and physical health problems associated with structural and community violence. Street outreach, a community-based social service violence intervention, can build resilience and coping to buffer against these negative effects. Using qualitative case study, the authors explored the effects of street outreach on the resilience and coping of ten outreach workers in two Southside communities in Chicago. Findings from the thematic analysis indicated individual level factors (such as internal state, perceptions, experiences, and future goals) and system level factors (such as family, work, community, culture, and the broader society) related to the workers' experiences of community violence, street outreach utilization, and resilience. The authors presented these factors using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems framework. Additionally, the workers' scores on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 corroborated the individual level factors but lacked the system factors. The authors concluded that outreach programs could help to build the resilience and coping capacity of workers by implementing workplace policies and procedures that promote mental health, trauma healing, and career advancement. Future studies should include quantitative outcome data to analyze the effects of street outreach programming on workers' resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Strickland
- Jane Addams Center for Social Policy and Research, Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States City, Country
| | - Andie Riffer
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dennise Moreno
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Wallace JG, Chernet R, Formica MK, Adeonigbagbe O, Flores RL, Marchesani R, Goldberg D, Wridt P, Laraque-Arena D. Gun violence and the voices of youth on community safety in the time of COVID-19 in East Harlem, NY: a youth participatory action research cross-sectional study. Inj Epidemiol 2023; 10:34. [PMID: 37438814 PMCID: PMC10339469 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-023-00440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The USA has failed to codify the protection of children from gun violence (GV) as a human right. This study employs a youth participatory action research methodology, within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), to investigate the relationships between GV exposure, self-identified gender and perceptions of children's rights and safety. METHODS An anonymous survey based on UNICEF USA's Child Friendly Cities Initiative interactive survey tool targeting adolescents was modified by East Harlem, New York high school student co-researchers in collaboration with near-peer graduate students. The 61-question survey was administered at an East Harlem high school. Analysis consisted of univariate, bivariate and logistic regression using SPSS®. RESULTS A total of 153 students completed the survey: 48.4% self-identified as male and 45.8% as female. Thirty-five percent reported witnessing GV. Most (79.1%) were aware of child rights regardless of gender or GV exposure but there were differences in perceptions of safety. Fifteen percent of females reported never feeling safe at school compared to 3% of males (p = 0.01). Females were 2.2 times as likely as males to report transportation waiting areas as never safe (p = 0.008). Almost a third of females reported never feeling safe from sexual harassment in public, compared to 10% of males (p = 0.004). In multivariable logistic regression adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity and grade level, students who witnessed GV were 4.6 times more likely to report never feeling safe from violence (95% CI 1.7-12.4). Thirty percent of students who witnessed GV reported not attending school because of safety concerns. Students who witnessed GV had 2.2 times the odds of carrying a weapon to school (95% CI 1.1-4.5). These patterns continued for other perceptions of safety. CONCLUSIONS The students in this study affirmed their rights to participate and express their views on matters that may affect them, as articulated in the UNCRC. The study revealed differences in perceptions of safety by self-identified gender and identified gun violence as a major contributor of youth's perception of lack of safety. The study evinces the efficacy of employing YPAR methodology to identify and answer youth concerns of community safety and prioritize honoring child rights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Marchesani
- Counseling In Schools Based at the Heritage School, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Danielle Laraque-Arena
- New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Mailman School of Public Health and Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA.
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Davis J, Sanchez LD, Jarman AF, Macias-Konstantopoulos W, Newberry J, Patel S, Hess E, Burner E. 2022 consensus conference on diversity, equity, and inclusion: Developing an emergency medicine research agenda for addressing racism through health care research. Acad Emerg Med 2023; 30:731-741. [PMID: 37078910 PMCID: PMC10467350 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Racism in emergency medicine (EM) health care research is pervasive but often underrecognized. To understand the current state of research on racism in EM health care research, we developed a consensus working group on this topic, which concluded a year of work with a consensus-building session as part of the overall Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) consensus conference on diversity, equity, and inclusion: "Developing a Research Agenda for Addressing Racism in Emergency Medicine," held on May 10, 2022. In this article, we report the development, details of preconference methods and preliminary results, and the final consensus of the Healthcare Research Working Group. Preconference work based on literature review and expert opinion identified 13 potential priority research questions that were refined through an iterative process to a list of 10. During the conference, the subgroup used consensus methodology and a "consensus dollar" (contingent valuation) approach to prioritize research questions. The subgroup identified three research gaps: remedies for racial bias and systematic racism, biases and heuristics in clinical care, and racism in study design, and we derived a list of six high-priority research questions for our specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Davis
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Leon D Sanchez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela F Jarman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Newberry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shama Patel
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Erik Hess
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth Burner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kek School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Galovski TE, Rossi FS, Fox AB, Vogt D, Duke CC, Nillni YI. Relationship of perceived neighborhood danger with depression and PTSD among veterans: The moderating role of social support and neighborhood cohesion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 71:395-409. [PMID: 36661400 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of perceived neighborhood danger on military veterans' mental health, a population potentially at higher risk for this experience, or whether interpersonal social support and neighborhood cohesion can help buffer against poor mental health. This study examined: (1) the impact of perceived neighborhood danger on depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans; (2) whether interpersonal social support and neighborhood cohesion can mitigate these effects; and (3) how prior trauma history may interact with these factors. Six moderation models were examined using data from 3049 veterans enrolled in the Longitudinal Investigation of Gender, Health, and Trauma study, a mail-based survey that oversampled for veterans in high crime neighborhoods. Most notably, results indicated that perceived neighborhood danger was associated with increased depression and PTSD (all p < .001). Interpersonal social support or neighborhood cohesion mitigated the effect of perceived neighborhood danger on veterans' depression, but, only for those without prior trauma (all p < .011). For trauma-exposed veterans, interpersonal social support was more effective in mitigating the effect of perceived neighborhood danger on depression than neighborhood cohesion (p = .006). Findings help inform interventions to improve the mental health of veterans living in high crime neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Galovski
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernanda S Rossi
- Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Annie B Fox
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Healthcare Leadership, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dawne Vogt
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Yael I Nillni
- Women's Health Sciences Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Grant N, Neville H, Ogunfemi N, Smith A, Groth S, Rodriguez N. An emerging youth-centered model of community resilience in communities impacted by gun violence: Power through Black Community and Unity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 71:355-370. [PMID: 36645003 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies commonly examine resilience as an outcome by way of measuring the degree to which protective factors maintain individuals' well-being despite the presence of significant risk. In this study, we developed a model of community resilience that centered the voices of Black youth. Using data collected as part of a 3-year, youth participatory action research project, we developed a model that focuses on what 11 Black youth perceive and believe contributes to community resilience through their investigation of problems and solutions related to community gun violence. Findings from a constructivist grounded theory analysis of multiple data sources (e.g., field notes, transcribed group discussions, youth photovoice activities) revealed our developing model of community resilience: Power through Black Community and Unity. Specifically, Power through Black Community and Unity was a core category that reflected the importance of care, support, and safety as strengths in the community's current response and resilience to gun violence, and future aspects the community could develop to increase community resilience to gun violence. This core category emerged in three subsequent ways: Collective Care, "Seeing Beyond the Bad," and Supportive Teen Spaces. This study illustrates potential pathways that youth service agencies and community practitioners can consider enhancing in their programming to promote resilience in their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickholas Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, The Consultation Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Helen Neville
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Nimot Ogunfemi
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Abisola Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Sara Groth
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Nino Rodriguez
- African and Black Diaspora Studies, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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O'Connor KE, Sullivan TN, Ross KM. Individual- and Peer-Level Risk and Protective Factors for Gun Carriage Among Adolescents Living in Low-Income Urban Communities. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:5564-5590. [PMID: 36218145 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221124252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carrying a handgun is an established risk factor for firearm violence, with detrimental and too often irreversible consequences for adolescents including injury and mortality. Although researchers identified a number of risk factors for adolescent handgun carriage, little is known regarding the role of strengths or developmental assets in buffering against risk. The goal of this study was to identify both risk and protective factors for handgun carriage among a predominantly African American (88%) community-based sample of adolescents (Mage = 14.3) who resided in urban communities with high rates of poverty and exposure to violence. Consistent with prior work, we found that adolescents with access to a handgun or with friends who had carried a handgun had higher odds of carrying a handgun themselves in the past 3 months. Handgun access, friends' handgun carriage, and beliefs supporting reactive aggression were identified as risk factors for handgun carriage. Although personal and social assets and positive outlook moderated these relations, the direction was contrary to our hypotheses. We believe that these findings are in part due to structural inequities and social norms impacting adolescents in urban communities characterized by concentrated poverty and high rates of violence. Our findings highlight the value of moving beyond a deficit-oriented framework to gain a more nuanced understanding of the dynamics among both positive and negative factors that alter risk for handgun carriage among African American youth living in low-income urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Terri N Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Katherine M Ross
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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O'Neill KM, Dodington J, Gawel M, Borrup K, Shapiro DS, Gates J, Gregg S, Becher RD. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community violence in Connecticut. Am J Surg 2023; 225:775-780. [PMID: 36253316 PMCID: PMC9540704 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural disasters may lead to increases in community violence due to broad social disruption, economic hardship, and large-scale morbidity and mortality. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community violence is unknown. METHODS Using trauma registry data on all violence-related patient presentations in Connecticut from 2018 to 2021, we compared the pattern of violence-related trauma from pre-COVID and COVID pandemic using an interrupted time series linear regression model. RESULTS There was a 55% increase in violence-related trauma in the COVID period compared with the pre-COVID period (IRR: 1.55; 95%CI: 1.34-1.80; p-value<0.001) driven largely by penetrating injuries. This increase disproportionately impacted Black/Latinx communities (IRR: 1.61; 95%CI: 1.36-1.90; p-value<0.001). CONCLUSION Violence-related trauma increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased community violence is a significant and underappreciated negative health and social consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, and one that excessively burdens communities already at increased risk from systemic health and social inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M O'Neill
- Division of General Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Investigative Medicine Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - James Dodington
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Violence Intervention Program, Yale New Haven Hospital, USA.
| | - Marcie Gawel
- Violence Intervention Program, Yale New Haven Hospital, USA.
| | - Kevin Borrup
- Injury Prevention Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
| | - David S Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, Saint Francis Hospital & Medical Center, USA; Associate Professor of Surgery University of Connecticut School of Medicine & Frank L. Netter Schools of Medicine, USA.
| | - Jonathan Gates
- Department of Surgery, Hartford Healthcare Hartford Hospital, USA.
| | - Shea Gregg
- Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Bridgeport Hospital, USA.
| | - Robert D Becher
- Division of General Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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RAY RASHAWN, LANTZ PAULAM, WILLIAMS DAVID. Upstream Policy Changes to Improve Population Health and Health Equity: A Priority Agenda. Milbank Q 2023; 101:20-35. [PMID: 37096628 PMCID: PMC10126973 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Upstream factors-social structures/systems, cultural factors, and public policy-are primary forces that drive downstream patterns and inequities in health that are observed across race and locations. A public policy agenda that aims to address inequities related to the well-being of children, creation and perpetuation of residential segregation, and racial segregation can address upstream factors. Past successes and failures provide a blueprint for addressing upstream health issues and inhibit health equity.
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Aubel AJ, Wintemute GJ, Kravitz-Wirtz N. Anticipatory concerns about violence within social networks: Prevalence and implications for prevention. Prev Med 2023; 167:107421. [PMID: 36641127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Most research on exposure to violence focuses on direct victimization, offending, or witnessed violence, yet many people also experience concerns about potential violence in their environments and social networks. Using a state-representative survey of California adults (n = 2870) administered in July 2020, we estimate the prevalence of anticipatory concerns about violence within respondents' social networks and describe characteristics of the persons at perceived risk of violence, reasons for respondents' concerns, and actions undertaken by respondents to reduce that risk. Approximately 1 in 5 respondents knew at least one person, usually a friend or extended family member, whom they perceived to be at risk of other- or self-directed violence. Among respondents living with the person at perceived risk, about one-quarter reported household firearm ownership. Alcohol and substance misuse and a history of violence were among respondents' top reasons for concern; serious mental illness and firearm access also contributed to concerns. About one-quarter of respondents with such concerns said harm was likely or very likely to occur in the next year. Most respondents reported having taken action to reduce the risk of violence, including providing resources and asking family or friends to help; few acted to reduce access to lethal means. The most common reasons for inaction were the perception that a dangerous situation was unlikely and that it was a personal matter. Our findings can help inform a broader understanding of exposure to violence and interventions that leverage the knowledge of those close to persons at risk to prevent violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Aubel
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; California Firearm Violence Research Center at UC Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Garen J Wintemute
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; California Firearm Violence Research Center at UC Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nicole Kravitz-Wirtz
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; California Firearm Violence Research Center at UC Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Hureau DM, Wilson T, Jackl HM, Arthur J, Patterson C, Papachristos AV. Exposure to gun violence among the population of Chicago community violence interventionists. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7027. [PMID: 36563162 PMCID: PMC9788757 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gun violence is a leading cause of premature death and a driver of racial disparities in life expectancy in the United States. Community-based interventions are the foremost policy strategy for reducing gun violence without exacerbating harm associated with criminal justice approaches. However, little is known about the interventionist workforce. In 2021, we used a researcher-guided survey to obtain a near-census of Chicago violence interventionists (n = 181, 93% response rate). Workers were mostly male (84%) and Black (80.9%), with a mean age of 43.6 years. Interventionists commonly experienced work-related exposure to violence and direct victimization. A total of 59.4% witnessed someone being shot at, whereas 32.4% witnessed a victim struck by gunfire. During work hours, 19.6% were shot at, while 2.2% were nonfatally shot. Single-year rates of gun violence victimization exceeded those of Chicago police. Results suggest that investment in community violence intervention should prioritize improving worker safety and reducing violence exposure while developing support for vulnerable frontline practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hureau
- School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY
| | - Theodore Wilson
- School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY
| | - Hilary M. Jackl
- School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY
| | - Jalon Arthur
- Chicago CRED (Creating Real Economic Destiny), Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Patterson
- Office of Firearm Violence Prevention, Illinois Department of Human Services, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew V. Papachristos
- Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Kaplan MS, C Mueller-Williams A, Goldman-Mellor S, Sakai-Bizmark R. Changing Trends in Suicide Mortality and Firearm Involvement Among Black Young Adults in the United States, 1999-2019. Arch Suicide Res 2022:1-6. [PMID: 35848370 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2098889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The suicide rate among adolescents and young adults in the United States increased 57% between 2007 and 2018, from 6.8 to 10.7 deaths per 100 000 individuals. Recent research characterized as alarming the increases in overall suicide rates among young Black and other racial/ethnic minority populations. To assess the temporal trends in overall suicide and firearm suicide mortality rates among non-Hispanic Black young adults, we conducted a sex-specific Joinpoint regression analysis to identify changing trends in these rates between 1999 and 2019. Data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. Results showed an 84.5% increase in the firearm suicide rate among young Black men and a 76.9% increase among young Black women between 2013 and 2019. Additional research is needed to investigate potential population-level exposures during or before 2013 that may have influenced suicide and firearm suicide risk.
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Magee LA, Dennis Fortenberry J, Aalsma MC, Gharbi S, Wiehe SE. Healthcare utilization and mental health outcomes among nonfatal shooting assault victims. Prev Med Rep 2022; 27:101824. [PMID: 35656226 PMCID: PMC9152773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Victims of nonfatal shooting (NFS) assaults suffer from emotional and physical trauma; however, little is understood about clinical care utilization patterns among victims. This study examines the healthcare utilization and mental health outcomes before and after an index NFS victimization. A longitudinal dataset of police and clinical data were linked at the individual level to define a cohort of NFS victims with one or more clinical encounter in the 24-months preceding an index NFS injury (N = 2,681) in Indianapolis, Indiana between 2005 and 2018. Mental health was defined using ICD diagnosis codes from any emergency department, inpatient, or outpatient encounter and clinical care utilization was the number of unique encounters within the 24-months preceding and following an index NFS injury. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine factors associated with a mental health diagnosis in the post injury period. Analyses were conducted in October 2021-March 2022. Overall clinical care utilization (Mean: pre = 277.7 (SD 235.3) vs. post = 333.9 (SD 255.1), p < 0.001) and mental health prevalence (14.4% pre vs. 18.8% post, p < 0.001) increased in the 24-months following an index NFS compared to the prior 24-months. Preinjury mental health utilization increased the odds of receiving a mental health diagnosis in the 24-months following an index NFS injury - particularly for Black victims (Odds Ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.01, 2.85). The findings indicate missed opportunities within the healthcare system to connect NFS victims with needed mental health services, as well as the importance of premorbid connection to mental health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Magee
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Purdue University – Indianapolis, 801 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - J. Dennis Fortenberry
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 W. 10 Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Matthew C. Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 W. 10 Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Sami Gharbi
- Children’s Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 W. 10 Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
| | - Sarah E. Wiehe
- Children’s Health Services Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 W. 10 Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204, USA
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Brooks JR, Taylor RJ, Chatters LM. The Impact of Traumatic Events on Mental Health Among Older African American and Black Caribbean Adults. J Aging Health 2022; 34:390-400. [PMID: 35438578 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221086336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study examined the frequency and impact of traumatic events on the mental health of older African American and Black Caribbean adults. Methods: The current study used data from the National Survey of American Life of 1,135 African American and 426 Black Caribbean adults aged 50 and older. Analysis examined the impact of traumatic events on both positive (i.e., happiness and life satisfaction) and negative (i.e., depressive symptoms, psychological distress, and 12-month anti-depressant use) domains of mental health. Results: Findings indicate that approximately 80% of older African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported experiencing a traumatic event at some point in their lifetime. Among African Americans assaultive violence was associated with more depressive symptoms, lower levels of life satisfaction, and lower levels of happiness. This was not the case among Black Caribbeans. Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary insight in mental health outcomes for older African American and Black Caribbean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin R Brooks
- Department of Psychology, 14743University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, Program for Research on Black Americans, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, Program for Research on Black Americans, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,School of Social Work, School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hink AB, Killings X, Bhatt A, Ridings LE, Andrews AL. Adolescent Suicide—Understanding Unique Risks and Opportunities for Trauma Centers to Recognize, Intervene, and Prevent a Leading Cause of Death. CURRENT TRAUMA REPORTS 2022; 8:41-53. [PMID: 35399601 PMCID: PMC8976221 DOI: 10.1007/s40719-022-00223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This provides up-to-date epidemiology of adolescent suicide and risk factors for suicide and highlights the overlap of risks for suicide and injury. It reviews signs and symptoms, and the up-to-date evidence on screening for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide, substance abuse, and lethal means, and offers strategies of implementation in trauma centers. Recent Findings The incidence of adolescent suicide has continued to rise in the USA to 6.5 per 100,000, with notable racial disparities. The risk factors are complex, but many pre-existing risk factors and sequela after injury such as exposures to violence, suicidal behaviors, substance abuse, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, and specific injuries including traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury have further emerged as risks. Studies show rates of suicidality as high as 30% in the acute care setting. There are short screening instruments that can be used to universally screen for depression and suicidality in adolescent trauma patients. Step-up models of care for PTSD are promising to increase screening and services after injury. Lethal means counseling, secure firearm storage practices, and firearm safety policies can reduce the risk of suicide. Summary Suicide is the second leading cause of death in US adolescents, and trauma patients have significant risk factors for mental illness and suicidality before and after injury. Trauma centers should strongly consider screening adolescents, establish strategies for mental health support and referrals, and provide lethal means counseling to help prevent suicide.
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Khatib L, Riegner G, Dean JG, Oliva V, Cruanes G, Mulligan BA, Zeidan F. The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Trauma in Victims of Gun Violence: a Pilot Study. Mindfulness (N Y) 2022; 13:1032-1041. [PMID: 35341090 PMCID: PMC8938160 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-022-01858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Gun violence is a significant problem in the United States of America. Gun violence produces lifelong psychological adversity, trauma, and grief. In the face of this epidemic, efficacious therapies that assuage gun violence-based trauma and negative health are lacking. Methods The proposed, longitudinal pilot experiment examined the effects of an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program on traumatized individuals as a direct consequence of gun violence. Twenty-four victims of gun violence (median age = 53 years; 21 female) completed measures of the primary outcome: trauma. Secondary outcomes were characterized as grief, depression, sleep quality, life satisfaction, and mindfulness. All assessments were administered before, after 5, and 8 weeks of MBSR training. It was hypothesized that trauma and other comorbidities would improve following MBSR. It was also predicted that outcomes would be significantly stronger from baseline to 5 weeks of MBSR training than from 5 to 8 weeks of training. Results Before MBSR, volunteers exhibited high levels of trauma, depression, sleep difficulty, and grief. Participation in MBSR was associated with improved trauma, depression, sleep difficulty, and life satisfaction. The most pronounced improvements in psychological disposition were exhibited within the first 5 weeks of MBSR. However, these benefits were largely preserved after completion of the course. Importantly, increases in dispositional mindfulness predicted lower trauma, complicated grief, and sleep difficulties. Conclusions The present findings should be interpreted with caution because they were derived from an uncontrolled, non-randomized trial. However, said findings suggest that MBSR may reduce trauma and improve overall well-being in gun violence victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Khatib
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0719, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Gabriel Riegner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0719, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Jon G. Dean
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0719, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Valeria Oliva
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0719, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Gael Cruanes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0719, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | | | - Fadel Zeidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0719, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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City-Wide Firearm Violence Spikes in Minneapolis following the Murder of George Floyd: A Comparative Time-Series Analysis of Three Cities. URBAN SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/urbansci6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the aftermath of a high-profile violent police incident as it relates to city-wide firearm violence. Utilizing two Midwest cities (Kansas City, Missouri and Omaha, Nebraska) as comparison cities, we assess whether violent firearm incidents increased in Minneapolis after the murder of George Floyd. Multiple interrupted time-series analyses showed statistically significant increases in weekly firearm incidents in Minneapolis (AME = 10.63, p < 0.05) and Omaha (AME = 1.47, p < 0.5) following the murder of George Floyd. No significant results were found in Kansas City. Similar relationships were found when examining monthly firearm incidents. The firearm spike in Minneapolis thus represents an approximate 10-fold increase in weekly firearm incidents relative to that observed in Omaha. We conclude, therefore, that the murder of George Floyd was associated with a substantially greater increase in firearm violence in Minneapolis than in the two comparison cities. Police training to reduce police violence and public health approaches to reduce urban firearm violence will alleviate the social and economic impacts of violence on federal and state governments.
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Wintemute GJ, Aubel AJ, Pallin R, Schleimer JP, Kravitz-Wirtz N. Experiences of violence in daily life among adults in California: a population-representative survey. Inj Epidemiol 2022; 9:1. [PMID: 34980276 PMCID: PMC8721630 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-021-00367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on violence exposure emphasizes discrete acute events such as direct and witnessed victimization. Little is known about the broad range of experiences of violence (EVs) in daily life. This study assesses the prevalence and patterns of distribution of 6 EVs in an adult general population. METHODS California state-representative survey administered online (English and Spanish), July 14-27, 2020. Adult (age ≥ 18 years) California resident members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel were eligible to participate. Two EVs concerned community environments: (1) the occurrence of gunshots and shootings in the neighborhood and (2) encounters with sidewalk memorials where violent deaths occurred. Four concerned social networks: direct personal knowledge of individuals who (1) had purposefully been shot by someone else or (2) had purposefully shot themselves, and direct personal knowledge of individuals whom respondents perceived to be at risk of violence, either (3) to another person or (4) to themselves. Main outcome measures, expressed as weighted percentages with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were the prevalence and extent (or dose) of each EV and of EVs in combination and associations between EVs and respondents' sociodemographic characteristics and firearm ownership status. RESULTS Of 2870 respondents (57% completion rate), 52.3% (95% CI 49.5-55.0%) were female; mean [SD] age was 47.9 [16.9] years. Nearly two-thirds (64.6%, 95% CI 61.9-67.3%) reported at least 1 EV; 11.4% (95% CI 9.7-13.2%) reported 3 or more. Gender was not associated with the prevalence of any experience. Non-owners of firearms who lived with owners reported more extensive EVs through social networks than did firearm owners or non-owners in households without firearms. Knowledge of people who had been shot by others was most common among Black respondents, 31.0% (95% CI 20.9-43.3%) of whom knew 2 or more such persons. Knowledge of people who had shot themselves was greatest among respondents aged ≥ 60 years, but knowledge of persons perceived to be at risk of violence to themselves was greatest among respondents aged 18-29 years. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Experiences of violence in daily life are widespread. They occur in sociodemographic patterns that differ from those for direct victimization and suggest new opportunities for research and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garen J. Wintemute
- The California Firearm Violence Research Center and The Violence Prevention Research Program, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2315 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Amanda J. Aubel
- The California Firearm Violence Research Center and The Violence Prevention Research Program, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2315 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Rocco Pallin
- The California Firearm Violence Research Center and The Violence Prevention Research Program, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2315 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Julia P. Schleimer
- The California Firearm Violence Research Center and The Violence Prevention Research Program, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2315 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Nicole Kravitz-Wirtz
- The California Firearm Violence Research Center and The Violence Prevention Research Program, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2315 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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Comparing forms of neighborhood instability as predictors of violence in Richmond, VA. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273718. [PMID: 36067172 PMCID: PMC9447869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Violence events tend to cluster together geospatially. Various features of communities and their residents have been highlighted as explanations for such clustering in the literature. One reliable correlate of violence is neighborhood instability. Research on neighborhood instability indicates that such instability can be measured as property tax delinquency, yet no known work has contrasted external and internal sources of instability in predicting neighborhood violence. To this end we collected data on violence events, company and personal property tax delinquency, population density, race, income, food stamps, and alcohol outlets for each of Richmond, Virginia's 148 neighborhoods. We constructed and compared ordinary least-squares (OLS) to geographically weighted regression (GWR) models before constructing a final algorithm-selected GWR model. Our results indicated that the tax delinquency of company-owned properties (e.g., rental homes, apartments) was the only variable in our model (R2 = 0.62) that was associated with violence in all but four Richmond neighborhoods. We replicated this analysis using violence data from a later point in time which yielded largely identical results. These findings indicate that external sources of neighborhood instability may be more important to predicting violence than internal sources. Our results further provide support for social disorganization theory and point to opportunities to expand this framework.
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Hureau D, Wilson T. The Co-Occurrence of Illegal Gun Carrying and Gun Violence Exposure: Evidence for Practitioners From Young People Adjudicated for Serious Involvement in Crime. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:2544-2551. [PMID: 34189585 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We depicted the episodic nature of illegal gun carrying and tested its co-occurrence with gun violence victimization and exposure. We tested differences in differences using data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, originally collected between 2000 and 2010 (Phoenix, Arizona, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), on young people adjudicated for serious involvement in crime. We then tested the changes in gun victimization experiences attending gun-carrying changes for this sample. We found gun victimization to be highest during periods of gun carrying, and this correspondence held regardless of future or past gun-carrying behavior. This manifests both in direct victimization and witnessing gun violence. Even among gun carriers, episodes of noncarrying are common, with 76.4% of gun carriers in a 1-year period also reporting a pause in their carrying behavior of at least 6 months. Gun carrying and gun violence exposure co-occur at a high rate. During any period of gun carrying, the carrier has at least a 2% chance of getting shot versus near 0% for periods of noncarrying. Our results suggest that illegal gun carrying is malleable, and public health efforts to reduce the incidence of gun carrying could yield meaningful reductions in violence.
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Baiden P, Jahan N, Onyeaka HK, Thrasher S, Tadeo S, Findley E. Age at first alcohol use and weapon carrying among adolescents: Findings from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100820. [PMID: 34141851 PMCID: PMC8187826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have investigated the association between alcohol use and violent behaviors such as weapon carrying, few studies have examined the association between age at first alcohol use and weapon-carrying among adolescents. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between age at first alcohol use and weapon carrying among adolescents. METHODS Data for this study came from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. An analytic sample of 13,442 adolescents aged 14-18 years old (51% female) was analyzed using binary logistic regression. The outcome variable investigated in this study was weapon carrying during the past 30 days, and the main explanatory variable investigated was age at first alcohol use. RESULTS Of the 13,442 adolescents, 13.5% carried a weapon during the past 30 days, and 15.4% reported having their first alcoholic drink before age 13. In the multivariable logistic regression, adolescents who reported having alcohol before age 13 had more than double the odds of carrying a weapon when compared to those who never had alcohol before age 13 (AOR = 2.32, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.87-2.89). Other significant factors associated with weapon carrying include male gender, victim of bullying, teen dating violence, sexual violence, suicidal ideation, and history of substance use. Adolescents who self-identified as Black/African American or Hispanic were significantly less likely to carry a weapon when compared to adolescents who self-identified as non-Hispanic White. CONCLUSION The findings of this study underscore the importance of developing age appropriate intervention strategies to curb early initiation of alcohol use and weapon carrying among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St., Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Psychology, 501 Nedderman Dr., Box 19528, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Henry K. Onyeaka
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shawndaya Thrasher
- University of Kentucky, College of Social Work, 619 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Savarra Tadeo
- Florida State University, College of Social Work, 296 Champions Way, University Center, Building C-Suite 2500, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Erin Findley
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 211 S. Cooper St., Box 19129, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
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Semenza DC, Stansfield R. Community gun violence and functional disability: An ecological analysis among men in four U.S. cities. Health Place 2021; 70:102625. [PMID: 34280714 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study uses data on neighborhoods in four U.S. cities over five years to examine the relationship between fatal and non-fatal gun violence and rates of functional disability among men. Descriptive analyses indicate significant disparities in shooting rates across neighborhoods and heightened associated disability in high shooting communities. Multivariate results show that rates of non-fatal shootings correspond to greater functional disability among young men, but not older men. Fatal gun violence is not associated with increased community disability. The findings suggest that improvements in local gun violence prevention may serve to address broader community disparities in health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, United States.
| | - Richard Stansfield
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, United States
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Anglin DM, Ereshefsky S, Klaunig MJ, Bridgwater MA, Niendam TA, Ellman LM, DeVylder J, Thayer G, Bolden K, Musket CW, Grattan RE, Lincoln SH, Schiffman J, Lipner E, Bachman P, Corcoran CM, Mota NB, van der Ven E. From Womb to Neighborhood: A Racial Analysis of Social Determinants of Psychosis in the United States. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:599-610. [PMID: 33934608 PMCID: PMC8655820 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The authors examine U.S.-based evidence that connects characteristics of the social environment with outcomes across the psychosis continuum, from psychotic experiences to schizophrenia. The notion that inequitable social and economic systems of society significantly influence psychosis risk through proxies, such as racial minority and immigrant statuses, has been studied more extensively in European countries. While there are existing international reviews of social determinants of psychosis, none to the authors' knowledge focus on factors in the U.S. context specifically-an omission that leaves domestic treatment development and prevention efforts incomplete and underinformed. In this review, the authors first describe how a legacy of structural racism in the United States has shaped the social gradient, highlighting consequential racial inequities in environmental conditions. The authors offer a hypothesized model linking structural racism with psychosis risk through interwoven intermediary factors based on existing theoretical models and a review of the literature. Neighborhood factors, cumulative trauma and stress, and prenatal and perinatal complications were three key areas selected for review because they reflect social and environmental conditions that may affect psychosis risk through a common pathway shaped by structural racism. The authors describe evidence showing that Black and Latino people in the United States suffer disproportionately from risk factors within these three key areas, in large part as a result of racial discrimination and social disadvantage. This broad focus on individual and community factors is intended to provide a consolidated space to review this growing body of research and to guide continued inquiries into social determinants of psychosis in U.S. contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre M Anglin
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Sabrina Ereshefsky
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Mallory J Klaunig
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Miranda A Bridgwater
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Griffin Thayer
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Khalima Bolden
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Christie W Musket
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Rebecca E Grattan
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Sarah Hope Lincoln
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Emily Lipner
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Peter Bachman
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Cheryl M Corcoran
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Natália B Mota
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
| | - Els van der Ven
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York (Anglin, Thayer); Graduate Center, City University of New York (Anglin); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (Ereshefsky, Niendam, Bolden, Grattan); Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Klaunig, Bridgwater, Schiffman); Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia (Ellman, Lipner); Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York (DeVylder); Department of Psychology (Musket) and Department of Psychiatry (Bachman), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; ISN Innovations, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia (Grattan); Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (Lincoln); Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine (Schiffman); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y. (Corcoran); Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil (Mota); Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York (van der Ven); School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van der Ven); Department of Clinical, Neuro, and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam (van der Ven)
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Galiatsatos P, Cudjoe TKM, Bratcher J, Heikkinen P, Leaf P, Golden SH. Second Victims: Aftermath of Gun Violence and Faith-Based Responses. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:1832-1838. [PMID: 33128708 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the aftermath of gun violence, those impacted and left to mourn are regarded as second victims. These individuals experience and are often burdened by mental and physical sequelae while attempting to cope with the trauma. The objective of this report is to highlight the support and resources of congregational and faith-based leaders available in an urban city with a high prevalence of gun violence. We describe information and insights presented during a symposium uniting medical-religious partners to discuss actions and programs to address trauma from gun violence. Faith-based persons from various Abrahamic religions, ranging from imams to reverends to hospital-based chaplains, discussed key strategies to allocate resources to second victims. These strategies included religious rituals meant to cope with trauma, memorials, and providing insight into resiliency for difficult times. Resources were identified for both within the hospital and community. Such medical-religious resources should be considered for future interventions which aim to attenuate the consequences of gun violence for second victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Galiatsatos
- Office of Diversity, Inclusion, and Health Equity, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Medicine for the Greater Good, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Thomas K M Cudjoe
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jerrell Bratcher
- Johns Hopkins Office of Government and Community Affairs, Baltimore, USA
| | - Peter Heikkinen
- Department of Spiritual Care and Chaplaincy, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Philip Leaf
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Office of Diversity, Inclusion, and Health Equity, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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50
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Firearm exposure and the health of high-risk intimate partner violence victims. Soc Sci Med 2021; 270:113644. [PMID: 33385621 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The negative physical and mental health consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) have been well-documented, as those who are exposed to trauma experience more physical health issues. Further, an abuser's direct access to a firearm drastically increases the risk for fatality, which can exacerbate ongoing stress and trauma in an abusive relationship. However, very little research has investigated the intersection of exposure to firearms and adverse health outcomes in the context of IPV. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the sensitivity of firearm exposure in IPV contexts by examining if abusive partner firearm ownership-regardless of actual use of a gun in the abuse-is associated with negative health outcomes. METHODS The research team administered questionnaires to IPV victims (N = 215) from six domestic violence shelters across rural and urban locations in a single state. RESULTS Having an abusive partner who owned a firearm was associated with significantly worse physical health-above and beyond IPV experienced in the relationship. Even so, IPV involving firearms was not significantly associated with physical health beyond partner firearm ownership. The relationship between partner firearm ownership and negative health outcomes was primarily attenuated by sleep disturbances among victims. CONCLUSIONS The results provide initial information about the role that firearms play in adverse victim health beyond injuries (e.g., gunshot wounds) and fatalities.
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