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Palatnic L, Kim JA, Kim SY, Moras E, Cagle-Colon K, Kapp DS, Krittanawong C. Human Papillomavirus as Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Fact or Fiction? Part 1. Am J Med 2024:S0002-9343(24)00397-8. [PMID: 38925496 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the US and worldwide, with more than 42 million Americans infected with types of HPV that are known to cause disease. While the link between HPV and the development of a variety of cancers has been strongly established, recent literature has demonstrated a potential association between HPV and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, despite plausible mechanisms for the development of cardiovascular disease with HPV infection, a causative relationship has yet to be firmly established, in part due to potential confounding risk factors between the two. In this 2-part series, we discuss the emerging relationship between HPV and cardiovascular disease. In part 1, we focus on the pathophysiology of HPV infection and potential mechanisms for the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Palatnic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jitae A Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Y Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Errol Moras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kayla Cagle-Colon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cherokee Nation Health Services, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Daniel S Kapp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Kanmogne GD. HIV Infection, Antiretroviral Drugs, and the Vascular Endothelium. Cells 2024; 13:672. [PMID: 38667287 PMCID: PMC11048826 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell activation, injury, and dysfunction underlies the pathophysiology of vascular diseases and infections associated with vascular dysfunction, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Despite viral suppression with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) are prone to many comorbidities, including neurological and neuropsychiatric complications, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, premature aging, and malignancies. HIV and viral proteins can directly contribute to the development of these comorbidities. However, with the continued high prevalence of these comorbidities despite viral suppression, it is likely that ART or some antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs contribute to the development and persistence of comorbid diseases in PLWH. These comorbid diseases often involve vascular activation, injury, and dysfunction. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current literature on ARVs and the vascular endothelium in PLWH, animal models, and in vitro studies. I also summarize evidence of an association or lack thereof between ARV drugs or drug classes and the protection or injury/dysfunction of the vascular endothelium and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette D Kanmogne
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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3
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Appleton AA, Kuniholm MH, Vásquez E, Cohen MH, Donohue J, Floris-Moore M, Friedman MR, Hanna DB, Mimiaga MJ, Moran CA, Plankey MW, Teplin LA, Shitole SG, Ware D, Jones DL, Wise J. Life course history of physical and sexual abuse is associated with cardiovascular disease risk among women living with and without HIV. AIDS 2024; 38:739-750. [PMID: 38126350 PMCID: PMC10939824 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexual and physical abuse predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women in the general population. Women living with HIV (WLWH) report more abuse and have higher CVD risk compared with other women, yet associations between abuse history and CVD have not been considered among WLWH. This study fills this gap, and describes possible pathways linking abuse to CVD risk among WLWH and women living without HIV (WLWOH). METHODS Using 25 years of data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS; n = 2734; WLWH n = 1963; WLWOH n = 771), we used longitudinal generalized estimating equations (GEE) to test associations between sexual and physical abuse with CVD risk. Framingham (FRS-H) and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association-Pooled Cohort Equation (ACC/AHA-PCE) scores were examined. Analyses were stratified by HIV-serostatus. RESULTS Among WLWH, childhood sexual abuse was associated with higher CVD risk ( βFRS-H = 1.25, SE = 1.08, P = 0.005; βACC/AHA-PCE = 1.14, SE = 1.07, P = 0.04) compared with no abuse. Adulthood sexual abuse was associated with higher CVD risk for WLWH ( βFRS-H = 1.39, SE = 1.08, P < 0.0001) and WLWOH ( βFRS-H = 1.58, SE = 1.14, P = 0.0006). Childhood physical abuse was not associated with CVD risk for either group. Adulthood physical abuse was associated with CVD risk for WLWH ( βFRS-H = 1.44, SE = 1.07; P < 0.0001, βACC/AHA-PCE = 1.18, SE = 1.06, P = 0.002) and WLWOH ( βFRS-H = 1.68, SE = 1.12, P < 0.0001; βACC/AHA-PCE = 1.24, SE = 1.11, P = 0.03). Several pathway factors were significant, including depression, smoking, and hepatitis C infection. CONCLUSION Life course abuse may increase CVD risk among WLWH and women at high risk of acquiring HIV. Some comorbidities help explain the associations. Assessing abuse experiences in clinical encounters may help contextualize cardiovascular risk among this vulnerable population and inform intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Mark H Kuniholm
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Elizabeth Vásquez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Mardge H Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL
| | - Jessica Donohue
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michelle Floris-Moore
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - M Reuel Friedman
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - David B Hanna
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Matthew J Mimiaga
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Caitlin A Moran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael W Plankey
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Linda A Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Sanyog G Shitole
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Deanna Ware
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Deborah L Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jenni Wise
- Department of Family, Community, and Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Dutta P, Saha D, Earle M, Prasad CP, Singh M, Darswal M, Aggarwal V, Naik N, Yadav R, Shankar A, Chakraborty A. Unveiling HPV's hidden link: Cardiovascular diseases and the viral intrigue. Indian Heart J 2024; 76:1-5. [PMID: 38387552 PMCID: PMC10943540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major global health challenge, with an escalating impact on mortality despite advancements in managing conventional risk factors. This review investigates the intricate relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and CVD, shedding light on a novel aspect of cardiovascular health. Despite significant progress in understanding and managing traditional CVD risk factors, a substantial proportion of CVD cases lack these conventional markers. Recent research has unveiled HPV, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection, as a potential unconventional risk factor for CVD. This review delves into the underlying mechanisms linking HPV to CVD pathogenesis. HPV's influence on vascular endothelium and induction of systemic inflammation are key contributors. Additionally, HPV disrupts host lipid metabolism, further exacerbating the development of atherosclerosis. The link between HPV and CAD is not merely correlative; it encompasses a complex interplay of virological, immunological, and metabolic factors. Understanding the connection between HPV and CVD holds transformative potential. Insights from this review not only underscore the significance of considering HPV as a crucial risk factor but also advocate for targeted HPV screening and vaccination strategies to mitigate CVD risks. This multidisciplinary exploration bridges the gap between infectious diseases and cardiovascular health, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to combating the global burden of cardiovascular disease. Further research and clinical guidelines in this realm are essential to harness the full scope of preventive and therapeutic interventions, ultimately shaping a healthier cardiovascular landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dwaipayan Saha
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mrudul Earle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Prasad
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), Dr. BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), Dr. BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Darswal
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vipul Aggarwal
- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi, India
| | - Nitish Naik
- Department of Cardiology, Cardio Neuro Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Yadav
- Department of Cardiology, Cardio Neuro Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
| | - Abhishek Shankar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. BR Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
| | - Abhijit Chakraborty
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Yunihastuti E, Rusdi L, Syahrir Azizi M, Estiasari R, Jasirwan COM, Wulandari EAT, Purnamasari D, Shinta Noviar M, Aman Nasution S. Effect of atorvastatin on subclinical atherosclerosis in virally-suppressed HIV-infected patients with CMV seropositivity: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. F1000Res 2023; 10:151. [PMID: 37772075 PMCID: PMC10523096 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28262.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Persistent immune activation and inflammation in HIV-infection are linked to excess cardiovascular risk and other non-communicable diseases. Periodic asymptomatic CMV-reactivity in HIV infected patients over a lifetime may contribute to non-AIDS defining morbidity. Despite undetectable levels of HIV and CMV, these patients continue to have increased levels of biomarkers and immune activations. Statin administration is thought to reduce subclinical atherosclerosis by decreasing LDL-C levels. It may also add beneficial effects against CMV infection. Methods: We are conducting a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in which patients are randomized to receive either atorvastatin or placebo with a ratio of 1:1. This trial aims to study the effect of atorvastatin in statin-naive virally-suppressed HIV-infected patients with stable ART and CMV seropositivity on carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), tool that evaluates subclinical atherosclerosis. The study recruits 80 patients at HIV integrated care unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital. All eligible subjects have CIMT evaluation as primary outcome, along with flow mediated vasodilatation (FMD), liver fibrosis and steatosis evaluation, fasting lipid, neurocognitive test, community periodontal index (CPI), and residual immune activation as secondary outcomes in 48 weeks. Ethics and dissemination: This study has received an ethical approval from Health Research Ethics Commitee-Universitas Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Before joining the study, all participants fill in an informed consent form. At the end of study analysis, the trial results will be published and disseminated in peer-reviewed journals. Discussion: The main purpose of our study is to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin administration on CIMT changes in statin naïve virally suppressed HIV-infected patients with stable ART and CMV seropositivity Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04101136; registered on 24 September 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Yunihastuti
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- HIV Integrated Clinic, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Lusiani Rusdi
- Cardiology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Syahrir Azizi
- Cardiology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Riwanti Estiasari
- Neurology Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Chyntia Olivia Maurine Jasirwan
- Hepatobiliary Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Endah Ayu T. Wulandari
- Dentistry Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Purnamasari
- Metabolic Endocrine Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | | | - Sally Aman Nasution
- Cardiology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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Yunihastuti E, Rusdi L, Syahrir Azizi M, Estiasari R, Jasirwan COM, Wulandari EAT, Purnamasari D, Shinta Noviar M, Aman Nasution S. Effect of atorvastatin on subclinical atherosclerosis in virally-suppressed HIV-infected patients with CMV seropositivity: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. F1000Res 2023; 10:151. [PMID: 37772075 PMCID: PMC10523096 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28262.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Persistent immune activation and inflammation in HIV-infection are linked to excess cardiovascular risk and other non-communicable diseases. Periodic asymptomatic CMV-reactivity in HIV infected patients over a lifetime may contribute to non-AIDS defining morbidity. Despite undetectable levels of HIV and CMV, these patients continue to have increased levels of biomarkers and immune activations. Statin administration is thought to reduce subclinical atherosclerosis by decreasing LDL-C levels. It may also add beneficial effects against CMV infection. Methods: We are conducting a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in which patients are randomized to receive either atorvastatin or placebo with a ratio of 1:1. This trial aims to study the effect of atorvastatin in statin-naive virally-suppressed HIV-infected patients with stable ART and CMV seropositivity on carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), tool that evaluates subclinical atherosclerosis. The study recruits 80 patients at HIV integrated care unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital. All eligible subjects have CIMT evaluation as primary outcome, along with flow mediated vasodilatation (FMD), liver fibrosis and steatosis evaluation, fasting lipid, neurocognitive test, community periodontal index (CPI), and residual immune activation as secondary outcomes in 48 weeks. Ethics and dissemination: This study has received an ethical approval from Health Research Ethics Commitee-Universitas Indonesia and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Before joining the study, all participants fill in an informed consent form. At the end of study analysis, the trial results will be published and disseminated in peer-reviewed journals. Discussion: The main purpose of our study is to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin administration on CIMT changes in statin naïve virally suppressed HIV-infected patients with stable ART and CMV seropositivity Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT04101136; registered on 24 September 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Yunihastuti
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- HIV Integrated Clinic, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Lusiani Rusdi
- Cardiology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Syahrir Azizi
- Cardiology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Riwanti Estiasari
- Neurology Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Chyntia Olivia Maurine Jasirwan
- Hepatobiliary Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Endah Ayu T. Wulandari
- Dentistry Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Purnamasari
- Metabolic Endocrine Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | | | - Sally Aman Nasution
- Cardiology Division, Internal Medicine Department, University of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine; Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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Avagimyan A, Pogosova N, Kakturskiy L, Sheibani M, Urazova O, Trofimenko A, Navarsdyan G, Jndoyan Z, Abgaryan K, Fogacci F, Galli M, Agati L, Kobalava Z, Shafie D, Marzilli M, Gogiashvili L, Sarrafzadegan N. HIV-Related Atherosclerosis: State-of-the-Art-Review. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101783. [PMID: 37172874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The infection caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has spread rapidly across the globe, assuming the characteristics of an epidemic in some regions. Thanks to the introduction of antiretroviral therapy into routine clinical practice, there was a considerable breakthrough in the treatment of HIV, that is now HIV is potentially well-controlled even in low-income countries. To date, HIV infection has moved from the group of life-threatening conditions to the group of chronic and well controlled ones and the quality of life and life expectancy of HIV+ people, with an undetectable viral load is closer to that of an HIV- people. However, unsolved issues still persist. For example: people living with HIV are more prone to the age-related diseases, especially atherosclerosis. For this reason, a better understanding of the mechanisms of HIV-associated destabilization of vascular homeostasis seems to be an urgent duty, that may lead to the development of new protocols, bringing the possibilities of pathogenetic therapies to a new level. The purpose of the article was to evaluate the pathological aspects of HIV-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Avagimyan
- Assistant Professor, Anatomical Pathology and Clinical Morphology Department, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Nana Pogosova
- Professor, Deputy of General Director for Science and Preventive Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre of Cardiology after E. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lev Kakturskiy
- Professor, Scientific Director, Research Institute of Human Morphology FSBI «Petrovskiy NRCS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Razi Drug Research Centre, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olga Urazova
- Professor, Head of Pathophysiology Department, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Artem Trofimenko
- Associate Professor, Pathophysiology Department, Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Grizelda Navarsdyan
- Professor, Pathophysiology Department, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zinaida Jndoyan
- Professor, Head of Internal Diseases Propedeutics Department, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Armenia
| | - Kristina Abgaryan
- Associate Professor, Medical Microbiology Department, Yerevan State Medical University after M.Heratsi, Armenia
| | - Federica Fogacci
- Research Fellow, Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Galli
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Luciano Agati
- Professor of Cardiology Department, Head of Cardiology Unit Azienda Policlinico Umberto II, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Zhanna Kobalava
- Professor, Head of Internal Disease, Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Moscow, Russia
| | - Davood Shafie
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mario Marzilli
- Professor, Head of Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liana Gogiashvili
- Professor, Head of Experimental and Clinical Pathology Department, Al. Natishvili Institute of Experimental Morphology, I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Symptoms and Comorbidities Differ Based on Race and Weight Status in Persons with HIV in the Northern United States: a Cross-Sectional Study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:826-833. [PMID: 35274279 PMCID: PMC9988761 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with HIV (PWHIV) on highly active antiretroviral treatments (HAART) may require specialized care based on health and demographic indicators. This study investigated the association of comorbidities, race, weight status, and gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) symptoms among PWHIV. METHODS The Symptom Checklist, Co-Morbidity Questionnaire, and Sociodemographic Questionnaire were used to assess weight status and GI and CV symptoms among 283 PWHIV. Data were analyzed using latent class analysis on John's Macintosh Project 13 Platform. RESULTS Participants were majority Black (50%), 69% male, and 35% AIDS diagnosed. Ages were 25 to 66. Clusters included least symptomatic status, weight gain, and weight loss by Black and non-Black participants. The non-Black weight gain cluster reported a higher incidence of AIDS (70.6% vs 38.2%), nausea (70.6% vs 17.6%), diarrhea (70.6% vs 26.5%), and shortness of breath (58.8% vs 20.6%) compared to the Black weight gain cluster. The Black weight loss cluster reported a higher incidence of CV symptoms such as chest palpitations (42.2% vs 2.7%), chest pain (44.4% vs 8.1%), and shortness of breath (73.3% vs 35.1%). Moreover, the Black weight loss cluster reported a higher incidence of all GI symptoms with the most prominent being diarrhea (71.1% vs 48.6%) compared to the non-Black weight loss cluster. CONCLUSIONS The existing racial disparities in health-related quality of life for PWHIV may be improved through precision health and nutrition modifications. Continued research is needed investigating differential health outcomes among PWHIV on HAART. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00222716. Registered 22 September 2005. Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00222716?term=NCT00222716&draw=2&rank=1.
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Ruamtawee W, Tipayamongkholgul M, Aimyong N, Manosuthi W. Prevalence and risk factors of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV in the Asia-Pacific region: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:477. [PMID: 36915099 PMCID: PMC10009940 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) due to atherosclerosis have become one of the major causes of death among people living with HIV (PLHIV) since effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been available throughout the world. However, the epidemiologic evidence of this problem from the Asia-Pacific region remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review of the situation and risk factors for CVD among PLHIV in countries with the greatest impact of CVD attributable to HIV in the Asia-Pacific region. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases for articles published before 2019 was conducted. Publications reported situations and risk factors both traditional and HIV-specific for CVD among PLHIV in the region were included. Two reviewers working on duplicate and quality assessments, independently extracted data, and thematically analyzed the data. RESULTS Among PLHIV, the prevalence of subclinical CVD ranged from 10 to 28% and the incidence rate of clinical CVD ranged from 0.37 to 1.17 /100 person-years. Clinical CVD was frequently observed in the early era of the highly active antiretroviral therapy. A higher prevalence of subclinical CVD such as abnormal cIMT and carotid plaques was frequently observed in the PLHIV rather than in the nonHIV population and a high proportion of early onset of CVD was found among young PLHIV adults. The traditional risk factors for CVD such as hypertension, diabetes and smoking behavior were prevalent in both PLHIV and nonHIV populations ranging from 5 to 45%. HIV-specific risk factor, and lower CD4 presented almost twice the significantly increased risks for CVD while the synergistic interaction among traditional risk factors, i.e., diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and family history steeply increased the risk for CVD among PLHIV by almost 20 times. CONCLUSION The limited existing data suggested the risk of early CVD among PLHIV. We identified the crucial gaps in HIV/CVD work from the Asia-Pacific region and recommended longer prospective studies with larger sample sizes or meta-analyses to better capture CVD risk and interactions of crucial risk factors of this vulnerable population in this region. REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY202290108 ( https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-9-0108/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Witchakorn Ruamtawee
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Natnaree Aimyong
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerawat Manosuthi
- Department of Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Ministry of Public Health, 11000, Nonthaburi, Thailand
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10
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Garcia JM, Dong Y, Richardson P, Kramer JR, Hartman CM, Royse K, White DL, Chiao EY. Effect of HIV and antiretroviral therapy use on body weight changes in a cohort of U.S. veterans living with and without HIV. HIV Med 2023; 24:180-190. [PMID: 35929183 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People living with HIV have high rates of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Our study sought to evaluate weight trajectory in a retrospective cohort of people living with HIV and matched HIV-negative veterans (controls) and to evaluate risk factors for weight gain. METHODS This was a retrospective database analysis of data extracted from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse that included people living with HIV (n = 22 421) and age-matched HIV-negative controls (n = 63 072). The main outcomes were baseline body weight and weight change from baseline at 1, 2, and 5 years after diagnosis (baseline visit for controls). RESULTS Body weight at baseline was lower in people living with HIV than in controls. People living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) gained more weight than did controls. In a sub-analysis of ART-exposed people living with HIV, age >50 years, African American race, body mass index (BMI) <25, CD4 ≤200, and HIV diagnosis year after 2000 were associated with more weight gain at year 1. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) plus non-NRTIs (NNRTIs) were associated with less weight gain than NRTIs plus protease inhibitors, NRTIs plus integrase inhibitors, or NRTIs plus other agents at year 1. CONCLUSIONS Among US veterans, those living with HIV had lower rates of obesity than age-matched HIV-negative controls; however, primarily in the first 2 years after starting ART, people living with HIV gained more weight than did controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Garcia
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, and Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yongquan Dong
- VA Health Services Research Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Richardson
- VA Health Services Research Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer R Kramer
- VA Health Services Research Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christine M Hartman
- VA Health Services Research Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn Royse
- VA Health Services Research Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Surgical Outcomes and Analysis, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Donna L White
- VA Health Services Research Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Y Chiao
- VA Health Services Research Center of Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of General Oncology and Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Medicine and Cancer Prevention, University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Mechanisms of immune aging in HIV. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:61-80. [PMID: 34985109 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Massive CD4+ T-cell depletion as well as sustained immune activation and inflammation are hallmarks of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infection. In recent years, an emerging concept draws an intriguing parallel between HIV-1 infection and aging. Indeed, many of the alterations that affect innate and adaptive immune subsets in HIV-infected individuals are reminiscent of the process of immune aging, characteristic of old age. These changes, of which the presumed cause is the systemic immune activation established in patients, likely participate in the immuno-incompetence described with HIV progression. With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-seropositive patients can now live for many years despite chronic viral infection. However, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infections have given way to chronic diseases as the leading cause of death since HIV infection. Therefore, the comparison between HIV-1 infected patients and uninfected elderly individuals goes beyond the sole onset of immunosenescence and extends to the deterioration of several physiological functions related to inflammation and systemic aging. In light of this observation, it is interesting to understand the precise link between immune activation and aging in HIV-1 infection to figure out how to best care for people living with HIV (PLWH).
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12
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Borato DCK, Kalva-Filho CA, Machado EP, Barbosa CR, Vellosa JCR. Effect of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors on serum levels of myeloperoxidase and C-reactive protein in HIV-infected individuals. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000118780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Tasca KI, Fagundes Vidal VVM, Martinez Manfio V, Naime Barbosa A, de Souza LDR. Contributory role of ART in the development of non-AIDS comorbidities in asymptomatic PLWHA. J Appl Biomed 2021; 19:73-82. [PMID: 34907718 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2021.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the many benefits that follow antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, its chronic use contributes to the early aging of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to trace the prevalence of and investigate possible renal, bone and metabolic changes, as well as cardiovascular risk in 94 asymptomatic PLWHA, relating them to the duration of ART use. METHODS Four groups were evaluated according to ART use: G1 (n = 21), ART-naïve individuals; G2 (n = 17), <2 years; G3 (n = 40), 2-10 years; and G4 (n = 16) on ART for more than 10 years. RESULTS Our results showed a high prevalence of dyslipidemic individuals (64%), especially in those under ART. Lower creatine phosphokinase levels were observed in G1 as compared to the others (p < 0.05). Regarding the Framingham score, 12.1% of PLWHA showed moderate and high risk, and the highest proportion (38.5%) occurred in G4 (p = 0.003). A decrease in glomerular filtration rates occurred in 20% of patients, which was also more significant in G3 and G4 (p = 0.007). High prevalences of osteopenia and osteoporosis (53.2%) were found, especially in G1 and G4; however, G1 showed the lowest means for alkaline phosphatases (AP, p = 0.04 and BAP, p = 0.005) and osteocalcin (p = 0.005), in addition to higher vitamin-D concentrations (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed the possible contributory role of ART in these changes, which leads us to reflect on the need for specific conducts and patient care, pointing out the importance of individualized care in an attempt to increase life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ingrid Tasca
- Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Vania V M Fagundes Vidal
- Specialist Outpatient Service for Infectious Diseases "Domingos Alves Meira" (SAEI-DAM), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Martinez Manfio
- Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Tropical Diseases and Imaging Diagnosis, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Naime Barbosa
- Specialist Outpatient Service for Infectious Diseases "Domingos Alves Meira" (SAEI-DAM), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.,Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Tropical Diseases and Imaging Diagnosis, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Lenice do Rosario de Souza
- Specialist Outpatient Service for Infectious Diseases "Domingos Alves Meira" (SAEI-DAM), Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.,Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Tropical Diseases and Imaging Diagnosis, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil
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14
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Khaimova R, Fischetti B, Cope R, Berkowitz L, Bakshi A. Serological response with Heplisav-B® in prior Hepatitis B vaccine non-responders living with HIV. Vaccine 2021; 39:6529-6534. [PMID: 34600748 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As people living with HIV (PLWH) are at risk for contracting Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), they should be screened for HBV and vaccinated if not immune. Seroconversion rates in PLWH receiving traditional recombinant HBV vaccines (Engerix-B® and Recombivax-HB®) have historically been low with at most 70% achieving immunity. In 2017, a recombinant, adjuvanted HBV vaccine (Heplisav-B®) was approved for use in HIV-negative patients. Heplisav-B® has shown superior seroprotection in this population compared to Engerix-B® and Recombivax-HB®, as well as interim analysis showing higher seropositivity rates in patients undergoing dialysis. However, its efficacy in PLWH is currently unknown. This study evaluates the rate of seroconversion following Heplisav-B® administration in PLWH with previous HBV vaccination failure. METHODS Retrospective, cross-sectional study at The Brooklyn Hospital Center's HIV primary care clinic in Brooklyn, NY. HIV-positive adults who received at least two doses of Heplisav-B® and had previously failed to seroconvert after vaccination with Engerix-B® or Recombivax-HB® were included. The primary outcome is the percentage of PLWH who became seropositive following Heplisav-B®. RESULTS A total of 67 patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-five (37.3%) PLWH had failed at least 2 courses of recombinant vaccines. Fifty-eight (86.6%) PLWH became seropositive (Anti-HBs > 10 mIU/mL) at least two months after completing Heplisav-B®. For the 9 (13.4%) patients that did not develop immunity, 3 (33%) had a detectable HIV RNA and 3 (33%) had a CD4 count < 200 cells/uL3. CONCLUSIONS Heplisav-B® was highly effective in achieving immunity to HBV in PLWH who failed non-adjuvanted recombinant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Khaimova
- Pharmacy Practice, The Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States.
| | - Briann Fischetti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 Dekalb Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States; Pharmacy Practice, The Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States.
| | - Rebecca Cope
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 Dekalb Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States; Pharmacy Practice, The Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States.
| | - Leonard Berkowitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 Dekalb Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States.
| | - Anjali Bakshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 Dekalb Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States.
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15
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Park SY, Faraci G, Nanda S, Ter-Saakyan S, Love TMT, Mack WJ, Dubé MP, Lee HY. Gut microbiome in people living with HIV is associated with impaired thiamine and folate syntheses. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105209. [PMID: 34563611 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
People living with HIV have a high incidence of cardiovascular and neurological diseases as comorbid disorders that are commonly linked to inflammation. While microbial translocation can augment inflammation during HIV infection, functional microbiome shifts that may increase pro-inflammatory responses have not been fully characterized. In addition, defining HIV-induced microbiome changes has been complicated by high variability among individuals. Here we conducted functional annotation of previously-published 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of 305 HIV positive and 249 negative individuals, with adjustment for geographic region, sex, sexual behavior, and age. Metagenome profiles were inferred from these individuals' 16S data. HIV infection was associated with impaired microbial vitamin B synthesis; around half of the gene families in thiamine and folate biosynthesis pathways were significantly less abundant in the HIV positive group than the negative control. These results are consistent with the high prevalence of thiamine and folate deficiencies in HIV infections. These HIV-induced microbiota shifts have the potential to influence cardiovascular and neurocognitive diseases, given the documented associations between B-vitamin deficiencies, inflammation, and these diseases. We also observed that most essential amino acid biosynthesis pathways were downregulated in the microbiome of HIV-infected individuals. Microbial vitamin B and amino acid synthesis pathways were not significantly recovered by antiretroviral treatment when we compared 262 ART positive and 184 ART negative individuals. Our meta-analysis provides a new outlook for understanding vitamin B and amino acid deficiencies in HIV patients, suggesting that interventions for reversing HIV-induced microbiome shifts may aid in lessening the burdens of HIV comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gina Faraci
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sayan Nanda
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Ter-Saakyan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tanzy M T Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Dubé
- Department of Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ha Youn Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Lu WL, Lee YT, Sheu GT. Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in HIV-Positive Men with and without Antiretroviral Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060578. [PMID: 34198775 PMCID: PMC8230309 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of HIV infection is a lifelong process and associated with chronic diseases. We evaluated the prevalence and predictors of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with individual antiretroviral drugs exposure among HIV-infected men in Taiwan. A total of 200 patients’ data were collected with a mean age of 32.9. Among them, those who had CD4 positive cell number less than 350/mL were eligible to have highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Patients were divided into group-1 that contains 45 treatment-naïve participants, and group-2 that includes 155 HAART treatment-experienced participants. MetS prevalence between group-1 and group-2 was 18% and 31%, respectively. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) for the naïve and experienced groups were 4.7 ± 4.2 and 3.87 ± 5.92, respectively. High triglyceride (TG > 150 mg/dL) in group-1 and group-2 were 15.6% and 36.6% (p < 0.05), whereas, lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL < 39 mg/dL) in group-1 and group-2 presented as 76.7% versus 51% (p < 0.05), respectively. In group-2, treatment with protease inhibitors (PIs) resulted in higher TG levels when compared with non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and integrase inhibitors (InSTIs). The prevalence of MetS in the treatment-naïve group was lower than that of the treatment-experienced group; high TG level resulted in higher MetS prevalence in the treatment-experienced group. In contrast, the cardiovascular risk of FRS in the treatment-naïve group was higher than that of the treatment-experienced group, which may result from the low HDL level. Although group-1 participants have a higher risk of developing CVDs, in group-2, an increasing TG level in PIs user indicated higher CVDs risk. TG and HDL are two significant biofactors that required regular evaluation in HIV-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win-Long Lu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Ti Lee
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-T.L.); (G.-T.S.)
| | - Gwo-Tarng Sheu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-T.L.); (G.-T.S.)
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17
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de Oliveira Salvador GL. Facing a new paradigm: Not retreating but advancing in another direction. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28:324-325. [PMID: 33611417 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320912899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Influence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on the Management and Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction With Cardiogenic Shock. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 85:331-339. [PMID: 32740372 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on the outcomes of acute myocardial infarction-cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS) in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. SETTING Twenty percent sample of all US hospitals. METHODS A retrospective cohort of AMI-CS during 2000-2017 from the National Inpatient Sample was evaluated for concomitant HIV and AIDS. Outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality and use of cardiac procedures. A subgroup analysis was performed for those with and without AIDS within the HIV cohort. RESULTS A total 557,974 AMI-CS admissions were included, with HIV and AIDS in 1321 (0.2%) and 985 (0.2%), respectively. The HIV cohort was younger (54.1 vs. 69.0 years), more often men, of non-White race, uninsured, from a lower socioeconomic status, and with higher comorbidity (all P < 0.001). The HIV cohort had comparable multiorgan failure (37.8% vs. 39.0%) and cardiac arrest (28.7% vs. 27.4%) (P > 0.05). The cohorts with and without HIV had comparable rates of coronary angiography (70.2% vs. 69.0%; P = 0.37) but less frequent early coronary angiography (hospital day zero) (39.1% vs. 42.5%; P < 0.001). The cohort with HIV had higher unadjusted but comparable adjusted in-hospital mortality compared with those without [26.9% vs. 37.4%; adjusted odds ratio 1.04 (95% confidence interval: 0.90 to 1.21); P = 0.61]. In the HIV cohort, AIDS was associated with higher in-hospital mortality [28.8% vs. 21.1%; adjusted odds ratio 4.12 (95% confidence interval: 1.89 to 9.00); P < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS The cohort with HIV had comparable rates of cardiac procedures and in-hospital mortality; however, those with AIDS had higher in-hospital mortality.
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19
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Gallone G, D'Ascenzo F, De Ferrari GM. Coronary artery disease in patients with HIV: A call for clinical evidence to inform tailored treatment strategies. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:170-171. [PMID: 33744416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Gallone
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126 Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio D'Ascenzo
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126 Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Maria De Ferrari
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy, Corso Bramante 88/90, 10126 Turin, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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20
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E JY, Wang Z, Ssekasanvu J, Munoz B, West S, Ludigo J, Gray R, Nakigozi G, Kong X. Visual Impairment and Eye Diseases in HIV-infected People in the Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Era in Rakai, Uganda. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2021; 28:63-69. [PMID: 32664778 PMCID: PMC7752824 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2020.1791908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antiretroviral therapy reduced infectious eye diseases (EDs) in HIV-infected people. There is limited data on age-related EDs and visual impairment (VI) in people living with HIV. We report prevalence of VI and spectrum of EDs in HIV-infected people in an ART era in Rakai, Uganda. METHODS A philanthropic campaign during 2009-2012 provided ophthalmic services to HIV+ patients in care. Unilateral presenting visual acuity (VA) was assessed by a trained staff in HIV clinics using a 6-m Snellen chart. A slit-lamp examination by an ophthalmologist evaluated eyes with impaired acuity. A retrospective chart review was later conducted retrieving data of patients participating the ophthalmic service. VI was defined referencing WHO's ICD-11. Ophthalmic diagnosis was summarized by VI level. Logistic regressions estimated demographic associations with cataract diagnosis. RESULTS 688 HIV+ patients were evaluated, median age was 44 (IQR: 37-50) years, 69% were female. Fifty-one percent were on ART (median duration 4, IQR: 2-5 years). Crude prevalence of moderate/severe VI and blindness were both 2%. The main diagnoses were refractive error (55%), conjunctivitis (18%), cataract (15%), and pterygium (11%). Cataract prevalences were 10%, 12%, and 26% among age groups of 19-34, 35-49, and ≥50 years, respectively. Cataract was found in 73% of the HIV+s with blindness and in 63% of those with moderate/severe VI. Older age and male sex were significantly associated with higher cataract prevalence. CONCLUSION VI in HIV+ patients in Rakai was mainly due to refractive error and cataract. Cataract was common in all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yu E
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhengfan Wang
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts- Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Ssekasanvu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Beatriz Munoz
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sheila West
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ronald Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Xiangrong Kong
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Corbacho N, Mur I, Molas ME, Vidal F, Domingo P. The pharmacological management of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV (PLWH). Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:743-753. [PMID: 33283570 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1856075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTARCTIntroduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be an essential cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with human immunodeficiency virus infection (PLWH). Since the bulk of cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors are shared between PLWH and the general population, prevention and treatment strategies are similar. However, there are CVR factors particular to PLWH, which need separate consideration. These factors are those HIV-dependent, those related to HIV-derived consequences, and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-dependent.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the management of CVD in PLWH, with a special interest in pharmacological treatment and drug-drug interactions with cART.Expert opinion: In recent years, we have witnessed a decreased CVD morbidity and mortality in PLWH, which probably reflects an improvement in the management of CVR factors and CVD in these patients, partially thanks to new developments in antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, although there is still room for improvement, at present, the old desideratum of equaling PLWH and the general population in terms of CVD incidence and prognosis is a little closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Corbacho
- From the Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Mur
- From the Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Ema Molas
- From the Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pere Domingo
- From the Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Thomas F, Schmidt C, Kayser O. Bioengineering studies and pathway modeling of the heterologous biosynthesis of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9551-9563. [PMID: 33043390 PMCID: PMC7595985 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous biosynthesis of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in yeast is a biotechnological process in Natural Product Biotechnology that was recently introduced. Based on heterologous genes from Cannabis sativa and Streptomyces spp. cloned into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the heterologous biosynthesis was fully embedded as a proof of concept. Low titer and insufficient biocatalytic rate of most enzymes require systematic optimization of recombinant catalyst by protein engineering and consequent C-flux improvement of the yeast chassis for sufficient precursor (acetyl-CoA), energy (ATP), and NADH delivery. In this review basic principles of in silico analysis of anabolic pathways towards olivetolic acid (OA) and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) are elucidated and discussed to identify metabolic bottlenecks. Based on own experimental results, yeasts are discussed as potential platform organisms to be introduced as potential cannabinoid biofactories. Especially feeding strategies and limitations in the committed mevalonate and olivetolic acid pathways are in focus of in silico and experimental studies to validate the scientific and commercial potential as a realistic alternative to the plant Cannabis sativa.Key points• First time critical review of the heterologous process for recombinant THCA/CBDA production and critical review of bottlenecks and limitations for a bioengineered technical process• Integrative approach of protein engineering, systems biotechnology, and biochemistry of yeast physiology and biosynthetic cannabinoid enzymes• Comparison of NphB and CsPT aromatic prenyltransferases as rate-limiting catalytic steps towards cannabinoids in yeast as platform organisms Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Thomas
- TU Dortmund University, Technical Biochemistry, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christina Schmidt
- TU Dortmund University, Technical Biochemistry, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- TU Dortmund University, Technical Biochemistry, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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Daussy CF, Galais M, Pradel B, Robert-Hebmann V, Sagnier S, Pattingre S, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Espert L. HIV-1 Env induces pexophagy and an oxidative stress leading to uninfected CD4 + T cell death. Autophagy 2020; 17:2465-2474. [PMID: 33073673 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1831814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunodeficiency observed in HIV-1-infected patients is mainly due to uninfected bystander CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death. The viral envelope glycoproteins (Env), expressed at the surface of infected cells, play a key role in this process. Env triggers macroautophagy/autophagy, a process necessary for subsequent apoptosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bystander CD4+ T cells. Here, we demonstrate that Env-induced oxidative stress is responsible for their death by apoptosis. Moreover, we report that peroxisomes, organelles involved in the control of oxidative stress, are targeted by Env-mediated autophagy. Indeed, we observe a selective autophagy-dependent decrease in the expression of peroxisomal proteins, CAT and PEX14, upon Env exposure; the downregulation of either BECN1 or SQSTM1/p62 restores their expression levels. Fluorescence studies allowed us to conclude that Env-mediated autophagy degrades these entire organelles and specifically the mature ones. Together, our results on Env-induced pexophagy provide new clues on HIV-1-induced immunodeficiency.Abbreviations: Ab: antibodies; AF: auranofin; AP: anti-proteases; ART: antiretroviral therapy; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; CAT: catalase; CD4: CD4 molecule; CXCR4: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4; DHR123: dihydrorhodamine 123; Env: HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GFP-SKL: GFP-serine-lysine-leucine; HEK: human embryonic kidney; HIV-1: type 1 human immunodeficiency virus; HTRF: homogeneous time resolved fluorescence; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NAC: N-acetyl-cysteine; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PEX: peroxin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; siRNA: small interfering ribonucleic acid; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucile Espert
- IRIM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Vargas-Pacherrez D, Brites C, Cotrim HP, Daltro C. High Prevalence of AH in HIV Patients on ART, in Bahia, Brazil. Curr HIV Res 2020; 18:324-331. [PMID: 32586252 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200620212547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) in HIV-patients is highly variable and its association with antiretroviral therapy (ART) is controversial. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of AH and associated factors in HIV-patients on ART. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV-patients attended in a referral center in Salvador, Brazil. We evaluated clinical, socio-demographic and anthropometric data. Student's ttests or Mann-Whitney's and Pearson's chi-square tests were used to compare the groups. Values of p <0.05 were considered significant. The variables that presented a value of p <0.20 were included in a logistic regression model. RESULTS We evaluated 196 patients (60.7% male) with a mean age of 46.8 ± 11.7 years and a mean body mass index of 24.9 ± 5.3 kg / m2. The median elapsed time since HIV diagnosis and ART use was 11.8 (4.4 - 18.1) and 7.2 (2.7 - 15.3) years, respectively. The prevalence of AH was 41.8%. For individuals > 50 years old, there was a significant association between the increased abdominal circumference and AH and patients ≤ 50 years old presented significant association between AH and overweight, increased abdominal circumference and number of previous ART regimens. After multivariate analysis, age [OR:1.085; 95% CI 1,039 - 1,133], overweight [OR: 4.205; 95% CI 1,841 - 9,606], family history of AH [OR: 2.938; 95% CI 1,253 - 6.885], increased abdominal circumference [OR: 2.774; 95% CI 1.116 - 6.897] and life-time number of ART regimens used [OR: 3.842; 95% CI 1.307 - 11.299] remained associated with AH. CONCLUSION AH was highly prevalent and was associated not only with classical risk factors for arterial hypertension, but also with specific ART regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vargas-Pacherrez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil,Unit of Communicable Diseases and Environmental – Pan American Health Organization Office Altamira - Caracas 1060, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Brites
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Helma P Cotrim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carla Daltro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil,Escola de Nutrição - Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
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25
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Petrakis V, Panagopoulos P, Papachristou S, Papanas N, Terzi I, Trypsianis G, Papazoglou D. Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate Therapy for HIV Treatment: Cardiometabolic and Renal Safety. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:697-702. [PMID: 32527142 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatment based on tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) is increasingly recommended, as it maintains the viral suppression and improves renal function and bone density in comparison with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). We carried out a retrospective cohort study including experienced patients who switched treatment from TDF to TAF. Serum lipids and glucose, renal function, body mass index (BMI), and cardiovascular risk were evaluated before and 3 and 6 months after the initiation of TAF-based treatment. We identified 85 patients on TAF-based treatment. The majority were men (82.9%), smokers (70%), and older than 40 years. Significant increases in lipids and BMI were noted, but cardiovascular risk remained <7.5%. Renal function remained normal with a notable improvement among patients with renal impairment. These results suggest that TAF has no significant effect on glucose and does not meaningfully increase cardiovascular risk, despite an elevation in serum lipids. It also exhibits renal safety. However, the increase of BMI was significant. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in larger patient series and over longer follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Petrakis
- HIV Unit, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Periklis Panagopoulos
- HIV Unit, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Stella Papachristou
- HIV Unit, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- HIV Unit, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Irene Terzi
- HIV Unit, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Grigorios Trypsianis
- Department of Medical Statistics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Papazoglou
- HIV Unit, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupoli, Greece
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Deconstructing Syndemics: The Many Layers of Clustering Multi-Comorbidities in People Living with HIV. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134704. [PMID: 32629920 PMCID: PMC7369980 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic has dramatically changed over the past 30 years; there are now fewer newly infected people (especially children), fewer AIDS-related deaths, and more people with HIV (PWH) receiving treatment. However, the HIV epidemic is far from over. Despite the tremendous advances in anti-retroviral therapies (ART) and the implementation of ART regimens, HIV incidence (number of new infections over a defined period of time) and prevalence (the burden of HIV infection) in certain regions of the world and socio-economic groups are still on the rise. HIV continues to disproportionally affect highly marginalized populations that constitute higher-risk and stigmatized groups, underserved and/or neglected populations. In addition, it is not uncommon for PWH to suffer enhanced debilitating conditions resulting from the synergistic interactions of both communicable diseases (CDs) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). While research utilizing only a comorbidities framework has advanced our understanding of the biological settings of the co-occurring conditions from a molecular and mechanistic view, harmful interactions between comorbidities are often overlooked, particularly under adverse socio-economical and behavioral circumstances, likely prompting disease clustering in PWH. Synergistic epidemics (syndemics) research aims to capture these understudied interactions: the mainly non-biological aspects that are central to interpret disease clustering in the comorbidities/multi-morbidities only framework. Connecting population-level clustering of social and health problems through syndemic interventions has proved to be a critical knowledge gap that will need to be addressed in order to improve prevention and care strategies and bring us a step closer to ending the HIV epidemic.
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27
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Reis DRA, Medeiros-Fonseca B, Costa JM, de Oliveira Neto CP, Gil da Costa RM, Oliveira PA, Medeiros R, Bastos MMSM, Brito HO, Brito LMO. HPV infection as a risk factor for atherosclerosis: A connecting hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109979. [PMID: 32570162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atheromatous plaques occurring in large arteries are common and life-threatening lesions. Multiple factors are involved in the pathogenesis of atheromatous plaques, such as hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia, high blood pressure and chronic systemic inflammation. Recent findings have suggested that infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) may increase the risk of developing atheromatous plaques. However, HPV is considered a tissue-specific virus with a strong tropism towards squamous epithelial cells, and the mechanisms whereby it may promote the development of atheromas remain unclear. Here, we propose a connecting hypothesis to explain the possible causative role of HPV on atheroma development. We hypothesize that HPV infection may promote atheroma formation in infected patients by enhancing systemic inflammation or by directly targeting blood vessels via nucleic acids carried by extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. The pro-inflammatory effects of HPV and the release of extracellular vesicles by HPV-transformed cells are well documented in scientific literature. Possible experimental approaches to test this hypothesis are also discussed, especially experiments employing transgenic mice bearing HPV16 transgenes. If correct, this hypothesis would have major implications for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, especially due to the preventable nature of HPV infection through vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R A Reis
- Tumor and DNA Biobank, Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - B Medeiros-Fonseca
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - J M Costa
- Tumor and DNA Biobank, Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - C P de Oliveira Neto
- Tumor and DNA Biobank, Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - R M Gil da Costa
- Tumor and DNA Biobank, Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - P A Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal; Research Dept., Portuguese League Against Cancer - Regional Nucleus of the North, Porto, Portugal; Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal; Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
| | - M M S M Bastos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - H O Brito
- Tumor and DNA Biobank, Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - L M O Brito
- Tumor and DNA Biobank, Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Lipidomics Reveals Reduced Inflammatory Lipid Species and Storage Lipids after Switching from EFV/FTC/TDF to RPV/FTC/TDF: A Randomized Open-Label Trial. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051246. [PMID: 32344934 PMCID: PMC7288166 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV and antiretroviral therapy affect lipid metabolism. Lipidomics quantifies several individual species that are overlooked using conventional biochemical analyses, outperforming traditional risk equations. We aimed to compare the plasma lipidomic profile of HIV patients taking efavirenz (EFV) or rilpivirine (RPV). Patients ≥ 18 years old on EFV co-formulated with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) with HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL for ≥6 months were randomized to continue EFV/FTC/TDF (n = 14) or switch to RPV/FTC/TDF (n =15). Lipidomic analyses conducted by mass spectrometry (MS) were performed at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks. OWLiver® Care and OWLiver® tests were performed to estimate the presence of fatty liver disease (NAFLD). No significant differences (83% male, median age 44 years, 6 years receiving EFV/FTC/TDF, CD4+ count 740 cells/mm3, TC 207 [57 HDL-C/133 LDL-C] mg/dL, TG 117 mg/dL) were observed between the groups at baseline. Significant reductions in plasma lipids and lipoproteins but increased circulating bilirubin concentrations were observed in patients who switched to RPV/FTC/TDF. Patients on RPV/FTC/TDF showed a decrease in the global amount of storage lipids (-0.137 log2 [fold-change] EFV vs. 0.059 log2 [fold-change] RPV) but an increase in lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) and total steroids. Compared with EFV, RPV increased metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties and reduced the repository of specific lipotoxic lipids.
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29
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Touloumi G, Kalpourtzi N, Papastamopoulos V, Paparizos V, Adamis G, Antoniadou A, Chini M, Karakosta A, Makrilakis K, Gavana M, Vantarakis A, Psichogiou M, Metallidis S, Sipsas NV, Sambatakou H, Hadjichristodoulou C, Voulgari PV, Chrysos G, Gogos C, Chlouverakis G, Tripsianis G, Alamanos Y, Stergiou G. Cardiovascular risk factors in HIV infected individuals: Comparison with general adult control population in Greece. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230730. [PMID: 32226048 PMCID: PMC7105103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although combined antiretroviral therapy has substantially improved the prognosis of people living with HIV (PLHIV), mortality remains higher compared to the general population, mainly due to higher prevalence of non-HIV-related comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We assessed the prevalence of CVD risk and its contributing factors in adult PLHIV versus general population controls in Greece. Settings Cross-sectional comparison of PLHIV (Athens-Multicenter-AIDS-Cohort-Study; AMACS) versus general population controls (National health examination survey; EMENO). Methods All HIV-infected adults with ≥1 measurement of interest (blood pressure, lipids, glucose, weight, height) between 2012–2014 and all EMENO participants (2014–2016) were included. Ten-year total CVD risk was estimated using the Framingham (FRS) or the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) equations. Results 5839 PLHIV (median age:41.6 years, 85.4% males) and 4820 controls (median age:48 years, 48.4% males) were included. Adjusting for age, sex and origin, PLHIV were more likely to be current smokers (adjusted OR:1.53 [95% CI:1.35–1.74]) and dyslipidemic (aOR:1.18; [1.04–1.34]), less likely to be obese (aOR:0.44 [0.38–0.52], with no differences in hypertension, diabetes or high (≥20%) FRS but with greater odds of high (≥5%) SCORE (aOR:1.55 [1.05–2.30]). Further adjustment for educational level, anti-HCV positivity and BMI showed higher prevalence of hypertension in PLHIV. Conclusions Despite the relative absence of obesity, PLHIV have higher prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors and higher risk of fatal CVD compared to general population. Regular screening and early management of CVD risk factors in PLHIV should be of high priority for CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giota Touloumi
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Natasa Kalpourtzi
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Papastamopoulos
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases Unit, Evaggelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilios Paparizos
- AIDS Unit, Clinic of Venereologic & Dermatologic Diseases, Syngros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Adamis
- 1st Dept of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Gennimatas General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Antoniadou
- 4th Dept Of Internal Medicine, Attikon General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Chini
- 3rd Dept Of Internal Medicine—Infectious Disease Unit, Red Cross General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Argiro Karakosta
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Makrilakis
- Hellenic Diabetes Association, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Magda Gavana
- Lab of Primary Health Care, General Medicine & Health Services Research, Medical Department, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Mina Psichogiou
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Simeon Metallidis
- 1st Internal Medicine Department, Infectious Diseases Unit, Ahepa University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos V. Sipsas
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathophysiology Laikon Athens General Hospital and Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Sambatakou
- 2nd Dept of Internal Medicine, HIV Unit, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Paraskevi V. Voulgari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Chrysos
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tzaneion General Hospital of Piraeus, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Gogos
- Dept of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Patras University General Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Grigoris Chlouverakis
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Grigoris Tripsianis
- Department of Medical Statistics, Medical Faculty, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Yannis Alamanos
- Institute of Epidemiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Corfu, Greece
| | - George Stergiou
- Hypertension Center, STRIDE-7, Third department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Mizushima D, Dung NTH, Dung NT, Matsumoto S, Tanuma J, Gatanaga H, Trung NV, Kinh NV, Oka S. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease in Vietnamese people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. Glob Health Med 2020; 2:39-43. [PMID: 33330773 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2019.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With expanding antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Vietnam, the use of second-line ART with ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) is increasing. However, little is known regarding the effect of LPV/r on dyslipidemia (DL) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with HIV in Vietnam. A cross-sectional study was performed in a cohort of HIV-infected Vietnamese patients on ART at the National Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Hanoi, Vietnam. In addition to DL, we included hypertension (HT) and hyperglycemia (HG) as non-communicable diseases. Blood pressure, casual blood sugar levels, and the lipid profile were evaluated cross-sectionally in October and November 2016. The incidence of CVD was calculated in the cohort. We determined factors associated with diseases by univariate and multivariate analyses. A total of 1,346 subjects were evaluated for their non-communicable diseases. The subjects' mean age was 39.2 years and 41.8% were women. A total of 10.5% of the subjects had exposure to LPV/r. DL, HT, and HG was diagnosed in 53.5%, 24.4%, and 0.8% of the subjects, respectively. In multivariate analysis, age (OR = 1.040; 95% CI, 1.025-1.055), female sex (OR = 0.335; 95% CI, 0.264-0.424), and LPV/r exposure (OR = 3.251; 95% CI, 2.030-5.207) were significantly associated with DL. The incidence rate of CVD was 1.87/1,000 person-years (15 incidental cases in 8,013 person-years). LPV/r exposure was not a risk factor for the incidence of CVD. Although a causative relation with LPV/r and CVD was not identified in this study, attention should be paid to CVD for patients on LPV/r in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mizushima
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Shoko Matsumoto
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Tanuma
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Roozen G, Vos AG, Tempelman HA, Venter W, Grobbee DE, Scheuermaier K, Klipstein-Grobusch K. Cardiovascular disease risk and its determinants in people living with HIV across different settings in South Africa. HIV Med 2019; 21:386-396. [PMID: 31852030 PMCID: PMC7318654 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Socio‐economic factors and lifestyle are known to differ across geographies and populations, which may result in distinct risk profiles for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study assessed carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT), a proxy for CVD, and its determinants in two groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in two different settings in South Africa. Methods A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted comparing data from the Ndlovu Cohort Study in the Limpopo Province (group 1) and from three clinical trials in Johannesburg (group 2). The association between demographics, conventional CVD risk factors, HIV‐related factors and CIMT in groups 1 and 2 was analysed with two separate multivariable linear regression models. Results Group 1 consisted of 826 participants (mean age 42.2 years) and mean (± standard deviation) CIMT was 0.626 ± 0.128 mm. In this group, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, glucose and antiretroviral therapy (ART) duration (β = 0.011 mm per 5 years; P = 0.02) were associated with higher CIMT. There were positive interactions between age and ART duration and age and cholesterol. Group 2 consisted of 382 participants (mean age 39.5 years) and mean (± standard deviation) CIMT was 0.560 ± 0.092 mm. In this group, only sex, education level, BMI and cholesterol were associated with higher CIMT, albeit with weaker associations than in group 1. Conclusions Conventional CVD risk factors were the main drivers of CIMT. The impact of some of these risk factors appeared to increase with age. Differences in sample size, age and viral suppression might explain why an effect of ART was observed in group 1 but not in group 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gvt Roozen
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A G Vos
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - H A Tempelman
- Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Ndlovu Care Group, Groblersdal, South Africa
| | - Wdf Venter
- Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - D E Grobbee
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K Scheuermaier
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - K Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Onen BL, Harris C, Ignatowicz A, Davies J, Drouvelis M, Howes A, Nkomazana O, Onen CL, Sapey E, Tsima B, Lasserson D. Ageing, frailty and resilience in Botswana: rapid ageing, rapid change. Findings from a national working group meeting and literature review. BMC Proc 2019; 13:8. [PMID: 31827603 PMCID: PMC6862741 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-019-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The demography of Botswana is rapidly changing. Successes in tackling communicable diseases and economic development increased life expectancy from 53.7 years in 2006 to 66.8 years in 2016. The prevalence of diseases associated with older age, especially chronic non-communicable diseases including diabetes, hypertension and cerebrovascular disease are suspected to have increased but accurate data are lacking. The country has high youth unemployment and national retirement is at the age of 60, which limits the opportunity to build pensions for prosperity in older age. Changes across health, social care and economic policy are needed to prepare for a future ageing population. Methods This article reports on the national working group meeting outputs on issues that face older people, their families, healthcare providers, and policy makers in Botswana. A collaborative working group meeting was convened in Gaborone, Botswana on 25th September 2018 by the University of Botswana and University of Birmingham, UK, to identify key challenges and opportunities for an ageing Batswana population. Results There was agreement across diverse stakeholders of a need for effective and rapid policy formation to prepare and protect the future health and economy of an ageing Batswana population with a high burden of NCDs. The main priorities for policy-makers must be social care, poverty reduction and healthcare provision, conducted in an evidence-based manner, as far as practicable. To effectively achieve this, research and high-quality data collection mechanisms are required. Conclusions Future policy in Botswana must focus on the challenges that an ageing population brings, and development of health and care system resilience for the demographic change could be a model for healthcare policy across Southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lachana Onen
- 1Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,2Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ciara Harris
- 3Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Justine Davies
- 3Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Andrew Howes
- 5School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Sapey
- 7Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Billy Tsima
- 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Daniel Lasserson
- 3Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Human Papillomavirus and Coronary Artery Disease in Climacteric Women: Is There an Association? ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019:1872536. [PMID: 31320839 PMCID: PMC6609359 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1872536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of death worldwide. Recent studies suggest that infection by some viruses, including the human papillomavirus (HPV), may increase the risk of developing atheromatous lesions on coronary arteries. However, there is a lack of data regarding the possible association between HPV infection and coronary artery disease (CAD) in women. Objective To investigate whether HPV infection is associated with the occurrence of CAD among climacteric women. Methods The presence of CAD and cervical HPV DNA was investigated in 52 climacteric women. Social and demographic variables and metabolic profiles were also investigated. Results Among 27 women with CAD, 16 were positive for HPV, whereas 11 were negative. The presence of cervical HPV was strongly associated with CAD, after adjusting for demographic variables, health and sexual behaviors, comorbidities, and known cardiovascular risk factors. HPV-positive women showed a greater likelihood of having CAD (odds ratio [OR] = 3.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16 to 11.96) as compared with HPV-negative women, particularly those infected with high-risk HPV types (OR = 4.90; 95% CI: 1.26 to 19.08). Conclusion These results support the hypothesis that HPV infection might be associated with CAD among climacteric women, though further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved.
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Peyracchia M, Verardi R, Rubin SR, Abu-Assi E, Montrucchio C, Perl L, Grossomarra W, Calcagno A, Omedè P, Montefusco A, Bonora S, Moretti C, D'Amico M, Mauro R, D'Ascenzo F. In-hospital and long-term outcomes of HIV-positive patients undergoing PCI according to kind of stent: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2019; 20:321-326. [PMID: 30664538 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in HIV-positive patients is related to the interaction between traditional and HIV-specific factors. Limited data are available regarding the prognosis of HIV-positive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS All observational studies evaluating the prognosis of HIV-positive patients treated with PCI were included. In-hospital and long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE) [composite endpoint of all-cause death or myocardial infarction (MI)] were the primary endpoints, whereas in-hospital and long-term all-cause death, cardiovascular death, MI, stent thrombosis, target vessel revascularization (TVR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), and bleeding complications were the secondary ones. FINDINGS In all, 1243 patients in nine studies were included, with a mean age of 54 years. Among them, 12% were female and 91% were admitted for acute coronary syndromes. In-hospital MACE occurred in 6.0% (5.4-6.6), death in 4.2% (2.6-5.9), and MI in 1.3% (0-2.8), whereas major bleeding occurred in 2.0% (1.7-2.3) of the patients. After 2 years (1.6-3.1), long-term MACE occurred in 17.4% (11.9-22.3), all-cause death in 8.7% (3.2-14.2), and MI in 7.8% (5.5-10.1) of the patients, whereas stent thrombosis and TVR in 3.4% (1.5-5.3) and 10.5% (7.5-13.4), respectively. In patients treated with drug-eluting stents (DES), the rate of long-term MACE was 22.3% (10.1-34.4), with an incidence of 4.9% (0.0-11.4) of MI and 5.7% (2.3-13.7, all 95% confidence intervals of TLR. INTERPRETATION HIV-positive patients have a high risk of in-hospital and long-term MACE after PCI, partially reduced by the use of DES. Further studies on the risk of recurrent ischemic events with current generation stents are needed, to offer a tailored therapy in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Peyracchia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Città Della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Verardi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Città Della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Raposeiras Rubin
- Department of Cardiology and Coronary Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña
| | - Emad Abu-Assi
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Leor Perl
- Cardiology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva and the "Sackler" Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Walter Grossomarra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Città Della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Omedè
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Città Della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Montefusco
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Città Della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Moretti
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Città Della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Amico
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Città Della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rinaldi Mauro
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Città Della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio D'Ascenzo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Città Della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Spagnuolo V, Uberti-Foppa C, Castagna A. Pharmacotherapeutic management of HIV in transplant patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1235-1250. [PMID: 31081726 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1612364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last two decades, an increasing number of people living with HIV (PLWH) have undergone solid-organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation as a treatment of end-stage organ and hematological diseases, respectively. Although transplant outcomes are more than satisfactory, transplantation in PLWH is still challenging for clinicians because of concerns regarding potentially higher rates of infective complications, higher risks of allograft rejection, and drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral drugs and immunosuppressive agents. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of transplantation in PLWH, with focus on the management of combination antiretroviral therapy in this population. EXPERT OPINION Solid-organ and hematopoietic cell transplantations should be proposed without any reservation to all PLWH who may benefit from them. Particular attention should be paid to possible drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and immunosuppressive agents; moreover, when feasible, integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimens should be preferred to protease and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Considering the worse prognosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) transplant recipients, treatment of HCV with new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) represents a key issue in the management of this population. However, the timing of treatment (before or early after transplant) should be individualized by considering short-term prognosis, access to transplant, and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Spagnuolo
- a Faculty of Medicine and Surgery , Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan , Italy.,b Clinic of Infectious Diseases , Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - Caterina Uberti-Foppa
- a Faculty of Medicine and Surgery , Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan , Italy.,b Clinic of Infectious Diseases , Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - Antonella Castagna
- a Faculty of Medicine and Surgery , Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan , Italy.,b Clinic of Infectious Diseases , Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
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Bijker R, Jiamsakul A, Uy E, Kumarasamy N, Ditango R, Chaiwarith R, Wong WW, Avihingsanon A, Sun LP, Yunihastuti E, Pujari S, Do CD, Merati TP, Kantipong P, Nguyen KV, Kamarulzaman A, Zhang F, Lee MP, Choi JY, Tanuma J, Ng OT, Sim B, Ross J, Kiertiburanakul S. Cardiovascular disease-related mortality and factors associated with cardiovascular events in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD). HIV Med 2019; 20:183-191. [PMID: 30620108 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With aging of the HIV-positive population, cardiovascular disease (CVD) increasingly contributes to morbidity and mortality. We investigated CVD-related and other causes of death (CODs) and factors associated with CVD in a multi-country Asian HIV-positive cohort. METHODS Patient data from 2003-2017 were obtained from the Therapeutics, Research, Education and AIDS Training in Asia (TREAT Asia) HIV Observational Database (TAHOD). We included patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with > 1 day of follow-up. Cumulative incidences were plotted for CVD-related, AIDS-related, non-AIDS-related, and unknown CODs, and any CVD (i.e. fatal and nonfatal). Competing risk regression was used to assess risk factors of any CVD. RESULTS Of 8069 patients with a median follow-up of 7.3 years [interquartile range (IQR) 4.4-10.7 years], 378 patients died [incidence rate (IR) 6.2 per 1000 person-years (PY)], and this total included 22 CVD-related deaths (IR 0.36 per 1000 PY). Factors significantly associated with any CVD event (IR 2.2 per 1000 PY) were older age [sub-hazard ratio (sHR) 2.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-3.58 for age 41-50 years; sHR 5.52; 95% CI 3.43-8.91 for ≥ 51 years, compared with < 40 years], high blood pressure (sHR 1.62; 95% CI 1.04-2.52), high total cholesterol (sHR 1.89; 95% CI 1.27-2.82), high triglycerides (sHR 1.55; 95% CI 1.02-2.37) and high body mass index (BMI) (sHR 1.66; 95% CI 1.12-2.46). CVD crude IRs were lower in the later ART initiation period and in lower middle- and upper middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS The development of fatal and nonfatal CVD events in our cohort was associated with older age, and treatable risk factors such as high blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol and BMI. Lower CVD event rates in middle-income countries may indicate under-diagnosis of CVD in Asian-Pacific resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bijker
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Jiamsakul
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - E Uy
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - R Ditango
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Manila, Philippines
| | - R Chaiwarith
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - W W Wong
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - A Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT/The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - L P Sun
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology & STDs, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - E Yunihastuti
- Working Group on AIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia/CiptoMangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - S Pujari
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Pune, India
| | - C D Do
- Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T P Merati
- Faculty of Medicine, Sanglah Hospital, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
| | - P Kantipong
- Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - K V Nguyen
- National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - A Kamarulzaman
- University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - F Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Bejing, China
| | - M P Lee
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - J Y Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Tanuma
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - O T Ng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Blh Sim
- Hospital Sungai Buloh, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - J Ross
- TREAT Asia, amfAR - The Foundation for AIDS Research, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Kiertiburanakul
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Steel HC, Venter WDF, Theron AJ, Anderson R, Feldman C, Kwofie L, Cronjé T, Arullapan N, Rossouw TM. Effects of Tobacco Usage and Antiretroviral Therapy on Biomarkers of Systemic Immune Activation in HIV-Infected Participants. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8357109. [PMID: 30622435 PMCID: PMC6304812 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8357109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Like HIV infection, smoking, which is common among HIV-infected persons, is associated with chronic, systemic inflammation. However, the possible augmentative effects of HIV infection and smoking and other types of tobacco usage on indices of systemic inflammation and the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) thereon remain largely unexplored and represent the focus of the current study. Of the total number of HIV-infected persons recruited to the study (n = 199), 100 were categorised as pre-cART and 99 as virally suppressed (HIV viral load < 40 copies/mL). According to serum cotinine levels, 144 and 55 participants were categorised as nonusers and users of tobacco, respectively. In addition to cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and chemokines (IP-10, MIG, IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES), other biomarkers of systemic inflammation included C-reactive protein (CRP), β2-microglobulin, and those of neutrophil activation [ICAM-1, L-selectin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)], microbial translocation (soluble CD14, LPS-binding protein), and oxidative stress (cyclophilin A, surfactant D). These were measured using multiplex bead array, ELISA, and immunonephelometric procedures. Viral suppression was associated with significant decreases in the levels of most of the biomarkers tested (P < 0.0037-0.0008), with the exceptions of CRP, cyclophilin A, and MMP-9. With respect to tobacco usage, irrespective of cART status, circulating levels of β2-microglobulin, cyclophilin A, and RANTES were significantly elevated (P < 0.042-0.012) in users vs nonusers. Additional analysis of the groups of tobacco users and nonusers according to cART status revealed high levels of RANTES in pre-cART/tobacco users relative to the three other subgroups (P < 0.004-0.0001), while more modest increases in cyclophilin A and MMP-9 (P < 0.019-0.027) were observed in comparison with the cART/tobacco user subgroup. Notwithstanding the efficacy of cART in attenuating HIV-associated, chronic systemic inflammation, the current study has identified RANTES as being significantly and seemingly selectively increased in those with active HIV infection who use tobacco, a mechanism which may underpin augmentative proinflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Steel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - W. D. Francois Venter
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | | | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Luyanda Kwofie
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanita Cronjé
- Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Natasha Arullapan
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Theresa M. Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Lv L, Li Y, Fan X, Xie Z, Liang H, Shen T. HCV coinfection aggravated the decrease of platelet counts, but not mean platelet volume in chronic HIV-infected patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17497. [PMID: 30504858 PMCID: PMC6269489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Either HIV or HCV monoinfection could result in an abnormal status of platelets. As two key indicators reflecting activation and function of platelets, the changes of platelet counts and mean platelet volume (MPV) in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients have not been clearly identified. In the present study, a total of 318 former plasma donors were investigated in 2006, and 66% (201 individuals) of primary recruiters were followed up in 2014. By horizontal comparison in 2006, the decrease of platelet counts in HIV/HCV coinfection was greater than that in HIV or HCV monoinfection. MPV scores were lower in HIV monoinfection compared with healthy controls, while no difference was found in HIV/HCV coinfection. Platelet counts were shown to be negatively correlated with MPV scores in total recruited population (r = 0.432, P < 0.001). Interestingly, by comparison of data from two time points of 2006 and 2014, significant decrease of platelets (P = 0.004) and increase of MPV (P = 0.004) were found only in HCV monoinfected patients, which may associate with slow progression of hepatic fibrosis induced by chronic HCV infection. Nonetheless, no significant changes of platelet counts and MPV were found from 2006 to 2014 in coinfected patients. In conclusion, HCV coinfection aggravated the decrease of platelet counts, but not MPV score in chronic HIV infection. MPV showed poor applicability in reflecting the status of platelets in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linting Lv
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuantao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xueying Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hua Liang
- State Key laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Pallikkuth S, Pahwa R, Kausalya B, Saravanan S, Pan L, Vignesh R, Iqbal S, Solomon SS, Murugavel KG, Poongulali S, Kumarasamy N, Pahwa S. Cardiac morbidity in HIV infection is associated with checkpoint inhibitor LAG-3 on CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206256. [PMID: 30379878 PMCID: PMC6209232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings point to a role of Checkpoint Inhibitor (CPI) receptors at the tissue level in immune homeostasis. Here we investigated the role of CPI molecules on immune cells in relation to cardiac function. Participants recruited in Chennai, India consisted of HIV+ ART naive viremic (Gp1 n = 102), HIV+ on ART, virologically suppressed (Gp2, n = 172) and HIV negative healthy controls (Gp3, n = 64). A cross-sectional analysis of cardiac function, arterial resistance and immunologic assessment of CPI expressing T cells was performed. Data indicate that ART naive exhibited cardiac function impairment and greater arterial stiffness than the other groups. Frequencies of CD4+ T cells expressing LAG-3 and PD1 were higher in ART naïve while TIGIT and TIM3 were similar among the patient groups. LAG-3+, PD1+ and dual LAG-3+PD1+ CD4 T cells were inversely correlated with cardiac function and arterial elasticity and directly with arterial stiffness in ART naïve participants and with arterial elasticity in virally suppressed group on ART. We conclude that HIV induced upregulation of LAG-3 singly or in combination with PD1 in immune cells may regulate cardiac health and warrant mechanistic investigations. The implications of these findings have bearing for the potential utility of anti-LAG-3 immunotherapy for cardiac dysfunction in chronic HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | | | | | - Li Pan
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Vignesh
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Syed Iqbal
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Sunil S. Solomon
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Savita Pahwa
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe changes in the prevalence of comorbidities and risk factors among HIV-positive individuals in the EuroSIDA study. DESIGN Comparison of two cross-sectional cohorts of HIV-positive adults under active follow-up in 2006 and 2014. METHODS Baseline demographics and prevalence of comorbidities were described. Factors associated with the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) were assessed by logistic regression modelling using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Nine thousand, seven hundred and ninety-eight individuals were under active follow-up in EuroSIDA during 2006 and 12 882 during 2014. Compared with study participants in 2006, those in 2014 were older [median age 48.6 years (IQR 40.3-55.1) vs. 43.1 years (37.2-50.0) in 2006] and had higher prevalence of hypertension (59.6 vs. 47% in 2006), diabetes (6.3 vs. 5.4%), CKD (6.9 vs. 4.1%) and CVD (5.0 vs. 3.7%). Individuals in the 2014 cohort had higher odds for CKD (unadjusted OR 2.62, 95% CI 2.30-2.99, P < 0.0001) and CVD (OR 1.88, CI 1.68-2.10, P < 0.0001), but after multivariable adjustment for age group, comorbidities and other factors, year of cohort was no longer significantly associated with the odds of CKD [adjusted OR (aOR) 0.97, CI 0.52-1.82, P = 0.92) or of CVD (aOR 0.94, CI 0.54-1.63, P = 0.82). CONCLUSION Between 2006 and 2014, the population aged and experienced an overall higher prevalence of non-AIDS comorbidities, including CKD and CVD. The increase in CVD could be explained by the aging population, and the increase in CKD by aging and changes in other factors. Treatment strategies balancing HIV outcomes with long-term management of comorbidities remain a priority.
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Hammoud DA, Sinharay S, Steinbach S, Wakim PG, Geannopoulos K, Traino K, Dey AK, Tramont E, Rapoport SI, Snow J, Mehta NN, Smith BR, Nath A. Global and regional brain hypometabolism on FDG-PET in treated HIV-infected individuals. Neurology 2018; 91:e1591-e1601. [PMID: 30258017 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively measure brain glucose metabolism in treated HIV-positive individuals with [18F]-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional comparison of FDG uptake in 47 treated HIV+ individuals, 10 age-matched controls (HIV-) sharing many of the comorbid conditions seen in the HIV+ group, and 19 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). We compared whole-brain (WB) and regional FDG standardized uptake values (SUVs) of select subcortical/central structures among the groups and correlated the values to clinical and neuropsychological assessments. A variable selection model was used to predict SUVs in HIV+ (n = 47) and in combined HIV+ and HIV- participants (n = 57). RESULTS We found lower WB SUVmax in HIV+ participants compared to HCs but not to HIV- participants. Among the relative SUVmean measurements (regional SUVmean/WB SUVmean), only relative thalamic uptake values were lower in HIV+ compared to HIV- participants. When HIV+ and HIV- participants were grouped, cardiovascular disease risk scores best predicted WB SUVmean and SUVmax, while HIV status best predicted thalamic relative SUVmean. CONCLUSIONS We identified an important role for cardiovascular disease in neuronal loss/dysfunction, as measured by FDG-PET, in treated HIV+ patients. This underscores the need for shifting the focus of clinical intervention in this vulnerable population from HIV effects alone to a wider set of comorbid conditions, mainly cardiovascular disease. Only the thalamus showed significantly lower relative uptake in the HIV+ compared to the HC and HIV- groups. This needs to be further evaluated for underlying pathophysiology and potential association with memory, executive functioning, and attention deficits seen in the HIV+ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima A Hammoud
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Sanhita Sinharay
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sally Steinbach
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul G Wakim
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katrina Geannopoulos
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katherine Traino
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amit K Dey
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edmund Tramont
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stanley I Rapoport
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joseph Snow
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bryan R Smith
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Avindra Nath
- From the Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences (D.A.H., S. Sinharay), Clinical Center, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (S. Steinbach, K.G., B.R.S., A.N.), Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service (P.G.W.), Clinical Center, National Institute of Mental Health (K.T., J.S.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A.K.D., N.N.M.), National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (E.T.), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (S.I.R.), NIH, Bethesda, MD
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Nkambule BB, Mkandla Z, Mutize T, Dludla PV. Platelet function and cardiovascular risk in adult HIV-infected patients on HAART: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e019468. [PMID: 29259066 PMCID: PMC5778303 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now at least threefold higher in HIV-infected patients as compared with the general population. Although platelet activation and reactivity are implicated in the development of CVDs in HIV-infected patients, its precise role remains inconclusive. We aim to assess the association between platelet activation and selected cardiovascular risk factors in HIV-1-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). METHODS This will be a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies evaluating the association between platelet activation and CVD risk factors in HAART-treated adults. The search strategy will include medical subject headings words for MEDLINE, and this will be adapted to Embase search headings (Emtree) terms for the EMBASE database. The search will cover literature published between 1 January 1996 to 30 April 2017. Studies will be independently screened by two reviewers using predefined criteria. Relevant eligible full texts will be screened; data will be extracted, and a qualitative synthesis will be conducted. Data extraction will be performed using Review Manager V.5.3. To assess the quality and strengths of evidence across selected studies, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation approach will be used. The Cochran's Q statistic and the I2 statistics will be used to analyse statistical heterogeneity between studies. If included studies show high levels of homogeneity, a random effects meta-analysis will be performed using R statistical software. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This will be a review of existing studies and will not require ethical approval. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and presented at local and international conferences. An emerging patient management dilemma is that of the increased incidence of CVD in people living with HIV on HAART. This review may inform treatment and cardiovascular risk stratification of HIV-infected patients at increased risk of developing CVD. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017062393.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongani Brian Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zibusiso Mkandla
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tinashe Mutize
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Kearns A, Burdo TH, Qin X. Editorial Commentary: Clinical management of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2017; 27:564-566. [PMID: 28774757 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Kearns
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
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