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Guerrero-Carrasco M, Targett I, Olmos-Alonso A, Vargas-Caballero M, Gomez-Nicola D. Low-grade systemic inflammation stimulates microglial turnover and accelerates the onset of Alzheimer's-like pathology. Glia 2024; 72:1340-1355. [PMID: 38597386 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Several in vivo studies have shown that systemic inflammation, mimicked by LPS, triggers an inflammatory response in the CNS, driven by microglia, characterized by an increase in inflammatory cytokines and associated sickness behavior. However, most studies induce relatively high systemic inflammation, not directly compared with the more common low-grade inflammatory events experienced in humans during the life course. Using mice, we investigated the effects of low-grade systemic inflammation during an otherwise healthy early life, and how this may precondition the onset and severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology. Our results indicate that low-grade systemic inflammation induces sub-threshold brain inflammation and promotes microglial proliferation driven by the CSF1R pathway, contrary to the effects caused by high systemic inflammation. In addition, repeated systemic challenges with low-grade LPS induce disease-associated microglia. Finally, using an inducible model of AD-like pathology (Line 102 mice), we observed that preconditioning with repeated doses of low-grade systemic inflammation, prior to APP induction, promotes a detrimental effect later in life, leading to an increase in Aβ accumulation and disease-associated microglia. These results support the notion that episodic low-grade systemic inflammation has the potential to influence the onset and severity of age-related neurological disorders, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Guerrero-Carrasco
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Imogen Targett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Adrian Olmos-Alonso
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mariana Vargas-Caballero
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Lawrence JH, Patel A, King MW, Nadarajah CJ, Daneman R, Musiek ES. Microglia drive diurnal variation in susceptibility to inflammatory blood-brain barrier breakdown. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.10.588924. [PMID: 38645230 PMCID: PMC11030435 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.10.588924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for maintaining brain homeostasis but is susceptible to inflammatory dysfunction. Permeability of the BBB to lipophilic molecules shows circadian variation due to rhythmic transporter expression, while basal permeability to polar molecules is non-rhythmic. Whether daily timing influences BBB permeability in response to inflammation is unknown. Here, we induced systemic inflammation through repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections either in the morning (ZT1) or evening (ZT13) under standard lighting conditions, then examined BBB permeability to a polar molecule, sodium fluorescein. We observed clear diurnal variation in inflammatory BBB permeability, with a striking increase in paracellular leak across the BBB specifically following evening LPS injection. Evening LPS led to persisting glia activation and inflammation in the brain that was not observed in the periphery. The exaggerated evening neuroinflammation and BBB disruption were suppressed by microglial depletion or through keeping mice in constant darkness. Our data show that diurnal rhythms in microglial inflammatory responses to LPS drive daily variability in BBB breakdown and reveals time-of-day as a key regulator of inflammatory BBB disruption.
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López-Valencia L, Moya M, Escudero B, García-Bueno B, Orio L. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide forms aggregates with apolipoproteins in male and female rat brains after ethanol binges. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100509. [PMID: 38295984 PMCID: PMC10907226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol binge drinking allows the translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the gut to the blood, which activates the peripheral immune system with consequences in neuroinflammation. A possible access/direct signaling of LPS to/in the brain has not yet been described under alcohol abuse conditions. Apolipoproteins are compounds altered by alcohol with high affinity to LPS which may be involved in its transport to the brain or in its elimination. Here, we explored the expression of small components of LPS, in its free form or bound to apolipoproteins, in the brain of female and male rats exposed to alcohol binges. Animals received ethanol oral gavages (3 g/kg every 8 h) for 4 days. LPS or its components (Lipid A and core), LPS-binding protein, corticosterone, lipoproteins (HDL, LDL), apolipoproteins (ApoAI, ApoB, and ApoE), and their receptors were measured in plasma and/or in nonperfused prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cerebellum. Brain LipidA-apolipoprotein aggregates were determined by Western blotting and confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. In animals exposed to alcohol binges: 1) plasma LPS-binding protein was elevated in both sexes; 2) females showed elevations in plasma ApoAI and corticosterone levels; 3) Lipid A formed aggregates with ApoAI in the female PFC and with ApoB in males, the latter showing Toll-like receptor 4 upregulation in PFC but not females. These results suggest that small bacterial components are present within the brain, forming aggregates with different apolipoproteins, depending on the sex, after alcohol binge intoxications. Results may have implications for the crosstalk between alcohol, LPS, and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L López-Valencia
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Neuroscience and Mental Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Moya
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - B Escudero
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Neuroscience and Mental Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - B García-Bueno
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Neuroscience and Mental Health, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM (IUIN), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Neuroscience and Mental Health, Madrid, Spain; RIAPAd: Research network in primary care in addictions ('Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones'), Spain.
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Ren J, Zhang Y, Pan H, Shi R, Zhu H, Yang R, Zhang L, Chen B, Zhu T, Lu X, Huang C. Mobilization of the innate immune response by a specific immunostimulant β-glucan confers resistance to chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior by preventing neuroinflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111405. [PMID: 38118316 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Pre-stimulation of the innate immune response is an effective strategy to prevent depression-like phenotypes in animals. However, the use of conventional immunostimulants may cause adverse effects. Therefore, the search for agents that stimulate the innate immune response but do not induce a pro-inflammatory response could be a new research direction for the prevention of depression. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with unique immunomodulatory activity in microglia without eliciting a pro-inflammatory response that could lead to tissue damage. This suggests that β-glucan may be a suitable drug that can be used to prevent depression-like phenotypes. Our results showed that a single injection of β-glucan 1 day before stress exposure at a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg, but notat a dose of 5 mg/kg, prevented depression-like behavior in mice treated with chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). This effect of β-glucan disappeared when the time interval between β-glucan and stress was extended from 1 day or 5 days to 10 days, which was rescued by a second injection 10 days after the first injection or by a repeated injection (4×, once daily) 10 days before stress exposure. A single β-glucan injection (20 mg/kg) 1 day before stress exposure prevented the CUS-induced increase in brain pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibition of the innate immune response by minocycline (40 mg/kg) abolished the preventive effect of β-glucan on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses. These results suggest that β-glucan may prevent chronic stress-induced depression-like phenotypes and neuroinflammatory responses by stimulating the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hainan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruiting Shi
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, City University of Macau, Av. Parde Tomas Pereira, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nantong University, #399 Shiji Dadao, Nantong 226007, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Chen B, Zhao C, Zhu H, Lu X, Liu H, Lu Q, Zhu T, Huang C. β-glucan, a specific immuno-stimulant, produces rapid antidepressant effects by stimulating ERK1/2-dependent synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176161. [PMID: 37939990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A decline in microglia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus has recently been described as an important mechanism for the progression of depression. Reversal of this decline by innate immune system stimulants may represent a novel strategy to ameliorate the depressive phenotype in chronically stressed animals. β-glucan is a polysaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It can efficiently stimulate microglia without inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, β-glucan could be an ideal drug to ameliorate depressive phenotypes. In the present study, we found that a single injection of β-glucan reversed depression-like behaviors in mice induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in a dose-dependent manner, which was accompanied by a reversal of the CUS-induced decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in the dentate gyrus. The crucial role of BDNF signaling in the antidepressant effect of β-glucan was demonstrated by experiments showing that infusion of an anti-BDNF antibody into dentate gyrus, construction of BDNF-Val68Met allele knock-in mice, or treatment with the BDNF receptor antagonist K252a abolished the antidepressant effect of β-glucan. The increased BDNF signaling induced by β-glucan was mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated BDNF synthesis, and inhibition of ERK1/2 by SL327 was able to abolish the antidepressant effect of β-glucan. Moreover, inhibition or depletion of microglia by minocycline or PLX3397 abolished the reversal effect of β-glucan on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and CUS-induced impairment of ERK1/2-BDNF signaling. These results suggest that β-glucan exhibits antidepressant effects by stimulating microglia-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and synthesis of BDNF in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingran Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, #66 Renmin South Road, Yancheng, 224006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, #60 Middle Qingnian Road, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Endothelial Toll-like receptor 4 is required for microglia activation in the murine retina after systemic lipopolysaccharide exposure. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:25. [PMID: 36739425 PMCID: PMC9899393 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clustering of microglia around the vasculature has been reported in the retina and the brain after systemic administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice. LPS acts via activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TRL4), which is expressed in several cell types including microglia, monocytes and vascular endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic LPS in the pigmented mouse retina and the involvement of endothelial TLR4 in LPS-induced retinal microglia activation. METHODS C57BL/6J, conditional knockout mice that lack Tlr4 expression selectively on endothelial cells (TekCre-posTlr4loxP/loxP) and TekCre-negTlr4loxP/loxP mice were used. The mice were injected with 1 mg/kg LPS via the tail vein once per day for a total of 4 days. Prior to initiation of LPS injections and approximately 5 h after the last injection, in vivo imaging using fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, electroretinography and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to investigate the role of endothelial TLR4 in LPS-induced microglia activation and retinal function. RESULTS Activation of microglia, infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages, impaired ribbon synapse organization and retinal dysfunction were observed after the LPS exposure in C57BL/6J and TekCre-negTlr4loxP/loxP mice. None of these effects were observed in the retinas of conditional Tlr4 knockout mice after the LPS challenge. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that systemic LPS exposure can have detrimental effects in the healthy retina and that TLR4 expressed on endothelial cells is essential for retinal microglia activation and retinal dysfunction upon systemic LPS challenge. This important finding provides new insights into the role of microglia-endothelial cell interaction in inflammatory retinal disease.
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Solarz A, Majcher-Maślanka I, Kryst J, Chocyk A. Early-life stress affects peripheral, blood-brain barrier, and brain responses to immune challenge in juvenile and adult rats. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:1-15. [PMID: 36400335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) may affect brain maturation and neuroimmune interactions and, consequently, the inflammatory response to subsequent environmental factors later in life. Recently, the coexistence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and inflammation has been implicated in the etiology and progression of mental and/or neurodegenerative diseases. There are sex differences in the prevalence and outcomes of these disorders. The number of studies reporting the effects of ELS and sex on BBB functioning and neuroinflammatory processes in response to immune challenge is very limited, and the data are inconsistent. In the present study, we examined whether ELS, based on the maternal separation (MS) paradigm in rats, can condition male and female subjects to subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune challenge in juvenility or adulthood. Twenty-four hours after acute LPS injection, serum proinflammatory cytokines were measured, and BBB permeability in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HP) was evaluated. Additionally, the mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory markers and BBB-related genes was also studied. We found that a single LPS challenge induced a proinflammatory response both in the periphery and in the mPFC and HP and increased BBB permeability in a sex-dependent fashion. Moreover, MS enhanced the neuroinflammatory response to LPS challenge in males (especially juveniles), whereas MS females showed no difference or a blunted central response to LPS compared with control females, mainly during adulthood. These results suggest that ELS may precondition individuals to subsequent environmental factors later in life in a sex-specific manner and potentially determine their susceptibility or resilience to mental and/or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solarz
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Iwona Majcher-Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Joanna Kryst
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Basics Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, Jana Pawła II Av. 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chocyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland.
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Zhang T, Zhao S, Dong F, Jia Y, Chen X, Sun Y, Zhu L. Novel Insight into the Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Induced by 6:6 PFPiA through Disturbing the Gut-Brain Axis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1028-1038. [PMID: 36594808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As alternatives to traditional per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPiAs) are frequently detected in aquatic environments, but the neurotoxic effects and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, male zebrafish were exposed to 6:6 PFPiA (1 and 10 nM) for 28 days, which exhibited anxiety-like symptoms. Gut microbiome results indicated that 6:6 PFPiA significantly increased the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, leading to enhanced levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammation in the gut. The LPS was delivered to the brain through the gut-brain axis (GBA), damaged the blood-brain barrier (BBB), stimulated neuroinflammation, and caused apoptosis as well as neural injury in the brain. This mechanism was verified by the fact that antibiotics reduced the LPS levels in the gut and brain, accompanied by reduced inflammatory responses and anxiety-like behavior. The BBB damage also resulted in the enhanced accumulation of 6:6 PFPiA in the brain, where it might bind strongly with and activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to induce brain inflammation directly. Additionally, as the fish received treatment with an inhibitor of AhR, the inflammation response and anxiety-like behavior decreased distinctly. This study sheds light on the new mechanisms of neurotoxicity-induced 6:6 PFPiA due to the interruption on GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P.R. China
| | - Fengfeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yibo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yumeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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Hashemizadeh S, Hosseindoost S, Omidi A, Aminianfar H, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Ai J, Arjmand B, Hadjighassem M. Novel therapeutic approach to slow down the inflammatory cascade in acute/subacute spinal cord injury: Early immune therapy with lipopolysaccharide enhanced neuroprotective effect of combinational therapy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cell in spinal cord injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:993019. [PMID: 36505513 PMCID: PMC9727083 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.993019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have not yet proven any significant therapeutic efficacy in spinal cord injury (SCI) clinical trials, due to the hostile microenvironment of the injured spinal cord at the acute phase. This study aims to modulate the inflammatory milieu by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to improve the BM-MSCs therapy. For this purpose, we determined the optimum injection time and sub-toxic dosage of LPS following a T10 contusion injury. Medium-dose LPS administration may result in a local anti-inflammatory beneficial role. This regulatory role is associated with an increase in NF-200-positive cells, significant tissue sparing, and improvement in functional recovery compared to the SCI control group. The second aim was to examine the potential ability of LPS and LPS + G-CSF combination therapy to modulate the lesion site before BM-MSC (1 × 105 cells) intra-spinal injection. Our results demonstrated combination therapy increased potency to enhance the anti-inflammatory response (IL-10 and Arg-1) and decrease inflammatory markers (TNF-α and CD86) and caspase-3 compared to BM-MSC monotherapy. Histological analysis revealed that combination groups displayed better structural remodeling than BM-MSC monotherapy. In addition, Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores show an increase in motor recovery in all treatment groups. Moreover, drug therapy shows faster recovery than BM-MSC monotherapy. Our results suggest that a sub-toxic dose of LPS provides neuroprotection to SCI and can promote the beneficial effect of BM-MSC in SCI. These findings suggest that a combination of LPS or LPS + G-CSF prior BM-MSC transplantation is a promising approach for optimizing BM-MSC-based strategies to treat SCI. However, because of the lack of some methodological limitations to examine the survival rate and ultimate fate of transplanted BM-MSCs followed by LPS administration in this study, further research needs to be done in this area. The presence of only one-time point for evaluating the inflammatory response (1 week) after SCI can be considered as one of the limitations of this study. We believed that the inclusion of additional time points would provide more information about the effect of our combination therapy on the microglia/macrophage polarization dynamic at the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Hashemizadeh
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saereh Hosseindoost
- Pain Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Omidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem,
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Microglial Dynamics Modulate Vestibular Compensation in a Rodent Model of Vestibulopathy and Condition the Expression of Plasticity Mechanisms in the Deafferented Vestibular Nuclei. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172693. [PMID: 36078101 PMCID: PMC9454928 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) induces a vestibular syndrome composed of posturo-locomotor, oculomotor, vegetative, and perceptivo-cognitive symptoms. With time, these functional deficits progressively disappear due to a phenomenon called vestibular compensation, known to be supported by the expression in the deafferented vestibular nuclei (VNs) of various adaptative plasticity mechanisms. UVL is known to induce a neuroinflammatory response within the VNs, thought to be caused by the structural alteration of primary vestibular afferents. The acute inflammatory response, expressed in the deafferented VNs was recently proven to be crucial for the expression of the endogenous plasticity supporting functional recovery. Neuroinflammation is supported by reactive microglial cells, known to have various phenotypes with adverse effects on brain tissue. Here, we used markers of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes of reactive microglia to study microglial dynamics following a unilateral vestibular neurectomy (UVN) in the adult rat. In addition, to highlight the role of acute inflammation in vestibular compensation and its underlying mechanisms, we enhanced the inflammatory state of the deafferented VNs using systemic injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the acute phase after a UVN. We observed that the UVN induced the expression of both M1 proinflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory microglial phenotypes in the deafferented VNs. The acute LPS treatment exacerbated the inflammatory reaction and increased the M1 phenotype while decreasing M2 expression. These effects were associated with impaired postlesional plasticity in the deafferented VNs and exacerbated functional deficits. These results highlight the importance of a homeostatic inflammatory level in the expression of the adaptative plasticity mechanisms underlying vestibular compensation. Understanding the rules that govern neuroinflammation would provide therapeutic leads in neuropathologies associated with these processes.
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De Bock M, De Smet MA, Verwaerde S, Tahiri H, Schumacher S, Van Haver V, Witschas K, Steinhäuser C, Rouach N, Vandenbroucke RE, Leybaert L. Targeting gliovascular connexins prevents inflammatory blood-brain barrier leakage and astrogliosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:135263. [PMID: 35881483 PMCID: PMC9462469 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is formed by capillary endothelial cells expressing Cx37, Cx40 and Cx43, and is joined by closely apposed astrocytes expressing Cx43 and Cx30. We investigated whether connexin-targeting peptides could limit barrier leakage triggered by LPS-induced systemic inflammation in mice. Intraperitoneal LPS increased endothelial and astrocytic Cx43 expression, elevated TNFα, IL1β, IFNγ and IL6 in plasma and IL6 in the brain, and induced barrier leakage recorded over 24h. Barrier leakage was largely prevented by global Cx43 knockdown and Cx43/Cx30 double-knockout in astrocytes, slightly diminished by endothelial Cx43 knockout and not protected by global Cx30 knockout. Intravenous administration of Gap27 or Tat-Gap19 just before LPS also prevented barrier leakage, and intravenous BAPTA-AM to chelate intracellular calcium was equally effective. Patch-clamp experiments demonstrated LPS-induced Cx43 hemichannel opening in endothelial cells, which was suppressed by Gap27, Gap19 and BAPTA. LPS additionally triggered astrogliosis that was prevented by intravenous Tat-Gap19 or BAPTA-AM. Cortically applied Tat-Gap19 or BAPTA-AM to primarily target astrocytes, also strongly diminished barrier leakage. In vivo dye uptake and in vitro patch-clamp showed Cx43 hemichannel opening in astrocytes that was induced by IL6 in a calcium-dependent manner. We conclude that targeting endothelial and astrocytic connexins is a powerful approach to limit barrier failure and astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke De Bock
- Department of Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Aj De Smet
- Department of Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Verwaerde
- Department of Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanane Tahiri
- Department of Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffi Schumacher
- Department of Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valérie Van Haver
- Department of Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katja Witschas
- Department of Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Nathalie Rouach
- Center for Interdisiplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic & Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Kim SR, Park Y, Li M, Kim YK, Lee S, Son SY, Lee S, Lee JS, Lee CH, Park HH, Lee JY, Hong S, Cho YC, Kim JW, Yoo HM, Cho N, Lee HS, Lee SH. Anti-inflammatory effect of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle leaves in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated astrocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 286:114258. [PMID: 34271112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Activated astrocytes are involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Traditionally, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, widely distributed in East Asia, has been used as a medicine for the treatment of fever, gastric diseases, and inflammation. Although A. altissima has been reported to play an anti-inflammatory role in peripheral tissues or cells, its role in the central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of action of A. altissima in primary astrocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A nitrite assay was used to measure nitric oxide (NO) production, and the tetrazolium salt 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to determine cytotoxicity. The expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were determined with western blotting. Reverse-transcription PCR was used to assess the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The levels of reactive oxygen species were measured using 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Luciferase assay and immunocytochemistry were used for assessing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription and p65 localization, respectively. Memory and social interaction were analyzed using the Y-maze and three-chamber tests, respectively. RESULTS The ethanol extract of A. altissima leaves (AAE) inhibited iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated astrocytes. Moreover, AAE reduced the transcription of various proinflammatory mediators, hindered NF-κB activation, and suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation without p38 activation. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis revealed that AAE comprised ethyl gallate, quercetin, and kaempferol, along with luteolin, which has anti-inflammatory properties, and repressed LPS-induced nitrite levels and the nuclear translocation of p65. Finally, oral administration of AAE attenuated LPS-induced memory and social impairment in mice and repressed LPS-induced ERK and JNK activation in the cortices of mice. CONCLUSION AAE could have therapeutic uses in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases via suppression of astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Rae Kim
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongun Park
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Mo Li
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Kyeong Kim
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungguan Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Namki Cho
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- KNU-Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Shen P, Ji S, Li X, Yang Q, Xu B, Wong CKC, Wang L, Li L. LPS-Induced Systemic Inflammation Caused mPOA-FSH/LH Disturbance and Impaired Testicular Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:886085. [PMID: 35813649 PMCID: PMC9259990 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.886085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive function is key to the continuation of species and is under sophisticated regulation, challenged by various stressors including inflammation. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneal injection-induced acute systemic inflammation, male fecundity was compromised with decreased testosterone level, damaged spermatogenesis, and downregulations of testicular gene expression levels involved in steroidogenesis regulation and blood-testis barrier. It is also noteworthy that the testis is more sensitive to acute stress caused by LPS-induced systemic inflammation. LPS treatment resulted in lower testicular gene expression levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, and cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily B member 1 after LPS treatment, while no such decrease was found in the adrenal gland. In parallel to the significant decreases in testicular intercellular adhesion molecule 1, tight junction protein 1, and gap junction alpha-1 protein gene expression with LPS treatment, no decrease was found in the epididymis. In the brain, LPS treatment caused higher medial preoptic area (mPOA) activation in the hypothalamus, which is accompanied by elevated blood follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, suggesting a disturbed hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis function. Besides mPOA, brain c-fos mapping and quantitative analysis demonstrated a broad activation of brain nuclei by LPS, including the anterior cingulate cortex, lateral septum, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala, ventral tegmental area, lateral habenular nucleus, locus coeruleus, Barrington's nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract, accompanied by abnormal animal behavior. Our data showed that LPS-induced inflammation caused not only local testicular damage but also a systemic disturbance at the brain-testis axis level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilei Shen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqin Ji
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xulin Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingning Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingxian Xu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Chris Kong Chu Wong, ; Liping Wang, ; Lei Li,
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science–Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chris Kong Chu Wong, ; Liping Wang, ; Lei Li,
| | - Lei Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science–Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chris Kong Chu Wong, ; Liping Wang, ; Lei Li,
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14
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Hoyles L, Pontifex MG, Rodriguez-Ramiro I, Anis-Alavi MA, Jelane KS, Snelling T, Solito E, Fonseca S, Carvalho AL, Carding SR, Müller M, Glen RC, Vauzour D, McArthur S. Regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity by microbiome-associated methylamines and cognition by trimethylamine N-oxide. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:235. [PMID: 34836554 PMCID: PMC8626999 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communication between the gut microbiota and the brain is primarily mediated via soluble microbe-derived metabolites, but the details of this pathway remain poorly defined. Methylamines produced by microbial metabolism of dietary choline and L-carnitine have received attention due to their proposed association with vascular disease, but their effects upon the cerebrovascular circulation have hitherto not been studied. RESULTS Here, we use an integrated in vitro/in vivo approach to show that physiologically relevant concentrations of the dietary methylamine trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and protected it from inflammatory insult, acting through the tight junction regulator annexin A1. In contrast, the TMAO precursor trimethylamine (TMA) impaired BBB function and disrupted tight junction integrity. Moreover, we show that long-term exposure to TMAO protects murine cognitive function from inflammatory challenge, acting to limit astrocyte and microglial reactivity in a brain region-specific manner. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the mechanisms through which microbiome-associated methylamines directly interact with the mammalian BBB, with consequences for cerebrovascular and cognitive function. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Hoyles
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, UK.
| | | | - Ildefonso Rodriguez-Ramiro
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Metabolic Syndrome Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, E28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Areeb Anis-Alavi
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Khadija S Jelane
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tom Snelling
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Dipartimento di Medicina molecolare e Biotecnologie mediche, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Sonia Fonseca
- The Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ana L Carvalho
- The Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Simon R Carding
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- The Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert C Glen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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15
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Abiega-Franyutti P, Freyre-Fonseca V. Chronic consumption of food-additives lead to changes via microbiota gut-brain axis. Toxicology 2021; 464:153001. [PMID: 34710536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Some food additives have demonstrated to induce dysbiosis leading to the development gut and gastrointestinal diseases. In order to clarify how this dysbiosis affects the microbiota gut-brain axis, a systematic interpretative literature review is carried out in this work. This review was made in seven academic search engines using the keywords shown below. The main finding of this work is a clear link between the changes in the gut microbiota promoted by food additives and the causes that lead to many reported diseases related to chronic food additives consumption. Despite the findings, studies on the effects of food additives on microbiota are still insufficient. Therefore, this work should serve as a motivation for future research on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Abiega-Franyutti
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico, Av. Universidad Anahuac 46, Naucalpan de Juarez, 52786, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Veronica Freyre-Fonseca
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anahuac Mexico, Av. de las Torres 131, colonia Olivar de los Padres, Ciudad de Mexico, 01780, CDMX, Mexico.
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16
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Takada N, Nakamura Y, Ikeda K, Takaoka N, Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Sanoh S, Kotake Y, Nakata Y, Morioka N. Treatment with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Attenuates Peripheral Inflammation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Microglial Activation: The Effect of SAHA as a Peripheral HDAC Inhibitor. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2285-2296. [PMID: 34081246 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that peripheral inflammation induces cognitive dysfunction. Several histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in animal models of not only peripheral inflammation but also Alzheimer's disease. However, it is not clear which HDAC expressed in the central nervous system or peripheral tissues is involved in the therapeutic effect of HDAC inhibition on cognitive dysfunction. Hence, the present study investigated the effect of peripheral HDAC inhibition on peripheral inflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a pan-HDAC inhibitor that is mainly distributed in peripheral tissues after intraperitoneal administration, was found to prevent peripheral inflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, pretreatment with SAHA dramatically increased mRNA expression of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in peripheral and central tissues and attenuated peripheral inflammation-induced microglial activation in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Minocycline, a macrophage/microglia inhibitor, also ameliorated cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, as a result of treatment with liposomal clodronate, depletion of peripheral macrophages partially ameliorated the peripheral inflammation-evoked cognitive dysfunction. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that inhibition of peripheral HDAC plays a critical role in preventing cognitive dysfunction induced by peripheral inflammation via the regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine production and the inhibition of microglial functions in the hippocampus. Thus, these findings could provide support for inhibition of peripheral HDAC as a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takada
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoki Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Naoki Takaoka
- Department of Neurochemistry and Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan
| | - Kazue Hisaoka-Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Department of Neurochemistry and Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Department of Neurochemistry and Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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17
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Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Hennessy E, Murray CL, Nazmi A, Delaney HJ, Healy D, Fagan SG, Rooney M, Stewart E, Lewis A, de Barra N, Scarry P, Riggs-Miller L, Boche D, Cunningham MO, Cunningham C. Acute systemic inflammation exacerbates neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: IL-1β drives amplified responses in primed astrocytes and neuronal network dysfunction. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1735-1755. [PMID: 34080771 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Secondary inflammatory insults trigger delirium and can accelerate cognitive decline. Individual cellular contributors to this vulnerability require elucidation. Using APP/PS1 mice and AD brain, we studied secondary inflammatory insults to investigate hypersensitive responses in microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and human brain tissue. The NLRP3 inflammasome was assembled surrounding amyloid beta, and microglia were primed, facilitating exaggerated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) responses to subsequent LPS stimulation. Astrocytes were primed to produce exaggerated chemokine responses to intrahippocampal IL-1β. Systemic LPS triggered microglial IL-1β, astrocytic chemokines, IL-6, and acute cognitive dysfunction, whereas IL-1β disrupted hippocampal gamma rhythm, all selectively in APP/PS1 mice. Brains from AD patients with infection showed elevated IL-1β and IL-6 levels. Therefore, amyloid leaves the brain vulnerable to secondary inflammation at microglial, astrocytic, neuronal, and cognitive levels, and infection amplifies neuroinflammatory cytokine synthesis in humans. Exacerbation of neuroinflammation to produce deleterious outcomes like delirium and accelerated disease progression merits careful investigation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Edel Hennessy
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Carol L Murray
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Arshed Nazmi
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Hugh J Delaney
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Dáire Healy
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Steven G Fagan
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Michael Rooney
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Erika Stewart
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Anouchka Lewis
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Niamh de Barra
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Philip Scarry
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Louise Riggs-Miller
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark O Cunningham
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Rep. of Ireland
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18
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Zhang J, Boska M, Zheng Y, Liu J, Fox HS, Xiong H. Minocycline attenuation of rat corpus callosum abnormality mediated by low-dose lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:100. [PMID: 33902641 PMCID: PMC8077939 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia are resident innate immune cells in the brain, and activation of these myeloid cells results in secretion of a variety of pro-inflammatory molecules, leading to the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a widely used experimental stimulant in microglia activation. We have previously shown that LPS produced microglia activation and evoked detectable functional abnormalities in rat corpus callosum (CC) in vitro. Here, we further validated the effects of low-dose LPS-induced microglia activation and resultant white matter abnormality in the CC in an animal model and examined its attenuation by an anti-inflammatory agent minocycline. Methods Twenty-four SD rats were divided randomly into three groups and intra-peritoneally injected daily with saline, LPS, and LPS + minocycline, respectively. All animals were subject to MRI tests 6 days post-injection. The animals were then sacrificed to harvest the CC tissues for electrophysiology, western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test of all pair of columns was employed statistical analyses. Results Systemic administration of LPS produced microglial activation in the CC as illustrated by Iba-1 immunofluorescent staining. We observed that a large number of Iba-1-positive microglial cells were hyper-ramified with hypertrophic somata or even amoeba like in the LPS-treated animals, and such changes were significantly reduced by co-administration of minocycline. Electrophysiological recordings of axonal compound action potential (CAP) in the brain slices contained the CC revealed an impairment on the CC functionality as detected by a reduction in CAP magnitude. Such an impairment was supported by a reduction of fast axonal transportation evidenced by β-amyloid precursor protein accumulation. These alterations were attenuated by minocycline, demonstrating minocycline reduction of microglia-mediated interruption of white matter integrity and function in the CC. Conclusions Systemic administration of LPS produced microglia activation in the CC and resultant functional abnormalities that were attenuated by an anti-inflammatory agent minocycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Present Address: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Michael Boska
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ya Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Present address: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jianuo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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19
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Bennett M, Chin A, Lee HJ, Morales Cestero E, Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF, Threlkeld SW, Schmidt TA, Richendrfer HA, Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Jay GD, Chodobski A. Proteoglycan 4 Reduces Neuroinflammation and Protects the Blood-Brain Barrier after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:385-398. [PMID: 32940130 PMCID: PMC7875610 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are two prominent mechanisms of secondary injury in neurotrauma. It has been suggested that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in initiating and propagating neuroinflammation resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI), but potential beneficial effects of targeting these receptors in TBI have not been broadly studied. Here, we investigated the effect of targeting TLRs with proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) on post-traumatic neuroinflammation and BBB function. PRG4 is a mucinous glycoprotein with strong anti-inflammatory properties, exerting its biological effects by interfering with TLR2/4 signaling. In addition, PRG4 has the ability to inhibit activation of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a cell-surface glycoprotein playing an important role in inflammation. Using the controlled cortical impact model of TBI in rats, we showed a rapid and prolonged upregulation of message for TLR2/4 and CD44 in the injured cortex. In the in vitro model of the BBB, recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) crossed the endothelial monolayers through a high-capacity, saturable transport system. In rats sustaining TBI, PRG4 delivery to the brain was enhanced by post-traumatic increase in BBB permeability. rhPRG4 injected intravenously at 1 h post-TBI potently inhibited post-traumatic activation of nuclear factor kappa B and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, the two major signal transduction pathways associated with TLR2/4 and CD44, and curtailed the post-traumatic influx of monocytes. In addition, PRG4 restored normal BBB function after TBI by preventing the post-traumatic loss of tight junction protein claudin 5 and reduced neuronal death. Our observations provide support for therapeutic strategies targeting TLRs in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Bennett
- Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Andrea Chin
- Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Hyung Jin Lee
- Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | | | - Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- FLUID Team and BIP Facility, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | | | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Holly A. Richendrfer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Joanna Szmydynger-Chodobska
- Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Adam Chodobski
- Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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20
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Chen Z, Ruan J, Li D, Wang M, Han Z, Qiu W, Wu G. The Role of Intestinal Bacteria and Gut-Brain Axis in Hepatic Encephalopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:595759. [PMID: 33553004 PMCID: PMC7859631 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.595759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that occurs in patients with liver insufficiency. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Pharmacotherapy is the main therapeutic option for HE. It targets the pathogenesis of HE by reducing ammonia levels, improving neurotransmitter signal transduction, and modulating intestinal microbiota. Compared to healthy individuals, the intestinal microbiota of patients with liver disease is significantly different and is associated with the occurrence of HE. Moreover, intestinal microbiota is closely associated with multiple links in the pathogenesis of HE, including the theory of ammonia intoxication, bile acid circulation, GABA-ergic tone hypothesis, and neuroinflammation, which contribute to cognitive and motor disorders in patients. Restoring the homeostasis of intestinal bacteria or providing specific probiotics has significant effects on neurological disorders in HE. Therefore, this review aims at elucidating the potential microbial mechanisms and metabolic effects in the progression of HE through the gut–brain axis and its potential role as a therapeutic target in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Chen
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jingsheng Ruan
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Dinghua Li
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Min Wang
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiwei Han
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Wenxia Qiu
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Guobin Wu
- Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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21
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Whylings J, Rigney N, de Vries GJ, Petrulis A. Removal of vasopressin cells from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behaviour in mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12915. [PMID: 33617060 PMCID: PMC8543850 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin (AVP) cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) are activated during sickness and project to multiple nuclei responsible for the anxiety, social and motivated behaviours affected during sickness, suggesting that these cells may play a role in sickness behaviours, typically expressed as reduced mobility, increased anxiety, anhedonia and social withdrawal. In the present study, we selectively ablated AVP neurones in the PVN of male and female mice (Mus musculus) and induced sickness behaviour via injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that PVN AVP ablation increased the effects of LPS, specifically by further decreasing sucrose preference in males and females and decreasing the social preference of males, monitored within 24 hours of LPS injection. These results suggest that PVN AVP contributes to the change in motivated behaviours during sickness and may help promote recovery from infection..
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Whylings
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Rigney
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Geert J de Vries
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aras Petrulis
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Jiang W, Luo Z, Stephenson S, Li H, Di Germanio C, Norris PJ, Fuchs D, Zetterberg H, Gisslen M, Price RW. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma Lipopolysaccharide Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Associations With Inflammation, Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability, and Neuronal Injury. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1612-1620. [PMID: 33320240 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with increased systemic microbial translocation, neuroinflammation, and occasionally, neuronal injury. Whether systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) penetrates into the brain and contributes to neuroinflammation remain unknown in HIV. Here, we measured plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) LPS levels along with biomarkers of neuroinflammation (white blood cell counts and 40 soluble markers) and neurofilament light chain (NfL). Notably, CSF LPS was undetectable in all samples, including 3 HIV-infected individuals with dementia. Increased plasma LPS, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction were found in untreated HIV-infected individuals, but not in healthy or treated HIV-infected individuals. Plasma LPS levels were directly correlated with various markers of inflammation in both plasma and CSF, as well as with degree of BBB permeability but not with CSF NfL in HIV-infected subjects. These results suggest that the magnitude of microbial translocation associates with neuroinflammation and BBB permeability in HIV without direct penetration into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sophie Stephenson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Public Health Sciences, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institut für Biologische Chemie, Biozentrum, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.,United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
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23
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Navarro-Mabarak C, Loaiza-Zuluaga M, Hernández-Ojeda SL, Camacho-Carranza R, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Neuroinflammation is able to downregulate cytochrome P450 epoxygenases 2J3 and 2C11 in the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:57-64. [PMID: 32707261 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases have been considered the main producers of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) through the oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA). EETs display various biological properties, notably their powerful anti-inflammatory activities. In the brain, EETs have proven to be neuroprotective and to improve neuroinflammation. However, it is known that inflammation could modify CYP expression. We have previously reported that an inflammatory process in astrocytes is able to down-regulate CYP2J3 and CYP2C11 mRNA, protein levels, and activity (Navarro-Mabarak et al., 2019). In this work, we evaluated the effect of neuroinflammation in protein expression of CYP epoxygenases in the brain. Neuroinflammation was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of LPS (1 mg/kg) to male Wistar rats and was corroborated by IL-6, GFAP, and Iba-1 protein levels in the cortex over time. CYP2J3 and CYP2C11 protein levels were also evaluated in the cortex after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of LPS treatment. Our results show for the first time that neuroinflammation is able to downregulate CYP2J3 and CYP2C11 protein expression in the brain cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Navarro-Mabarak
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Loaiza-Zuluaga
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - S L Hernández-Ojeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - R Camacho-Carranza
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J J Espinosa-Aguirre
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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24
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Seo KH, Choi SY, Jin Y, Son H, Kang YS, Jung SH, Kim YI, Eum S, Bach TT, Yoo HM, Whang WK, Jung SY, Kang W, Ko HM, Lee SH. Anti‑inflammatory role of Prunus persica L. Batsch methanol extract on lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated glial cells. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2030-2040. [PMID: 32186769 PMCID: PMC7115241 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Reactive glial cells release inflammatory mediators that induce neurotoxicity or aggravate neurodegeneration. Regulation of glial activation is crucial for the initiation and progression of neuropathological conditions. Constituents of the peach tree (Prunus persica L. Batsch), which has a global distribution, have been found to exert therapeutic effects in pathological conditions, such as rashes, eczema and allergies. However, the therapeutic potential of its aerial parts (leaves, fruits and twigs) remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory role of P. persica methanol extract (PPB) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated glial cells. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed that PPB contained chlorogenic acid and catechin, which have antioxidant properties. Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results indicated that PPB reduced the transcription of various proinflammatory enzymes (nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2) and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6] in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. In addition, PPB inhibited the activation of NF-κB and various mitogen-activated protein kinases required for proinflammatory mediator transcription. Finally, nitrite measurement and immunocytochemistry results indicated that PPB also suppressed nitrite production and NF-κB translocation in LPS-stimulated primary astrocytes. Thus, PPB may be used as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases and neurotoxicity via the suppression of glial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hee Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsun Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebin Son
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyo Jung
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-In Kim
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmi Eum
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran The Bach
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Kyunn Whang
- Pharmaceutical Botany Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonku Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Myung Ko
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Woosuk University, Chungcheongbuk 27841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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25
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Shimada A. Principles of neuroanatomical architecture supporting brain–immune cell–cell interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Varodayan FP, Khom S, Patel RR, Steinman MQ, Hedges DM, Oleata CS, Homanics GE, Roberto M, Bajo M. Role of TLR4 in the Modulation of Central Amygdala GABA Transmission by CRF Following Restraint Stress. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 53:642-649. [PMID: 29309503 PMCID: PMC6203127 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Stress induces neuroimmune responses via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation. Here, we investigated the role of TLR4 in the effects of the stress peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on GABAergic transmission in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) following restraint stress. Methods Tlr4 knock out (KO) and wild-type rats were exposed to no stress (naïve), a single restraint stress (1 h) or repeated restraint stress (1 h per day for 3 consecutive days). After 1 h recovery from the final stress session, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology was used to investigate the effects of CRF (200 nM) on CeA GABAA-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). Results TLR4 does not regulate baseline GABAergic transmission in the CeA of naive and stress-treated animals. However, CRF significantly increased the mean sIPSC frequencies (indicating enhanced GABA release) across all genotypes and stress treatments, except for the Tlr4 KO rats that experienced repeated restraint stress. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest a limited role for TLR4 in CRF's modulation of CeA GABAergic synapses in naïve and single stress rats, though TLR4-deficient rats that experienced repeated psychological stress exhibit a blunted CRF cellular response. Short Summary TLR4 has a limited role in CRF's activation of the CeA under basal conditions, but interacts with the CRF system to regulate GABAergic synapse function in animals that experience repeated psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Varodayan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S Khom
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R R Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Q Steinman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D M Hedges
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C S Oleata
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G E Homanics
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, and Neurobiology, University of 6060 Biomedical Science Tower 3, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Roberto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Bajo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
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27
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de Aquino CC, Leitão RA, Oliveira Alves LA, Coelho-Santos V, Guerrant RL, Ribeiro CF, Malva JO, Silva AP, Oriá RB. Effect of Hypoproteic and High-Fat Diets on Hippocampal Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Oxidative Stress. Front Nutr 2019; 5:131. [PMID: 30687711 PMCID: PMC6333637 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, millions of people are exposed to dietary imbalance that impacts in health and quality of life. In developing countries, like in Brazil, in poor settings, dietary habits, traditionally hypoproteic, are changing rapidly to western-type high-fat foods. These rapidly changing dietary habits are imposing new challenges to human health and there are many questions in the field that remain to be answered. Accordingly, we currently do not know if chronic consumption of hypoproteic (regional basic diet, RBD) or high-fat diets (HFD) may impact the brain physiology, contributing to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and neuroinflammatory events. To address this issue, mice were challenged by breastfeeding from dams receiving standard, RBD or HFD from suckling day 10 until weaning. Immediately after weaning, mice continued under the same diets until post-natal day 52. Herein, we show that both RBD and HFD cause not only a peripheral but also a consistent central neuroinflammatory response, characterized by an increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, BBB hyperpermeability, accounted by an increase in hippocampal albumin content, a decrease in claudin-5 protein levels and collagen IV immunostaining, was also observed together with an upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Interestingly, we also identified a significant astrogliosis, manifested by upregulation of GFAP and S100β levels and an intensification of arbor complexity of these glial cells. In sum, our data show that dietary imbalance, related with hypoproteic or high-fat content, impairs BBB properties potentially favoring the transmigration of peripheral immune cells and induces both a peripheral and central neuroinflammatory status. Noteworthy, neuroinflammatory events in the hippocampus may cause neuronal malfunction leading to cognitive deficits and long-term persistence of this phenomenon may contribute to age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhyane Costa de Aquino
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Leitão
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís A Oliveira Alves
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Coelho-Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Carlos F Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O Malva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana P Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
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28
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Acute transient cognitive dysfunction and acute brain injury induced by systemic inflammation occur by dissociable IL-1-dependent mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1533-1548. [PMID: 29875474 PMCID: PMC6510649 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation can impair cognition with relevance to dementia, delirium and post-operative cognitive dysfunction. Episodes of delirium also contribute to rates of long-term cognitive decline, implying that these acute events induce injury. Whether systemic inflammation-induced acute dysfunction and acute brain injury occur by overlapping or discrete mechanisms remains unexplored. Here we show that systemic inflammation, induced by bacterial LPS, produces both working-memory deficits and acute brain injury in the degenerating brain and that these occur by dissociable IL-1-dependent processes. In normal C57BL/6 mice, LPS (100 µg/kg) did not affect working memory but impaired long-term memory consolidation. However prior hippocampal synaptic loss left mice selectively vulnerable to LPS-induced working memory deficits. Systemically administered IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) was protective against, and systemic IL-1β replicated, these working memory deficits. Dexamethasone abolished systemic cytokine synthesis and was protective against working memory deficits, without blocking brain IL-1β synthesis. Direct application of IL-1β to ex vivo hippocampal slices induced non-synaptic depolarisation and irreversible loss of membrane potential in CA1 neurons from diseased animals and systemic LPS increased apoptosis in the degenerating brain, in an IL-1RI-dependent fashion. The data suggest that LPS induces working memory dysfunction via circulating IL-1β but direct hippocampal action of IL-1β causes neuronal dysfunction and may drive neuronal death. The data suggest that acute systemic inflammation produces both reversible cognitive deficits, resembling delirium, and acute brain injury contributing to long-term cognitive impairment but that these events are mechanistically dissociable. These data have significant implications for management of cognitive dysfunction during acute illness.
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29
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Izvolskaia M, Sharova V, Zakharova L. Prenatal Programming of Neuroendocrine System Development by Lipopolysaccharide: Long-Term Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113695. [PMID: 30469423 PMCID: PMC6274672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various stress factors during critical periods of fetal development modulate the epigenetic mechanisms controlling specific genes, which can affect the structure and function of physiological systems. Maternal immune stress by bacterial infection simulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an experiment is considered to be a powerful programming factor of fetal development. Studies of the molecular mechanisms controlling the formation and functioning of physiological systems are in the pilot stage. LPSs are the most potent natural inflammation factors. LPS-induced increases in fetal levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can affect brain development and have long-term effects on behavior and neuroendocrine functions. The degradation of serotonergic neurons induced by LPS in the fetus is attributed to the increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) as well as to anxiety and depression in children. Dopamine deficiency causes dysthymia, learning disability, and Parkinson’s disease. According to our data, an LPS-induced increase in the levels of IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) in maternal and fetal rats during early pregnancy disturbs the development and functioning of gonadotropin-releasing hormone production and reproductive systems. It is important to note the high responsiveness of epigenetic developmental mechanisms to many regulatory factors, which offers opportunities to correct the defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Izvolskaia
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Viktoria Sharova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Liudmila Zakharova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia.
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30
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Katharesan V, Deery S, Johnson IP. Neuroprotective effect of acute prior inflammation with lipopolysaccharide for adult male rat facial motoneurones. Brain Res 2018; 1696:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Systemic Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pain Sensitivity and Spinal Inflammation Were Reduced by Minocycline in Neonatal Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102947. [PMID: 30262747 PMCID: PMC6212885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of minocycline, a putative suppressor of microglial activation, on systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced spinal cord inflammation, allodynia, and hyperalgesia in neonatal rats. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LPS (2 mg/kg) or sterile saline was performed in postnatal day 5 (P5) rat pups and minocycline (45 mg/kg) or vehicle (phosphate buffer saline; PBS) was administered (i.p.) 5 min after LPS injection. The von Frey filament and tail-flick tests were performed to determine mechanical allodynia (a painful sensation caused by innocuous stimuli, e.g., light touch) and thermal hyperalgesia (a condition of altered perception of temperature), respectively, and spinal cord inflammation was examined 24 h after the administration of drugs. Systemic LPS administration resulted in a reduction of tactile threshold in the von Frey filament tests and pain response latency in the tail-flick test of neonatal rats. The levels of microglia and astrocyte activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the spinal cord of neonatal rats were increased 24 h after the administration of LPS. Treatment with minocycline significantly attenuated LPS-induced allodynia, hyperalgesia, the increase in spinal cord microglia, and astrocyte activation, and elevated levels of IL-1β, COX-2, and PGE2 in neonatal rats. These results suggest that minocycline provides protection against neonatal systemic LPS exposure-induced enhanced pain sensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia), and that the protective effects may be associated with its ability to attenuate LPS-induced microglia activation, and the levels of IL-1β, COX-2, and PGE2 in the spinal cord of neonatal rats.
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Chaves C, Remiao F, Cisternino S, Decleves X. Opioids and the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Dynamic Interaction with Consequences on Drug Disposition in Brain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:1156-1173. [PMID: 28474563 PMCID: PMC5725546 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170504095823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Opioids are widely used in pain management, acting via opioid receptors and/or Toll-like receptors (TLR) present at the central nervous system (CNS). At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), several influx and efflux transporters, such as the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1), Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP, ABCC) transporters, and solute carrier transporters (SLC), are responsible for the transport of xenobiotics from the brain into the bloodstream or vice versa. Objective: ABC transporters export several clinically employed opioids, altering their neuro- pharmacokinetics and CNS effects. In this review, we explore the interactions between opioids and ABC transporters, and decipher the molecular mechanisms by which opioids can modify their expression at the BBB. Results: P-gp is largely implicated in the brain-to-blood efflux of opioids, namely morphine and oxycodone. Long-term ex-posure to morphine and oxycodone has proven to up-regulate the expression of ABC transporters, such as P-gp, BCRP and MRPs, at the BBB, which may lead to increased tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of such drugs. Recent studies uncov-er two mechanisms by which morphine may up-regulate P-gp and BCRP at the BBB: 1) via a glutamate, NMDA-receptor and COX-2 signaling cascade, and 2) via TLR4 activation, subsequent development of neuro- inflammation, and activation of NF-κB, presumably via glial cells. Conclusion: The BBB-opioid interaction can culminate in bilateral consequences, since ABC transporters condition the brain disposition of opioids, while opioids also affect the expression of ABC transporters at the BBB, which may result in increased CNS drug pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Chaves
- Variabilite de Reponse Aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France.,Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France.,Universite Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France.,REQUIMTE, Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remiao
- REQUIMTE, Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Variabilite de Reponse Aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France.,Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France.,Universite Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France.,Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Variabilite de Reponse Aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France.,Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France.,Universite Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France.,Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Haziak K, Herman AP, Wojtulewicz K, Pawlina B, Paczesna K, Bochenek J, Tomaszewska-Zaremba D. Effect of CD14/TLR4 antagonist on GnRH/LH secretion in ewe during central inflammation induced by intracerebroventricular administration of LPS. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:52. [PMID: 30026944 PMCID: PMC6047126 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) influences the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Presence of LPS interacting Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in the hypothalamus may enable the direct action of LPS on the GnRH/LH secretion. So, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of TLR4 antagonist on GnRH/LH secretion in anestrous ewes during LPS-induced central inflammation. Animals were divided into three groups icv-treated with: Ringer-Locke solution, LPS and TLR4 antagonist followed by LPS. RESULTS It was demonstrated that TLR4 antagonist reduced LPS-dependent suppression of GnRH gene expression in the preoptic area and in the medial basal hypothalamus, and suppression of receptor for GnRH gene expression in the anterior pituitary gland. It was also shown that TLR4 antagonist reduced suppression of LH release caused by icv injection of LPS. Central administration of LPS stimulated TLR4 gene expression in the medial basal hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS It was indicated that blockade of TLR4 prevents the inhibitory effect of centrally acting LPS on the GnRH/LH secretion. This suggests that some negative effects of bacterial infection on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity at the hypothalamic level may be caused by central action of LPS acting through TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Haziak
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Karolina Wojtulewicz
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pawlina
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Kamila Paczesna
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Joanna Bochenek
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Dorota Tomaszewska-Zaremba
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
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34
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Torres-Espín A, Forero J, Fenrich KK, Lucas-Osma AM, Krajacic A, Schmidt E, Vavrek R, Raposo P, Bennett DJ, Popovich PG, Fouad K. Eliciting inflammation enables successful rehabilitative training in chronic spinal cord injury. Brain 2018; 141:1946-1962. [PMID: 29860396 PMCID: PMC6022560 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitative training is one of the most successful therapies to promote motor recovery after spinal cord injury, especially when applied early after injury. Polytrauma and management of other medical complications in the acute post-injury setting often preclude or complicate early rehabilitation. Therefore, interventions that reopen a window of opportunity for effective motor training after chronic injury would have significant therapeutic value. Here, we tested whether this could be achieved in rats with chronic (8 weeks) dorsolateral quadrant sections of the cervical spinal cord (C4) by inducing mild neuroinflammation. We found that systemic injection of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide improved the efficacy of rehabilitative training on forelimb function, as assessed using a single pellet reaching and grasping task. This enhanced recovery was found to be dependent on the training intensity, where a high-intensity paradigm induced the biggest improvements. Importantly, in contrast to training alone, the combination of systemic lipopolysaccharide and high-intensity training restored original function (reparative plasticity) rather than enhancing new motor strategies (compensatory plasticity). Accordingly, electrophysiological and tract-tracing studies demonstrated a recovery in the cortical drive to the affected forelimb muscles and a restructuration of the corticospinal innervation of the cervical spinal cord. Thus, we propose that techniques that can elicit mild neuroinflammation may be used to enhance the efficacy of rehabilitative training after chronic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Torres-Espín
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juan Forero
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith K Fenrich
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ana M Lucas-Osma
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Krajacic
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emma Schmidt
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Romana Vavrek
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pamela Raposo
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David J Bennett
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, 460 W. 12th Ave., 694 Biomedical Research Tower, Ohio State University; Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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35
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Endogenous Protection from Ischemic Brain Injury by Preconditioned Monocytes. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6722-6736. [PMID: 29946039 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0324-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) before cerebral ischemia is neuroprotective in stroke models, a phenomenon termed preconditioning (PC). Although it is well established that LPS-PC induces central and peripheral immune responses, the cellular mechanisms modulating ischemic injury remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of immune cells in the brain protection afforded by PC and tested whether monocytes may be reprogrammed by ex vivo LPS exposure, thus modulating inflammatory injury after cerebral ischemia in male mice. We found that systemic injection of low-dose LPS induces a Ly6Chi monocyte response that protects the brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. Remarkably, adoptive transfer of monocytes isolated from preconditioned mice into naive mice 7 h after transient MCAO reduced brain injury. Gene expression and functional studies showed that IL-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and CCR2 in monocytes are essential for neuroprotection. This protective activity was elicited even if mouse or human monocytes were exposed ex vivo to LPS and then injected into male mice after stroke. Cell-tracking studies showed that protective monocytes are mobilized from the spleen and reach the brain and meninges, where they suppress postischemic inflammation and neutrophil influx into the brain parenchyma. Our findings unveil a previously unrecognized subpopulation of splenic monocytes capable of protecting the brain with an extended therapeutic window and provide the rationale for cell therapies based on the delivery of autologous or allogeneic protective monocytes in patients after ischemic stroke.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inflammation is a key component of the pathophysiology of the brain in stroke, a leading cause of death and disability with limited therapeutic options. Here, we investigate endogenous mechanisms of protection against cerebral ischemia. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning (PC) as an approach to induce ischemic tolerance in mice, we found generation of neuroprotective monocytes within the spleen, from which they traffic to the brain and meninges, suppressing postischemic inflammation. Importantly, systemic LPS-PC can be mimicked by adoptive transfer of in vitro-preconditioned mouse or human monocytes at translational relevant time points after stroke. This model of neuroprotection may facilitate clinical efforts to increase the efficacy of BM mononuclear cell treatments in acute neurological diseases such as cerebral ischemia.
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36
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Albertini G, Deneyer L, Ottestad-Hansen S, Zhou Y, Ates G, Walrave L, Demuyser T, Bentea E, Sato H, De Bundel D, Danbolt NC, Massie A, Smolders I. Genetic deletion of xCT attenuates peripheral and central inflammation and mitigates LPS-induced sickness and depressive-like behavior in mice. Glia 2018; 66:1845-1861. [PMID: 29693305 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The communication between the immune and central nervous system (CNS) is affected in many neurological disorders. Peripheral injections of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are widely used to study this communication: an LPS challenge leads to a biphasic syndrome that starts with acute sickness and is followed by persistent brain inflammation and chronic behavioral alterations such as depressive-like symptoms. In vitro, the response to LPS treatment has been shown to involve enhanced expression of system <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> . This cystine-glutamate antiporter, with xCT as specific subunit, represents the main glial provider of extracellular glutamate in mouse hippocampus. Here we injected male xCT knockout and wildtype mice with a single intraperitoneal dose of 5 mg/kg LPS. LPS-injection increased hippocampal xCT expression but did not alter the mainly astroglial localization of the xCT protein. Peripheral and central inflammation (as defined by cytokine levels and morphological activation of microglia) as well as LPS-induced sickness and depressive-like behavior were significantly attenuated in xCT-deficient mice compared with wildtype mice. Our study is the first to demonstrate the involvement of system <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> in peripheral and central inflammation in vivo and the potential therapeutic relevance of its inhibition in brain disorders characterized by peripheral and central inflammation, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Albertini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Lauren Deneyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Sigrid Ottestad-Hansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372, Norway
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372, Norway
| | - Gamze Ates
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Laura Walrave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Eduard Bentea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Hideyo Sato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8518, Japan
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Niels C Danbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0372, Norway
| | - Ann Massie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
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37
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Jang SE, Lim SM, Jeong JJ, Jang HM, Lee HJ, Han MJ, Kim DH. Gastrointestinal inflammation by gut microbiota disturbance induces memory impairment in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:369-379. [PMID: 28612842 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested our hypothesis regarding mechanistic cross-talk between gastrointestinal inflammation and memory loss in a mouse model. Intrarectal injection of the colitis inducer 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice caused colitis via activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and increase in membrane permeability. TNBS treatment increased fecal and blood levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the number of Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli (EC), in the gut microbiota composition, but significantly reduced the number of Lactobacillus johnsonii (LJ). Indeed, we observed that the mice treated with TNBS displayed impaired memory, as assessed using the Y-maze and passive avoidance tasks. Furthermore, treatment with EC, which was isolated from the feces of mice with TNBS-induced colitis, caused memory impairment and colitis, and increased the absorption of orally administered LPS into the blood. Treatment with TNBS or EC induced NF-κB activation and tumor necrosis factor-α expression in the hippocampus of mice, as well as suppressed brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. However, treatment with LJ restored the disturbed gut microbiota composition, lowered gut microbiota, and blood LPS levels, and attenuated both TNBS- and EC-induced memory impairment and colitis. These results suggest that the gut microbiota disturbance by extrinsic stresses can cause gastrointestinal inflammation, resulting in memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-E Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-M Lim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-J Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-M Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-J Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - M J Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - D-H Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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38
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Nalamolu KR, Smith NJ, Chelluboina B, Klopfenstein JD, Pinson DM, Wang DZ, Vemuganti R, Veeravalli KK. Prevention of the Severity of Post-ischemic Inflammation and Brain Damage by Simultaneous Knockdown of Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4. Neuroscience 2018; 373:82-91. [PMID: 29337240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 belong to a family of highly conserved pattern recognition receptors and are well-known upstream sensors of signaling pathways of innate immunity. TLR2 and TLR4 upregulation is thought to be associated with poor outcome in stroke patients. We currently show that transient focal ischemia in adult rats induces TLR2 and TLR4 expression within hours and shRNA-mediated knockdown of TLR2 and TLR4 alone and in combination decreases the infarct size and swelling. We further show that TLR2 and TLR4 knockdown also prevented the induction of their downstream signaling molecules MyD88, IRAK1, and NFκB p65 as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα. This study thus shows that attenuation of the severity of TLR2- and TLR4-mediated post-stroke inflammation ameliorates ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteswara Rao Nalamolu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Nathan J Smith
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Klopfenstein
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA; Comprehensive Stroke Center, Illinois Neurological Institute, OSF HealthCare System, Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - David M Pinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - David Z Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA; Comprehensive Stroke Center, Illinois Neurological Institute, OSF HealthCare System, Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA.
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Dhaya I, Griton M, Raffard G, Amri M, Hiba B, Konsman JP. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation alters perfusion of white matter-rich regions without altering flow in brain-irrigating arteries: Relationship to blood-brain barrier breakdown? J Neuroimmunol 2018; 314:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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40
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Lipopolysaccharide enters the rat brain by a lipoprotein-mediated transport mechanism in physiological conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13113. [PMID: 29030613 PMCID: PMC5640642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is present in the bloodstream and can be bound to several proteins for its transport (i.e.) LPS binding protein (LBP) and plasma lipoproteins). LPS receptors CD14 and TLR-4 are constitutively expressed in the Central Nervous System (CNS). To our knowledge, LPS infiltration in CNS has not been clearly demonstrated. A naturalistic experiment with healthy rats was performed to investigate whether LPS is present with its receptors in brain. Immunofluorescences showed that lipid A and core LPS were present in circumventricular organs, choroid plexus, meningeal cells, astrocytes, tanycytes and endothelial cells. Co-localization of LPS regions with CD14/TLR-4 was found. The role of lipoprotein receptors (SR-BI, ApoER2 and LDLr) in the brain as targets for a LPS transport mechanism by plasma apolipoproteins (i.e. ApoAI) was studied. Co-localization of LPS regions with these lipoproteins markers was observed. Our results suggest that LPS infiltrates in the brain in physiological conditions, possibly, through a lipoprotein transport mechanism, and it is bound to its receptors in blood-brain interfaces.
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41
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The effect of melatonin from slow-release implants on basic and TLR-4-mediated gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and their receptors in the choroid plexus in ewes. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:50-55. [PMID: 28889016 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study concerns the effect of melatonin from slow-release implants on the expression of genes coding interleukin-1β (Il1B), inerleukin-6 (Il6), tumour necrosis factor α (Tnf) and their receptors: IL-1 receptor type I (Il1r1) and type II (Il1r2), IL-6 receptor (Il6r) and signal transducer (Il6st), TNFα receptor type I (Tnfrsf1a) and II (Tnfrsf1b) and retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RorA) and Rev.-erbα in the ovine choroid plexus (CP) under basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged conditions. Studies were performed on four groups: 1) sham-implanted and placebo-treated, 2) melatonin-implanted (Melovine, 18mg) and placebo-treated, 3) sham-implanted and LPS-treated (400ng/kg of body weight) and 4) melatonin-implanted and LPS-treated. Under basal conditions, we observed weak expression of Tnf, low expression of Il1B, Il6 and Il1r2 and intermediate expression of other cytokines receptors. LPS treatment induced (P≤0.05) expression in all cytokines and their receptors, except Il6r 3h after the administration. Melatonin attenuated (P≤0.05) LPS-induced up-regulation of Il6 but had no effect on other cytokines and their receptors and up-regulated (P≤0.05) Rev.-erbα expression under basal conditions. This indicates that melatonin from slow-release implants suppresses TLR4-mediated Il6 expression in the ovine CP via a mechanism likely involving clock genes.
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Yan J, Bai J, Gao C, Liang Y, Zhao B, Bian Y. Chronic unpredictable stress abrogates the endotoxin tolerance induced by repeated peripheral LPS challenge via the TLR4 signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017; 645:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kowalewska M, Szczepkowska A, Herman A, Pellicer-Rubio M, Jałyński M, Skipor J. Melatonin from slow-release implants did not influence the gene expression of the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex in the choroid plexus of seasonally anoestrous adult ewes subjected or not to a systemic inflammatory stimulus. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Shimada A, Hasegawa-Ishii S. Histological Architecture Underlying Brain-Immune Cell-Cell Interactions and the Cerebral Response to Systemic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:17. [PMID: 28154566 PMCID: PMC5243818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the brain is now known to actively interact with the immune system under non-inflammatory conditions, the site of cell–cell interactions between brain parenchymal cells and immune cells has been an open question until recently. Studies by our and other groups have indicated that brain structures such as the leptomeninges, choroid plexus stroma and epithelium, attachments of choroid plexus, vascular endothelial cells, cells of the perivascular space, circumventricular organs, and astrocytic endfeet construct the histological architecture that provides a location for intercellular interactions between bone marrow-derived myeloid lineage cells and brain parenchymal cells under non-inflammatory conditions. This architecture also functions as the interface between the brain and the immune system, through which systemic inflammation-induced molecular events can be relayed to the brain parenchyma at early stages of systemic inflammation during which the blood–brain barrier is relatively preserved. Although brain microglia are well known to be activated by systemic inflammation, the mechanism by which systemic inflammatory challenge and microglial activation are connected has not been well documented. Perturbed brain–immune interaction underlies a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders including ischemic brain injury, status epilepticus, repeated social defeat, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Proinflammatory status associated with cytokine imbalance is involved in autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and depression. In this article, we propose a mechanism connecting systemic inflammation, brain–immune interface cells, and brain parenchymal cells and discuss the relevance of basic studies of the mechanism to neurological disorders with a special emphasis on sepsis-associated encephalopathy and preterm brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Central Hospital, Aichi Human Service Center , Kasugai, Aichi , Japan
| | - Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA , USA
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Rodent sex differences in disgust behaviors (anticipatory nausea) conditioned to a context associated with the effects of the toxin LiCl: Inhibition of conditioning following immune stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 152:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tomaszewska-Zaremba D, Herman A, Haziak K. How does bacterial endotoxin influence gonadoliberin/gonadotropins secretion and action? JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/67366/2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Park T, Chen H, Kevala K, Lee JW, Kim HY. N-Docosahexaenoylethanolamine ameliorates LPS-induced neuroinflammation via cAMP/PKA-dependent signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:284. [PMID: 27809877 PMCID: PMC5096293 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain inflammation has been implicated as a critical mechanism responsible for the progression of neurodegeneration and characterized by glial cell activation accompanied by production of inflammation-related cytokines and chemokines. Growing evidence also suggests that metabolites derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects; however, the possible role of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide), an endogenous neurogenic and synaptogenic metabolite of DHA, in inflammation, is largely unknown. (The term “synaptamide” instead of “DHEA” was used for N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine since DHEA is a widely used and accepted term for the steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone.) In the present study, we tested this possibility using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model both in vitro and in vivo. Methods For in vitro studies, we used P3 primary rat microglia and immortalized murine microglia cells (BV2) to assess synaptamide effects on LPS-induced cytokine/chemokine/iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) expression by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To evaluate in vivo effects, mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with LPS followed by synaptamide, and expression of proinflammatory mediators was measured by qPCR and western blot analysis. Activation of microglia and astrocyte in the brain was examined by Iba-1 and GFAP immunostaining. Results Synaptamide significantly reduced LPS-induced production of TNF-α and NO in cultured microglia cells. Synaptamide increased intracellular cAMP levels, phosphorylation of PKA, and phosphorylation of CREB but suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Conversely, adenylyl cyclase or PKA inhibitors abolished the synaptamide effect on p65 translocation as well as TNF-α and iNOS expression. Administration of synaptamide following LPS injection (i.p.) significantly reduced neuroinflammatory responses, such as microglia activation and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokine, and iNOS in the brain. Conclusions DHA-derived synaptamide is a potent suppressor of neuroinflammation in an LPS-induced model, by enhancing cAMP/PKA signaling and inhibiting NF-κB activation. The anti-inflammatory capability of synaptamide may provide a new therapeutic avenue to ameliorate the inflammation-associated neurodegenerative conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0751-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyeop Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Huazhen Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Karl Kevala
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA. .,National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rm. 3N-07, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9410, USA.
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Early Postnatal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Leads to Enhanced Neurogenesis and Impaired Communicative Functions in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164403. [PMID: 27723799 PMCID: PMC5056722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal infection is a well-identified risk factor for a number of neurodevelopmental disorders, including brain white matter injury (WMI) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The underlying mechanisms by which early life inflammatory events cause aberrant neural, cytoarchitectural, and network organization, remain elusive. This study is aimed to investigate how systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation affects microglia phenotypes and early neural developmental events in rats. We show here that LPS exposure at early postnatal day 3 leads to a robust microglia activation which is characterized with mixed microglial proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. More specifically, we found that microglial M1 markers iNOS and MHC-II were induced at relatively low levels in a regionally restricted manner, whereas M2 markers CD206 and TGFβ were strongly upregulated in a sub-set of activated microglia in multiple white and gray matter structures. This unique microglial response was associated with a marked decrease in naturally occurring apoptosis, but an increase in cell proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus. LPS exposure also leads to a significant increase in oligodendrocyte lineage population without causing discernible hypermyelination. Moreover, LPS-exposed rats exhibited significant impairments in communicative and cognitive functions. These findings suggest a possible role of M2-like microglial activation in abnormal neural development that may underlie ASD-like behavioral impairments.
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Hasegawa-Ishii S, Inaba M, Umegaki H, Unno K, Wakabayashi K, Shimada A. Endotoxemia-induced cytokine-mediated responses of hippocampal astrocytes transmitted by cells of the brain-immune interface. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25457. [PMID: 27149601 PMCID: PMC4857737 DOI: 10.1038/srep25457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation shifts the brain microenvironment towards a proinflammatory state. However, how peripheral inflammation mediates changes in the brain remains to be clarified. We aimed to identify hippocampal cells and cytokines that respond to endotoxemia. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline, and examined 1, 4, and 24 h after injection. Tissue cytokine concentrations in the spleens and hippocampi were determined by multiplex assays. Another group of mice were studied immunohistologically. Fourteen cytokines showed an increased concentration in the spleen, and 10 showed an increase in the hippocampus after LPS injection. Cytokines increased at 4 h (CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL2, and interleukin-6) were expressed by leptomeningeal stromal cells, choroid plexus stromal cells, choroid plexus epithelial cells, and hippocampal vascular endothelial cells, all of which were located at the brain-immune interface. Receptors for these cytokines were expressed by astrocytic endfeet. Cytokines increased at 24 h (CCL11, CXCL10, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) were expressed by astrocytes. Cells of the brain-immune interface therefore respond to endotoxemia with cytokine signals earlier than hippocampal parenchymal cells. In the parenchyma, astrocytes play a key role in responding to signals by using endfeet located in close apposition to the interface cells via cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Central Hospital, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.,Graduate school of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Muneo Inaba
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Umegaki
- Department of Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Keiko Unno
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Keiji Wakabayashi
- Graduate school of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Atsuyoshi Shimada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Central Hospital, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
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Desipramine administered chronically inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of IL-1β in the brain and plasma of rats. Cytokine 2016; 80:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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