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Nerild HH, Brønden A, Haddouchi AE, Ellegaard AM, Hartmann B, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Sonne DP, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Elucidating the glucose-lowering effect of the bile acid sequestrant sevelamer. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1252-1263. [PMID: 38151760 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM Bile acid sequestrants are cholesterol-lowering drugs, which also improve glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. The mechanism behind the glucose-lowering effect is unknown but has been proposed to be mediated by increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Here, we investigated the glucose-lowering effects of sevelamer including any contribution from GLP-1 in people with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 15 people with type 2 diabetes on metformin monotherapy underwent two 17-day treatment periods with the bile acid sequestrant sevelamer and placebo, respectively, in a randomized order and with an interposed wash-out period of minimum 6 weeks. On days 15 and 17 of each treatment period, participants underwent experimental days with 4-h liquid meal tests and application of concomitant infusion of exendin(9-39)NH2 or saline. RESULTS Compared with placebo, sevelamer improved insulin sensitivity (assessed by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) and beta-cell sensitivity to glucose and lowered fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations. In both treatment periods, exendin(9-39)NH2 increased postprandial glucose excursions compared with saline but without absolute or relative difference between the two treatment periods. In contrast, exendin(9-39)NH2 abolished the sevelamer-induced improvement in beta-cell glucose sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The bile acid sequestrant sevelamer improved insulin sensitivity and beta-cell sensitivity to glucose, but using the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 we were not able to detect a GLP-1-mediated glucose-lowering effect of sevelamer in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the sevelamer-induced improvement of beta-cell sensitivity to glucose was shown to be GLP-1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdullah E Haddouchi
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Ellegaard
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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2
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Ke Z, Lu Z, Li Q, Tong W. Intestinal glucose excretion: A potential mechanism for glycemic control. Metabolism 2024; 152:155743. [PMID: 38007149 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The gut has been increasingly recognized in recent years as a pivotal organ in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Specifically, the profound and enduring improvement in glucose metabolism achieved through metabolic surgery to modify the anatomy of the gut has prompted scholars to acknowledge that the most effective strategy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) involves the gut. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of glucose metabolism by the gut encompass gut hormones, bile acids, intestinal gluconeogenesis, gut microbiota, and signaling interactions between the gut and other organs (liver, brain, adipose, etc.). Recent studies have also revealed a novel phenomenon of glucose lowering through the gut: metabolic surgery and metformin promote the excretion of glucose from the circulation into the intestinal lumen by enterocytes. However, there is still limited understanding regarding the underlying mechanisms of intestinal glucose excretion and its contribution to glycemic control. This article reviews current research on intestinal glucose excretion while focusing on its role in T2DM management as well as potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ke
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zongshi Lu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Weidong Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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3
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Dehondt H, Marino A, Butruille L, Mogilenko DA, Nzoussi Loubota AC, Chávez-Talavera O, Dorchies E, Vallez E, Haas J, Derudas B, Bongiovanni A, Tardivel M, Kuipers F, Lefebvre P, Lestavel S, Tailleux A, Dombrowicz D, Caron S, Staels B. Adipocyte-specific FXR-deficiency protects adipose tissue from oxidative stress and insulin resistance and improves glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2023; 69:101686. [PMID: 36746333 PMCID: PMC9958065 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with metabolic dysfunction of white adipose tissue (WAT). Activated adipocytes secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines resulting in the recruitment of pro-inflammatory macrophages, which contribute to WAT insulin resistance. The bile acid (BA)-activated nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) controls systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Here, we studied the role of FXR in adipose tissue function. METHODS We first investigated the immune phenotype of epididymal WAT (eWAT) from high fat diet (HFD)-fed whole-body FXR-deficient (FXR-/-) mice by flow cytometry and gene expression analysis. We then generated adipocyte-specific FXR-deficient (Ad-FXR-/-) mice and analyzed systemic and eWAT metabolism and immune phenotype upon HFD feeding. Transcriptomic analysis was done on mature eWAT adipocytes from HFD-fed Ad-FXR-/- mice. RESULTS eWAT from HFD-fed whole-body FXR-/- and Ad-FXR-/- mice displayed decreased pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration and inflammation. Ad-FXR-/- mice showed lower blood glucose concentrations, improved systemic glucose tolerance and WAT insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress. Transcriptomic analysis identified Gsta4, a modulator of oxidative stress in WAT, as the most upregulated gene in Ad-FXR-/- mouse adipocytes. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that FXR binds the Gsta4 gene promoter. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a role for the adipocyte FXR-GSTA4 axis in controlling HFD-induced inflammation and systemic glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Dehondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Arianna Marino
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laura Butruille
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denis A Mogilenko
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Oscar Chávez-Talavera
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Dorchies
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Joel Haas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno Derudas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Antonino Bongiovanni
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Meryem Tardivel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Dombrowicz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sandrine Caron
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
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4
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Vals-Delgado C, Alcala-Diaz JF, Molina-Abril H, Roncero-Ramos I, Caspers MPM, Schuren FHJ, Van den Broek TJ, Luque R, Perez-Martinez P, Katsiki N, Delgado-Lista J, Ordovas JM, van Ommen B, Camargo A, Lopez-Miranda J. An altered microbiota pattern precedes Type 2 diabetes mellitus development: From the CORDIOPREV study. J Adv Res 2022; 35:99-108. [PMID: 35024196 PMCID: PMC8721255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) increases the risk of recurrence in myocardial infarction patients. A gut microbiota profile is associated to the further T2DM development. Microbiome data improved the prediction of T2DM development when added to clinical parameters. A risk score including the most predictive genera was associated with the probability of T2DM. A high risk score was associated with a higher hepatic insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.
Introduction A distinctive gut microbiome have been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objectives We aimed to evaluate whether gut microbiota composition, in addition to clinical biomarkers, could improve the prediction of new incident cases of diabetes in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods All the patients from the CORDIOPREV (Clinical Trials.gov.Identifier: NCT00924937) study without T2DM at baseline were included (n = 462). Overall, 107 patients developed it after a median of 60 months. The gut microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and predictive models were created using hold-out method. Results A gut microbiota profile associated with T2DM development was determined through a microbiome-based predictive model. The addition of microbiome data to clinical parameters (variables included in FINDRISC risk score and the diabetes risk score of the American Diabetes Association, HDL, triglycerides and HbA1c) improved the prediction increasing the area under the curve from 0.632 to 0.946. Furthermore, a microbiome-based risk score including the ten most discriminant genera, was associated with the probability of develop T2DM. Conclusion These results suggest that a microbiota profile is associated to the T2DM development. An integrate predictive model of microbiome and clinical data that can improve the prediction of T2DM is also proposed, if is validated in independent populations to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vals-Delgado
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Juan F Alcala-Diaz
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Helena Molina-Abril
- Department of Applied Mathematics I, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain
| | - Irene Roncero-Ramos
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist NL-3704 HE, the Netherlands
| | - Frank H J Schuren
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist NL-3704 HE, the Netherlands
| | - Tim J Van den Broek
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist NL-3704 HE, the Netherlands
| | - Raul Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Córdoba 14004, Spain
| | - Pablo Perez-Martinez
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology-Metabolism, Diabetes Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 546 21, Greece
| | - Javier Delgado-Lista
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, J.M.-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States.,IMDEA Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ben van Ommen
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Science (TNO), Research Group Microbiology & Systems Biology, Zeist NL-3704 HE, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio Camargo
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jose Lopez-Miranda
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Internal Medicine Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/University of Cordoba/Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba 14004, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Qi L, Tian Y, Chen Y. Circulating Bile Acid Profiles: A Need for Further Examination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3093-3112. [PMID: 34279029 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bile acids (BAs) are increasingly recognized as metabolic and chronobiologic integrators that synchronize the systemic metabolic response to nutrient availability. Alterations in the concentration and/or composition of circulating BAs are associated with a number of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This review summarizes recent evidence that links abnormal circulating BA profiles to multiple metabolic disorders, and discusses the possible mechanisms underlying the connections to determine the role of BA profiling as a novel biomarker for these abnormalities. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The review is based on a collection of primary and review literature gathered from a PubMed search of BAs, T2DM, IR, and MAFLD, among other keywords. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Obese and IR subjects appear to have elevated fasting circulating BAs but lower postprandial increase when compared with controls. The possible underlying mechanisms are disruption in the synchronization between the feeding/fasting cycle and the properties of BA-regulated metabolic pathways. Whether BA alterations are associated per se with MAFLD remains inconclusive. However, increased fasting circulating BAs level was associated with higher risk of advanced fibrosis stage. Thus, for patients with MAFLD, dynamically monitoring the circulating BA profiles may be a promising tool for the stratification of MAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in the concentration, composition, and rhythm of circulating BAs are associated with adverse events in systemic metabolism. Subsequent investigations regarding these aspects of circulating BA kinetics may help predict future metabolic disorders and guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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6
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Nishida S, Katsumi N, Matsumoto K. Prevention of the rise in plasma cholesterol and glucose levels by kaki-tannin and characterization of its bile acid binding capacity. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2117-2124. [PMID: 32981084 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acid-binding agents, such as cholestyramine and colesevelam, improve both cholesterol and glucose metabolism. Kaki-tannin, a polymerized condensed tannin derived from persimmon (Diospyros kaki), has been shown to have bile acid-binding capacity and a hypocholesterolemic effect. However, its effects on glucose metabolism have not been well studied, and the binding selectivity of kaki-tannin to bile acid molecules has not been reported. RESULTS In vivo experiments using mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity showed that kaki-tannin intake (20 g kg-1 of the diet) increased fecal bile acid excretion by 2.3-fold and prevented a rise in plasma cholesterol levels and fasting plasma glucose levels. Kaki-tannin also suppressed the development of impaired glucose tolerance. To characterize the bile acid-binding capacity of kaki-tannin, we investigated its capacity to bind to eight types of bile acid and cholesterol in vitro. Kaki-tannin showed strong capacity to bind to lithocholic acid (85.5%), which has one hydroxy group. It also showed moderate capacity to bind to bile acids with two hydroxy groups (53.3%), followed by those with three hydroxy groups (39.0%), but kaki-tannin did not show binding capacity to cholesterol. These results suggest that the binding capacity of kaki-tannin to bile acids tends to decrease as the number of hydroxy groups increases. Interestingly, the binding capacity of kaki-tannin correlated with that of cholestyramine (correlation coefficient: r = 0.900). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that kaki-tannin binds preferentially to bile acids with fewer hydroxy groups and has beneficial effects on glucose metabolism as well as cholesterol metabolism. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Nishida
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Naoya Katsumi
- Department of Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
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7
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FXR in liver physiology: Multiple faces to regulate liver metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166133. [PMID: 33771667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic hub which coordinates nutritional inputs and metabolic outputs. Food intake releases bile acids which can be sensed by the bile acid receptor FXR in the liver and the intestine. Hepatic and intestinal FXR coordinately regulate postprandial nutrient disposal in a network of interacting metabolic nuclear receptors. In this review we summarize and update the "classical roles" of FXR as a central integrator of the feeding state response, which orchestrates the metabolic processing of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and bile acids. We also discuss more recent and less well studied FXR effects on amino acid, protein metabolism, autophagic turnover and inflammation. In addition, we summarize the recent understanding of how FXR signaling is affected by posttranslational modifications and by different FXR isoforms. These modifications and variations in FXR signaling might be considered when FXR is targeted pharmaceutically in clinical applications.
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8
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Bishay RH, Tonks KT, George J, Samocha-Bonet D, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Chisholm DJ, James DE, Greenfield JR. Plasma Bile Acids More Closely Align With Insulin Resistance, Visceral and Hepatic Adiposity Than Total Adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1131-e1139. [PMID: 33347566 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The etiological mechanism of bile acid (BA) effects on insulin resistance and obesity is unknown. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to determine whether plasma BAs are elevated in human obesity and/or insulin resistance. METHODS This observational study was conducted at an academic research center. Seventy-one adult volunteers formed 4 groups: lean insulin-sensitive (body mass index [BMI] ≤ 25 kg/m2, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR] < 2.0, n = 19), overweight/obese nondiabetic who were either insulin sensitive (Obsensitive, BMI > 25 kg/m2, HOMA-IR < 1.5, n = 11) or insulin resistant (Obresistant, BMI > 25 kg/m2, HOMA-IR > 3.0, n = 20), and type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 21). Main outcome measures included insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, abdominal fat distribution, and liver density by computed tomography and plasma BA. RESULTS In the Obresistant group, glucose infusion rate/fat-free mass (GIR/FFM, an inverse measure of insulin resistance) was significantly lower, and visceral and liver fat higher, compared to lean and Obsensitive individuals, despite similar total adiposity in Obresistant and Obsensitive. Total BA concentrations were higher in Obresistant (2.62 ± 0.333 mmol/L, P = .03) and T2D (3.36 ± 0.582 mmol/L, P < .001) vs Obsensitive (1.16 ± 0.143 mmol/L), but were similar between Obsensitive and lean (2.31 ± 0.329 mmol/L) individuals. Total BAs were positively associated with waist circumference (R = 0.245, P = .041), visceral fat (R = 0.360, P = .002), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (R = 0.341, P = .004) and negatively associated with insulin sensitivity (R = -0.395, P = .001), abdominal subcutaneous fat (R = -0.352, P = .003), adiponectin (R = -0.375, P = .001), and liver fat (Hounsfield units, an inverse marker of liver fat, R = -0.245, P = .04). Conjugated BAs were additionally elevated in T2D individuals (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS BA concentrations correlated with abdominal, visceral, and liver fat in humans, though an etiological role in insulin resistance remains to be verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy H Bishay
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Metabolic & Weight Loss Program, Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Blacktown-Mt Druitt Hospital, Blacktown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine T Tonks
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Healthy Ageing, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dorit Samocha-Bonet
- Healthy Ageing, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz
- Western Sydney Diabetes, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Donald J Chisholm
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Healthy Ageing, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David E James
- The Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life & Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jerry R Greenfield
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Healthy Ageing, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Laessle C, Jin K, Seifert GJ, Timme-Bronsert S, Fichtner-Feigl S, Marjanovic G, Fink JM. Putting the Hindgut Hypothesis to the Test in a Diabetic Zucker Rat Model. Obes Surg 2020; 29:4000-4007. [PMID: 31367988 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hindgut theory hypothesizes a key role of differential hindgut stimulation following metabolic procedures in ameliorating diabetes mellitus. We used two strategies to remove the hindgut from intestinal continuity in order to analyze its impact on diabetes mellitus. METHODS Loop duodeno-jejunostomy (DJOS) with exclusion of one-third of total intestinal length was performed in 3 groups of 9-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty rats. In group 1, no further alteration of the intestinal tract was made. Group 2 received additional ileal exclusion (IE). Group 3 underwent additional resection of 50% of the ileum with side-to-side ileocecal anastomosis (IR). One, 2, and 4 months after surgery, fasting blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), and glucose-stimulated hormone analyses were conducted, and bile acid blood levels were compared. Body weight was documented weekly. RESULTS In relation to DJOS, glucose control was not impaired in IR or IE. On the contrary, only IR could maintain preOP glucose values until 4 months. There were no significant weight differences between the groups. Confirming effective ileal diversion, bile acid blood levels were significantly higher in the DJOS group compared with both IR and IE (p = 0.0025 and p = 0.0047). Operative interventions had no impact on GLP-1 levels at any time point (ANOVA p > 0.05 for all). Insulin secretion was preserved in all groups. CONCLUSION This data supports the hypothesis that the mechanisms driving amelioration of diabetes mellitus are complex and cannot be reduced to the ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Laessle
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ke Jin
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel J Seifert
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Timme-Bronsert
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fichtner-Feigl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Goran Marjanovic
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jodok Matthias Fink
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Nishida S, Horinouchi A, Higashimura Y, Akahori R, Matsumoto K. Cholestyramine, a Bile Acid Sequestrant, Increases Cecal Short Chain Fatty Acids and Intestinal Immunoglobulin A in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:565-568. [PMID: 31852854 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Nishida
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | | | | | - Reina Akahori
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
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11
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The nuclear receptor FXR inhibits Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 secretion in response to microbiota-derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:174. [PMID: 31932631 PMCID: PMC6957696 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota participates in the control of energy homeostasis partly through fermentation of dietary fibers hence producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn promote the secretion of the incretin Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) by binding to the SCFA receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3 on enteroendocrine L-cells. We have previously shown that activation of the nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) decreases the L-cell response to glucose. Here, we investigated whether FXR also regulates the SCFA-induced GLP-1 secretion. GLP-1 secretion in response to SCFAs was evaluated ex vivo in murine colonic biopsies and in colonoids of wild-type (WT) and FXR knock-out (KO) mice, in vitro in GLUTag and NCI-H716 L-cells activated with the synthetic FXR agonist GW4064 and in vivo in WT and FXR KO mice after prebiotic supplementation. SCFA-induced GLP-1 secretion was blunted in colonic biopsies from GW4064-treated mice and enhanced in FXR KO colonoids. In vitro FXR activation inhibited GLP-1 secretion in response to SCFAs and FFAR2 synthetic ligands, mainly by decreasing FFAR2 expression and downstream Gαq-signaling. FXR KO mice displayed elevated colonic FFAR2 mRNA levels and increased plasma GLP-1 levels upon local supply of SCFAs with prebiotic supplementation. Our results demonstrate that FXR activation decreases L-cell GLP-1 secretion in response to inulin-derived SCFA by reducing FFAR2 expression and signaling. Inactivation of intestinal FXR using bile acid sequestrants or synthetic antagonists in combination with prebiotic supplementation may be a promising therapeutic approach to boost the incretin axis in type 2 diabetes.
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12
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Brønden A, Knop FK. Gluco-Metabolic Effects of Pharmacotherapy-Induced Modulation of Bile Acid Physiology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5601203. [PMID: 31630179 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The discovery and characterization of the bile acid specific receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) have facilitated a wealth of research focusing on the link between bile acid physiology and glucose metabolism. Modulation of FXR and TGR5 activation have been demonstrated to affect the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1, insulin, and glucagon as well as energy expenditure and gut microbiota composition, with potential beneficial effects on glucose metabolism. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A search strategy based on literature searches in on PubMed with various combinations of the key words FXR, TGR5, agonist, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), bile acid sequestrant, metformin, and glucose metabolism has been applied to obtain material for the present review. Furthermore, manual searches including scanning of reference lists in relevant papers and conference proceedings have been performed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS This review provides an outline of the link between bile acid and glucose metabolism, with a special focus on the gluco-metabolic impact of treatment modalities with modulating effects on bile acid physiology; including FXR agonists, TGR5 agonists, ASBT inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, and metformin. CONCLUSIONS Any potential beneficial gluco-metabolic effects of FXR agonists remain to be established, whereas the clinical relevance of TGR5-based treatment modalities seems limited because of substantial safety concerns of TGR5 agonists observed in animal models. The glucose-lowering effects of ASBT inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, and metformin are at least partly mediated by modulation of bile acid circulation, which might allow an optimization of these bile acid-modulating treatment modalities. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab XX: 00-00, 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brønden
- Center for Clinical M etabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical M etabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Copenhagen, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
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13
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Xie Y, Matsumoto H, Kennedy S, Newberry EP, Moritz W, DeBosch BJ, Moley KH, Rubin DC, Warner BW, Kau AL, Tarr PI, Wylie TN, Wylie KM, Davidson NO. Impaired Chylomicron Assembly Modifies Hepatic Metabolism Through Bile Acid-Dependent and Transmissible Microbial Adaptations. Hepatology 2019; 70:1168-1184. [PMID: 31004524 PMCID: PMC6783349 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which alterations in intestinal bile acid (BA) metabolism improve systemic glucose tolerance and hepatic metabolic homeostasis are incompletely understood. We examined metabolic adaptations in mice with conditional intestinal deletion of the abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) gene microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp-IKO), which blocks chylomicron assembly and impairs intestinal lipid transport. Mttp-IKO mice exhibit improved hepatic glucose metabolism and augmented insulin signaling, without weight loss. These adaptations included decreased BA excretion, increased pool size, altered BA composition, and increased fibroblast growth factor 15 production. Mttp-IKO mice absorb fructose normally but are protected against dietary fructose-induced hepatic steatosis, without weight loss or changes in energy expenditure. In addition, Mttp-IKO mice exhibit altered cecal microbial communities, both at baseline and following fructose feeding, including increased abundance of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus genera. Transplantation of cecal microbiota from chow-fed Mttp-IKO mice into antibiotic-treated wild-type recipients conferred transmissible protection against fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in association with a bloom in Akkermansia and increased Clostridium XIVa genera, whose abundance was positively correlated with fecal coprostanol and total neutral sterol excretion in recipient mice. However, antibiotic-treated Mttp-IKO mice were still protected against fructose-induced hepatic steatosis, suggesting that changes in microbiota are not required for this phenotype. Nevertheless, we found increased abundance of fecal Akkermansia from two adult ABL subjects with MTTP mutations compared to their heterozygous parents and within the range noted in six healthy control subjects. Furthermore, Akkermansia abundance across all subjects was positively correlated with fecal coprostanol excretion. Conclusion: The findings collectively suggest multiple adaptive pathways of metabolic regulation following blocked chylomicron assembly, including shifts in BA signaling and altered microbial composition that confer a transmissible phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hitoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Newberry
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William Moritz
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian J. DeBosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelle H. Moley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah C. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brad W. Warner
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew L. Kau
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Phillip I. Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd N. Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristine M. Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Department of McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Lead contact
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14
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Hou Y, Fan W, Yang W, Samdani AQ, Jackson AO, Qu S. Farnesoid X receptor: An important factor in blood glucose regulation. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:29-34. [PMID: 30910597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a transcription factor that can be activated by bile acid as well as influenced bile acid metabolism. β-cell bile acid metabolism is mediated by FXR and closely related to the regulation of blood glucose (BG). FXR can regulate BG through multiple pathways. This review summarises recent studies on FXR regulation of BG balance via bile acid regulation, lowering glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), inhibiting gluconeogenesis, increasing insulin secretion and enhancing insulin sensitivity. In addition, the current review provides additional insight into the relationship between FXR and BG which may provide a new theoretical basis for further study on the role of FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfeng Hou
- Clinic Medicine Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Fan
- Pathophysiology Department, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Wenling Yang
- Clinic Medicine Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Abdul Qadir Samdani
- Spinal Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Ampadu Okyere Jackson
- International College, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Shunlin Qu
- Pathophysiology Department, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
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15
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Al-Khaifi A, Straniero S, Voronova V, Chernikova D, Sokolov V, Kumar C, Angelin B, Rudling M. Asynchronous rhythms of circulating conjugated and unconjugated bile acids in the modulation of human metabolism. J Intern Med 2018; 284:546-559. [PMID: 29964306 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bile acids (BAs) traversing the enterohepatic circulation (EHC) influence important metabolic pathways. By determining individual serum BAs in relation to markers of metabolic activity, we explored how diurnal variations in their EHC relate to hepatic metabolism in normal humans. METHODS Serum BAs, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), lipoproteins, glucose/insulin and markers of cholesterol and BA syntheses were monitored for 32 h in 8 healthy males. Studies were conducted at basal state and during initiation of cholestyramine treatment, with and without atorvastatin pretreatment. Time series cross-correlation analysis, Bayesian structural model and Granger causality test were applied. RESULTS Bile acids synthesis dominated daytime, and cholesterol production at night. Conjugated BAs peaked after food intake, with subsequent FGF19 elevations. BA synthesis was reduced following conjugated BA and FGF19 peaks. Cholestyramine reduced conjugated BAs and FGF19, and increased BA and cholesterol production; the latter effects attenuated by atorvastatin. The relative importance of FGF19 vs. conjugated BAs in this feedback inhibition could not be discriminated. Unconjugated BAs displayed one major peak late at night/early morning that was unrelated to FGF19 and BA synthesis, and abolished by cholestyramine. The normal suppression of serum triglycerides, glucose and insulin observed at night was attenuated by cholestyramine. CONCLUSIONS Conjugated and unconjugated BAs have asynchronous rhythms of EHC in humans. Postprandial transintestinal flux of conjugated BAs increases circulating FGF19 levels and suppresses BA synthesis. Unconjugated BAs peak late at night, indicating a non-postprandial diurnal change in human gut microflora, the physiological implications of which warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Khaifi
- Metabolism Unit, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (KI/AZ ICMC), Novum, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - S Straniero
- Metabolism Unit, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (KI/AZ ICMC), Novum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - C Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (KI/AZ ICMC), Novum, Stockholm, Sweden.,Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Angelin
- Metabolism Unit, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (KI/AZ ICMC), Novum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Rudling
- Metabolism Unit, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (KI/AZ ICMC), Novum, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Nerild HH, Christensen MB, Knop FK, Brønden A. Preclinical discovery and development of colesevelam for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:1161-1167. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1538206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Holst Nerild
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Bring Christensen
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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17
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Valanejad L, Ghareeb M, Shiffka S, Nadolny C, Chen Y, Guo L, Verma R, You S, Akhlaghi F, Deng R. Dysregulation of Δ 4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase in diabetic patients: Implications and mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 470:127-141. [PMID: 29024782 PMCID: PMC5891389 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 (AKR1D1) is a Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase required for bile acid synthesis and steroid hormone metabolism. Both bile acids and steroid hormones, especially glucocorticoids, play important roles in regulating body metabolism and energy expenditure. Currently, our understanding on AKR1D1 regulation and its roles in metabolic diseases is limited. We found that AKR1D1 expression was markedly repressed in diabetic patients. Consistent with repressed AKR1D1 expression, hepatic bile acids were significantly reduced in diabetic patients. Mechanistic studies showed that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) transcriptionally down-regulated AKR1D1 expression in vitro in HepG2 cells and in vivo in mice. Consistently, PPARα signaling was enhanced in diabetic patients. In summary, dysregulation of AKR1D1 disrupted bile acid and steroid hormone homeostasis, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Restoring bile acid and steroid hormone homeostasis by modulating AKR1D1 expression may represent a new approach to develop therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Valanejad
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Mwlod Ghareeb
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Stephanie Shiffka
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Christina Nadolny
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Liangran Guo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Ruchi Verma
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Sangmin You
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Ruitang Deng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
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18
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Brønden A, Mikkelsen K, Sonne DP, Hansen M, Våben C, Gabe MN, Rosenkilde M, Tremaroli V, Wu H, Bäckhed F, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Glucose-lowering effects and mechanisms of the bile acid-sequestering resin sevelamer. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:1623-1631. [PMID: 29493868 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sevelamer, a non-absorbable amine-based resin used for treatment of hyperphosphataemia, has been demonstrated to have a marked bile acid-binding potential alongside beneficial effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the glucose-lowering effect and mechanism(s) of sevelamer in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this double-blinded randomized controlled trial, we randomized 30 patients with type 2 diabetes to sevelamer (n = 20) or placebo (n = 10). Participants were subjected to standardized 4-hour liquid meal tests at baseline and after 7 days of treatment. The main outcome measure was plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 excursions as measured by area under the curve. In addition, blood was sampled for measurements of glucose, lipids, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, C-peptide, glucagon, fibroblast growth factor-19, cholecystokinin and bile acids. Assessments of gastric emptying, resting energy expenditure and gut microbiota composition were performed. RESULTS Sevelamer elicited a significant placebo-corrected reduction in plasma glucose with concomitant reduced fibroblast growth factor-19 concentrations, increased de novo synthesis of bile acids, a shift towards a more hydrophilic bile acid pool and increased lipogenesis. No glucagon-like peptide-1-mediated effects on insulin, glucagon or gastric emptying were evident, which points to a limited contribution of this incretin hormone to the glucose-lowering effect of sevelamer. Furthermore, no sevelamer-mediated effects on gut microbiota composition or resting energy expenditure were observed. CONCLUSIONS Sevelamer reduced plasma glucose concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes by mechanisms that seemed to involve decreased intestinal and hepatic bile acid-mediated farnesoid X receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brønden
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kristian Mikkelsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Morten Hansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Våben
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Maria N Gabe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hao Wu
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Duodenal Exclusion but Not Sleeve Gastrectomy Preserves Insulin Secretion, Making It the More Effective Metabolic Procedure. Obes Surg 2017; 28:1408-1416. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-3045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Legry V, Francque S, Haas JT, Verrijken A, Caron S, Chávez-Talavera O, Vallez E, Vonghia L, Dirinck E, Verhaegen A, Kouach M, Lestavel S, Lefebvre P, Van Gaal L, Tailleux A, Paumelle R, Staels B. Bile Acid Alterations Are Associated With Insulin Resistance, but Not With NASH, in Obese Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3783-3794. [PMID: 28938455 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bile acids (BAs) are signaling molecules controlling energy homeostasis that can be both toxic and protective for the liver. BA alterations have been reported in obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, whether BA alterations contribute to NASH independently of the metabolic status is unclear. OBJECTIVE To assess BA alterations associated with NASH independently of body mass index and IR. DESIGN AND SETTING Patients visiting the obesity clinic of the Antwerp University Hospital (a tertiary referral facility) were recruited from 2006 to 2014. PATIENTS Obese patients with biopsy-proven NASH (n = 32) and healthy livers (n = 26) were matched on body mass index and homeostasis model assessment of IR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Transcriptomic analyses were performed on liver biopsies. Plasma concentrations of 21 BA species and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a marker of BA synthesis, were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma fibroblast growth factor 19 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Plasma BA concentrations did not correlate with any hepatic lesions, whereas, as previously reported, primary BA strongly correlated with IR. Transcriptomic analyses showed unaltered hepatic BA metabolism in NASH patients. In line, plasma 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was unchanged in NASH. Moreover, no sign of hepatic BA accumulation or activation of BA receptors-farnesoid X, pregnane X, and vitamin D receptors-was found. Finally, plasma fibroblast growth factor 19, secondary-to-primary BA, and free-to-conjugated BA ratios were similar, suggesting unaltered intestinal BA metabolism and signaling. CONCLUSIONS In obese patients, BA alterations are related to the metabolic phenotype associated with NASH, especially IR, but not liver necroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Legry
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sven Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem/Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk/Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joel T Haas
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - An Verrijken
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk/Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Egedem/Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Caron
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Oscar Chávez-Talavera
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem/Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk/Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline Dirinck
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Egedem/Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Verhaegen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Egedem/Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mostafa Kouach
- Plateau de Spectrométrie de Masse-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, (PSM-GRITA), Faculté de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Luc Van Gaal
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk/Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Egedem/Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Réjane Paumelle
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Université Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, F-59000 Lille, France
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21
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Kårhus ML, Brønden A, Sonne DP, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Evidence connecting old, new and neglected glucose-lowering drugs to bile acid-induced GLP-1 secretion: A review. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1214-1222. [PMID: 28304141 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are amphipathic water-soluble steroid-based molecules best known for their important lipid-solubilizing role in the assimilation of fat. Recently, bile acids have emerged as metabolic integrators with glucose-lowering potential. Among a variety of gluco-metabolic effects, bile acids have been demonstrated to modulate the secretion of the gut-derived incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), possibly via the transmembrane receptor Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 and the nuclear farnesoid X receptor, in intestinal L cells. The present article critically reviews current evidence connecting established glucose-lowering drugs to bile acid-induced GLP-1 secretion, and discusses whether bile acid-induced GLP-1 secretion may constitute a new basis for understanding how metformin, inhibitors of the apical sodium-dependent bile acids transporter, and bile acid sequestrants - old, new and neglected glucose-lowering drugs - improve glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kårhus
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Fillip K Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Kamvissi-Lorenz V, Raffaelli M, Bornstein S, Mingrone G. Role of the Gut on Glucose Homeostasis: Lesson Learned from Metabolic Surgery. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19:9. [PMID: 28185153 PMCID: PMC5306308 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Bariatric surgery was initially intended to reduce weight, and only subsequently was the remission of type two diabetes (T2D) observed as a collateral event. At the moment, the term “metabolic surgery” is used to underline the fact that this type of surgery is performed specifically to treat diabetes and its metabolic complications, such as hyperlipidemia. Recent Findings Randomized, controlled studies have recently supported the use of bariatric surgery, and in particular of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) as an effective treatment for decompensated T2D. The lesson learned from these randomized and many other non-randomized clinical studies is that the stomach and the small intestine play a central role in glucose homeostasis. Bypassing the duodenum and parts of the jejunum exerts a substantial effect on insulin sensitivity and secretion. In fact, with BPD, nutrient transit bypasses duodenum, the entire jejunum and a small portion of the ileum, resulting in reversal of insulin sensitivity back to normal and reduction of insulin secretion, whereas RYGB has little effect on insulin resistance but increases insulin secretion. Hypotheses concerning the mechanism of action of metabolic surgery for diabetes remission vary from theories focusing on jejunal nutrient sensing, to incretin action, to the blunted secretion of putative insulin resistance hormone(s), to changes in the microbiota. Summary Whatever the mechanism, metabolic surgery has the undoubted merit of exposing the central role of the small intestine in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kamvissi-Lorenz
- Department of Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Henr. Rahp. R. 3.6, Guy's Campus, 19 Newcomen Street, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - M Raffaelli
- Department of Surgery, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - S Bornstein
- Department of Medicine 3, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Henr. Rahp. R. 3.6, Guy's Campus, 19 Newcomen Street, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - G Mingrone
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Henr. Rahp. R. 3.6, Guy's Campus, 19 Newcomen Street, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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23
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Zhang Y, Jackson JP, St Claire RL, Freeman K, Brouwer KR, Edwards JE. Obeticholic acid, a selective farnesoid X receptor agonist, regulates bile acid homeostasis in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5. [PMID: 28805978 PMCID: PMC5684861 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a master regulator of bile acid homeostasis through transcriptional regulation of genes involved in bile acid synthesis and cellular membrane transport. Impairment of bile acid efflux due to cholangiopathies results in chronic cholestasis leading to abnormal elevation of intrahepatic and systemic bile acid levels. Obeticholic acid (OCA) is a potent and selective FXR agonist that is 100‐fold more potent than the endogenous ligand chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). The effects of OCA on genes involved in bile acid homeostasis were investigated using sandwich‐cultured human hepatocytes. Gene expression was determined by measuring mRNA levels. OCA dose‐dependently increased fibroblast growth factor‐19 (FGF‐19) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) which, in turn, suppress mRNA levels of cholesterol 7‐alpha‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate‐limiting enzyme for de novo synthesis of bile acids. Consistent with CYP7A1 suppression, total bile acid content was decreased by OCA (1 μmol/L) to 42.7 ± 20.5% relative to control. In addition to suppressing de novo bile acids synthesis, OCA significantly increased the mRNA levels of transporters involved in bile acid homeostasis. The bile salt excretory pump (BSEP), a canalicular efflux transporter, increased by 6.4 ± 0.8‐fold, and the basolateral efflux heterodimer transporters, organic solute transporter α (OSTα) and OSTβ increased by 6.4 ± 0.2‐fold and 42.9 ± 7.9‐fold, respectively. The upregulation of BSEP and OSTα and OSTβ, by OCA reduced the intracellular concentrations of d8‐TCA, a model bile acid, to 39.6 ± 8.9% relative to control. These data demonstrate that OCA does suppress bile acid synthesis and reduce hepatocellular bile acid levels, supporting the use of OCA to treat bile acid‐induced toxicity observed in cholestatic diseases.
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24
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Xie C, Jiang C, Shi J, Gao X, Sun D, Sun L, Wang T, Takahashi S, Anitha M, Krausz KW, Patterson AD, Gonzalez FJ. An Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor-Ceramide Signaling Axis Modulates Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Mice. Diabetes 2017; 66:613-626. [PMID: 28223344 PMCID: PMC5319721 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the view that intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is involved in glucose tolerance and that FXR signaling can be profoundly impacted by the gut microbiota. Selective manipulation of the gut microbiota-FXR signaling axis was reported to significantly impact glucose intolerance, but the precise molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an over-the-counter dietary supplement and an inhibitor of bacterial bile salt hydrolase, increased levels of intestinal tauro-β-muricholic acid, which selectively suppresses intestinal FXR signaling. Intestinal FXR inhibition decreased ceramide levels by suppressing expression of genes involved in ceramide synthesis specifically in the intestinal ileum epithelial cells. The lower serum ceramides mediated decreased hepatic mitochondrial acetyl-CoA levels and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activities and attenuated hepatic gluconeogenesis, independent of body weight change and hepatic insulin signaling in vivo; this was reversed by treatment of mice with ceramides or the FXR agonist GW4064. Ceramides substantially attenuated mitochondrial citrate synthase activities primarily through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, which triggers increased hepatic mitochondrial acetyl-CoA levels and PC activities. These results reveal a mechanism by which the dietary supplement CAPE and intestinal FXR regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and suggest that inhibiting intestinal FXR is a strategy for treating hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmin Shi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dongxue Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mallappa Anitha
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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25
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Abstract
In addition to their well-known function as dietary lipid detergents, bile acids have emerged as important signalling molecules that regulate energy homeostasis. Recent studies have highlighted that disrupted bile acid metabolism is associated with metabolism disorders such as dyslipidaemia, intestinal chronic inflammatory diseases and obesity. In particular, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications in bile acid metabolism. Bile acids bind and modulate the activity of transmembrane and nuclear receptors (NR). Among these receptors, the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) and the NR farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are implicated in the regulation of bile acid, lipid, glucose and energy homeostasis. The role of these receptors in the intestine in energy metabolism regulation has been recently highlighted. More precisely, recent studies have shown that FXR is important for glucose homeostasis in particular in metabolic disorders such as T2D and obesity. This review highlights the growing importance of the bile acid receptors TGR5 and FXR in the intestine as key regulators of glucose metabolism and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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26
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Tian L, Jin T. The incretin hormone GLP-1 and mechanisms underlying its secretion. J Diabetes 2016; 8:753-765. [PMID: 27287542 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a cell type-specific post-translational product of proglucagon. It is encoded by the proglucagon gene and released primarily from intestinal endocrine L-cells in response to hormonal, neuronal, and nutritional stimuli. In addition to serving as an incretin in mediating the effect of meal consumption on insulin secretion, GLP-1 exerts other functions in pancreatic islets, including regulation of β-cell proliferation and protection of β-cells against metabolic stresses. Furthermore, GLP-1 exerts numerous other functions in extrapancreatic organs, whereas brain GLP-1 signaling controls satiety. Herein we review the discovery of two incretins and the development of GLP-1-based drugs. We also describe the development of cellular models for studying mechanisms underlying GLP-1 secretion over the past 30 years. However, the main content of this review is a summary of studies on the exploration of mechanisms underlying GLP-1 secretion. We not only summarize studies conducted over the past three decades on elucidating the role of nutritional components and hormonal factors in regulating GLP-1 secretion, but also present a few very recent studies showing the possible role of dietary polyphenols. Finally, the emerging role of gut microbiota in metabolic homeostasis with the potential implication on GLP-1 secretion is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tian
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
This study investigates the influence of the dietary fibre β-glucan on nutrient composition and mucus permeability. Pigs were fed a standard diet or a diet containing twice the β-glucan content for 3 days (n = 5 per group), followed by the collection of small intestinal mucus and tissue samples. Samples of the consumed diets were subjected to in vitro digestion to determine β-glucan release, nutrient profile and assessment of mucus permeability. In vitro digestion of the diets indicated that 90% of the β-glucan was released in the proximal small intestine. Measurements of intestinal mucus showed a reduction in permeability to 100 nm latex beads and also lipid from the digested enhanced β-glucan diet. The data from this study show for the first time that reducing mass transfer of bile and lipid through the intestinal mucus layer may be one way in which this decrease in bile reabsorption by soluble fibre is enabled.
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28
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Intestinally-targeted TGR5 agonists equipped with quaternary ammonium have an improved hypoglycemic effect and reduced gallbladder filling effect. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28676. [PMID: 27339735 PMCID: PMC4919643 DOI: 10.1038/srep28676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TGR5 activation of enteroendocrine cells increases glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) release, which maintains glycemic homeostasis. However, TGR5 activation in the gallbladder and heart is associated with severe side effects. Therefore, intestinally-targeted TGR5 agonists were suggested as potential hypoglycemic agents with minimal side effects. However, until now no such compounds with robust glucose-lowering effects were reported, especially in diabetic animal models. Herein, we identify a TGR5 agonist, 26a, which was proven to be intestinally-targeted through pharmacokinetic studies. 26a was used as a tool drug to verify the intestinally-targeted strategy. 26a displayed a robust and long-lasting hypoglycemic effect in ob/ob mice (once a day dosing (QD) and 18-day treatment) owing to sustained stimulation of GLP-1 secretion, which suggested that robust hypoglycemic effect could be achieved with activation of TGR5 in intestine alone. However, the gallbladder filling effect of 26a was rather complicated. Although the gallbladder filling effect of 26a was decreased in mice after once a day dosing, this side effect was still not eliminated. To solve the problem above, several research strategies were raised for further optimization.
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29
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Buchwald H, Oien DM, Schieber DJ, Bantle JP, Connett JE. Partial ileal bypass affords protection from onset of type 2 diabetes. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 13:45-51. [PMID: 27262236 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partial ileal bypass (PIB) in the National Institutes of Health-sponsored Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH) randomized controlled trial was found to reduce plasma cholesterol, in particular low density lipoprotein cholesterol, with concomitant retardation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and increased life expectancy. Glucagon-like peptide-1, related to amelioration of type 2 diabetes, is increased over 5-fold after PIB. We hypothesized that PIB, in addition to its action on cholesterol metabolism, may also prevent type 2 diabetes. METHODS We surveyed by telephone inquiry of former POSCH patients the 30+year posttrial incidence of type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, the presence of which was a trial exclusion criteria. We were able to contact 17.4% (n = 838) of the original POSCH population. RESULTS Of 66 control responders, 17 contracted type 2 diabetes (25.8%); of 80 PIB responders, 8 contracted type 2 diabetes (10%). The difference between groups was significant (P = .015 by Fisher exact test) with an odds ratio of .320 for the PIB group and an over 2-fold (2.6) increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the controls. Including borderline type 2 diabetes (prediabetic) patients, these values were 22 of 66 controls (33.3%) and 10 of 80 PIB patients (12.5%), with an odds ratio of .286 and a P<.004, and again an over 2-fold (2.7) increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the control patients. CONCLUSION PIB appears to afford partial protection from the onset of type 2 diabetes for over 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Buchwald
- Department of Surgery, the Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Danette M Oien
- Department of Surgery, the Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Decel J Schieber
- Department of Surgery, the Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John P Bantle
- Department of Medicine, the Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John E Connett
- School of Public Health, the Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Hansen M, Scheltema MJ, Sonne DP, Hansen JS, Sperling M, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Effect of chenodeoxycholic acid and the bile acid sequestrant colesevelam on glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:571-80. [PMID: 26888164 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of the primary human bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and the bile acid sequestrant (BAS) colesevelam, instilled into the stomach, on plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, cholecystokinin and gastrin, as well as on gastric emptying, gallbladder volume, appetite and food intake. METHODS On four separate days, nine patients with type 2 diabetes, and 10 matched healthy control subjects received bolus instillations of (i) CDCA, (ii) colesevelam, (iii) CDCA + colesevelam or (iv) placebo. At baseline and for 180 min after instillation, blood was sampled. RESULTS In both the type 2 diabetes group and the healthy control group, CDCA elicited an increase in GLP-1 levels compared with colesevelam, CDCA + colesevelam and placebo, respectively (p < 0.05). The interventions did not affect plasma glucose, insulin or C-peptide concentrations in any of the groups. CDCA elicited a small increase in plasma insulin : glucose ratio compared with colesevelam, CDCA + colesevelam and placebo in both groups. Compared with colesevelam, CDCA + colesevelam and placebo, respectively, CDCA increased glucagon and delayed gastric emptying in both groups. CONCLUSIONS CDCA increased GLP-1 and glucagon secretion, and delayed gastric emptying. We speculate that bile acid-induced activation of TGR5 on L cells increases GLP-1 secretion, which, in turn, may result in amplification of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Furthermore our data suggest that colesevelam does not have an acute effect on GLP-1 secretion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hansen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M J Scheltema
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D P Sonne
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Sperling
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - J F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - F K Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ferrell JM, Boehme S, Li F, Chiang JYL. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase-deficient mice are protected from high-fat/high-cholesterol diet-induced metabolic disorders. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1144-54. [PMID: 27146480 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver. In addition to absorption and digestion of nutrients, bile acids play a critical role in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. We have backcrossed Cyp7a1(-/-) mice in a mixed B6/129Sv genetic background to C57BL/6J mice to generate Cyp7a1(-/-) mice in a near-pure C57BL/6J background. These mice survive well and have normal growth and a bile acid pool size ∼60% of WT mice. The expression of the genes in the alternative bile acid synthesis pathway are upregulated, resulting in a more hydrophilic bile acid composition with reduced cholic acid (CA). Surprisingly, Cyp7a1(-/-) mice have improved glucose sensitivity with reduced liver triglycerides and fecal bile acid excretion, but increased fecal fatty acid excretion and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) when fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. Supplementing chow and Western diets with CA restored bile acid composition, reversed the glucose tolerant phenotype, and reduced the RER. Our current study points to a critical role of bile acid composition, rather than bile acid pool size, in regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism to improve glucose and insulin tolerance, maintain metabolic homeostasis, and prevent high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Ferrell
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH
| | - Shannon Boehme
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH
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Haeusler RA, Camastra S, Nannipieri M, Astiarraga B, Castro-Perez J, Xie D, Wang L, Chakravarthy M, Ferrannini E. Increased Bile Acid Synthesis and Impaired Bile Acid Transport in Human Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:1935-44. [PMID: 26684275 PMCID: PMC4870845 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alterations in bile acid (BA) synthesis and transport have the potential to affect multiple metabolic pathways in the pathophysiology of obesity. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of obesity on serum fluctuations of BAs and markers of BA synthesis. DESIGN We measured BA fluctuations in 11 nonobese and 32 obese subjects and BA transporter expression in liver specimens from 42 individuals and specimens of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and pancreas from nine individuals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We analyzed serum BAs and markers of BA synthesis after overnight fasting, during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, or a mixed-meal tolerance test and the association of BA transporter expression with body mass index. RESULTS BA synthesis markers were 2-fold higher (P < .01) and preferentially 12α-hydroxylated (P < .05) in obese subjects, and both measures were correlated with clamp-derived insulin sensitivity (r = -0.62, P < .0001, and r = -0.39, P = .01, respectively). Insulin infusion acutely reduced serum BAs in nonobese subjects, but this effect was blunted in obese subjects (δBAs -44.2% vs -4.2%, P < .05). The rise in serum BAs postprandially was also relatively blunted in obese subjects (δBAs +402% vs +133%, P < .01). Liver expression of the Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and the bile salt export pump were negatively correlated with body mass index (r = -0.37, P = .02, and r = -0.48, P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with increased BA synthesis, preferential 12α-hydroxylation, and impaired serum BA fluctuations. The findings reveal new pathophysiological aspects of BA action in obesity that may lend themselves to therapeutic targeting in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Haeusler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.), Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.N., B.A., E.F.), University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy; Merck Research Laboratories (J.C.-P., D.X., L.W., M.C.), Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (E.F.), 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Camastra
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.), Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.N., B.A., E.F.), University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy; Merck Research Laboratories (J.C.-P., D.X., L.W., M.C.), Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (E.F.), 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Nannipieri
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.), Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.N., B.A., E.F.), University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy; Merck Research Laboratories (J.C.-P., D.X., L.W., M.C.), Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (E.F.), 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Brenno Astiarraga
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.), Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.N., B.A., E.F.), University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy; Merck Research Laboratories (J.C.-P., D.X., L.W., M.C.), Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (E.F.), 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.), Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.N., B.A., E.F.), University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy; Merck Research Laboratories (J.C.-P., D.X., L.W., M.C.), Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (E.F.), 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.), Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.N., B.A., E.F.), University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy; Merck Research Laboratories (J.C.-P., D.X., L.W., M.C.), Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (E.F.), 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.), Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.N., B.A., E.F.), University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy; Merck Research Laboratories (J.C.-P., D.X., L.W., M.C.), Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (E.F.), 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Manu Chakravarthy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.), Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.N., B.A., E.F.), University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy; Merck Research Laboratories (J.C.-P., D.X., L.W., M.C.), Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (E.F.), 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (R.A.H.), Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (S.C., M.N., B.A., E.F.), University of Pisa School of Medicine, 56100 Pisa, Italy; Merck Research Laboratories (J.C.-P., D.X., L.W., M.C.), Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033; and CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology (E.F.), 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Spinelli V, Chávez-Talavera O, Tailleux A, Staels B. Metabolic effects of bile acid sequestration: impact on cardiovascular risk factors. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016; 23:138-44. [PMID: 26859552 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses the impact of bile acid sequestrants (BAS) on cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), on the basis of recent (pre)clinical studies assessing the metabolic impact of modulation of enterohepatic bile acid signaling via the bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). RECENT FINDINGS BAS decrease low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol by stimulating de novo hepatic bile acid synthesis and lowering intestinal lipid absorption, and improve glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus, at least in part by increasing GLP-1 production, via intestinal TGR5- and FXR-dependent mechanisms. Intestinal and peripheral FXR and TGR5 modulation also affects peripheral tissues, which can contribute to the reduction of CVRFs. SUMMARY Bile acids are regulators of metabolism acting in an integrated interorgan manner via FXR and TGR5. Modulation of the bile acid pool size and composition, and selective interference with their receptors could, therefore, be a therapeutic approach to decrease CVRFs. Even though clinical cardiovascular outcome studies using BAS are still lacking, the existing data point to BAS as an efficacious pharmacological approach to reduce CVRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Spinelli
- aUniv Lille, UMR1011, EGID bInserm, UMR1011 cCHU Lille dInstitut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, Lille, France *Valeria Spinelli and Oscar Chávez-Talavera have contributed equally to the writing of this article
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Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are secreted from enteroendocrine cells in the gut and regulate physiological and homeostatic functions related to glucose control, metabolism and food intake. This review provides a systematic summary of the molecular mechanisms underlying secretion from incretin cells, and an understanding of how they sense and interact with lumen and vascular factors and the enteric nervous system through transporters and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) present on their surface to ultimately culminate in hormone release. Some of the molecules described below such as sodium coupled glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), G-protein coupled receptor (GPR) 119 and GPR40 are targets of novel therapeutics designed to enhance endogenous gut hormone release. Synthetic ligands at these receptors aimed at treating obesity and type 2 diabetes are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Pais
- The Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- The Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes’s Hospital, Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Jiang C, Xie C, Lv Y, Li J, Krausz KW, Shi J, Brocker CN, Desai D, Amin SG, Bisson WH, Liu Y, Gavrilova O, Patterson AD, Gonzalez FJ. Intestine-selective farnesoid X receptor inhibition improves obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10166. [PMID: 26670557 PMCID: PMC4682112 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates bile acid, lipid and glucose metabolism. Here we show that treatment of mice with glycine-β-muricholic acid (Gly-MCA) inhibits FXR signalling exclusively in intestine, and improves metabolic parameters in mouse models of obesity. Gly-MCA is a selective high-affinity FXR inhibitor that can be administered orally and prevents, or reverses, high-fat diet-induced and genetic obesity, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice. The high-affinity FXR agonist GW4064 blocks Gly-MCA action in the gut, and intestine-specific Fxr-null mice are unresponsive to the beneficial effects of Gly-MCA. Mechanistically, the metabolic improvements with Gly-MCA depend on reduced biosynthesis of intestinal-derived ceramides, which directly compromise beige fat thermogenic function. Consequently, ceramide treatment reverses the action of Gly-MCA in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. We further show that FXR signalling in ileum biopsies of humans positively correlates with body mass index. These data suggest that Gly-MCA may be a candidate for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is activated by bile acids and influences energy metabolism. Here, the authors report a small molecule inhibitor of FXR, glycine-ß-muricholic acid, which inhibits FXR in the intestine and improves metabolic homeostasis by repressing intestinal ceramide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtao Jiang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ying Lv
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jingmin Shi
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Chad N Brocker
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Shantu G Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - William H Bisson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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36
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Lee EY, Sakurai K, Zhang X, Toda C, Tanaka T, Jiang M, Shirasawa T, Tachibana K, Yokote K, Vidal-Puig A, Minokoshi Y, Miki T. Unsuppressed lipolysis in adipocytes is linked with enhanced gluconeogenesis and altered bile acid physiology in Insr(P1195L/+) mice fed high-fat-diet. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17565. [PMID: 26615883 PMCID: PMC4663474 DOI: 10.1038/srep17565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) triggers insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, but their link remains unclear. Characterization of overt hyperglycemia in insulin receptor mutant (Insr(P1195L/+)) mice exposed to HFD (Insr(P1195L/+)/HFD mice) revealed increased glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc) expression in liver and increased gluconeogenesis from glycerol. Lipolysis in white adipose tissues (WAT) and lipolysis-induced blood glucose rise were increased in Insr(P1195L/+)/HFD mice, while wild-type WAT transplantation ameliorated the hyperglycemia and the increased G6pc expression. We found that the expressions of genes involved in bile acid (BA) metabolism were altered in Insr(P1195L/+)/HFD liver. Among these, the expression of Cyp7a1, a BA synthesis enzyme, was insulin-dependent and was markedly decreased in Insr(P1195L/+)/HFD liver. Reduced Cyp7a1 expression in Insr(P1195L/+)/HFD liver was rescued by WAT transplantation, and the expression of Cyp7a1 was suppressed by glycerol administration in wild-type liver. These findings suggest that unsuppressed lipolysis in adipocytes elicited by HFD feeding is linked with enhanced gluconeogenesis from glycerol and with alterations in BA physiology in Insr(P1195L/+)/HFD liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakurai
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Chitoku Toda
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Meizi Jiang
- Department of Genome Research and Clinical Application, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Takuji Shirasawa
- Department of Ageing Control, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine. Bunkyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaori Tachibana
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
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Ferrannini E, Camastra S, Astiarraga B, Nannipieri M, Castro-Perez J, Xie D, Wang L, Chakravarthy M, Haeusler RA. Increased Bile Acid Synthesis and Deconjugation After Biliopancreatic Diversion. Diabetes 2015; 64:3377-85. [PMID: 26015549 PMCID: PMC4587641 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) improves insulin sensitivity and decreases serum cholesterol out of proportion with weight loss. Mechanisms of these effects are unknown. One set of proposed contributors to metabolic improvements after bariatric surgeries is bile acids (BAs). We investigated the early and late effects of BPD on plasma BA levels, composition, and markers of BA synthesis in 15 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We compared these to the early and late effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in 22 patients with T2D and 16 with normal glucose tolerance. Seven weeks after BPD, insulin sensitivity had doubled and serum cholesterol had halved. At this time, BA synthesis markers and total plasma BAs, particularly unconjugated BAs, had markedly risen; this effect could not be entirely explained by low FGF19. In contrast, after RYGB, insulin sensitivity improved gradually with weight loss and cholesterol levels declined marginally; BA synthesis markers were decreased at an early time point (2 weeks) after surgery and returned to the normal range 1 year later. These findings indicate that BA synthesis contributes to the decreased serum cholesterol after BPD. Moreover, they suggest a potential role for altered enterohepatic circulation of BAs in improving insulin sensitivity and cholesterol metabolism after BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ele Ferrannini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Camastra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Brenno Astiarraga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Nannipieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jose Castro-Perez
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Dan Xie
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Manu Chakravarthy
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Farnesoid X receptor inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 production by enteroendocrine L cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7629. [PMID: 26134028 PMCID: PMC4579574 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are signalling molecules, which activate the transmembrane receptor TGR5 and the nuclear receptor FXR. BA sequestrants (BAS) complex bile acids in the intestinal lumen and decrease intestinal FXR activity. The BAS-BA complex also induces glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production by L cells which potentiates β-cell glucose-induced insulin secretion. Whether FXR is expressed in L cells and controls GLP-1 production is unknown. Here, we show that FXR activation in L cells decreases proglucagon expression by interfering with the glucose-responsive factor Carbohydrate-Responsive Element Binding Protein (ChREBP) and GLP-1 secretion by inhibiting glycolysis. In vivo, FXR deficiency increases GLP-1 gene expression and secretion in response to glucose hence improving glucose metabolism. Moreover, treatment of ob/ob mice with the BAS colesevelam increases intestinal proglucagon gene expression and improves glycaemia in a FXR-dependent manner. These findings identify the FXR/GLP-1 pathway as a new mechanism of BA control of glucose metabolism and a pharmacological target for type 2 diabetes.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because the prevalence of obesity in children is increasing, the frequency of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is growing. A reliable noninvasive biomarker for monitoring progression of liver fibrosis would be useful. In cirrhotic persons serum bile acid (BA) levels are significantly elevated. We hypothesized that BA levels and composition in pediatric NAFLD vary depending on the stage of fibrosis. METHODS Children with NAFLD were compared with controls and classified by stages of fibrosis (NAFLD-F0, n = 27; NAFLD-F≥1, n = 65) based on liver-biopsy findings. Fasted metabolic and cholestasis status was assessed by several blood tests. BA profiles were measured by tandem mass spectrometry and compared with healthy controls (n = 105). RESULTS Compared with controls, all of the NAFLD patients were overweight and showed significantly elevated glucose, insulin, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase levels. Total serum BAs were lower in nonfibrotic NAFLD children than in a control cohort (1.73 vs 3.6 μmol/L) because low glycine-conjugated BA levels were incompletely compensated by increases in taurine-conjugated or unconjugated BA. In patients with fibrotic NAFLD, BA levels were lower than in controls (2.45 vs 3.6 μmol/L) but higher than in nonfibrotic patients (2.45 vs 1.73 μmol/L), and the BA pattern resembled that of healthy controls. Fibroblast growth factor 19 levels were significantly lower in both NAFLD groups than in controls (P ≤ 0.001) and were positively correlated with ursodeoxycholic acid levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that serum BA levels decrease in early NAFLD and increase during progression to fibrosis. Given that BA levels are increased in cirrhotic adults, we postulate a continuous rise as NAFLD advances. BA may have a value as a noninvasive biomarker in pediatric NAFLD progression.
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40
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Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism. Hepatic bile acid synthesis accounts for a major fraction of daily cholesterol turnover in humans. Biliary secretion of bile acids generates bile flow and facilitates hepatobiliary secretion of lipids, lipophilic metabolites, and xenobiotics. In the intestine, bile acids are essential for the absorption, transport, and metabolism of dietary fats and lipid-soluble vitamins. Extensive research in the last 2 decades has unveiled new functions of bile acids as signaling molecules and metabolic integrators. The bile acid-activated nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor play critical roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, inflammation, and drug metabolism and detoxification. Bile acid synthesis exhibits a strong diurnal rhythm, which is entrained by fasting and refeeding as well as nutrient status and plays an important role for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Recent research revealed an interaction of liver bile acids and gut microbiota in the regulation of liver metabolism. Circadian disturbance and altered gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of liver diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity. Bile acids and their derivatives are potential therapeutic agents for treating metabolic diseases of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
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41
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Benhamed F, Filhoulaud G, Caron S, Lefebvre P, Staels B, Postic C. O-GlcNAcylation Links ChREBP and FXR to Glucose-Sensing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:230. [PMID: 25628602 PMCID: PMC4292737 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that O-GlcNAc transferase, an enzyme responsible for O-GlcNAc post-translational modification acts as a nutrient sensor that links glucose and the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway to the regulation of transcriptional factors involved in energy homeostasis. In liver, glucose signaling is mediated by carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), which stimulates glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression through its binding on a specific ChoRE DNA sequence. Modulation of ChREBP by O-GlcNAcylation increases its DNA binding affinity and its activity. ChREBP transcriptional activity also depends on the presence of several other co-factors and transcriptional factors. Among them, the nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), a key transcription factor of bile acid metabolism involved in the gut-liver axis homeostasis was recently shown to directly interact with ChREBP, acting as a repressor on the ChoRE of glycolytic genes. Interestingly, similarly to ChREBP, FXR is O-GlcNAcylated in response to glucose. This review discusses the importance of ChREBP and FXR modifications through O-GlcNAcylation in liver and how glucose can modify their mutual affinity and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Benhamed
- U1016, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France
- UMR 8104, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Filhoulaud
- U1016, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France
- UMR 8104, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Caron
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- UMR 1011, INSERM, Lille, France
- Univ Lille 2, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- UMR 1011, INSERM, Lille, France
- Univ Lille 2, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- UMR 1011, INSERM, Lille, France
- Univ Lille 2, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Postic
- U1016, Institut Cochin, INSERM, Paris, France
- UMR 8104, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Catherine Postic, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, Paris, France e-mail:
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