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Metz TO, Chang CH, Gautam V, Anjum A, Tian S, Wang F, Colby SM, Nunez JR, Blumer MR, Edison AS, Fiehn O, Jones DP, Li S, Morgan ET, Patti GJ, Ross DH, Shapiro MR, Williams AJ, Wishart DS. Introducing 'identification probability' for automated and transferable assessment of metabolite identification confidence in metabolomics and related studies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.30.605945. [PMID: 39131324 PMCID: PMC11312557 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.30.605945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Methods for assessing compound identification confidence in metabolomics and related studies have been debated and actively researched for the past two decades. The earliest effort in 2007 focused primarily on mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resulted in four recommended levels of metabolite identification confidence - the Metabolite Standards Initiative (MSI) Levels. In 2014, the original MSI Levels were expanded to five levels (including two sublevels) to facilitate communication of compound identification confidence in high resolution mass spectrometry studies. Further refinement in identification levels have occurred, for example to accommodate use of ion mobility spectrometry in metabolomics workflows, and alternate approaches to communicate compound identification confidence also have been developed based on identification points schema. However, neither qualitative levels of identification confidence nor quantitative scoring systems address the degree of ambiguity in compound identifications in context of the chemical space being considered, are easily automated, or are transferable between analytical platforms. In this perspective, we propose that the metabolomics and related communities consider identification probability as an approach for automated and transferable assessment of compound identification and ambiguity in metabolomics and related studies. Identification probability is defined simply as 1/N, where N is the number of compounds in a reference library or chemical space that match to an experimentally measured molecule within user-defined measurement precision(s), for example mass measurement or retention time accuracy, etc. We demonstrate the utility of identification probability in an in silico analysis of multi-property reference libraries constructed from the Human Metabolome Database and computational property predictions, provide guidance to the community in transparent implementation of the concept, and invite the community to further evaluate this concept in parallel with their current preferred methods for assessing metabolite identification confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Christine H. Chang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Vasuk Gautam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Afia Anjum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Siyang Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sean M. Colby
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Jamie R. Nunez
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Madison R. Blumer
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Arthur S. Edison
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shuzhao Li
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Edward T. Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gary J. Patti
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Metabolic Tracing, Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dylan H. Ross
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Madelyn R. Shapiro
- Artificial Intelligence & Data Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Antony J. Williams
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, Center for Computational Toxicology & Exposure (CCTE), Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - David S. Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Ferreira CR, Lima Gomes PCFD, Robison KM, Cooper BR, Shannahan JH. Implementation of multiomic mass spectrometry approaches for the evaluation of human health following environmental exposure. Mol Omics 2024; 20:296-321. [PMID: 38623720 PMCID: PMC11163948 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00214d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Omics analyses collectively refer to the possibility of profiling genetic variants, RNA, epigenetic markers, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. The most common analytical approaches used for detecting molecules present within biofluids related to metabolism are vibrational spectroscopy techniques, represented by infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and mass spectrometry (MS). Omics-based assessments utilizing MS are rapidly expanding and being applied to various scientific disciplines and clinical settings. Most of the omics instruments are operated by specialists in dedicated laboratories; however, the development of miniature portable omics has made the technology more available to users for field applications. Variations in molecular information gained from omics approaches are useful for evaluating human health following environmental exposure and the development and progression of numerous diseases. As MS technology develops so do statistical and machine learning methods for the detection of molecular deviations from personalized metabolism, which are correlated to altered health conditions, and they are intended to provide a multi-disciplinary overview for researchers interested in adding multiomic analysis to their current efforts. This includes an introduction to mass spectrometry-based omics technologies, current state-of-the-art capabilities and their respective strengths and limitations for surveying molecular information. Furthermore, we describe how knowledge gained from these assessments can be applied to personalized medicine and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Ferreira
- Purdue Metabolite Profiling Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | - Kiley Marie Robison
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bruce R Cooper
- Purdue Metabolite Profiling Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jonathan H Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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3
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Martinez-Morata I, Wu H, Galvez-Fernandez M, Ilievski V, Bottiglieri T, Niedzwiecki MM, Goldsmith J, Jones DP, Kioumourtzoglou MA, Pierce B, Walker DI, Gamble MV. Metabolomic Effects of Folic Acid Supplementation in Adults: Evidence from the FACT Trial. J Nutr 2024; 154:670-679. [PMID: 38092151 PMCID: PMC10900167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folic acid (FA) is the oxidized form of folate found in supplements and FA-fortified foods. Most FA is reduced by dihydrofolate reductase to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5mTHF); the latter is the form of folate naturally found in foods. Ingestion of FA increases the plasma levels of both 5mTHF and unmetabolized FA (UMFA). Limited information is available on the downstream metabolic effects of FA supplementation, including potential effects associated with UMFA. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the metabolic effects of FA-supplementation, and the associations of plasma 5mTHF and UMFA with the metabolome in FA-naïve Bangladeshi adults. METHODS Sixty participants were selected from the Folic Acid and Creatine Trial; half received 800 μg FA/day for 12 weeks and half placebo. Plasma metabolome profiles were measured by high-resolution mass spectrometry, including 170 identified metabolites and 26,541 metabolic features. Penalized regression methods were used to assess the associations of targeted metabolites with FA-supplementation, plasma 5mTHF, and plasma UMFA. Pathway analyses were conducted using Mummichog. RESULTS In penalized models of identified metabolites, FA-supplementation was associated with higher choline. Changes in 5mTHF concentrations were positively associated with metabolites involved in amino acid metabolism (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, acetylmethionine, creatinine, guanidinoacetate, hydroxyproline/n-acetylalanine) and 2 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid and linoleic acid). Changes in 5mTHF concentrations were negatively associated with acetylglutamate, acetyllysine, carnitine, propionyl carnitine, cinnamic acid, homogentisate, arachidonic acid, and nicotine. UMFA concentrations were associated with lower levels of arachidonic acid. Together, metabolites selected across all models were related to lipids, aromatic amino acid metabolism, and the urea cycle. Analyses of nontargeted metabolic features identified additional pathways associated with FA supplementation. CONCLUSION In addition to the recapitulation of several expected metabolic changes associated with 5mTHF, we observed additional metabolites/pathways associated with FA-supplementation and UMFA. Further studies are needed to confirm these associations and assess their potential implications for human health. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01050556.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martinez-Morata
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta Galvez-Fernandez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vesna Ilievski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeff Goldsmith
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brandon Pierce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mary V Gamble
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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Kassotis CD, Phillips AL. Complex Mixtures and Multiple Stressors: Evaluating Combined Chemical Exposures and Cumulative Toxicity. TOXICS 2023; 11:487. [PMID: 37368587 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The problem of chemical mixtures in the environment encompasses biological, analytical, logistical, and regulatory challenges, among others [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
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Cao J, An G, Li J, Wang L, Ren K, Du Q, Yun K, Wang Y, Sun J. Combined metabolomics and tandem machine-learning models for wound age estimation: a novel analytical strategy. Forensic Sci Res 2023; 8:50-61. [PMID: 37415796 PMCID: PMC10265958 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound age estimation is one of the most challenging and indispensable issues for forensic pathologists. Although many methods based on physical findings and biochemical tests can be used to estimate wound age, an objective and reliable method for inferring the time interval after injury remains difficult. In the present study, endogenous metabolites of contused skeletal muscle were investigated to estimate the time interval after injury. Animal model of skeletal muscle injury was established using Sprague-Dawley rat, and the contused muscles were sampled at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, and 48 h postcontusion (n = 9). Then, the samples were analysed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 43 differential metabolites in contused muscle were determined by metabolomics method. They were applied to construct a two-level tandem prediction model for wound age estimation based on multilayer perceptron algorithm. As a result, all muscle samples were eventually divided into the following subgroups: 4, 8, 12, 16-20, 24-32, 36-40, and 44-48 h. The tandem model exhibited a robust performance and achieved a prediction accuracy of 92.6%, which was much higher than that of the single model. In summary, the multilayer perceptron-multilayer perceptron tandem machine-learning model based on metabolomics data can be used as a novel strategy for wound age estimation in future forensic casework. Key Points The changes of metabolite profile were correlated with the time interval after injury in contused skeletal muscle.A panel of 43 endogenous metabolites screened by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry could distinguish the wound ages.The multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithm exhibited a robust performance in wound age estimation using metabolites.The combination of matabolomics and MLP-MLP tandem model could improve the accuracy of inferring the time interval after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Kang Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qiuxiang Du
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yingyuan Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
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Wright RJ. Advancing Exposomic Research in Prenatal Respiratory Disease Programming. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:43-52. [PMID: 36411007 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Disease programming reflects interactions between genes and the environment. Unlike the genome, environmental exposures and our response to exposures change over time. Starting in utero, the respiratory system and related processes develop sequentially in a carefully timed cascade, thus effects depend on both exposure dose and timing. A multitude of environmental and microbial exposures influence respiratory disease programming. Effects result from toxin-induced shifts in a host of molecular, cellular, and physiologic states and their interacting systems. Moreover, pregnant women and the developing child are not exposed to a single toxin, but to complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind J Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Exposomic Research, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Wambaugh JF, Rager JE. Exposure forecasting - ExpoCast - for data-poor chemicals in commerce and the environment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:783-793. [PMID: 36347934 PMCID: PMC9742338 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of exposure are critical to prioritize and assess chemicals based on risk posed to public health and the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating thousands of chemicals in commerce and the environment for which exposure data are limited. Since 2009 the EPA's ExpoCast ("Exposure Forecasting") project has sought to develop the data, tools, and evaluation approaches required to generate rapid and scientifically defensible exposure predictions for the full universe of existing and proposed commercial chemicals. This review article aims to summarize issues in exposure science that have been addressed through initiatives affiliated with ExpoCast. ExpoCast research has generally focused on chemical exposure as a statistical systems problem intended to inform thousands of chemicals. The project exists as a companion to EPA's ToxCast ("Toxicity Forecasting") project which has used in vitro high-throughput screening technologies to characterize potential hazard posed by thousands of chemicals for which there are limited toxicity data. Rapid prediction of chemical exposures and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of ToxCast data allow for prioritization based upon risk of adverse outcomes due to environmental chemical exposure. ExpoCast has developed (1) integrated modeling approaches to reliably predict exposure and IVIVE dose, (2) highly efficient screening tools for chemical prioritization, (3) efficient and affordable tools for generating new exposure and dose data, and (4) easily accessible exposure databases. The development of new exposure models and databases along with the application of technologies like non-targeted analysis and machine learning have transformed exposure science for data-poor chemicals. By developing high-throughput tools for chemical exposure analytics and translating those tools into public health decisions ExpoCast research has served as a crucible for identifying and addressing exposure science knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Barry EL, Fedirko V, Jin Y, Lui K, Mott LA, Peacock JL, Passarelli MN, Baron JA, Jones DP. Plasma Metabolomics Analysis of Aspirin Treatment and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:521-531. [PMID: 35653338 PMCID: PMC9357068 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial observational and experimental evidence that aspirin use can provide protection against the development of colorectal neoplasia, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved is inadequate and limits our ability to use this drug effectively and safely for chemoprevention. We employed an untargeted plasma metabolomics approach using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectroscopy to explore novel metabolites that may contribute to the chemopreventive effects of aspirin. Associations between levels of metabolic features in plasma and aspirin treatment were investigated among 523 participants in a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of two doses of aspirin (81 or 325 mg/day) and were linked to risk of colorectal adenoma occurrence over 3 years of follow-up. Metabolic pathways that were altered with aspirin treatment included linoleate and glycerophospholipid metabolism for the 81-mg dose and carnitine shuttle for both doses. Metabolites whose levels increased with 81 mg/day aspirin treatment and were also associated with decreased risk of adenomas during follow-up included certain forms of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine as well as trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, which is a derivative of linoleic acid and is upstream of cyclooxygenase inhibition by aspirin in the linoleate and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways. In conclusion, our findings regarding lysophospholipids and metabolites in the linoleate metabolism pathway may provide novel insights into the chemopreventive effects of aspirin in the colorectum, although they should be considered hypothesis-generating at this time. PREVENTION RELEVANCE This research used metabolomics, an innovative discovery-based approach, to identify molecular changes in human blood that may help to explain how aspirin use reduces the risk of colorectal neoplasia in some individuals. Ultimately, this work could have important implications for optimizing aspirin use in the prevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Barry
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yutong Jin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ken Lui
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Leila A. Mott
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Janet L. Peacock
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - John A. Baron
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Kalia V, Niedzwiecki MM, Bradner JM, Lau FK, Anderson FL, Bucher ML, Manz KE, Schlotter AP, Fuentes ZC, Pennell KD, Picard M, Walker DI, Hu WT, Jones DP, Miller GW. Cross-species metabolomic analysis of tau- and DDT-related toxicity. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac050. [PMID: 35707205 PMCID: PMC9186048 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease also associated with hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein aggregation. We investigated whether exposure to DDT can exacerbate tau protein toxicity in Caenorhabditiselegans using a transgenic strain that expresses human tau protein prone to aggregation by measuring changes in size, swim behavior, respiration, lifespan, learning, and metabolism. In addition, we examined the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) p-tau protein-as a marker of postmortem tau burden-and global metabolism in both a human population study and in C. elegans, using the same p-tau transgenic strain. From the human population study, plasma and CSF-derived metabolic features associated with p-tau levels were related to drug, amino acid, fatty acid, and mitochondrial metabolism pathways. A total of five metabolites overlapped between plasma and C. elegans, and four between CSF and C. elegans. DDT exacerbated the inhibitory effect of p-tau protein on growth and basal respiration. In the presence of p-tau protein, DDT induced more curling and was associated with reduced levels of amino acids but increased levels of uric acid and adenosylselenohomocysteine. Our findings in C. elegans indicate that DDT exposure and p-tau aggregation both inhibit mitochondrial function and DDT exposure can exacerbate the mitochondrial inhibitory effects of p-tau aggregation. Further, biological pathways associated with exposure to DDT and p-tau protein appear to be conserved between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Kalia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Fion K Lau
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Faith L Anderson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Meghan L Bucher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Katherine E Manz
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - Alexa Puri Schlotter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Zoe Coates Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912 USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Neurology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029 USA
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901 USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
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10
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Harrison BR, Hoffman JM, Samuelson A, Raftery D, Promislow DEL. Modular Evolution of the Drosophila Metabolome. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msab307. [PMID: 34662414 PMCID: PMC8760934 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative phylogenetic studies offer a powerful approach to study the evolution of complex traits. Although much effort has been devoted to the evolution of the genome and to organismal phenotypes, until now relatively little work has been done on the evolution of the metabolome, despite the fact that it is composed of the basic structural and functional building blocks of all organisms. Here we explore variation in metabolite levels across 50 My of evolution in the genus Drosophila, employing a common garden design to measure the metabolome within and among 11 species of Drosophila. We find that both sex and age have dramatic and evolutionarily conserved effects on the metabolome. We also find substantial evidence that many metabolite pairs covary after phylogenetic correction, and that such metabolome coevolution is modular. Some of these modules are enriched for specific biochemical pathways and show different evolutionary trajectories, with some showing signs of stabilizing selection. Both observations suggest that functional relationships may ultimately cause such modularity. These coevolutionary patterns also differ between sexes and are affected by age. We explore the relevance of modular evolution to fitness by associating modules with lifespan variation measured in the same common garden. We find several modules associated with lifespan, particularly in the metabolome of older flies. Oxaloacetate levels in older females appear to coevolve with lifespan, and a lifespan-associated module in older females suggests that metabolic associations could underlie 50 My of lifespan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Harrison
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica M Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ariana Samuelson
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel E L Promislow
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Fuentes ZC, Schwartz YL, Robuck AR, Walker DI. Operationalizing the Exposome Using Passive Silicone Samplers. CURRENT POLLUTION REPORTS 2022; 8:1-29. [PMID: 35004129 PMCID: PMC8724229 DOI: 10.1007/s40726-021-00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The exposome, which is defined as the cumulative effect of environmental exposures and corresponding biological responses, aims to provide a comprehensive measure for evaluating non-genetic causes of disease. Operationalization of the exposome for environmental health and precision medicine has been limited by the lack of a universal approach for characterizing complex exposures, particularly as they vary temporally and geographically. To overcome these challenges, passive sampling devices (PSDs) provide a key measurement strategy for deep exposome phenotyping, which aims to provide comprehensive chemical assessment using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry for exposome-wide association studies. To highlight the advantages of silicone PSDs, we review their use in population studies and evaluate the broad range of applications and chemical classes characterized using these samplers. We assess key aspects of incorporating PSDs within observational studies, including the need to preclean samplers prior to use to remove impurities that interfere with compound detection, analytical considerations, and cost. We close with strategies on how to incorporate measures of the external exposome using PSDs, and their advantages for reducing variability in exposure measures and providing a more thorough accounting of the exposome. Continued development and application of silicone PSDs will facilitate greater understanding of how environmental exposures drive disease risk, while providing a feasible strategy for incorporating untargeted, high-resolution characterization of the external exposome in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Coates Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Yuri Levin Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Anna R. Robuck
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY USA
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12
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Lowe CN, Phillips KA, Favela KA, Yau AY, Wambaugh JF, Sobus JR, Williams AJ, Pfirrman AJ, Isaacs KK. Chemical Characterization of Recycled Consumer Products Using Suspect Screening Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11375-11387. [PMID: 34347456 PMCID: PMC8475772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recycled materials are found in many consumer products as part of a circular economy; however, the chemical content of recycled products is generally uncharacterized. A suspect screening analysis using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) was applied to 210 products (154 recycled, 56 virgin) across seven categories. Chemicals in products were tentatively identified using a standard spectral library or confirmed using chemical standards. A total of 918 probable chemical structures identified (112 of which were confirmed) in recycled materials versus 587 (110 confirmed) in virgin materials. Identified chemicals were characterized in terms of their functional use and structural class. Recycled paper products and construction materials contained greater numbers of chemicals than virgin products; 733 identified chemicals had greater occurrence in recycled compared to virgin materials. Products made from recycled materials contained greater numbers of fragrances, flame retardants, solvents, biocides, and dyes. The results were clustered to identify groups of chemicals potentially associated with unique chemical sources, and identified chemicals were prioritized for further study using high-throughput hazard and exposure information. While occurrence is not necessarily indicative of risk, these results can be used to inform the expansion of existing models or identify exposure pathways currently neglected in exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. Lowe
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, United States
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Katherine A. Phillips
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Kristin A. Favela
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 78759, United States
| | - Alice Y. Yau
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 78759, United States
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Jon R. Sobus
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Antony J. Williams
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
| | - Ashley J. Pfirrman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, United States
| | - Kristin K. Isaacs
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States
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13
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Breen M, Ring CL, Kreutz A, Goldsmith MR, Wambaugh JF. High-throughput PBTK models for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:903-921. [PMID: 34056988 PMCID: PMC9703392 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1935867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxicity data are unavailable for many thousands of chemicals in commerce and the environment. Therefore, risk assessors need to rapidly screen these chemicals for potential risk to public health. High-throughput screening (HTS) for in vitro bioactivity, when used with high-throughput toxicokinetic (HTTK) data and models, allows characterization of these thousands of chemicals. AREAS COVERED This review covers generic physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models and high-throughput PBTK modeling for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of HTS data. We focus on 'httk', a public, open-source set of computational modeling tools and in vitro toxicokinetic (TK) data. EXPERT OPINION HTTK benefits chemical risk assessors with its ability to support rapid chemical screening/prioritization, perform IVIVE, and provide provisional TK modeling for large numbers of chemicals using only limited chemical-specific data. Although generic TK model design can increase prediction uncertainty, these models provide offsetting benefits by increasing model implementation accuracy. Also, public distribution of the models and data enhances reproducibility. For the httk package, the modular and open-source design can enable the tool to be used and continuously improved by a broad user community in support of the critical need for high-throughput chemical prioritization and rapid dose estimation to facilitate rapid hazard assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Breen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Caroline L Ring
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Anna Kreutz
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) fellow at the Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael-Rock Goldsmith
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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14
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Markin PA, Brito A, Moskaleva NE, Tagliaro F, La Frano MR, Savitskii MV, Appolonova SA. Short- and long-term exposures of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-APINAC induce metabolomic alterations associated with neurotransmitter systems and embryotoxicity confirmed by teratogenicity in zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 243:109000. [PMID: 33561556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synthetic cannabinoids are abused substances with strong psychoactive effects. Little is known about the effects on neurotransmission and the toxicity of the second-generation cannabinoid 5F-APINAC. The objective was to assess the influence of short- and long-term exposures of 5F-APINAC on metabolites associated with neurotransmission on zebrafish. METHODS Short-term ("acute", 4 h) and long-term ("chronic", 96 h) exposures to 5F-APINAC were performed at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μM. Intervention groups were compared with a vehicle control. Each group n = 20 zebrafish eggs/larvae. Metabolites related to neurotransmission were determined. RESULTS In chronic exposure, larvae exposed to 10 μM 5F-APINAC presented morphological and developmental alterations. GABA had the lowest concentrations at higher exposure in acute (p < 0.01) and chronic (p < 0.001) experiments. Glutamine showed a descending trend in the acute experiment, but an ascending trend in the chronic exposure (p < 0.05). In chronic exposure, tryptophan presented an overall descending trend, but with a neat increase at 10 μM 5F-APINAC (p < 0.001). Tryptamine in acute exposure presented lower (p < 0.05) concentrations at higher doses. Dopamine and acetylcholine presented highest (p < 0.05) concentrations in the acute and chronic exposures, but with a drop at the highest doses in the chronic experiments. In chronic exposure, xanthurenic acid decreased, except for the highest dose. Picolinic acid was increased at the highest doses in the chronic experiment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Short- and long-term exposures induced metabolomic alterations associated with the gamma-aminobutyric acid/glutamic acid, dopaminergic/adrenergic, cholinergic neurotransmitter systems, and the kynurenine pathway. Chronic exposure at 10 μM 5F-APINAC was associated with embryotoxicity confirmed by teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Markin
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; PhD Program in Nanosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia
| | - Alex Brito
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia E Moskaleva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; World-Class Research Center "Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Unit of Forensic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA; Cal Poly Metabolomics Service Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Mark V Savitskii
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Appolonova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Bellissimo MP, Ziegler TR, Jones DP, Liu KH, Fernandes J, Roberts JL, Weitzmann MN, Pacifici R, Alvarez JA. Plasma high-resolution metabolomics identifies linoleic acid and linked metabolic pathways associated with bone mineral density. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:467-475. [PMID: 32620447 PMCID: PMC7714706 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is a considerable degree of variation in bone mineral density (BMD) within populations. Use of plasma metabolomics may provide insight into established and novel determinants of BMD variance, such as nutrition and gut microbiome composition, to inform future prevention and treatment strategies for loss of BMD. Using high-resolution metabolomics (HRM), we examined low-molecular weight plasma metabolites and nutrition-related metabolic pathways associated with BMD. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 179 adults (mean age 49.5 ± 10.3 yr, 64% female). Fasting plasma was analyzed using ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography. Whole body and spine BMD were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and expressed as BMD (g/cm2) or Z-scores. Multiple linear regression, pathway enrichment, and module analyses were used to determine key plasma metabolic features associated with bone density. RESULTS Of 10,210 total detected metabolic features, whole body BMD Z-score was associated with 710 metabolites, which were significantly enriched in seven metabolic pathways, including linoleic acid, fatty acid activation and biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Spine BMD was associated with 970 metabolites, significantly enriched in pro-inflammatory pathways involved in prostaglandin formation and linoleic acid metabolism. In module analyses, tryptophan- and polyamine-derived metabolites formed a network that was significantly associated with spine BMD, supporting a link with the gut microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Plasma HRM provides comprehensive information relevant to nutrition and components of the microbiome that influence bone health. This data supports pro-inflammatory fatty acids and the gut microbiome as novel regulators of postnatal bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah P Bellissimo
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas R Ziegler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA; Emory Microbiome Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Dean P Jones
- Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ken H Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Joseph L Roberts
- Nutrition and Health Sciences Doctoral Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Neale Weitzmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA; Emory Microbiome Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roberto Pacifici
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Microbiome Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Alvarez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Microbiome Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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16
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Bellissimo MP, Roberts JL, Jones DP, Liu KH, Taibl KR, Uppal K, Weitzmann MN, Pacifici R, Drissi H, Ziegler TR, Alvarez JA. Metabolomic Associations with Serum Bone Turnover Markers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103161. [PMID: 33081124 PMCID: PMC7602719 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that is in a constant state of remodeling. Bone turnover markers (BTMs), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX), provide sensitive measures of bone formation and resorption, respectively. This study used ultra-high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to determine plasma metabolic pathways and targeted metabolites related to the markers of bone resorption and formation in adults. This cross-sectional clinical study included 34 adults (19 females, mean 27.8 years), without reported illnesses, recruited from a US metropolitan area. Serum BTM levels were quantified by an ELISA. Plasma HRM utilized dual-column liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with BTMs. Metabolites significantly associated with P1NP (p < 0.05) were significantly enriched in pathways linked to the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, and metabolism of B vitamins important for energy production (e.g., niacin, thiamin). Other nutrition-related metabolic pathways associated with P1NP were amino acid (proline, arginine, glutamate) and vitamin C metabolism, which are important for collagen formation. Metabolites associated with CTX levels (p < 0.05) were enriched within lipid and fatty acid beta-oxidation metabolic pathways, as well as fat-soluble micronutrient pathways including, vitamin D metabolism, vitamin E metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis. P1NP and CTX were significantly related to microbiome-related metabolites (p < 0.05). Macronutrient-related pathways including lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism, as well as several gut microbiome-derived metabolites were significantly related to BTMs. Future research should compare metabolism BTMs relationships reported here to aging and clinical populations to inform targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah P. Bellissimo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.R.T.); (M.N.W.); (R.P.); (T.R.Z.); (J.A.A.)
- Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joseph L. Roberts
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.L.R.); (H.D.)
- Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.H.L.); (K.U.)
| | - Ken H. Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.H.L.); (K.U.)
| | - Kaitlin R. Taibl
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.R.T.); (M.N.W.); (R.P.); (T.R.Z.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.H.L.); (K.U.)
| | - M. Neale Weitzmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.R.T.); (M.N.W.); (R.P.); (T.R.Z.); (J.A.A.)
- Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Emory Microbiome Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Roberto Pacifici
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.R.T.); (M.N.W.); (R.P.); (T.R.Z.); (J.A.A.)
- Emory Microbiome Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.L.R.); (H.D.)
- Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Thomas R. Ziegler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.R.T.); (M.N.W.); (R.P.); (T.R.Z.); (J.A.A.)
- Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Emory Microbiome Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jessica A. Alvarez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.R.T.); (M.N.W.); (R.P.); (T.R.Z.); (J.A.A.)
- Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Emory Microbiome Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Environmental Chemicals Altered in Association With Deployment for High Risk Areas. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 61 Suppl 12:S15-S24. [PMID: 31800447 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A study was conducted using serum samples and high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to test for changes in abundance of environmental chemicals in deployment in high-risk areas (Balad, Iraq; Bagram, Afghanistan). METHODS Pre and Post-deployment serum samples for deployment (cases) and matched controls stationed domestically were analyzed by HRM and bioinformatics for the relative abundance of 271 environmental chemicals. RESULTS Of the 271 chemicals, 153 were measurable in at least 80% of the samples in one of the pre- or post-deployment groups. Several pesticides and other chemicals were modestly elevated post-deployment in the Control as well as the Bagram and Balad samples. Similarly, small decreases were seen for some chemicals. CONCLUSION These results using serum samples show that for the 271 environmental chemicals studied, 56% were detected and small differences occurred with deployment to high-risk areas.
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18
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Benzo[a]pyrene Perturbs Mitochondrial and Amino Acid Metabolism in Lung Epithelial Cells and Has Similar Correlations With Metabolic Changes in Human Serum. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 61 Suppl 12:S73-S81. [PMID: 31800453 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A study was conducted to identifymetabolic-related effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on human lung epithelial cells and validate these findings using human sera. METHODS Human lung epithelial cells were treated with BaP, and extracts were analyzed with a global metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) to test for pathways and metabolites altered relative to vehicle controls. RESULTS MWAS results showed that BaP metabolites were among the top metabolites differing between BaP-treated cells and controls. Pathway enrichment analysis further confirmed that fatty acid, lipid, and mitochondrial pathways were altered by BaP. Human sera analysis showed that lipids varied with BaP concentration. BaP associations with amino acid metabolism were found in both models. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that BaP has broad metabolic effects, and suggest that air pollution exacerbates disease processes by altered mitochondrial and amino acid metabolism.
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Analysis of Postdeployment Serum Samples Identifies Potential Biomarkers of Exposure to Burn Pits and Other Environmental Hazards. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 61 Suppl 12:S45-S54. [PMID: 31800450 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potential health risks of deployment to sites with open burn pits remain poorly understood, in part, because personal exposure monitoring was not performed. Here, we investigated whether postdeployment serum samples contain biomarkers associated with exposure to burn pits. METHODS A total of 237 biomarkers were measured in 800 serum samples from deployed and never-deployed subjects. We used a regression model and a supervised vector machine to identify serum biomarkers with significant associations with exposures and deployment. RESULTS We identified 101 serum biomarkers associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins or furans, and 54 biomarkers associated with deployment. Twenty-six of these biomarkers were shared in common by the exposure and deployment groups. CONCLUSIONS We identify a potential signature of exposure to open burn pits, and provide a framework for using postexposure sera to identify exposures when contemporaneous monitoring was inadequate.
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20
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Metabolome-Wide Association Study of Deployment to Balad, Iraq or Bagram, Afghanistan. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 61 Suppl 12:S25-S34. [PMID: 31800448 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to identify metabolic changes in military personnel associated with deployment to Balad, Iraq, or Bagram, Afghanistan. METHODS Pre- and post-deployment samples were obtained from the Department of Defense Serum Repository (DoDSR). HRM and bioinformatics were used to identify metabolic differences associated with deployment. RESULTS Differences at baseline (pre-deployment) between personnel deployed to Bagram compared with Balad or Controls included sex hormone and keratan sulfate metabolism. Deployment to Balad was associated with alterations to amino acid and lipid metabolism, consistent with inflammation and oxidative stress, and pathways linked to metabolic adaptation and repair. Difference associated with deployment to Bagram included lipid pathways linked to cell signaling and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic variations in pre- and post-deployment are consistent with deployment-associated responses to air pollution and other environmental stressors.
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Barry EL, Fedirko V, Uppal K, Ma C, Liu K, Mott LA, Peacock JL, Passarelli MN, Baron JA, Jones DP. Metabolomics Analysis of Aspirin's Effects in Human Colon Tissue and Associations with Adenoma Risk. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:863-876. [PMID: 32655007 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial evidence supports aspirin's efficacy in colorectal cancer chemoprevention, key molecular mechanisms are uncertain. An untargeted metabolomics approach with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to elucidate metabolic effects of aspirin treatment in human colon tissue. We measured 10,269 metabolic features in normal mucosal biopsies collected at colonoscopy after approximately 3 years of randomized treatment with placebo, 81 or 325 mg/day aspirin from 325 participants in the Aspirin/Folate Polyp Prevention Study. Linear regression was used to identify aspirin-associated metabolic features and network analysis was used to identify pathways and predict metabolite identities. Poisson regression was used to examine metabolic features associations with colorectal adenoma risk. We detected 471 aspirin-associated metabolic features. Aside from the carnitine shuttle, aspirin-associated metabolic pathways were largely distinct for 81 mg aspirin (e.g., pyrimidine metabolism) and 325 mg (e.g., arachidonic acid metabolism). Among aspirin-associated metabolic features, we discovered three that were associated with adenoma risk and could contribute to the chemopreventive effect of aspirin treatment, and which have also previously been associated with colorectal cancer: creatinine, glycerol 3-phosphate, and linoleate. The last two of these are in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway, which was associated with 81 mg aspirin treatment and provides precursors for the synthesis of eicosanoids from arachidonic acid upstream of cyclooxygenase inhibition by aspirin. Conversely, carnitine shuttle metabolites were increased with aspirin treatment and associated with increased adenoma risk. Thus, our untargeted metabolomics approach has identified novel metabolites and pathways that may underlie the effects of aspirin during early colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Barry
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karan Uppal
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chunyu Ma
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ken Liu
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leila A Mott
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Janet L Peacock
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Michael N Passarelli
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - John A Baron
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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22
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Muncke J, Andersson AM, Backhaus T, Boucher JM, Carney Almroth B, Castillo Castillo A, Chevrier J, Demeneix BA, Emmanuel JA, Fini JB, Gee D, Geueke B, Groh K, Heindel JJ, Houlihan J, Kassotis CD, Kwiatkowski CF, Lefferts LY, Maffini MV, Martin OV, Myers JP, Nadal A, Nerin C, Pelch KE, Fernández SR, Sargis RM, Soto AM, Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Wagner M, Wu C, Zoeller RT, Scheringer M. Impacts of food contact chemicals on human health: a consensus statement. Environ Health 2020; 19:25. [PMID: 32122363 PMCID: PMC7053054 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-0572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Food packaging is of high societal value because it conserves and protects food, makes food transportable and conveys information to consumers. It is also relevant for marketing, which is of economic significance. Other types of food contact articles, such as storage containers, processing equipment and filling lines, are also important for food production and food supply. Food contact articles are made up of one or multiple different food contact materials and consist of food contact chemicals. However, food contact chemicals transfer from all types of food contact materials and articles into food and, consequently, are taken up by humans. Here we highlight topics of concern based on scientific findings showing that food contact materials and articles are a relevant exposure pathway for known hazardous substances as well as for a plethora of toxicologically uncharacterized chemicals, both intentionally and non-intentionally added. We describe areas of certainty, like the fact that chemicals migrate from food contact articles into food, and uncertainty, for example unidentified chemicals migrating into food. Current safety assessment of food contact chemicals is ineffective at protecting human health. In addition, society is striving for waste reduction with a focus on food packaging. As a result, solutions are being developed toward reuse, recycling or alternative (non-plastic) materials. However, the critical aspect of chemical safety is often ignored. Developing solutions for improving the safety of food contact chemicals and for tackling the circular economy must include current scientific knowledge. This cannot be done in isolation but must include all relevant experts and stakeholders. Therefore, we provide an overview of areas of concern and related activities that will improve the safety of food contact articles and support a circular economy. Our aim is to initiate a broader discussion involving scientists with relevant expertise but not currently working on food contact materials, and decision makers and influencers addressing single-use food packaging due to environmental concerns. Ultimately, we aim to support science-based decision making in the interest of improving public health. Notably, reducing exposure to hazardous food contact chemicals contributes to the prevention of associated chronic diseases in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Justin M Boucher
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bethanie Carney Almroth
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Department Adaptation du Vivant, Unité mixte de recherche 7221, CNRS (French National Research Center) and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jorge A Emmanuel
- Institute of Environmental & Marine Sciences, Silliman University, Dumaguete, Philippines
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Department Adaptation du Vivant, Unité mixte de recherche 7221, CNRS (French National Research Center) and Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - David Gee
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA, USA
| | - Jane Houlihan
- Healthy Babies Bright Futures, Charlottesville, V.A., USA
| | | | | | - Lisa Y Lefferts
- Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Olwenn V Martin
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie, Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- IDiBE and CIBERDEM, Universitas Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Robert M Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ana M Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Changqing Wu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Jones DP, Cohn BA. A vision for exposome epidemiology: The pregnancy exposome in relation to breast cancer in the Child Health and Development Studies. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 92:4-10. [PMID: 32197999 PMCID: PMC7306421 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Etiology of complex diseases, such as breast cancer, involves multiple genetic, behavioral and environmental factors. Gene sequencing enabled detection of genetic risks with relatively small effect size, and high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to provide omics level data for exposures is poised to do the same for environmental epidemiology. Coupling HRM to the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS) cohort combines two unique resources to create a prototype for exposome epidemiology, in which omics scale measures of exposure are used for study of distribution and determinants of health and disease. Using this approach, exposures and biologic responses during pregnancy have been linked to breast cancer in the CHDS. With improved chemical coverage and extension to larger populations and other disease processes, development of exposome epidemiology portends discovery of new disease-associated environment factors with small effect size as well as new capabilities to disentangle these from behavioral and other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Barbara A Cohn
- Child Health and Development Studies, Public Health Institute, 1683 Shattuck Avenue, Suite B, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
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24
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Krewski D, Andersen ME, Tyshenko MG, Krishnan K, Hartung T, Boekelheide K, Wambaugh JF, Jones D, Whelan M, Thomas R, Yauk C, Barton-Maclaren T, Cote I. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: progress in the past decade and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:1-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Niedzwiecki MM, Walker DI, Howell JC, Watts KD, Jones DP, Miller GW, Hu WT. High-resolution metabolomic profiling of Alzheimer's disease in plasma. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 7:36-45. [PMID: 31828981 PMCID: PMC6952314 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder with contributions from genetic and environmental factors. High‐resolution metabolomics (HRM) has the potential to identify novel endogenous and environmental factors involved in AD. Previous metabolomics studies have identified circulating metabolites linked to AD, but lack of replication and inconsistent diagnostic algorithms have hindered the generalizability of these findings. Here we applied HRM to identify plasma metabolic and environmental factors associated with AD in two study samples, with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of AD incorporated to achieve high diagnostic accuracy. Methods Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS)‐based HRM was used to identify plasma and CSF metabolites associated with AD diagnosis and CSF AD biomarkers in two studies of prevalent AD (Study 1: 43 AD cases, 45 mild cognitive impairment [MCI] cases, 41 controls; Study 2: 50 AD cases, 18 controls). AD‐associated metabolites were identified using a metabolome‐wide association study (MWAS) framework. Results An MWAS meta‐analysis identified three non‐medication AD‐associated metabolites in plasma, including elevated levels of glutamine and an unknown halogenated compound and lower levels of piperine, a dietary alkaloid. The non‐medication metabolites were correlated with CSF AD biomarkers, and glutamine and the unknown halogenated compound were also detected in CSF. Furthermore, in Study 1, the unknown compound and piperine were altered in MCI patients in the same direction as AD dementia. Conclusions In plasma, AD was reproducibly associated with elevated levels of glutamine and a halogen‐containing compound and reduced levels of piperine. These findings provide further evidence that exposures and behavior may modify AD risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Kelly D Watts
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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26
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Serra MC, Accardi CJ, Ma C, Park Y, Tran V, Jones DP, Hafer-Macko CE, Ryan AS. Metabolomics of Aerobic Exercise in Chronic Stroke Survivors: A Pilot Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:104453. [PMID: 31668688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the metabolic response to exercise may aid in optimizing stroke management. Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate plasma metabolomic profiles in chronic stroke survivors following aerobic exercise training. METHODS Participants (age: 62 ± 1 years, body mass index: 31 ± 1 kg/m2, mean ± standard error of the mean) were randomized to 6 months of treadmill exercise (N = 17) or whole-body stretching (N = 8) with preintervention and postintervention measurement of aerobic capacity (VO2peak). Linear models for microarray data expression analysis was performed to determine metabolic changes over time, and Mummichog was used for pathway enrichment analysis following analysis of plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS VO2peak change was greater following exercise than stretching (18.9% versus -.2%; P < .01). Pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed metabolites results showed significant enrichment in 4 pathways following treadmill exercise, 3 of which (heparan-, chondroitin-, keratan-sulfate degradation) involved connective tissue metabolism and the fourth involve lipid signaling (linoleate metabolism). More pathways were altered in pre and post comparisons of stretching, including branched-chain amino acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, and urea cycle, which could indicate loss of lean body mass. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data show different metabolic changes due to treadmill training and stretching in chronic stroke survivors and suggest that in addition to improved aerobic capacity, weight-bearing activity, like walking, could protect against loss of lean body mass. Future studies are needed to examine the relationship between changes in metabolomic profiles to reductions in cardiometabolic risk after treadmill rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Serra
- San Antonio GRECC, South Texas VA and the Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology & Palliative Medicine and the Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity & Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Carolyn J Accardi
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chunyu Ma
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Younja Park
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong City, Korea
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charlene E Hafer-Macko
- Baltimore VA Research Service and GRECC and the Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alice S Ryan
- Baltimore VA Research Service and GRECC and the Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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27
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Xue J, Lai Y, Liu CW, Ru H. Towards Mass Spectrometry-Based Chemical Exposome: Current Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7030041. [PMID: 31426576 PMCID: PMC6789759 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proposal of the “exposome” concept represents a shift of the research paradigm in studying exposure-disease relationships from an isolated and partial way to a systematic and agnostic approach. Nevertheless, exposome implementation is facing a variety of challenges including measurement techniques and data analysis. Here we focus on the chemical exposome, which refers to the mixtures of chemical pollutants people are exposed to from embryo onwards. We review the current chemical exposome measurement approaches with a focus on those based on the mass spectrometry. We further explore the strategies in implementing the concept of chemical exposome and discuss the available chemical exposome studies. Early progresses in the chemical exposome research are outlined, and major challenges are highlighted. In conclusion, efforts towards chemical exposome have only uncovered the tip of the iceberg, and further advancement in measurement techniques, computational tools, high-throughput data analysis, and standardization may allow more exciting discoveries concerning the role of exposome in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xue
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yunjia Lai
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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28
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Park M, Lee Y, Khan A, Aleta P, Cho Y, Park H, Park YH, Kim S. Metabolite tracking to elucidate the effects of environmental pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 376:112-124. [PMID: 31128390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether behavioral tests and metabolic profiling of organisms can be promising alternatives for assessing the health of aquatic systems. Water samples from four potential pollution sources in South Korea were collected for toxicity evaluation. First, conventional acute toxicity test in Daphnia magna and behavioral test in zebrafish was conducted to assess water quality. Second, metabolomic analysis was performed on zebrafish exposed to water samples and on environmental fish collected from the same source. Acute toxicity test in D. magna showed that none of the water samples exerted significant adverse effects. However, activity of zebrafish larvae exposed to samples from the zinc smelter (ZS) and industrial complex (IND) sites decreased compared to those exposed to samples from the reference site (RS). Metabolomic analysis using the Manhattan plot and Partial Least Square (PLS)/Orthogonal PLS Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) showed differences in metabolic profiles between RS and ZS, and between IND and abandoned mine site (M). Interestingly, applying the same metabolomic analysis to environmental fish revealed patterns similar to those for zebrafish, despite the uncontrollable variables involved in environmental sampling. This study shows that metabolomics is a promising tool in assessing the health of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseung Park
- Bio Monitoring Laboratory, Program in Environmental Technology and Policy, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, Chungnam 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseung Lee
- Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, Chungnam 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Adnan Khan
- Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, Chungnam 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Prince Aleta
- Bio Monitoring Laboratory, Program in Environmental Technology and Policy, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, Chungnam 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunchul Cho
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 300-716, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Youngja Hwang Park
- Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, Chungnam 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungpyo Kim
- Bio Monitoring Laboratory, Program in Environmental Technology and Policy, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, Chungnam 30019, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Walker DI, Valvi D, Rothman N, Lan Q, Miller GW, Jones DP. The metabolome: A key measure for exposome research in epidemiology. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2019; 6:93-103. [PMID: 31828002 PMCID: PMC6905435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Application of omics to study human health has created a new era of opportunities for epidemiology research. However, approaches to characterize exogenous health triggers have largely not leveraged advances in analytical platforms and big data. In this review, we highlight the exposome, which is defined as the cumulative measure of exposure and biological responses across a lifetime as a cornerstone for new epidemiology approaches to study complex and preventable human diseases. RECENT FINDINGS While no universal approach exists to measure the entirety of the exposome, use of high-resolution mass spectrometry methods provide distinct advantages over traditional biomonitoring and have provided key advances necessary for exposome research. Application to different study designs and recommendations for combining exposome data with novel data analytic frameworks to study complex interactions of multiple stressors are also discussed. SUMMARY Even though challenges still need to be addressed, advances in methods to characterize the exposome provide exciting new opportunities for epidemiology to support fundamental discoveries to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas I. Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Qing Lan
- Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York NY
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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31
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Ring CL, Arnot JA, Bennett DH, Egeghy PP, Fantke P, Huang L, Isaacs KK, Jolliet O, Phillips KA, Price PS, Shin HM, Westgate JN, Setzer RW, Wambaugh JF. Consensus Modeling of Median Chemical Intake for the U.S. Population Based on Predictions of Exposure Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:719-732. [PMID: 30516957 PMCID: PMC6690061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Prioritizing the potential risk posed to human health by chemicals requires tools that can estimate exposure from limited information. In this study, chemical structure and physicochemical properties were used to predict the probability that a chemical might be associated with any of four exposure pathways leading from sources-consumer (near-field), dietary, far-field industrial, and far-field pesticide-to the general population. The balanced accuracies of these source-based exposure pathway models range from 73 to 81%, with the error rate for identifying positive chemicals ranging from 17 to 36%. We then used exposure pathways to organize predictions from 13 different exposure models as well as other predictors of human intake rates. We created a consensus, meta-model using the Systematic Empirical Evaluation of Models framework in which the predictors of exposure were combined by pathway and weighted according to predictive ability for chemical intake rates inferred from human biomonitoring data for 114 chemicals. The consensus model yields an R2 of ∼0.8. We extrapolate to predict relevant pathway(s), median intake rate, and credible interval for 479 926 chemicals, mostly with minimal exposure information. This approach identifies 1880 chemicals for which the median population intake rates may exceed 0.1 mg/kg bodyweight/day, while there is 95% confidence that the median intake rate is below 1 μg/kg BW/day for 474572 compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L. Ring
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Jon A. Arnot
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting, 36 Sproat Ave. Toronto, ON, Canada, M4M 1W4
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada, M1C 1A4
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Cir, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Deborah H. Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Peter P. Egeghy
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kristin K. Isaacs
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Katherine A. Phillips
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Paul S. Price
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas, 76019
| | - John N. Westgate
- ARC Arnot Research and Consulting, 36 Sproat Ave. Toronto, ON, Canada, M4M 1W4
| | - R. Woodrow Setzer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
- Corresponding Author: John F. Wambaugh, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, NC 27711, USA, , Phone: (919) 541-7641
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32
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Niedzwiecki MM, Walker DI, Vermeulen R, Chadeau-Hyam M, Jones DP, Miller GW. The Exposome: Molecules to Populations. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 59:107-127. [PMID: 30095351 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Derived from the term exposure, the exposome is an omic-scale characterization of the nongenetic drivers of health and disease. With the genome, it defines the phenome of an individual. The measurement of complex environmental factors that exert pressure on our health has not kept pace with genomics and historically has not provided a similar level of resolution. Emerging technologies make it possible to obtain detailed information on drugs, toxicants, pollutants, nutrients, and physical and psychological stressors on an omic scale. These forces can also be assessed at systems and network levels, providing a framework for advances in pharmacology and toxicology. The exposome paradigm can improve the analysis of drug interactions and detection of adverse effects of drugs and toxicants and provide data on biological responses to exposures. The comprehensive model can provide data at the individual level for precision medicine, group level for clinical trials, and population level for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; ,
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; ,
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA;
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands;
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 Utrecht, Netherlands
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG London, United Kingdom;
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands;
- MRC/PHE Centre for Environmental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG London, United Kingdom;
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA;
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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Liang D, Moutinho JL, Golan R, Yu T, Ladva CN, Niedzwiecki M, Walker DI, Sarnat SE, Chang HH, Greenwald R, Jones DP, Russell AG, Sarnat JA. Use of high-resolution metabolomics for the identification of metabolic signals associated with traffic-related air pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:145-154. [PMID: 30092452 PMCID: PMC6414207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-resolution metabolomics (HRM) is emerging as a sensitive tool for measuring environmental exposures and biological responses. The aim of this analysis is to assess the ability of high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to reflect internal exposures to complex traffic-related air pollution mixtures. METHODS We used untargeted HRM profiling to characterize plasma and saliva collected from participants in the Dorm Room Inhalation to Vehicle Emission (DRIVE) study to identify metabolic pathways associated with traffic emission exposures. We measured a suite of traffic-related pollutants at multiple ambient and indoor sites at varying distances from a major highway artery for 12 weeks in 2014. In parallel, 54 students living in dormitories near (20 m) or far (1.4 km) from the highway contributed plasma and saliva samples. Untargeted HRM profiling was completed for both plasma and saliva samples; metabolite and metabolic pathway alternations were evaluated using a metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) framework with pathway analyses. RESULTS Weekly levels of traffic pollutants were significantly higher at the near dorm when compared to the far dorm (p < 0.05 for all pollutants). In total, 20,766 metabolic features were extracted from plasma samples and 29,013 from saliva samples. 45% of features were detected and shared in both plasma and saliva samples. 1291 unique metabolic features were significantly associated with at least one or more traffic indicator, including black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter (p < 0.05 for all significant features), after controlling for confounding and false discovery rate. Pathway analysis of metabolic features associated with traffic exposure indicated elicitation of inflammatory and oxidative stress related pathways, including leukotriene and vitamin E metabolism. We confirmed the chemical identities of 10 metabolites associated with traffic pollutants, including arginine, histidine, γ‑linolenic acid, and hypoxanthine. CONCLUSIONS Using HRM, we identified and verified biological perturbations associated with primary traffic pollutant in panel-based setting with repeated measurement. Observed response was consistent with endogenous metabolic signaling related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and nucleic acid damage and repair. Collectively, the current findings provide support for the use of untargeted HRM in the development of metabolic biomarkers of traffic pollution exposure and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Moutinho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Rachel Golan
- Department of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Chandresh N Ladva
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Megan Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Roby Greenwald
- Division of Environmental Health, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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Cui L, Lu H, Lee YH. Challenges and emergent solutions for LC-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics in diseases. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:772-792. [PMID: 29486047 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) have revolutionized untargeted metabolomics analyses. By mining metabolomes more deeply, researchers are now primed to uncover key metabolites and their associations with diseases. The employment of untargeted metabolomics has led to new biomarker discoveries and a better mechanistic understanding of diseases with applications in precision medicine. However, many major pertinent challenges remain. First, compound identification has been poor, and left an overwhelming number of unidentified peaks. Second, partial, incomplete metabolomes persist due to factors such as limitations in mass spectrometry data acquisition speeds, wide-range of metabolites concentrations, and cellular/tissue/temporal-specific expression changes that confound our understanding of metabolite perturbations. Third, to contextualize metabolites in pathways and biology is difficult because many metabolites partake in multiple pathways, have yet to be described species specificity, or possess unannotated or more-complex functions that are not easily characterized through metabolomics analyses. From a translational perspective, information related to novel metabolite biomarkers, metabolic pathways, and drug targets might be sparser than they should be. Thankfully, significant progress has been made and novel solutions are emerging, achieved through sustained academic and industrial community efforts in terms of hardware, computational, and experimental approaches. Given the rapidly growing utility of metabolomics, this review will offer new perspectives, increase awareness of the major challenges in LC-MS metabolomics that will significantly benefit the metabolomics community and also the broader the biomedical community metabolomics aspire to serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- Translational 'Omics and Biomarkers Group, KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases-Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haitao Lu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- Translational 'Omics and Biomarkers Group, KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Nicolas CI, Mansouri K, Phillips KA, Grulke CM, Richard AM, Williams AJ, Rabinowitz J, Isaacs KK, Yau A, Wambaugh JF. Rapid experimental measurements of physicochemical properties to inform models and testing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:901-909. [PMID: 29729507 PMCID: PMC6214190 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The structures and physicochemical properties of chemicals are important for determining their potential toxicological effects, toxicokinetics, and route(s) of exposure. These data are needed to prioritize the risk for thousands of environmental chemicals, but experimental values are often lacking. In an attempt to efficiently fill data gaps in physicochemical property information, we generated new data for 200 structurally diverse compounds, which were rigorously selected from the USEPA ToxCast chemical library, and whose structures are available within the Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity Database (DSSTox). This pilot study evaluated rapid experimental methods to determine five physicochemical properties, including the log of the octanol:water partition coefficient (known as log(Kow) or logP), vapor pressure, water solubility, Henry's law constant, and the acid dissociation constant (pKa). For most compounds, experiments were successful for at least one property; log(Kow) yielded the largest return (176 values). It was determined that 77 ToxPrint structural features were enriched in chemicals with at least one measurement failure, indicating which features may have played a role in rapid method failures. To gauge consistency with traditional measurement methods, the new measurements were compared with previous measurements (where available). Since quantitative structure-activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) models are used to fill gaps in physicochemical property information, 5 suites of QSPRs were evaluated for their predictive ability and chemical coverage or applicability domain of new experimental measurements. The ability to have accurate measurements of these properties will facilitate better exposure predictions in two ways: 1) direct input of these experimental measurements into exposure models; and 2) construction of QSPRs with a wider applicability domain, as their predicted physicochemical values can be used to parameterize exposure models in the absence of experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel I Nicolas
- ScitoVation, LLC 6 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27703, USA; National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Kamel Mansouri
- ScitoVation, LLC 6 Davis Drive, Durham, NC 27703, USA; National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Katherine A Phillips
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Christopher M Grulke
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Ann M Richard
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Antony J Williams
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James Rabinowitz
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kristin K Isaacs
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Alice Yau
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Sarnat JA, Russell A, Liang D, Moutinho JL, Golan R, Weber RJ, Gao D, Sarnat SE, Chang HH, Greenwald R, Yu T. Developing Multipollutant Exposure Indicators of Traffic Pollution: The Dorm Room Inhalation to Vehicle Emissions (DRIVE) Study. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2018; 2018:3-75. [PMID: 31872750 PMCID: PMC7266376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Dorm Room Inhalation to Vehicle Emissions (DRIVE2) study was conducted to measure traditional single-pollutant and novel multipollutant traffic indicators along a complete emission-to-exposure pathway. The overarching goal of the study was to evaluate the suitability of these indicators for use as primary traffic exposure metrics in panel-based and small-cohort epidemiological studies. Methods Intensive field sampling was conducted on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT) between September 2014 and January 2015 at 8 monitoring sites (2 indoors and 6 outdoors) ranging from 5 m to 2.3 km from the busiest and most congested highway artery in Atlanta. In addition, 54 GIT students living in one of two dormitories either near (20 m) or far (1.4 km) from the highway were recruited to conduct personal exposure sampling and weekly biomonitoring. The pollutants measured were selected to provide information about the heterogeneous particulate and gaseous composition of primary traffic emissions, including the traditional traffic-related species (e.g., carbon monoxide [CO], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], nitric oxide [NO], fine particulate matter [PM2.5], and black carbon [BC]), and of secondary species (e.g., ozone [O3] and sulfate as well as organic carbon [OC], which is both primary and secondary) from traffic and other sources. Along with these pollutants, we also measured two multipollutant traffic indicators: integrated mobile source indicators (IMSIs) and fine particulate matter oxidative potential (FPMOP). IMSIs are derived from elemental carbon (EC), CO, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations, along with the fractions of these species emitted by gasoline and diesel vehicles, to construct integrated estimates of gasoline and diesel vehicle impacts. Our FPMOP indicator was based on an acellular assay involving the depletion of dithiothreitol (DTT), considering both water-soluble and insoluble components (referred to as FPMOPtotal-DTT). In addition, a limited assessment of 18 low-cost sensors was added to the study to supplement the four original aims. Results Pollutant levels measured during the study showed a low impact by this highway hotspot source on its surrounding vicinity. These findings are broadly consistent with results from other studies throughout North America showing decreased relative contributions to urban air pollution from primary traffic emissions. We view these reductions as an indication of a changing near-road environment, facilitated by the effectiveness of mobile source emission controls. Many of the primary pollutant species, including NO, CO, and BC, decreased to near background levels by 20 to 30 m from the highway source. Patterns of correlation among the sites also varied by pollutant and time of day. NO2 exhibited spatial trends that differed from those of the other single-pollutant primary traffic indicators. We believe this was caused by kinetic limitations in the photochemical chemistry, associated with primary emission reductions, required to convert the NO-dominant primary NOx, emitted from automobiles, to NO2. This finding provides some indication of limitations in the use of NO2 as a primary traffic exposure indicator in panel-based health effect studies. Roadside monitoring of NO, CO, and BC tended to be more strongly correlated with sites, both near and far from the road, during morning rush hour periods and often weakly to moderately correlated during other time periods of the day. This pattern was likely associated with diurnal changes in mixing and chemistry and their impact on spatial heterogeneity across the campus. Among our candidate multipollutant primary traffic indicators, we report several key findings related to the use of oxidative potential (OP)-based indicators. Although earlier studies have reported elevated levels of FPMOP in direct exhaust emissions, we found that atmospheric processing further enhanced FPMOPtotal-DTT, likely associated with the oxidation of primary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to quinones and hydroxyquinones and with the oxidization and water solubility of metals. This has important implications in terms both of the utility of FPMOPtotal-DTT as a marker for exhaust emissions and of the importance of atmospheric processing of particulate matter (PM) being tied to potential health outcomes. The results from the personal exposure monitoring also point to the complexity and diversity of the spatiotemporal variability patterns among the study monitoring sites and the importance of accounting for location and spatial mobility when estimating exposures in panel-based and small-cohort studies. This was most clearly demonstrated with the personal BC measurements, where ambient roadside monitoring was shown to be a poor surrogate for exposures to BC. Alternative surrogates, including ambient and indoor BC at the participants' respective dorms, were more strongly associated with personal BC, and knowledge of the participants' mean proximity to the highway was also shown to explain a substantial level of the variability in corresponding personal exposures to both BC and NO2. In addition, untargeted metabolomic indicators measured in plasma and saliva, which represent emerging methods for measuring exposure, were used to extract approximately 20,000 and 30,000 features from plasma and saliva, respectively. Using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in the positive ion mode, we identified 221 plasma features that differed significantly between the two dorm cohorts. The bimodal distribution of these features in the HILIC column was highly idiosyncratic; one peak consisted of features with elevated intensities for participants living in the near dorm; the other consisted of features with elevated intensities for participants in the far dorm. Both peaks were characterized by relatively short retention times, indicative of the hydrophobicity of the identified features. The results from the metabolomics analyses provide a strong basis for continuing this work toward specific chemical validation of putative biomarkers of traffic-related pollution. Finally, the study had a supplemental aim of examining the performance of 18 low-cost CO, NO, NO2, O3, and PM2.5 pollutant sensors. These were colocated alongside the other study monitors and assessed for their ability to capture temporal trends observed by the reference monitoring instrumentation. Generally, we found the performance of the low-cost gas-phase sensors to be promising after extensive calibration; the uncalibrated measurements alone, however, would likely not have led to reliable results. The low-cost PM sensors we evaluated had poor accuracy, although PM sensor technology is evolving quickly and warrants future attention. Conclusions An immediate implication of the changing near-road environment is that future studies aimed at characterizing hotspots related to mobile sources and their impacts on health will need to consider multiple approaches for characterizing spatial gradients and exposures. Specifically and most directly, the mobile source contributions to ambient concentrations of single-pollutant indicators of traffic exposure are not as distinguishable to the degree that they have been in the past. Collectively, the study suggests that characterizing exposures to traffic-related pollutants, which is already difficult, will become more difficult because of the reduction in traffic-related emissions. Additional multi-tiered approaches should be considered along with traditional measurements, including the use of alternative OP measures beyond those based on DTT assays, metabolomics, low-cost sensors, and air quality modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - A Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - D Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J L Moutinho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - R Golan
- Department of Epidemiology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - R J Weber
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - D Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - S E Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - H H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - R Greenwald
- Department of Environmental Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta
| | - T Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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High-Resolution Metabolomics Assessment of Military Personnel: Evaluating Analytical Strategies for Chemical Detection. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:S53-61. [PMID: 27501105 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to maximize detection of serum metabolites with high-resolution metabolomics (HRM). METHODS Department of Defense Serum Repository (DoDSR) samples were analyzed using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry with three complementary chromatographic phases and four ionization modes. Chemical coverage was evaluated by number of ions detected and accurate mass matches to a human metabolomics database. RESULTS Individual HRM platforms provided accurate mass matches for up to 58% of the KEGG metabolite database. Combining two analytical methods increased matches to 72% and included metabolites in most major human metabolic pathways and chemical classes. Detection and feature quality varied by analytical configuration. CONCLUSIONS Dual chromatography HRM with positive and negative electrospray ionization provides an effective generalized method for metabolic assessment of military personnel.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to use high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to identify metabolic pathways and networks associated with tobacco use in military personnel. METHODS Four hundred deidentified samples obtained from the Department of Defense Serum Repository were classified as tobacco users or nonusers according to cotinine content. HRM and bioinformatic methods were used to determine pathways and networks associated with classification. RESULTS Eighty individuals were classified as tobacco users compared with 320 nonusers on the basis of cotinine levels at least 10 ng/mL. Alterations in lipid and xenobiotic metabolism, and diverse effects on amino acid, sialic acid, and purine and pyrimidine metabolism were observed. Importantly, network analysis showed broad effects on metabolic associations not simply linked to well-defined pathways. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use has complex metabolic effects that must be considered in evaluation of deployment-associated environmental exposures in military personnel.
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Pilot Metabolome-Wide Association Study of Benzo(a)pyrene in Serum From Military Personnel. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:S44-52. [PMID: 27501104 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility of using Department of Defense Serum Repository (DoDSR) samples to study health and exposure-related effects. METHODS Thirty unidentified human serum samples were obtained from the DoDSR and analyzed for normal serum metabolites with high-resolution mass spectrometry and serum levels of free benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolic associations with BaP were determined using a metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) and metabolic pathway enrichment. RESULTS The serum analysis detected normal ranges of glucose, selected amino acids, fatty acids, and creatinine. Free BaP was detected in a broad concentration range. MWAS of BaP showed associations with lipids, fatty acids, and sulfur amino acid metabolic pathways. CONCLUSION The results show that the DoDSR samples are of sufficient quality for chemical profiling of DoD personnel.
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Phillips KA, Yau A, Favela KA, Isaacs KK, McEachran A, Grulke C, Richard AM, Williams AJ, Sobus JR, Thomas RS, Wambaugh JF. Suspect Screening Analysis of Chemicals in Consumer Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3125-3135. [PMID: 29405058 PMCID: PMC6168952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF/MS) suspect screening analysis method was used to rapidly characterize chemicals in 100 consumer products-which included formulations (e.g., shampoos, paints), articles (e.g., upholsteries, shower curtains), and foods (cereals)-and therefore supports broader efforts to prioritize chemicals based on potential human health risks. Analyses yielded 4270 unique chemical signatures across the products, with 1602 signatures tentatively identified using the National Institute of Standards and Technology 2008 spectral database. Chemical standards confirmed the presence of 119 compounds. Of the 1602 tentatively identified chemicals, 1404 were not present in a public database of known consumer product chemicals. Reported data and model predictions of chemical functional use were applied to evaluate the tentative chemical identifications. Estimated chemical concentrations were compared to manufacturer-reported values and other measured data. Chemical presence and concentration data can now be used to improve estimates of chemical exposure, and refine estimates of risk posed to human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Phillips
- National Exposure Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC USA 27711
| | - Alice Yau
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Kristin K. Isaacs
- National Exposure Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC USA 27711
| | - Andrew McEachran
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA 37830
- National Center for Computational Toxicology U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC USA 27711
| | - Christopher Grulke
- National Center for Computational Toxicology U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC USA 27711
| | - Ann M. Richard
- National Center for Computational Toxicology U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC USA 27711
| | - Antony J. Williams
- National Center for Computational Toxicology U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC USA 27711
| | - Jon R. Sobus
- National Exposure Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC USA 27711
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- National Center for Computational Toxicology U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC USA 27711
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC USA 27711
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Gil AM, Duarte D, Pinto J, Barros AS. Assessing Exposome Effects on Pregnancy through Urine Metabolomics of a Portuguese (Estarreja) Cohort. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1278-1289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Gil
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Duarte
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Pinto
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE/Laboratório
de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António S. Barros
- CICECO
- Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department
of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
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Ladva CN, Golan R, Greenwald R, Yu T, Sarnat SE, Flanders WD, Uppal K, Walker DI, Tran V, Liang D, Jones DP, Sarnat JA. Metabolomic profiles of plasma, exhaled breath condensate, and saliva are correlated with potential for air toxics detection. J Breath Res 2017; 12:016008. [PMID: 28808178 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa863c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in the development of high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) have provided new opportunities for their use in characterizing exposures to environmental air pollutants and air pollution-related disease etiologies. Exposure assessment studies have considered blood, breath, and saliva as biological matrices suitable for measuring responses to air pollution exposures. The current study examines comparability among these three matrices using HRM and explores their potential for measuring mobile-source air toxics. METHODS Four participants provided saliva, exhaled breath concentrate (EBC), and plasma before and after a 2 h road traffic exposure. Samples were analyzed on a Thermo Scientific QExactive MS system in positive electrospray ionization mode and resolution of 70 000 full-width at half-maximum with C18 chromatography. Data were processed using an apLCMS and xMSanalyzer on the R statistical platform. RESULTS The analysis yielded 7110, 6019, and 7747 reproducible features in plasma, EBC, and saliva, respectively. Correlations were moderate-to-strong (R = 0.41-0.80) across all pairwise comparisons of feature intensity within profiles, with the strongest between EBC and saliva. The associations of mean intensities between matrix pairs were positive and significant, controlling for subject and sampling time effects. Six out of 20 features shared in all three matrices putatively matched a list of known mobile-source air toxics. CONCLUSIONS Plasma, saliva, and EBC have largely comparable metabolic profiles measurable through HRM. These matrices have the potential to be used in identification and measurement of exposures to mobile-source air toxics, though further, targeted study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandresh Nanji Ladva
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
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Pearce RG, Setzer RW, Davis JL, Wambaugh JF. Evaluation and calibration of high-throughput predictions of chemical distribution to tissues. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017; 44:549-565. [PMID: 29032447 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9548-7.evaluation] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics (TK) provides critical information for integrating chemical toxicity and exposure assessments in order to determine potential chemical risk (i.e., the margin between toxic doses and plausible exposures). For thousands of chemicals that are present in our environment, in vivo TK data are lacking. The publicly available R package "httk" (version 1.8, named for "high throughput TK") draws from a database of in vitro data and physico-chemical properties in order to run physiologically-based TK (PBTK) models for 553 compounds. The PBTK model parameters include tissue:plasma partition coefficients (Kp) which the httk software predicts using the model of Schmitt (Toxicol In Vitro 22 (2):457-467, 2008). In this paper we evaluated and modified httk predictions, and quantified confidence using in vivo literature data. We used 964 rat Kp measured by in vivo experiments for 143 compounds. Initially, predicted Kp were significantly larger than measured Kp for many lipophilic compounds (log10 octanol:water partition coefficient > 3). Hence the approach for predicting Kp was revised to account for possible deficiencies in the in vitro protein binding assay, and the method for predicting membrane affinity was revised. These changes yielded improvements ranging from a factor of 10 to nearly a factor of 10,000 for 83 Kp across 23 compounds with only 3 Kp worsening by more than a factor of 10. The vast majority (92%) of Kp were predicted within a factor of 10 of the measured value (overall root mean squared error of 0.59 on log10-transformed scale). After applying the adjustments, regressions were performed to calibrate and evaluate the predictions for 12 tissues. Predictions for some tissues (e.g., spleen, bone, gut, lung) were observed to be better than predictions for other tissues (e.g., skin, brain, fat), indicating that confidence in the application of in silico tools to predict chemical partitioning varies depending upon the tissues involved. Our calibrated model was then evaluated using a second data set of human in vivo measurements of volume of distribution (Vss) for 498 compounds reviewed by Obach et al. (Drug Metab Dispos 36(7):1385-1405, 2008). We found that calibration of the model improved performance: a regression of the measured values as a function of the predictions has a slope of 1.03, intercept of - 0.04, and R2 of 0.43. Through careful evaluation of predictive methods for chemical partitioning into tissues, we have improved and calibrated these methods and quantified confidence for TK predictions in humans and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Pearce
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - R Woodrow Setzer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Jimena L Davis
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
- Syngenta, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
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Pearce RG, Setzer RW, Davis JL, Wambaugh JF. Evaluation and calibration of high-throughput predictions of chemical distribution to tissues. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017; 44:549-565. [PMID: 29032447 PMCID: PMC6186149 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics (TK) provides critical information for integrating chemical toxicity and exposure assessments in order to determine potential chemical risk (i.e., the margin between toxic doses and plausible exposures). For thousands of chemicals that are present in our environment, in vivo TK data are lacking. The publicly available R package "httk" (version 1.8, named for "high throughput TK") draws from a database of in vitro data and physico-chemical properties in order to run physiologically-based TK (PBTK) models for 553 compounds. The PBTK model parameters include tissue:plasma partition coefficients (Kp) which the httk software predicts using the model of Schmitt (Toxicol In Vitro 22 (2):457-467, 2008). In this paper we evaluated and modified httk predictions, and quantified confidence using in vivo literature data. We used 964 rat Kp measured by in vivo experiments for 143 compounds. Initially, predicted Kp were significantly larger than measured Kp for many lipophilic compounds (log10 octanol:water partition coefficient > 3). Hence the approach for predicting Kp was revised to account for possible deficiencies in the in vitro protein binding assay, and the method for predicting membrane affinity was revised. These changes yielded improvements ranging from a factor of 10 to nearly a factor of 10,000 for 83 Kp across 23 compounds with only 3 Kp worsening by more than a factor of 10. The vast majority (92%) of Kp were predicted within a factor of 10 of the measured value (overall root mean squared error of 0.59 on log10-transformed scale). After applying the adjustments, regressions were performed to calibrate and evaluate the predictions for 12 tissues. Predictions for some tissues (e.g., spleen, bone, gut, lung) were observed to be better than predictions for other tissues (e.g., skin, brain, fat), indicating that confidence in the application of in silico tools to predict chemical partitioning varies depending upon the tissues involved. Our calibrated model was then evaluated using a second data set of human in vivo measurements of volume of distribution (Vss) for 498 compounds reviewed by Obach et al. (Drug Metab Dispos 36(7):1385-1405, 2008). We found that calibration of the model improved performance: a regression of the measured values as a function of the predictions has a slope of 1.03, intercept of - 0.04, and R2 of 0.43. Through careful evaluation of predictive methods for chemical partitioning into tissues, we have improved and calibrated these methods and quantified confidence for TK predictions in humans and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Pearce
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - R Woodrow Setzer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Jimena L Davis
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA
- Syngenta, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
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Gardinassi LG, Cordy RJ, Lacerda MVG, Salinas JL, Monteiro WM, Melo GC, Siqueira AM, Val FF, Tran V, Jones DP, Galinski MR, Li S. Metabolome-wide association study of peripheral parasitemia in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:533-541. [PMID: 28927849 PMCID: PMC5698147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium vivax is one of the leading causes of malaria worldwide. Infections with this parasite cause diverse clinical manifestations, and recent studies revealed that infections with P. vivax can result in severe and fatal disease. Despite these facts, biological traits of the host response and parasite metabolism during P. vivax malaria are still largely underexplored. Parasitemia is clearly related to progression and severity of malaria caused by P. falciparum, however the effects of parasitemia during infections with P. vivax are not well understood. RESULTS We conducted an exploratory study using a high-resolution metabolomics platform that uncovered significant associations between parasitemia levels and plasma metabolites from 150 patients with P. vivax malaria. Most plasma metabolites were inversely associated with higher levels of parasitemia. Top predicted metabolites are implicated into pathways of heme and lipid metabolism, which include biliverdin, bilirubin, palmitoylcarnitine, stearoylcarnitine, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, oleic acid and omega-carboxy-trinor-leukotriene B4. CONCLUSIONS The abundance of several plasma metabolites varies according to the levels of parasitemia in patients with P. vivax malaria. Moreover, our data suggest that the host response and/or parasite survival might be affected by metabolites involved in the degradation of heme and metabolism of several lipids. Importantly, these data highlight metabolic pathways that may serve as targets for the development of new antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Regina Joice Cordy
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane (FIOCRUZ), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gisely C Melo
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - André M Siqueira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Val
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; International Center for Malaria Research, Education and Development, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Ring CL, Pearce RG, Setzer RW, Wetmore BA, Wambaugh JF. Identifying populations sensitive to environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 106:105-118. [PMID: 28628784 PMCID: PMC6116525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The thousands of chemicals present in the environment (USGAO, 2013) must be triaged to identify priority chemicals for human health risk research. Most chemicals have little of the toxicokinetic (TK) data that are necessary for relating exposures to tissue concentrations that are believed to be toxic. Ongoing efforts have collected limited, in vitro TK data for a few hundred chemicals. These data have been combined with biomonitoring data to estimate an approximate margin between potential hazard and exposure. The most "at risk" 95th percentile of adults have been identified from simulated populations that are generated either using standard "average" adult human parameters or very specific cohorts such as Northern Europeans. To better reflect the modern U.S. population, we developed a population simulation using physiologies based on distributions of demographic and anthropometric quantities from the most recent U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. This allowed incorporation of inter-individual variability, including variability across relevant demographic subgroups. Variability was analyzed with a Monte Carlo approach that accounted for the correlation structure in physiological parameters. To identify portions of the U.S. population that are more at risk for specific chemicals, physiologic variability was incorporated within an open-source high-throughput (HT) TK modeling framework. We prioritized 50 chemicals based on estimates of both potential hazard and exposure. Potential hazard was estimated from in vitro HT screening assays (i.e., the Tox21 and ToxCast programs). Bioactive in vitro concentrations were extrapolated to doses that produce equivalent concentrations in body tissues using a reverse dosimetry approach in which generic TK models are parameterized with: 1) chemical-specific parameters derived from in vitro measurements and predicted from chemical structure; and 2) with physiological parameters for a virtual population. For risk-based prioritization of chemicals, predicted bioactive equivalent doses were compared to demographic-specific inferences of exposure rates that were based on NHANES urinary analyte biomonitoring data. The inclusion of NHANES-derived inter-individual variability decreased predicted bioactive equivalent doses by 12% on average for the total population when compared to previous methods. However, for some combinations of chemical and demographic groups the margin was reduced by as much as three quarters. This TK modeling framework allows targeted risk prioritization of chemicals for demographic groups of interest, including potentially sensitive life stages and subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Ring
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Robert G Pearce
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - R Woodrow Setzer
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Barbara A Wetmore
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - John F Wambaugh
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
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48
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Pearce RG, Setzer RW, Strope CL, Wambaugh JF, Sipes NS. httk: R Package for High-Throughput Toxicokinetics. J Stat Softw 2017; 79:1-26. [PMID: 30220889 DOI: 10.18637/jss.v079.i04.submit] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of chemicals have been profiled by high-throughput screening programs such as ToxCast and Tox21; these chemicals are tested in part because most of them have limited or no data on hazard, exposure, or toxicokinetics. Toxicokinetic models aid in predicting tissue concentrations resulting from chemical exposure, and a "reverse dosimetry" approach can be used to predict exposure doses sufficient to cause tissue concentrations that have been identified as bioactive by high-throughput screening. We have created four toxicokinetic models within the R software package httk. These models are designed to be parameterized using high-throughput in vitro data (plasma protein binding and hepatic clearance), as well as structure-derived physicochemical properties and species-specific physiological data. The package contains tools for Monte Carlo sampling and reverse dosimetry along with functions for the analysis of concentration vs. time simulations. The package can currently use human in vitro data to make predictions for 553 chemicals in humans, rats, mice, dogs, and rabbits, including 94 pharmaceuticals and 415 ToxCast chemicals. For 67 of these chemicals, the package includes rat-specific in vitro data. This package is structured to be augmented with additional chemical data as they become available. Package httk enables the inclusion of toxicokinetics in the statistical analysis of chemicals undergoing high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Pearce
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Mail Code D143-02 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America URL: http://www.epa.gov/ncct/
| | - R Woodrow Setzer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Mail Code D143-02 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America URL: http://www.epa.gov/ncct/
| | - Cory L Strope
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Mail Code D143-02 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America URL: http://www.epa.gov/ncct/
| | - John F Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Mail Code D143-02 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America URL: http://www.epa.gov/ncct/
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., ML: K2-17 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America URL: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/bmsb/
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Pearce RG, Setzer RW, Strope CL, Wambaugh JF, Sipes NS. httk: R Package for High-Throughput Toxicokinetics. J Stat Softw 2017; 79:1-26. [PMID: 30220889 PMCID: PMC6134854 DOI: 10.18637/jss.v079.i04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of chemicals have been profiled by high-throughput screening programs such as ToxCast and Tox21; these chemicals are tested in part because most of them have limited or no data on hazard, exposure, or toxicokinetics. Toxicokinetic models aid in predicting tissue concentrations resulting from chemical exposure, and a "reverse dosimetry" approach can be used to predict exposure doses sufficient to cause tissue concentrations that have been identified as bioactive by high-throughput screening. We have created four toxicokinetic models within the R software package httk. These models are designed to be parameterized using high-throughput in vitro data (plasma protein binding and hepatic clearance), as well as structure-derived physicochemical properties and species-specific physiological data. The package contains tools for Monte Carlo sampling and reverse dosimetry along with functions for the analysis of concentration vs. time simulations. The package can currently use human in vitro data to make predictions for 553 chemicals in humans, rats, mice, dogs, and rabbits, including 94 pharmaceuticals and 415 ToxCast chemicals. For 67 of these chemicals, the package includes rat-specific in vitro data. This package is structured to be augmented with additional chemical data as they become available. Package httk enables the inclusion of toxicokinetics in the statistical analysis of chemicals undergoing high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Pearce
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Mail Code D143-02 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America URL: http://www.epa.gov/ncct/
| | - R Woodrow Setzer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Mail Code D143-02 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America URL: http://www.epa.gov/ncct/
| | - Cory L Strope
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Mail Code D143-02 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America URL: http://www.epa.gov/ncct/
| | - John F Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Dr. Mail Code D143-02 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America URL: http://www.epa.gov/ncct/
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., ML: K2-17 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America URL: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/bmsb/
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50
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Metz TO, Baker ES, Schymanski EL, Renslow RS, Thomas DG, Causon TJ, Webb IK, Hann S, Smith RD, Teeguarden JG. Integrating ion mobility spectrometry into mass spectrometry-based exposome measurements: what can it add and how far can it go? Bioanalysis 2017; 9:81-98. [PMID: 27921453 PMCID: PMC5674211 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring the exposome remains a challenge due to the range and number of anthropogenic molecules that are encountered in our daily lives, as well as the complex systemic responses to these exposures. One option for improving the coverage, dynamic range and throughput of measurements is to incorporate ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) into current MS-based analytical methods. The implementation of IMS in exposomics studies will lead to more frequent observations of previously undetected chemicals and metabolites. LC-IMS-MS will provide increased overall measurement dynamic range, resulting in detections of lower abundance molecules. Alternatively, the throughput of IMS-MS alone will provide the opportunity to analyze many thousands of longitudinal samples over lifetimes of exposure, capturing evidence of transitory accumulations of chemicals or metabolites. The volume of data corresponding to these new chemical observations will almost certainly outpace the generation of reference data to enable their confident identification. In this perspective, we briefly review the state-of-the-art in measuring the exposome, and discuss the potential use for IMS-MS and the physico-chemical property of collisional cross section in both exposure assessment and molecular identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ryan S Renslow
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Tim J Causon
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences (BOKU Vienna), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian K Webb
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Stephan Hann
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences (BOKU Vienna), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Justin G Teeguarden
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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