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Tomonaga T, Higashi H, Izumi H, Nishida C, Kawai N, Sato K, Morimoto T, Higashi Y, Yatera K, Morimoto Y. Investigation of pulmonary inflammatory responses following intratracheal instillation of and inhalation exposure to polypropylene microplastics. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:29. [PMID: 39107780 PMCID: PMC11301944 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microplastics have been detected in the atmosphere as well as in the ocean, and there is concern about their biological effects in the lungs. We conducted a short-term inhalation exposure and intratracheal instillation using rats to evaluate lung disorders related to microplastics. We conducted an inhalation exposure of polypropylene fine powder at a low concentration of 2 mg/m3 and a high concentration of 10 mg/m3 on 8-week-old male Fischer 344 rats for 6 h a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. We also conducted an intratracheal instillation of polypropylene at a low dose of 0.2 mg/rat and a high dose of 1.0 mg/rat on 12-week-old male Fischer 344 rats. Rats were dissected from 3 days to 6 months after both exposures, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were collected to analyze lung inflammation and lung injury. RESULTS Both exposures to polypropylene induced a persistent influx of inflammatory cells and expression of CINC-1, CINC-2, and MPO in BALF from 1 month after exposure. Genetic analysis showed a significant increase in inflammation-related factors for up to 6 months. The low concentration in the inhalation exposure of polypropylene also induced mild lung inflammation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that inhaled polypropylene, which is a microplastic, induces persistent lung inflammation and has the potential for lung disorder. Exposure to 2 mg/m3 induced inflammatory changes and was thought to be the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) for acute effects of polypropylene. However, considering the concentration of microplastics in a real general environment, the risk of environmental hazards to humans may be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Tomonaga
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Higashi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Nishida
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawai
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sato
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiki Morimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Higashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
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Al-Ragi MJ, Karieb SS, Fathallah N, Zaïri A. Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Liver Functions in Albino Mice. Cureus 2024; 16:e54822. [PMID: 38529423 PMCID: PMC10962696 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An alarming number of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have leaked into the environment, endangering the tissues of many living creatures, due to the recent surge in their use in several items. Through intra-peritoneal injection, this research intends to examine the impact of ZnO-NPs on the hepatic and gastrointestinal structures of male albino mice. METHOD For seven and 14 days, animals were given 0.1 ml of 100 and 200 mg kg-1 of 50 nm-size ZnO-NPs, respectively. In contrast, those in the control group were given only water and food. RESULT The results demonstrated that the treated mice's livers underwent functional changes and histological damage. After seven and 14 days, there was a notable rise in the average levels of the glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase enzymes in comparison to the control group (p≤0.05). Concentration time determines the magnitude of this impact. When enzyme levels vary, it means the liver isn't working properly. Histological changes in the liver, such as necrosis, destruction of hepatocyte membranes, widening of sinusoidal spaces and vacuolation of their cytoplasm, vascular congestion, and an increased number of Kupffer cells, were induced in mice treated with ZnO-NPs at two studied concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg) for seven and 14 days, respectively. These effects were time-dose-dependent, according to the results of hematoxylin-eosin staining of liver tissue images.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar S Karieb
- Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham) University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IRQ
| | - Neila Fathallah
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (Ibn El Gazzar) University of Sousse, Sousse, TUN
| | - Amira Zaïri
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (Ibn El Gazzar) University of Sousse, Sousse, TUN
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Balwierz R, Biernat P, Jasińska-Balwierz A, Siodłak D, Kusakiewicz-Dawid A, Kurek-Górecka A, Olczyk P, Ochędzan-Siodłak W. Potential Carcinogens in Makeup Cosmetics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4780. [PMID: 36981689 PMCID: PMC10048826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Facial makeup cosmetics are commonly used products that are applied to the skin, and their ingredients come into contact with it for many years. Consequently, they should only contain substances that are considered safe or used within an allowable range of established concentrations. According to current European laws, all cosmetics approved for use should be entirely safe for their users, and the responsibility for this lies with manufacturers, distributors, and importers. However, the use of cosmetics can be associated with undesirable effects due to the presence of certain chemical substances. An analysis of 50 random facial makeup cosmetics commercially available on the European Union market and manufactured in six European countries was carried out, concerning the presence of substances with potential carcinogenic properties, as described in recent years in the literature. Nine types of facial makeup cosmetics were selected, and their compositions, as declared on the labels, were analyzed. The carcinogens were identified with information present in the European CosIng database and according to the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee's (IRAC) classification. As a result, the following potential carcinogens were identified: parabens (methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben), ethoxylated compounds (laureth-4, lautreth-7, or ethylene glycol polymers known as PEG), formaldehyde donors (imidazolidinyl urea, quaternium 15, and DMDM hydantoin), and ethanolamine and their derivatives (triethanolamine and diazolidinyl urea), as well as carbon and silica. In conclusion, all of the analyzed face makeup cosmetics contain potential carcinogenic substances. The literature review confirmed the suppositions regarding the potential carcinogenic effects of selected cosmetic ingredients. Therefore, it seems necessary to carry out studies on the long-term exposure of compounds present in cosmetics and perhaps introduce stricter standards and laws regulating the potential presence of carcinogens and their activity in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Biernat
- Department of Drug Forms Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Dawid Siodłak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kurek-Górecka
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Paweł Olczyk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Indirect mediators of systemic health outcomes following nanoparticle inhalation exposure. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108120. [PMID: 35085604 PMCID: PMC9189040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing field of nanoscience has shed light on the wide diversity of natural and anthropogenic sources of nano-scale particulates, raising concern as to their impacts on human health. Inhalation is the most robust route of entry, with nanoparticles (NPs) evading mucociliary clearance and depositing deep into the alveolar region. Yet, impacts from inhaled NPs are evident far outside the lung, particularly on the cardiovascular system and highly vascularized organs like the brain. Peripheral effects are partly explained by the translocation of some NPs from the lung into the circulation; however, other NPs largely confined to the lung are still accompanied by systemic outcomes. Omic research has only just begun to inform on the complex myriad of molecules released from the lung to the blood as byproducts of pulmonary pathology. These indirect mediators are diverse in their molecular make-up and activity in the periphery. The present review examines systemic outcomes attributed to pulmonary NP exposure and what is known about indirect pathological mediators released from the lung into the circulation. Further focus was directed to outcomes in the brain, a highly vascularized region susceptible to acute and longer-term outcomes. Findings here support the need for big-data toxicological studies to understand what drives these health outcomes and better predict, circumvent, and treat the potential health impacts arising from NP exposure scenarios.
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Thind PS, Kumar D, Singh S, Chohan JS, Kumar R, Sharma S, Li C, Di Bona G, Forcina A, Silvestri L. Impact of Unsustainable Environmental Conditions Due to Vehicular Emissions on Associated Lifetime Cancer Risk in India: A Novel Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116459. [PMID: 35682044 PMCID: PMC9180477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The Indian Western Himalayas (IWHs) are a world famous tourist spot, and every year millions of tourists visit this area in fossil fuel-driven vehicles. Emissions from these vehicles persistently deteriorate the pristine environment of the IWHs. Therefore, in the current study, efforts were made to assess the compromised environmental conditions of Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India that resulted from the inflow of tourists and the activities undertaken by them. This study revealed that Manali could sustainably accommodate only 0.305 M tourists/month, and this threshold was reported to be crossed in the months of April, May and June. Furthermore, to augment these findings, water and ambient air samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of elemental carbon (EC) from one of the medium tourism potential regions of Manali, i.e., the Hamta glacier. The tributary receiving water from the Hamta glacier and the ambient air of the area was observed to be contaminated with 42 ± 12 ppb and 880 ± 43 µg m−3 of EC, respectively. It was observed that the inhalation and ingestion of EC-contaminated air and water could jeopardize human health due to a high lifetime cancer risk. However, without the intervention of eco-tourism in the study area, higher environmental health effects were also speculated. The observations made in this study are expected to trigger the interests of the researchers, international scientific community and regional authorities working towards the unsustainable development of the IWHs and deteriorating environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Singh Thind
- Department of Civil Engineering, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh 160012, India;
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Geography, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India;
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India;
| | - Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (J.S.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Raman Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (J.S.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (J.S.C.); (R.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus, Kapurthala 144603, India
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (G.D.B.); Tel.: +91-700-923-9473 (S.S.)
| | - Changhe Li
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China;
| | - Gianpaolo Di Bona
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (G.D.B.); Tel.: +91-700-923-9473 (S.S.)
| | - Antonio Forcina
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luca Silvestri
- Department of Engineering, University of Rome “Niccolo Cusano”, 00166 Rome, Italy;
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Lin TC, Chiueh PT, Griffith SM, Liao CC, Hsiao TC. Deployment of a mobile platform to characterize spatial and temporal variation of on-road fine particles in an urban area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112349. [PMID: 34774835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) pose a serious health hazard for residents and commuters in urban areas. In this study, a real-time mobile monitoring system was deployed in Taipei, a typical East Asian city with an overlap of high population density, traffic, and special structures (e.g., viaducts), to capture the on-road TRAPs at different times of the day. In general, black carbon, ultrafine particles (UFPs), CO concentrations, and lung deposition surface area (LDSA) were positively correlated with traffic flow, and for PM2.5, a more independent fluctuating concentration was observed. During rush-hour periods, the mean concentrations of UFPs, PM2.5, and LDSA were 6.12 × 104 ± 3.83 × 104 cm-3, 23 ± 8 μg/m3, and 2.29 × 102 ± 1.20 × 102 μm2/cm3, respectively. Additionally, the UFP number concentration and LDSA were two times higher along the high-traffic commuting route than along the lower traffic route. Pollutants tended to accumulate at sites near viaducts and high buildings and were significantly influenced by vehicle composition. In this study, the ratio of LDSA to total particle surface area concentration was used as an indicator of the degree of particle irregularity, which was directly related to aging during transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Te Chiueh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chieh Liao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Quezada-Maldonado EM, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI, García-Cuellar CM. Airborne particulate matter induces oxidative damage, DNA adduct formation and alterations in DNA repair pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117313. [PMID: 34022687 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution, which includes particulate matter (PM), is classified in group 1 as a carcinogen to humans by the International Agency for Research in Cancer. Specifically, PM exposure has been associated with lung cancer in patients living in highly polluted cities. The precise mechanism by which PM is linked to cancer has not been completely described, and the genotoxicity induced by PM exposure plays a relevant role in cell damage. In this review, we aimed to analyze the types of DNA damage and alterations in DNA repair pathways induced by PM exposure, from both epidemiological and toxicological studies, to comprehend the contribution of PM exposure to carcinogenesis. Scientific evidence supports that PM exposure mainly causes oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the formation of DNA adducts, specifically by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). PM exposure also induces double-strand breaks (DSBs) and deregulates the expression of some proteins in DNA repair pathways, precisely, base and nucleotide excision repairs and homologous repair. Furthermore, specific polymorphisms of DNA repair genes could lead to an adverse response in subjects exposed to PM. Nevertheless, information about the effects of PM on DNA repair pathways is still limited, and it has not been possible to conclude which pathways are the most affected by exposure to PM or if DNA damage is repaired properly. Therefore, deepening the study of genotoxic damage and alterations of DNA repair pathways is needed for a more precise understanding of the carcinogenic mechanism of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Marel Quezada-Maldonado
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, CDMX, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado Edificio B, Primer Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz, CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, CP 14080, CDMX, Mexico.
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Huang G, Brown PE, Fu SH, Shin HH. Daily mortality/morbidity and air quality: Using multivariate time series with seasonally varying covariances. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Huang
- Department of Statistical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Centre for Global Health Research St Michael’s Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick E. Brown
- Department of Statistical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Centre for Global Health Research St Michael’s Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sze Hang Fu
- Centre for Global Health Research St Michael’s Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hwashin Hyun Shin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau Health Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics Queen’s University Kingston Ontario Canada
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Nanoparticles as a Tool in Neuro-Oncology Theranostics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070948. [PMID: 34202660 PMCID: PMC8309086 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of nanotechnology and the development of novel nanomaterials with unique physicochemical characteristics provides potential for the utility of nanomaterials in theranostics, including neuroimaging, for identifying neurodegenerative changes or central nervous system malignancy. Here we present a systematic and thorough review of the current evidence pertaining to the imaging characteristics of various nanomaterials, their associated toxicity profiles, and mechanisms for enhancing tropism in an effort to demonstrate the utility of nanoparticles as an imaging tool in neuro-oncology. Particular attention is given to carbon-based and metal oxide nanoparticles and their theranostic utility in MRI, CT, photoacoustic imaging, PET imaging, fluorescent and NIR fluorescent imaging, and SPECT imaging.
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Shen X, Shi Y, Kong L, Cao X, Li X, Wu B, Yao X, Yao Z. Particle number emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145663. [PMID: 33940751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans are more likely to be exposed to ultrafine particles (UFPs) emitted by light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) in urban road traffic, which can cause serious bodily harm. In this study, we conducted on-road measurement of the Particle Number (PN) emissions from 18 China-3, China-4, and China-5 LDGVs on representative roads in Beijing. To clarify the impact of key parameters (standards, driving conditions, and technology) on the PN emissions, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the emission results. We found the PN emission factors (EFs) of port fuel injection (PFI) vehicles have declined considerably under stricter standards. Furthermore, we found the average EF of China-5 LDGVs with gasoline direct injection (GDI) was 10 times that of PFI vehicles, and the PN EFs of PFI vehicles increase as the age of the engine increases (R2 = 0.59). In different operating conditions, the PN EFs of all test vehicles under highway driving conditions were lower than those under non-highway driving conditions (6.5%-82.0%). The PN EFs of PFI LDGVs going uphill are 1.4-2.8 times those when going downhill. The PN EFs of LDGVs under start-up were 18-47% higher than under hot-running. PN emissions were high under positive engine power and increased with vehicle specific power. The dilution ratio has a significant impact on the test results, especially in a higher vehicle specific power interval, indicating that a high dilution ratio may lead to deviation of test values. Further research needs to determine the optimal dilution ratio to minimize test deviation. This study provides important data support for PN emission control. The optimal upper limit of the primary dilution ratio should be further studied and specified as a standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yue Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Kong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Taylor AA, Freeman EL, van der Ploeg MJC. Regulatory developments and their impacts to the nano-industry: A case study for nano-additives in 3D printing. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111458. [PMID: 33254383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has increasing applications in numerous markets, particularly in additive processing (3D printing) and manufacturing, which is important for consumer products, medical devices, construction, and general research and development across many other industries. Nanomaterials are desirable in many products due to their unique properties, but those same properties have made evaluating the risk and regulation of these materials challenging. For risk-based regulations, new applications and nanomaterials should be assessed for both human and environmental hazards and exposure to ensure protection. In general, many risk assessments to date have focused on the non-nano versions of chemicals. The lack of guidance on assessing the hazard and exposure of nanomaterials in 3D printing is apparent, and these areas of assessment are actively being evaluated. Industry in most cases will now need to provide specific additional information for assessing the risk of nanomaterials in 3D printing. This review paper focuses on the use of nanomaterials in 3D printing for industrial and manufacturing applications, summarizes the current literature on human health and safety related to 3D printing and inhalation exposure, and the regulations relating to 3D printing in the U.S., Canada, and Europe for this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Taylor
- Exponent, Inc., 475 14th Street, Suite 400, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
| | - Elaine L Freeman
- Exponent, Inc., 1150 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 1100, Washington, District of Columbia 20036, USA.
| | - Merel J C van der Ploeg
- Exponent International Ltd., The Lenz, 1st Floor Hornbeam Park, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG2 8RE, UK.
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12
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Qu W, Xu M, Pan J, Liu Y, Yuan D, Liu R. Exploring the toxic effects and mechanism of lead-loaded ultrafine carbon black on lysozyme. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Samadian H, Salami MS, Jaymand M, Azarnezhad A, Najafi M, Barabadi H, Ahmadi A. Genotoxicity assessment of carbon-based nanomaterials; Have their unique physicochemical properties made them double-edged swords? MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 783:108296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Xin Y, Wan B. A label-free quantification method for measuring graphene oxide in biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:103-110. [PMID: 31387700 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) exposure is a key step and of great importance towards a better understanding of their toxicity and underlying mechanisms. However, it has been bottlenecked for lack of valid methods capable of quantifying cell-associated CNMs. Here, we developed a new economical and convenient method based on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) that could accumulate graphene oxide (GO) at the interface between the loading well and the gel. The sharp black band formed there can be digitalized and the intensity quantified, which was proportional to the amount of GO loaded onto the gel. The method has a detection limit of 84.1 ng. We showed that the amount of GO in three different cell models, mouse macrophage cells (Raw264.7), human epithelial cells (A549) and mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), could be accurately quantified by this assay, with the uptake rates decreasing in the order of MSC > Raw264.7 > A549. The results were consistent with the fluorescent imaging on cells exposed to fluorescence-labeled GO and TEM examination on ultrathin cell sections. The surprisingly highest uptake rate of MSC might be due to their abundant intracellular vesicles, which deserves further investigation. The novel method provides a complementary quantitative tool to the use of radioactive markers and fluorescent labeling of carbon nanomaterials and may facilitate the toxicological studies on carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Bin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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15
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Fichera O, Alpan L, Laloy J, Tabarrant T, Uhrner U, Ye Q, Mejia J, Dogné JM, Lucas S. Characterization of water-based paints containing titanium dioxide or carbon black as manufactured nanomaterials before and after atomization. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Schulte PA, Leso V, Niang M, Iavicoli I. Current state of knowledge on the health effects of engineered nanomaterials in workers: a systematic review of human studies and epidemiological investigations. Scand J Work Environ Health 2019; 45:217-238. [PMID: 30653633 PMCID: PMC6494687 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The widespread application of nano-enabled products and the increasing likelihood for workplace exposures make understanding engineered nanomaterial (ENM) effects in exposed workers a public and occupational health priority. The aim of this study was to report on the current state of knowledge on possible adverse effects induced by ENM in humans to determine the toxicological profile of each type of ENM and potential biomarkers for early detection of such effects in workers. Methods A systematic review of human studies and epidemiological investigations of exposed workers relative to the possible adverse effects for the most widely used ENM was performed through searches of major scientific databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Results Twenty-seven studies were identified. Most of the epidemiological investigations were cross-sectional. The review found limited evidence of adverse effects in workers exposed to the most commonly used ENM. However, some biological alterations are suggestive for possible adverse impacts. The primary targets of some ENM exposures were the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Changes in biomarker levels compared with controls were also observed; however, limited exposure data and the relatively short period since the first exposure may have influenced the incidence of adverse effects found in epidemiological studies. Conclusions There is a need for longitudinal epidemiologic investigations with clear exposure characterizations for various ENM to discover potential adverse health effects and identify possible indicators of early biological alterations. In this state of uncertainty, precautionary controls for each ENM are warranted while further study of potential health effects continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1150 Tusculum Avenue, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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17
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Marcias G, Fostinelli J, Catalani S, Uras M, Sanna AM, Avataneo G, De Palma G, Fabbri D, Paganelli M, Lecca LI, Buonanno G, Campagna M. Composition of Metallic Elements and Size Distribution of Fine and Ultrafine Particles in a Steelmaking Factory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061192. [PMID: 29875328 PMCID: PMC6025616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The characteristics of aerosol, in particular particle size and chemical composition, can have an impact on human health. Particle size distribution and chemical composition is a necessary parameter in occupational exposure assessment conducted in order to understand possible health effects. The aim of this study was to characterize workplace airborne particulate matter in a metallurgical setting by synergistically using two different approaches; Methodology: Analysis of inhalable fraction concentrations through traditional sampling equipment and ultrafine particles (UFP) concentrations and size distribution was conducted by an Electric Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI+™). The determination of metallic elements (ME) in particles was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Results: Inhalable fraction and ME concentrations were below the limits set by Italian legislation and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, 2017). The median of UFP was between 4.00 × 104 and 2.92 × 105 particles/cm3. ME concentrations determined in the particles collected by ELPI show differences in size range distribution; Conclusions: The adopted synergistic approach enabled a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the particles in steelmaking factories. The results could lead to a better knowledge of occupational exposure characterization, in turn affording a better understanding of occupational health issues due to metal fumes exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Marcias
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Fostinelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Simona Catalani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Michele Uras
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Andrea Maurizio Sanna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Avataneo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Daniele Fabbri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Matteo Paganelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Luigi Isaia Lecca
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, I-03043 Cassino, Italy.
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4001, Australia.
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80133 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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18
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Jordakieva G, Grabovac I, Valic E, Schmidt KE, Graff A, Schuster A, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Oberhuber C, Scheiner O, Goll A, Godnic-Cvar J. Occupational exposure to ultrafine particles in police officers: no evidence for adverse respiratory effects. J Occup Med Toxicol 2018; 13:5. [PMID: 29434649 PMCID: PMC5797339 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhalation exposure to fine and ultrafine particles (UFPs) has been associated with respiratory diseases. However, little is known on the quality, threshold levels and concentration of these particles causing adverse health effects. Methods The impact of occupational exposure to submicrometer and UFPs was assessed in 30 healthy police shooting instructors by clinical investigation, self-assessment questionnaire, sputum and spirometry and compared to a control group. General laboratory chemistry parameters, circulating cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-gamma [IFN-γ]), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in serum were measured. UFP exposure was recorded by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. Results Concentrations of submicrometer sized airborne particles (< 700 nm) measured between 3.34 × 105/cm3 and 7.58 × 105/cm3 at shooting sites, with highest concentrations found in the UFP range (< 100 nm). The size of the monodispersed particles ranged from 54.74 ± 16.25 nm to 98.19 ± 22.83 nm. Short term exposure (4 h) to high levels of UFPs caused an increase of IFN-γ in exposed subjects (p = 0.022). 24 h after exposure a significant decrease of IgG, albumin fibrinogen and factor VII was found. Neither directly after 4 h of high levels UFPs exposure nor 24 h after exposure subjective complaints or objective measurements indicating adverse respiratory effects in exposed subjects were found. Conclusions No consistent indications for adverse respiratory or inflammatory effects directly following exposure and 24 h after exposure to high levels of UFPs in our study group were detected. However we showed the assessment of short-term exposure effects at a genuine occupational setting, which might is relevant when a risk assessment of high level occupational exposures to UFPs is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jordakieva
- 1University Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - I Grabovac
- 2Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/1, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Valic
- 3Austrian Worker's Compensation Board (AUVA), HUB, Adalbert-Stifter-Straße 6, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - K E Schmidt
- 4University Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Graff
- Austrian Dust-Silicosis Control Center (ÖSBS), Einödmayergasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - A Schuster
- Austrian Dust-Silicosis Control Center (ÖSBS), Einödmayergasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - K Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- 6Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Oberhuber
- 6Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - O Scheiner
- 6Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Goll
- 7Section of Medical Statistics, Core Unit for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Godnic-Cvar
- 1University Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Gour N, Sudini K, Khalil SM, Rule AM, Lees P, Gabrielson E, Groopman JD, Lajoie S, Singh A. Unique pulmonary immunotoxicological effects of urban PM are not recapitulated solely by carbon black, diesel exhaust or coal fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:304-313. [PMID: 29178979 PMCID: PMC5747992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is increasing worldwide as a result of increased human activity, the rapid industrialization of developing countries, and effects of climate change. Adverse effects of PM on human health are well documented, and because PM exposure occurs mostly through the airways, PM has especially deleterious impact on the lungs. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether surrogate PM particles like carbon black (CB), diesel exhaust particle (DEP), coal fly ash (CFA) can recapitulate the allergic airway inflammatory response induced by urban particulate matter. METHODS We compared the pro-inflammatory potential of urban PM collected from New York (NYC) and Baltimore (Balt) with CB, DEP and CFA surrogate PM particles. Eight to ten weeks old BALB/cJ mice were exposed through the airways to particulate material, and markers of airway inflammation were determined. Specifically, we assessed cellular influx, mucus production, lung function, cytokine levels as well as immune cell profiling of the lungs. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that exposure to equivalent mass of stand-alone surrogate PM particles like CB, DEP and CFA, fails to induce significant airway inflammatory response seen after similar exposure to urban PMs. Specifically, we observe that PM collected from New York (NYC) and Baltimore city (Balt) triggers a mixed Th2/Th17 response accompanied by eosinophilic and neutrophilic influx, mucus production and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Although the immune profile of NYC and Baltimore PMs are similar, they demonstrate considerable differences in their potency. Baltimore PM induced more robust airway inflammation, AHR, and Th2 cytokine production, possibly due to the greater metal content in Baltimore PM. CONCLUSIONS Urban particulate matter with its unique physiochemical properties and heterogeneous composition elicits a mixed Th2/Th17 allergic airway response that is not seen after similar exposures to surrogate PM particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Gour
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kuladeep Sudini
- Department of Health, Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Syed Muaz Khalil
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ana M Rule
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter Lees
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John D Groopman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephane Lajoie
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Anju Singh
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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20
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Cong XC, Qu JH, Yang GS. On-road measurements of pollutant concentration profiles inside Yangkou tunnel, Qingdao, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:1179-1190. [PMID: 27757572 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To obtain physical properties of pollutant concentrations encountered by vehicle commuters during travelling Yangkou tunnel (7.76 km) of Qingdao City, particle concentration measurements are accompanied by the measurements of gaseous species (CO and CO2). The field campaigns are on-road conducted from April 26 to September 23, 2014. Results demonstrate that the mean particle number concentrations observed within the tunnel at the normal traffic volume are 1.15 × 105 and 1.24 × 105 particles cm-3 for the southbound and northbound trip, respectively. Furthermore, the significance level of traffic volume to particle number concentration is analyzed by multivariate regression model. And a high correlation between pollutant concentrations and traffic intensity has been demonstrated. Consequently, the fuel-based emission factors of pollutants inside the tunnel are calculated and the personal exposures are derived. In addition, the profile of particle number concentration exhibits distinct dilution features between the exit of northbound bore and the exit of southbound bore. The explanation is attributed to the different long uphill trip within the tunnel. Results in this study offer meaningful understanding to explore the nature of pollutants within long tunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chun Cong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China.
| | - Jing Hua Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China
| | - Guo Shu Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266510, China
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21
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Chen L, Liu C, Zhang L, Zou R, Zhang Z. Variation in Tree Species Ability to Capture and Retain Airborne Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5). Sci Rep 2017; 7:3206. [PMID: 28600533 PMCID: PMC5466687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human health risks caused by PM2.5 raise awareness to the role of trees as bio-filters of urban air pollution, but not all species are equally capable of filtering the air. The objectives of this current study were: (1) to determine the foliar traits for effective PM2.5-capture and (2) explore species-to-species differences in foliar PM2.5-recapture capacity following a rain event. The study concluded that overall, the acicular needle shape made conifers more efficient with PM2.5 accumulation and post-rainfall recapture than broadleaved species. The foliar shape and venation of broadleaved species did not appear to influence the PM2.5 accumulation. However, the number of the grooves and trichomes of broadleaved species were positively related to foliar PM2.5 accumulation, suggesting that they could be used as indicators for the effectiveness of tree PM2.5 capture. Furthermore, the amount of PM2.5 removal by rainfall was determined by the total foliar PM2.5. Not all PM2.5 remained on the foliage. In some species, PM2.5 was resuspended during the growing season, and thus reduced the net particular accumulation for that species. These findings contribute to a better understanding of tree species potential for reducing PM2.5 in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Chen
- College of Soil & Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Chenming Liu
- College of Soil & Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Soil & Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zou
- College of Soil & Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- College of Soil & Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.
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22
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Smyth E, Solomon A, Birrell MA, Smallwood MJ, Winyard PG, Tetley TD, Emerson M. Influence of inflammation and nitric oxide upon platelet aggregation following deposition of diesel exhaust particles in the airways. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2130-2139. [PMID: 28437857 PMCID: PMC5466527 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Exposure to nanoparticulate pollution has been implicated in platelet‐driven thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction. Inflammation and impairment of NO bioavailability have been proposed as potential causative mechanisms. It is unclear, however, whether airways exposure to combustion‐derived nanoparticles such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) or carbon black (CB) can augment platelet aggregation in vivo and the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. We aimed to investigate the effects of acute lung exposure to DEP and CB on platelet activation and the associated role of inflammation and endothelial‐derived NO. Experimental Approach DEP and CB were intratracheally instilled into wild‐type (WT) and eNOS−/− mice and platelet aggregation was assessed in vivo using an established model of radio‐labelled platelet thromboembolism. The underlying mechanisms were investigated by measuring inflammatory markers, NO metabolites and light transmission aggregometry. Key Results Platelet aggregation in vivo was significantly enhanced in WT and eNOS−/− mice following acute airways exposure to DEP but not CB. CB exposure, but not DEP, was associated with significant increases in pulmonary neutrophils and IL‐6 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma of WT mice. Neither DEP nor CB affected plasma nitrate/nitrite concentration and DEP‐induced human platelet aggregation was inhibited by an NO donor. Conclusions and Implications Pulmonary exposure to DEP and subsequent platelet activation may contribute to the reports of increased cardiovascular risk, associated with exposure to airborne pollution, independent of its effects on inflammation or NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smyth
- Platelet Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Solomon
- Platelet Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M J Smallwood
- Inflammation Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - P G Winyard
- Inflammation Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - T D Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Emerson
- Platelet Biology Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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23
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Lakshmipathy M, Nanda A. Nanosuspensions in Nanobiomedicine. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremendous success in developing new nanomaterials and fostering technological innovation arises from the focus on interdisciplinary research and collaboration between physical and medical scientists. The concept of nano-medicine is one of the most important and exciting ideas ever generated by the applications of nanoscience. One of the most challenging tasks in the pharmaceutical industry is the formulation of poorly soluble drugs. The implication of conventional techniques for improving the solubility has gained limited success. Nanoparticles facilitate formulation with improved solubility and efficacy mainly through nanosuspension approach. Techniques such as media milling, high-pressure homogenization, and use of microemulsion have been used for production of nanosuspensions for a novel delivery system. Moreover, they are manoeuvred to patient-acceptable dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and lyophilized powder products. Nanosuspension technology has also been studied for active and passive targeted drug delivery systems, which the chapter highlights on various formulational perspectives and applications as a biomedicine delivery system.
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24
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Johnson DR. Nanometer-sized emissions from municipal waste incinerators: A qualitative risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:67-79. [PMID: 27513371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Municipal waste incinerators (MWI) are beneficial alternatives to landfills for waste management. A recent constituent of concern in emissions from these facilities is incidental nanometer-sized particles (INPMWI), i.e., particles smaller than 1 micrometer in size that may deposit in the deepest parts of the lungs, cross into the bloodstream, and affect different regions of the body. With limited data, the public may fear INPMWI due to uncertainty, which may affect public acceptance, regulatory permitting, and the increased lowering of air quality standards. Despite limited data, a qualitative risk assessment paradigm can be applied to determine the relative risk due to INPMWI emissions. This review compiles existing data on nanometer-sized particle generation by MWIs, emissions control technologies used at MWIs, emission releases into the atmosphere, human population exposure, and adverse health effects of nanometer-sized particles to generate a qualitative risk assessment and identify data gaps. The qualitative risk assessment conservatively concludes that INPMWI pose a low to moderate risk to individuals, primarily due to the lack of relevant toxicological data on INPMWI mixtures in ambient particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Johnson
- GHD, 1755 Wittington Place, Suite 500, Dallas, TX 75234, USA.
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25
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Godoi RHM, Gonçalves SJ, Sayama C, Polezer G, Reis Neto JM, Alföldy B, Van Grieken R, Riedi CA, Yamamoto CI, Godoi AFL, Bencs L. Health implications of atmospheric aerosols from asbestos-bearing road pavements traditionally used in Southern Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:25180-25190. [PMID: 27680005 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Serpentine and amphibole asbestos occur naturally in certain geologic settings worldwide, most commonly in association with ultramafic rocks, along associated faults. Ultramafic rocks have been used in Piên County, Southern Brazil for decades for the purpose of road paving in rural and urban areas, but without the awareness of their adverse environmental and health impact. The aim of this study was the chemical characterization of aerosols re-suspended in two rural roads of Piên, paved with ultramafic rocks and to estimate the pulmonary deposition of asbestos aerosols. Bulk aerosol samples were analyzed by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis, in order to characterize elemental composition and crystallinity. Single-particle compositions of aerosols were analyzed by computer-controlled electron-probe microanalysis, indicating the presence of a few percentages of serpentine and amphibole. Given the chemical composition and size distribution of aerosol particles, the deposition efficiency of chrysotile, a sub-group of serpentine, in two principal segments of the human respiratory system was estimated using a lung deposition model. As an important finding, almost half of the inhaled particles were calculated to be deposited in the respiratory system. Asbestos depositions were significant (∼25 %) in the lower airways, even though the selected breathing conditions (rest situation, nose breathing) implied the lowest rate of respiratory deposition. Considering the fraction of inhalable suspended chrysotile near local roads, and the long-term exposure of humans to these aerosols, chrysotile may represent a hazard, regarding more frequent development of lung cancer in the population of the exposed region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H M Godoi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sérgio J Gonçalves
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Célia Sayama
- Department of Geology, Federal University of Paraná/ UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Polezer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José M Reis Neto
- Department of Geology, Federal University of Paraná/ UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bálint Alföldy
- Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - René Van Grieken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carlos A Riedi
- Pediatric Allergy Division, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana F L Godoi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - László Bencs
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, Budapest, 1525, Hungary.
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Christophersen DV, Jacobsen NR, Jensen DM, Kermanizadeh A, Sheykhzade M, Loft S, Vogel U, Wallin H, Møller P. Inflammation and Vascular Effects after Repeated Intratracheal Instillations of Carbon Black and Lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160731. [PMID: 27571356 PMCID: PMC5003393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered the main drivers of vasomotor dysfunction and progression of atherosclerosis after inhalation of particulate matter. In addition, new studies have shown that particle exposure can induce the level of bioactive mediators in serum, driving vascular- and systemic toxicity. We aimed to investigate if pulmonary inflammation would accelerate nanoparticle-induced atherosclerotic plaque progression in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. ApoE-/- mice were exposed to vehicle, 8.53 or 25.6 μg nanosized carbon black (CB) alone or spiked with LPS (0.2 μg/mouse/exposure; once a week for 10 weeks). Inflammation was determined by counting cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Serum Amyloid A3 (Saa3) expression and glutathione status were determined in lung tissue. Plaque progression was assessed in the aorta and the brachiocephalic artery. The effect of vasoactive mediators in plasma of exposed ApoE-/- mice was assessed in aorta rings isolated from naïve C57BL/6 mice. Pulmonary exposure to CB and/or LPS resulted in pulmonary inflammation with a robust influx of neutrophils. The CB exposure did not promote plaque progression in aorta or BCA. Incubation with 0.5% plasma extracted from CB-exposed ApoE-/- mice caused vasoconstriction in aorta rings isolated from naïve mice; this effect was abolished by the treatment with the serotonin receptor antagonist Ketanserin. In conclusion, repeated pulmonary exposure to nanosized CB and LPS caused lung inflammation without progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Nevertheless, plasma extracted from mice exposed to nanosized CB induced vasoconstriction in aortas of naïve wild-type mice, an effect possibly related to increased plasma serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vest Christophersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | | - Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Section of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Berger M, Kooyman PJ, Makkee M, van der Zee JS, Sterk PJ, van Dijk J, Kemper EM. How to achieve safe, high-quality clinical studies with non-Medicinal Investigational Products? A practical guideline by using intra-bronchial carbon nanoparticles as case study. Respir Res 2016; 17:102. [PMID: 27542842 PMCID: PMC4992213 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies investigating medicinal products need to comply with laws concerning good clinical practice (GCP) and good manufacturing practice (GMP) to guarantee the quality and safety of the product, to protect the health of the participating individual and to assure proper performance of the study. However, there are no specific regulations or guidelines for non-Medicinal Investigational Products (non-MIPs) such as allergens, enriched food supplements, and air pollution components. As a consequence, investigators will avoid clinical research and prefer preclinical models or in vitro testing for e.g. toxicology studies. THE AIM OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO 1) briefly review the current guidelines and regulations for Investigational Medicinal Products; 2) present a standardised approach to ensure the quality and safety of non-MIPs in human in vivo research; and 3) discuss some lessons we have learned. METHODS AND RESULTS We propose a practical line of approach to compose a clarifying product dossier (PD), comprising the description of the production process, the analysis of the raw and final product, toxicological studies, and a thorough risk-benefit-analysis. This is illustrated by an example from a human in vivo research model to study exposure to air pollutants, by challenging volunteers with a suspension of carbon nanoparticles (the component of ink cartridges for laser printers). CONCLUSION With this novel risk-based approach, the members of competent authorities are provided with standardised information on the quality of the product in relation to the safety of the participants, and the scientific goal of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Berger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Room F5-280, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. J. Kooyman
- Section Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, NL 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M. Makkee
- Section Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, NL 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J. S. van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Room F5-280, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Hospital, Oosterpark 9, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. J. Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Room F5-280, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. van Dijk
- Yellow Research, Herengracht 495, 1017 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. M. Kemper
- Department of Pharmacy, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Iyer R, Hsia CCW, Nguyen KT. Nano-Therapeutics for the Lung: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:5233-44. [PMID: 26412358 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150923095742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of aerosolized compounds is a popular, non-invasive route for the targeted delivery of therapeutic molecules to the lung. Various types of nanoparticles have been used as carriers to facilitate drug uptake and intracellular action in order to treat lung diseases and/or to facilitate lung repair and growth. These include polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and dendrimers, among many others. In addition, nanoparticles are sometimes used in combination with small molecules, cytokines, growth factors, and/or pluripotent stem cells. Here we review the rationale and state-of-the-art nanotechnology for pulmonary drug delivery, with particular attention to new technological developments and approaches as well as the challenges associated with them, the emerging advances, and opportunities for future development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kytai T Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA Blvd, ERB 241, Arlington, TX 76019.
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29
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Repine JE, Wilson P, Elkins N, Klawitter J, Christians U, Peters B, Smith DM. Inhalation of two putative Gulf War toxins by mice. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:366-373. [PMID: 26950528 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1142318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We employed our inhalation methodology to examine whether biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress would be produced in mice following inhalation of aerosols containing carbonaceous particles or the vapor of pesticides prevalent during the first Gulf War. Exposure to two putative Gulf War Illness toxins, fine airborne particles and the pesticide malathion, increased biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in Friend virus B (FVB) female mice. Mice inhaling particles 24 h before had increased lung lavage and plasma Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) (a biomarker of inflammation) and PGF2α (a biomarker of oxidative stress) levels, lung lavage protein and lung lavage lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. These changes were a function of particle density and exposure time. Compared to particle inhalation, mice inhaling malathion 24 h before had small increase in plasma LTB4 and PGF2α levels but no increase in lung lavage LTB4, lung lavage protein, lung lavage LDH, and lung lavage alveolar macrophage (AM) levels compared to unexposed control mice. AM from particle-exposed mice contained phagocytosed particles, while AM from malathion-exposed mice showed no abnormalities. Our results indicate that inhaling particles or malathion can alter inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in mice and raise the possibility that these toxins may have altered inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in Gulf War-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Repine
- a Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Paul Wilson
- a Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Nancy Elkins
- a Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- a Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- a Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , Colorado , USA
| | - Ben Peters
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Denver , Denver , Colorado , USA
| | - Dwight M Smith
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Denver , Denver , Colorado , USA
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30
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Clark J, Gregory CC, Matthews IP, Hoogendoorn B. The biological effects upon the cardiovascular system consequent to exposure to particulates of less than 500 nm in size. Biomarkers 2015; 21:1-47. [PMID: 26643755 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1118540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ultrafine particulate matter contribution to cardiovascular disease is not known and not regulated. PM up to 500 nm are abundant in urban air and alveolar deposition is significant. OBJECTIVE Effects beyond the alveolar barrier within the body or in vitro tissues exposed to particles <500 nm. METHODS AND RESULTS DATABASES MEDLINE; Ovid-MEDLINE PREM; Web of Science; PubMed (SciGlobe). 127 articles. Results in tables: "subject type exposed", "exposure type", "technique". CONCLUSION Heart rate, vasoactivity, atherosclerotic advancement, oxidative stress, coagulability, inflammatory changes are affected. Production of reactive oxygen species is a useful target to limit outcomes associated with UFP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Clark
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Clive C Gregory
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Ian P Matthews
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Bastiaan Hoogendoorn
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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31
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Wang L, Gong H, Liao W, Wang Z. Accumulation of particles on the surface of leaves during leaf expansion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:420-34. [PMID: 26093221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants can effectively remove airborne particles from ambient air and consequently improve air quality and human health. The accumulation of particles on the leaf surfaces of three plant species with different epicuticular wax ultrastructures, such as thin films, platelets and tubules, was investigated during leaf expansion in Beijing under extremely high particulate matter (PM) concentration. The accumulation of particles on the leaf surfaces after bud break rapidly reached a high amount within 4-7 days. Rainfall occasionally resulted in a considerable increase in the accumulation of particles on the leaf surfaces at a high PM concentration, which resulted from the wet deposition of PM, and balanced the amount of PM on the leaf surfaces over a longer period. The equilibrium value of the particle cover area on the adaxial leaf surface of the three test species in this study was 10%-50% compared with 3%-35% on the abaxial leaf surface. The epicuticular wax ultrastructures contributed significantly to the PM adsorption of the leaves. The capability of these ultrastructures to capture PM decreased in the following order: thin films, platelets and tubules. The ridges (at a scale of 1-2 μm) on the leaf surfaces were more efficient at accumulating PM, particularly PM2.5, compared with the roughness (P-V distance) at a 5-20-μm scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huili Gong
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Simulation, College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Wenbo Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Public Meteorological Service Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
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32
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Kermanizadeh A, Balharry D, Wallin H, Loft S, Møller P. Nanomaterial translocation–the biokinetics, tissue accumulation, toxicity and fate of materials in secondary organs–a review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:837-72. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1058747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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33
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Lee ES, Fung CCD, Zhu Y. Evaluation of a high efficiency cabin air (HECA) filtration system for reducing particulate pollutants inside school buses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3358-65. [PMID: 25728749 DOI: 10.1021/es505419m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have reported deleterious health effects of vehicle-emitted particulate matter (PM), including PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter≤2.5 μm), black carbon (BC), and ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter≤100 nm). When commuting inside school buses, children are exposed to high level of these pollutants due to emissions from both school bus itself and other on-road vehicles. This study developed an on-board high efficiency cabin air (HECA) filtration system for reducing children's exposure inside school buses. Six school buses were driven on two typical routes to evaluate to what extent the system reduces particulate pollutant levels inside the buses. The testing routes included freeways and major arterial roadways in Los Angeles, CA. UFP number concentrations and size distributions as well as BC and PM2.5 concentrations were monitored concurrently inside and outside of each bus. With the HECA filtration system on, in-cabin UFP and BC levels were reduced by 88±6% and 84±5% on averages across all driving conditions, respectively. The system was less effective for PM2.5 (55±22%) but successfully kept its levels below 12 μg/m3 inside all the buses. For all three types of particulate pollutants, in-cabin reductions were higher on freeways than on arterial roadways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon S Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772 United States
| | - Cha-Chen D Fung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772 United States
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772 United States
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34
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Kyjovska ZO, Jacobsen NR, Saber AT, Bengtson S, Jackson P, Wallin H, Vogel U. DNA damage following pulmonary exposure by instillation to low doses of carbon black (Printex 90) nanoparticles in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:41-9. [PMID: 25042074 PMCID: PMC4312987 DOI: 10.1002/em.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously observed genotoxic effects of carbon black nanoparticles at low doses relative to the Danish Occupational Exposure Limit (3.5 mg/m(3)). Furthermore, DNA damage occurred in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells in the absence of inflammation, indicating that inflammation is not required for the genotoxic effects of carbon black. In this study, we investigated inflammatory and acute phase response in addition to genotoxic effects occurring following exposure to nanoparticulate carbon black (NPCB) at even lower doses. C57BL/6JBomTac mice were examined 1, 3, and 28 days after a single instillation of 0.67, 2, 6, and 162 µg Printex 90 NPCB and vehicle. Cellular composition and protein concentration was evaluated in BAL fluid as markers of inflammatory response and cell damage. DNA strand breaks in BAL cells, lung, and liver tissue were assessed using the alkaline comet assay. The pulmonary acute phase response was analyzed by Saa3 mRNA real-time quantitative PCR. Instillation of the low doses of NPCB induced a slight neutrophil influx one day after exposure. Pulmonary exposure to small doses of NPCB caused an increase in DNA strand breaks in BAL cells and lung tissue measured using the comet assay. We interpret the increased DNA strand breaks occurring following these low exposure doses of NPCB as DNA damage caused by primary genotoxicity in the absence of substantial inflammation, cell damage, and acute phase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka O Kyjovska
- Danish Centre for Nanosafety, National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- Danish Centre for Nanosafety, National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne T Saber
- Danish Centre for Nanosafety, National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- Danish Centre for Nanosafety, National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Petra Jackson
- Danish Centre for Nanosafety, National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- Danish Centre for Nanosafety, National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- Danish Centre for Nanosafety, National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of DenmarkLyngby, Denmark
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35
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Zhang R, Dai Y, Zhang X, Niu Y, Meng T, Li Y, Duan H, Bin P, Ye M, Jia X, Shen M, Yu S, Yang X, Gao W, Zheng Y. Reduced pulmonary function and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in nanoscale carbon black-exposed workers. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:73. [PMID: 25497989 PMCID: PMC4318129 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although major concerns exist regarding the potential consequences of human exposures to nanoscale carbon black (CB) particles, limited human toxicological data is currently available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if nanoscale CB particles could be responsible, at least partially, for the altered lung function and inflammation observed in CB workers exposed to nanoscale CB particles. METHODS Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller were used to characterize CB. Eighty-one CB-exposed male workers and 104 non-exposed male workers were recruited. The pulmonary function test was performed and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. To further assess the deposition and pulmonary damage induced by CB nanoparticles, male BALB/c mice were exposed to CB for 6 hours per day for 7 or 14 days. The deposition of CB and the pathological changes of the lung tissue in mice were evaluated by paraffin sections and TEM. The cytokines levels in serum and lung tissue of mice were evaluated by ELISA and immunohistochemical staining (IHC). RESULTS SEM and TEM images showed that the CB particles were 30 to 50 nm in size. In the CB workplace, the concentration of CB was 14.90 mg/m³. Among these CB particles, 50.77% were less than 0.523 micrometer, and 99.55% were less than 2.5 micrometer in aerodynamic diameter. The reduction of lung function parameters including FEV1%, FEV/FVC, MMF%, and PEF% in CB workers was observed, and the IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1beta, and TNF- alpha had 2.86-, 6.85-, 1.49-, 3.35-, and 4.87-folds increase in serum of CB workers, respectively. In mice exposed to the aerosol CB, particles were deposited in the lung. The alveolar wall thickened and a large amount of inflammatory cells were observed in lung tissues after CB exposure. IL-6 and IL-8 levels were increased in both serum and lung homogenate. CONCLUSIONS The data strongly suggests that nanoscale CB particles could be responsible for the lung function reduction and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in CB workers. These results, therefore, provide the first evidence of a link between human exposure to CB and long-term pulmonary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yufei Dai
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yong Niu
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Tao Meng
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Huawei Duan
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Ping Bin
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Meng Ye
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Meili Shen
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shanfa Yu
- Henan Provincial Institute for Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiaofa Yang
- Jiao Zuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaozuo, China.
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
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36
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Teichert T, Vossoughi M, Vierkötter A, Sugiri D, Schikowski T, Hoffmann B, Schulte T, Roden M, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Luckhaus C, Krämer U, Herder C. Investigating the spill-over hypothesis: analysis of the association between local inflammatory markers in sputum and systemic inflammatory mediators in plasma. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:24-32. [PMID: 25042033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollutants represents a risk factor not only for respiratory diseases and lung cancer, but also for cardiometabolic diseases. It has been hypothesised that local inflammation in the lung and systemic subclinical inflammation are linked by impaired lung function and the spill-over of proinflammatory factors from the lung into the circulation which could act as intermediaries between environmental exposures and disease risk. We wanted to investigate whether local and systemic inflammatory markers are associated, which would support the spill-over hypothesis. Sputum and plasma samples were obtained from 257 women of the German SALIA cohort. We performed immunoassays to measure multiple biomarkers of airway inflammation in sputum as well as cytokines, chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in plasma. Correlations were calculated and adjusted for potentially confounding variables. Even though several significant associations were detected between inflammatory mediators in sputum and plasma, correlation coefficients were rather low ranging from r≥-0.20 to r≤0.20. Comparatively stronger associations were observed between nitrite, eosinophil cationic protein, leukotrienes C/D/E4 and interleukin-8 in sputum. Notably, correlations were positive with all proinflammatory biomarkers and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in plasma, whereas negative correlations were observed with the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin. In conclusion, local inflammation in the lung and systemic subclinical inflammation appear mainly independently regulated in elderly women from the general population. Although we found multiple significant correlations between inflammatory biomarkers in sputum and plasma, our results do not provide clear support for the spill-over hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Teichert
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mohammad Vossoughi
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Andrea Vierkötter
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dorothea Sugiri
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schulte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Bergische Landstraße 2, 40629 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Monika Raulf-Heimsoth
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Center of Allergology/Immunology, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Christian Luckhaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Bergische Landstraße 2, 40629 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ursula Krämer
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Düsseldorf, Auf׳m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Kravchenko J, Akushevich I, Abernethy AP, Holman S, Ross WG, Lyerly HK. Long-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air quality. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:613-27. [PMID: 25018627 PMCID: PMC4075234 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s59995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The respiratory tract is a major target of exposure to air pollutants, and respiratory diseases are associated with both short- and long-term exposures. We hypothesized that improved air quality in North Carolina was associated with reduced rates of death from respiratory diseases in local populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the trends of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia mortality and changes of the levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) using monthly data measurements from air-monitoring stations in North Carolina in 1993-2010. The log-linear model was used to evaluate associations between air-pollutant levels and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 of population) calculated for 5-year age-groups and for standard 2000 North Carolina population. The studied associations were adjusted by age group-specific smoking prevalence and seasonal fluctuations of disease-specific respiratory deaths. RESULTS Decline in emphysema deaths was associated with decreasing levels of SO2 and CO in the air, decline in asthma deaths-with lower SO2, CO, and PM10 levels, and decline in pneumonia deaths-with lower levels of SO2. Sensitivity analyses were performed to study potential effects of the change from International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 to ICD-10 codes, the effects of air pollutants on mortality during summer and winter, the impact of approach when only the underlying causes of deaths were used, and when mortality and air-quality data were analyzed on the county level. In each case, the results of sensitivity analyses demonstrated stability. The importance of analysis of pneumonia as an underlying cause of death was also highlighted. CONCLUSION Significant associations were observed between decreasing death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and decreases in levels of ambient air pollutants in North Carolina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Akushevich
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy P Abernethy
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheila Holman
- Division of Air Quality, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - William G Ross
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Zhang Q, Avalos J, Zhu Y. Fine and ultrafine particle emissions from microwave popcorn. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:190-198. [PMID: 24106981 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized fine (PM2.5 ) and ultrafine particle (UFP, diameter < 100 nm) emissions from microwave popcorn and analyzed influential factors. Each pre-packed popcorn bag was cooked in a microwave oven enclosed in a stainless steel chamber for 3 min. The number concentration and size distribution of UFPs and PM2.5 mass concentration were measured inside the chamber repeatedly for five different flavors under four increasing power settings using either the foil-lined original package or a brown paper bag. UFPs and PM2.5 generated by microwaving popcorn were 150-560 and 350-800 times higher than the emissions from microwaving water, respectively. About 90% of the total particles emitted were in the ultrafine size range. The emitted PM concentrations varied significantly with flavor. Replacing the foil-lined original package with a brown paper bag significantly reduced the peak concentration by 24-87% for total particle number and 36-70% for PM2.5 . A positive relationship was observed between both UFP number and PM2.5 mass and power setting. The emission rates of microwave popcorn ranged from 1.9 × 10(10) to 8.0 × 10(10) No./min for total particle number and from 134 to 249 μg/min for PM2.5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Size-dependent cytotoxicity of nanocarbon blacks. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22529-43. [PMID: 24240811 PMCID: PMC3856077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of nanocarbon blacks (NCBs) with different sizes to mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. MTT and fluorescence-based LIVE assays demonstrated that NCBs uptake caused a size and dose-dependent growth inhibition to the cells. Optical microscopy observations and 99mTc radionuclide labeling techniques were used to investigate the cellular uptake of NCBs with different sizes qualitatively and quantitatively, respectively. Results showed that the cellular uptake amounts of NCBs increased with their increasing size. Large quantities of internal NCBs induced oxidative stress and nuclear damage in cells; these effects may be the critical factors involved in the cytotoxicity of NCBs. The implications associated with these findings are discussed.
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40
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Schleicher N, Norra S, Fricker M, Kaminski U, Chen Y, Chai F, Wang S, Yu Y, Cen K. Spatio-temporal variations of black carbon concentrations in the Megacity Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:392-401. [PMID: 23978522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution and the flux of black carbon (BC) concentration in Beijing were continuously investigated over a two-year period at five sites to highlight the relative influence of contributing sources. The results demonstrate firstly that there is significant spatio-temporal variability of BC in Beijing. Highest concentrations occurred during winter primarily due to stagnant meteorological conditions, and seasonal BC sources, such as coal combustion for heating purposes. Biomass burning was identified as a minor seasonal source during the summer months. BC also varied spatially with higher concentrations in the SE of Beijing and lower concentrations in the NW, due to the differing emission intensity of various local BC sources such as traffic and industry. Frequently, overnight BC concentrations were higher due to specific meteorological conditions, such as the lower urban mixing layer height and various anthropogenic activities, such as exclusive night-time heavy duty vehicle traffic in the inner-city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schleicher
- Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Adenauerring 20b, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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41
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Bruno ME, Tasat DR, Ramos E, Paparella ML, Evelson P, Rebagliati RJ, Cabrini RL, Guglielmotti MB, Olmedo DG. Impact through time of different sized titanium dioxide particles on biochemical and histopathological parameters. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1439-48. [PMID: 23775874 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to corrosion, a titanium implant surface can be a potential source for the release of micro (MPs) and nano-sized particles (NPs) into the biological environment. This work sought to evaluate the biokinetics of different sized titanium dioxide particles (TiO2 ) and their potential to cause cell damage. Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with 150 nm, 10 nm, or 5nm TiO2 particles. The presence of TiO2 particles was evaluated in histologic sections of the liver, lung, and kidney and in blood cells at 3 and 12 months. Ultrastructural analysis of liver and lung tissue was performed by TEM, deposit concentration in tissues was determined spectroscopically, and oxidative metabolism was assessed by determining oxidative membrane damage, generation of superoxide anion (O2(-)), and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. TiO2 particles were observed inside mononuclear blood cells and in organ parenchyma at 3 and 12 months. TiO2 deposits were consistently larger in liver than in lung tissue. Alveolar macrophage O2(-) generation and average particle size correlated negatively (p < 0.05). NPs were more reactive and biopersistent in lung tissue than MPs. Antioxidant activity, particularly in the case of 5 nm particles, failed to compensate for membrane damage in liver cells; the damage was consistent with histological evidence of necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos E Bruno
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Science and Technology, National University of San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Characterization of Inhalable, Thoracic, and Respirable Fractions and Ultrafine Particle Exposure During Grinding, Brazing, and Welding Activities in a Mechanical Engineering Factory. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55:430-45. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31827cbabe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lai CH, Chuang KY, Chang JW. Characteristics of nano-/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs in ambient air at an international airport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1772-80. [PMID: 22821344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were estimated for individual particle-size distributions at the airport apron of the Taipei International Airport, Taiwan, on 48 days in July, September, October, and December of 2011. In total, 672 integrated air samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposition impactor (MOUDI) and a nano-MOUDI. Particle-bound PAHs (P-PAHs) were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC/MSD). The five most abundant species of P-PAHs on all sampling days were naphthalene (NaP), phenanthrene (PA), fluoranthene (FL), acenaphthene (AcP), and pyrene (Pyr). Total P-PAHs concentrations were 152.21, 184.83, and 188.94 ng/m(3) in summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. On average, the most abundant fractions of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration (BaPeq) in different molecular weights were high-weight PAHs (79.29 %), followed by medium-weight PAHs (11.57 %) and low-weight PAHs (9.14 %). The mean BaPeq concentrations were 1.25 and 0.94 (ng/m(3)) in ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm) and nano-particles (<0.032 μm), respectively. The percentages of total BaPeq in nano- and ultrafine particulate size ranges were 52.4 % and 70.15 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Kim H, Park K, Lee MY. Biocompatible dispersion methods for carbon black. Toxicol Res 2012; 28:209-16. [PMID: 24278612 PMCID: PMC3834425 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2012.28.4.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological activity of particles is largely dependent on their size in biological systems. Dispersion in the aqueous phase has been both a critical impediment to and a prerequisite for particle studies. Carbon black has been used as a surrogate to investigate the biological effects of carbonaceous particles. Here, biocompatible methods were established to disperse carbon black into ultrafine and fine particles which are generally distinguished by the small size of 100 nm. Carbon black with a distinct particle size, N330 and N990 were suspended in blood plasma, cell culture media, Krebs-Ringer's solution (KR), or physiological salt solution (PSS). Large clumps were observed in all dispersion preparations; however, sonication improved dispersion - averaged particle sizes for N330 and N990 were 85.0 ± 42.9 and 112.4 ± 67.9 nm, respectively, in plasma; the corresponding sizes in culture media were 84.8 ± 38.4 and 164.1 ± 77.8 nm. However, sonication was not enough to disperse N330 less than 100 nm in either KR or PSS. Application of Tween 80 along with sonication reduced the size of N330 to less than 100 nm, and dispersed N990 larger than 100 nm (73.6 ± 28.8 and 80.1 ± 30.0 nm for N330 and 349.5 ± 161.8 and 399.8 ± 181.1 nm for N990 in KR and PSS, respectively). In contrast, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) exhibited little effect. Electron microscopy confirmed the typical aciniform structure of the carbon arrays; however, zeta potential measurement failed to explain the dispersibility of carbon black. The methods established in this study could disperse carbon black into ultrafine and fine particles, and may serve as a useful model for the study of particle toxicity, particularly size-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
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Horemans B, Van Holsbeke C, Vos W, Darchuk L, Novakovic V, Fontan AC, De Backer J, Van Grieken R, De Backer W, De Wael K. Particle deposition in airways of chronic respiratory patients exposed to an urban aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:12162-12169. [PMID: 23035859 DOI: 10.1021/es302755s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Urban atmospheres in modern cities carry characteristic mixtures of particulate pollution which are potentially aggravating for chronic respiratory patients (CRP). Although air quality surveys can be detailed, the obtained information is not always useful to evaluate human health effects. This paper presents a novel approach to estimate particle deposition rates in airways of CRP, based on real air pollution data. By combining computational fluid dynamics with physical-chemical characteristics of particulate pollution, deposition rates are estimated for particles of different toxicological relevance, that is, minerals, iron oxides, sea salts, ammonium salts, and carbonaceous particles. Also, it enables some qualitative evaluation of the spatial, temporal, and patient specific effects on the particle dose upon exposure to the urban atmosphere. Results show how heavy traffic conditions increases the deposition of anthropogenic particles in the trachea and lungs of respiratory patients (here, +0.28 and +1.5 μg·h(-1), respectively). In addition, local and synoptic meteorological conditions were found to have a strong effect on the overall dose. However, the pathology and age of the patient was found to be more crucial, with highest deposition rates for toxic particles in adults with a mild anomaly, followed by mild asthmatic children and adults with severe respiratory dysfunctions (7, 5, and 3 μg·h(-1), respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Horemans
- Environmental analysis, Departement of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
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Lim CH, Kang M, Han JH, Yang JS. Effect of Agglomeration on the Toxicity of Nano-sized Carbon Black in Sprague-Dawley Rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:e2012015. [PMID: 23106037 PMCID: PMC3479240 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have shown that nano-sized carbon black is more toxic than large respirable carbon black because of its higher surface area. However, it is not clear if carbon black made larger by agglomeration demonstrates decreased toxicity. The purpose of this study was to verify if agglomeration affects the toxicity of carbon black using three differently prepared nano-sized carbon black aerosols in nose-only inhalation chambers for 13 weeks. METHODS Printex 90 was selected as a representative nano-sized carbon black. To generate aerosols of three different types of agglomerates, Printex 90 was dispersed in distilled water by three different methods: vortex, vortex+sonication, and vortex+sonication with dispersion in a stabilizer. Then, the three differently prepared solutions were aerosolized through venturi nozzles. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to Printex 90 aerosols in a nose-only exposure chamber for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 13 weeks at a concentration of approximately 9 mg/m(3). RESULTS Numbers of total cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were increased and carbon black masses were clearly seen in BAL cells and lung tissues of rats exposed to Printex 90. However, few differences were found between the three differently agglomerated aerosols. In addition, there were no significant differences in other parameters, such as body weight, lung function or cytokine levels in BAL fluid following carbon black exposure. CONCLUSIONS Only mild to moderate respiratory effects were found in rats exposed to nano-sized carbon black at 9 mg/m(3) for 13 weeks. Agglomeration did not affect the toxicity of nano-sized carbon particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Hong Lim
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hee Han
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
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Layachi S, Rogerieux F, Robidel F, Lacroix G, Bayat S. Effect of combined nitrogen dioxide and carbon nanoparticle exposure on lung function during ovalbumin sensitization in Brown Norway rat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45687. [PMID: 23029182 PMCID: PMC3461023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of particulate and gaseous pollutants in their effects on the severity of allergic inflammation and airway responsiveness are not well understood. We assessed the effect of exposure to NO2 in the presence or absence of repetitive treatment with carbon nanoparticle (CNP) during allergen sensitization and challenges in Borwn-Norway (BN) rat, in order to assess their interactions on lung function and airway responses (AR) to allergen and methacholine (MCH), end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cellular content, serum and BALF cytokine levels and histological changes. Animals were divided into the following groups (n = 6): Control; CNP (Degussa-FW2): 13 nm, 0.5 mg/kg instilled intratracheally ×3 at 7-day intervals; OVA: ovalbumin-sensitised; OVA+CNP: both sensitized and exposed to CNP. Rats were divided into equal groups exposed either to air or to NO2, 10 ppm, 6 h/d, 5d/wk for 4 weeks. Exposure to NO2, significantly enhanced lung inflammation and airway reactivity, with a significantly larger effect in animals sensitized to allergen, which was related to a higher expression of TH1 and TH2-type cytokines. Conversely, exposure to NO2 in animals undergoing repeated tracheal instillation of CNP alone, increased BALF neutrophilia and enhanced the expression of TH1 cytokines: TNF-α and IFN-γ, but did not show an additive effect on airway reactivity in comparison to NO2 alone. The exposure to NO2 combined with CNP treatment and allergen sensitization however, unexpectedly resulted in a significant decrease in both airway reactivity to allergen and to methacholine, and a reduction in TH2-type cytokines compared to allergen sensitization alone. EELV was significantly reduced with sensitization, CNP treatment or both. These data suggest an immunomodulatory effect of repeated tracheal instillation of CNP on the proinflammatory effects of NO2 exposure in sensitized BN rat. Furthermore, our findings suggest that NO2, CNP and OVA sensitization may significantly slow overall lung growth in parenchymally mature animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Layachi
- University of Picardie Jules Verne, EA4285 Laboratoire Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques- UMI01 INERIS, Amiens, France
| | - Françoise Rogerieux
- Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Lung Function Laboratory, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Franck Robidel
- Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Lung Function Laboratory, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Ghislaine Lacroix
- Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Lung Function Laboratory, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Sam Bayat
- University of Picardie Jules Verne, EA4285 Laboratoire Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques- UMI01 INERIS, Amiens, France
- Departments of Paediatric Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine, Paediatric Lung Function Laboratory, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
- * E-mail:
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Shannahan JH, Kodavanti UP, Brown JM. Manufactured and airborne nanoparticle cardiopulmonary interactions: a review of mechanisms and the possible contribution of mast cells. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:320-39. [PMID: 22486349 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.668229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human inhalation exposures to manufactured nanoparticles (NP) and airborne ultrafine particles (UFP) continues to increase in both occupational and environmental settings. UFP exposures have been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, while ongoing research supports adverse systemic and cardiovascular health effects after NP exposures. Adverse cardiovascular health effects include alterations in heart rate variability, hypertension, thrombosis, arrhythmias, increased myocardial infarction, and atherosclerosis. Exactly how UFP and NP cause these negative cardiovascular effects is poorly understood, however a variety of mediators and mechanisms have been proposed. UFP and NP, as well as their soluble components, are known to systemically translocate from the lung. Translocated particles could mediate cardiovascular toxicity through direct interactions with the vasculature, blood, and heart. Recent study suggests that sensory nerve stimulation within the lung may also contribute to UFP- and NP-induced acute cardiovascular alterations. Activation of sensory nerves, such as C-fibers, within the lung may result in altered cardiac rhythm and function. Lastly, release of pulmonary-derived mediators into systemic circulation has been proposed to facilitate cardiovascular effects. In general, these proposed pulmonary-derived mediators include proinflammatory cytokines, oxidatively modified macromolecules, vasoactive proteins, and prothrombotic factors. These pulmonary-derived mediators have been postulated to contribute to the subsequent prothrombotic, atherogenic, and inflammatory effects after exposure. This review will evaluate the potential contribution of individual mediators and mechanisms in facilitating cardiopulmonary toxicity following inhalation of UFP and NP. Lastly, we will appraise the literature and propose a hypothesis regarding the possible role of mast cells in contributing to these systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Shannahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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Mohamed BM, Verma NK, Davies AM, McGowan A, Crosbie-Staunton K, Prina-Mello A, Kelleher D, Botting CH, Causey CP, Thompson PR, Pruijn GJ, Kisin ER, Tkach AV, Shvedova AA, Volkov Y. Citrullination of proteins: a common post-translational modification pathway induced by different nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1181-95. [PMID: 22625207 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Rapidly expanding manufacture and use of nanomaterials emphasize the requirements for thorough assessment of health outcomes associated with novel applications. Post-translational protein modifications catalyzed by Ca(2+)-dependent peptidylargininedeiminases have been shown to trigger immune responses including autoantibody generation, a hallmark of immune complexes deposition in rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess if nanoparticles are able to promote protein citrullination. MATERIALS & METHODS Human A549 and THP-1 cells were exposed to silicon dioxide, carbon black or single-walled carbon nanotubes. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to respirable single-walled carbon nanotubes. Protein citrullination, peptidylargininedeiminases activity and target proteins were evaluated. RESULTS The studied nanoparticles induced protein citrullination both in cultured human cells and mouse lung tissues. Citrullination occurred via the peptidylargininedeiminase-dependent mechanism. Cytokeratines 7, 8, 18 and plectins were identified as intracellular citrullination targets. CONCLUSION Nanoparticle exposure facilitated post-translational citrullination of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir M Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Oliveira BFAD, Ignotti E, Hacon SS. A systematic review of the physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants from biomass burning and combustion of fossil fuels and health effects in Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2012; 27:1678-98. [PMID: 21986597 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2011000900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to carry out a review of scientific literature published in Brazil between 2000 and 2009 on the characteristics of air pollutants from different emission sources, especially particulate matter (PM) and its effects on respiratory health. Using electronic databases, a systematic literature review was performed of all research related to air pollutant emissions. Publications were analyzed to identify the physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants from different emission sources and their related effects on the respiratory system. The PM2.5 is composed predominantly of organic compounds with 20% of inorganic elements. Higher concentrations of metals were detected in metropolitan areas than in biomass burning regions. The relative risk of hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases in children was higher than in the elderly population. The results of studies of health effects of air pollution are specific to the region where the emissions occurred and should not be used to depict the situation in other areas with different emission sources.
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