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Brunelle LD, Batt AL, Chao A, Glassmeyer ST, Quinete N, Alvarez DA, Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Mills MA, Aga DS. De facto Water Reuse: Investigating the Fate and Transport of Chemicals of Emerging Concern from Wastewater Discharge through Drinking Water Treatment Using Non-targeted Analysis and Suspect Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2468-2478. [PMID: 38252456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater is a source for many contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), and surface waters receiving wastewater discharge often serve as source water for downstream drinking water treatment plants. Nontargeted analysis and suspect screening methods were used to characterize chemicals in residence-time-weighted grab samples and companion polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) collected on three separate hydrologic sampling events along a surface water flow path representative of de facto water reuse. The goal of this work was to examine the fate of CECs along the study flow path as water is transported from wastewater effluent through drinking water treatment. Grab and POCIS samples provided a comparison between residence-time-weighted single-point and integrative sample results. This unique and rigorous study design, coupled with advanced analytical chemistry tools, provided important insights into chemicals found in drinking water and their potential sources, which can be used to help prioritize chemicals for further study. K-means clustering analysis was used to identify patterns in chemical occurrences across both sampling sites and sampling events. Chemical features that occurred frequently or survived drinking water treatment were prioritized for identification, resulting in the probable identification of over 100 CECs in the watershed and 28 CECs in treated drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brunelle
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Participant at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Angela L Batt
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Alex Chao
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Susan T Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida 33181, United States
| | - David A Alvarez
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Edward T Furlong
- U.S. Geological Survey, Strategic Laboratory Services Branch, Laboratory Analytical Services Division, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Marc A Mills
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- University at Buffalo Research and Education in Energy, Environment and Water (RENEW) Institute, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Wang Z, Li C, Wang Y, Chen Z, Wang M, Shi H. Photolysis of the novel meta-diamide insecticide broflanilide in solutions: Kinetics, degradation pathway, DFT calculation and ecotoxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138060. [PMID: 36754300 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Broflanilide, as a novel meta-diamide insecticide, presents high bioactivity against agricultural pests. However, there was limited report regarding the photolysis fate of broflanilide. In this study, the photodegradation kinetics and influence factors of broflanilide, including different solvents, pH, iron, S2O82- and SO32- were investigated under UV condition, and the reaction mechanism and transformation pathway were explored. The reaction rates (k) showed solvent-specificity in ultrapure water (0.015 min-1), ethyl acetate (0.051 min-1), methanol (0.084 min-1) and acetonitrile (0.193 min-1), correspondingly. The photolysis of broflanilide was slowest in the acid condition (pH = 4.0) compared with that in the neutral (pH = 7.0) and alkaline (pH = 9.0) conditions. The iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) presented significant inhibition on the photodegradation due to the light shielding effect. Additionally, the UV/peroxydisulfate (S2O82-) and UV/sulfite (SO32-) technologies could effectively accelerate the photodegradation of broflanilide, which has the potential for rapid treatment of pesticides in the aqueous environment. Six transformation products (TPs) were detected in water, peroxydisulfate and sulfite solutions, and the possible transformation pathways, including dehalogenation, cyclization, N-dealkylation, oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, were proposed. Importantly, the reaction mechanism was explained through the analysis of molecular electrostatic potential and molecular orbitals. The predicted toxicity of the TPs indicated that several highly toxic TPs need to pay more attention in future risk assessments. This study provides a new perspective for evaluating the ecological fate and risks of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Ojoghoro JO, Scrimshaw MD, Sumpter JP. Steroid hormones in the aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148306. [PMID: 34157532 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are extremely important natural hormones in all vertebrates. They control a wide range of physiological processes, including osmoregulation, sexual maturity, reproduction and stress responses. In addition, many synthetic steroid hormones are in widespread and general use, both as human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. Recent advances in environmental analytical chemistry have enabled concentrations of steroid hormones in rivers to be determined. Many different steroid hormones, both natural and synthetic, including transformation products, have been identified and quantified, demonstrating that they are widespread aquatic contaminants. Laboratory ecotoxicology experiments, mainly conducted with fish, but also amphibians, have shown that some steroid hormones, both natural and synthetic, can adversely affect reproduction when present in the water at extremely low concentrations: even sub-ng/L. Recent research has demonstrated that mixtures of different steroid hormones can inhibit reproduction even when each individual hormone is present at a concentration below which it would not invoke a measurable effect on its own. Limited field studies have supported the conclusions of the laboratory studies that steroid hormones may be environmental pollutants of significant concern. Further research is required to identify the main sources of steroid hormones entering the aquatic environment, better describe the complex mixtures of steroid hormones now known to be ubiquitously present, and determine the impacts of environmentally-realistic mixtures of steroid hormones on aquatic vertebrates, especially fish. Only once that research is completed can a robust aquatic risk assessment of steroid hormones be concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Ojoghoro
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Delta State University Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - M D Scrimshaw
- Division of Environmental Science, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - J P Sumpter
- Division of Environmental Science, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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4
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Gallego S, Montemurro N, Béguet J, Rouard N, Philippot L, Pérez S, Martin-Laurent F. Ecotoxicological risk assessment of wastewater irrigation on soil microorganisms: Fate and impact of wastewater-borne micropollutants in lettuce-soil system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112595. [PMID: 34390984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of the new Water Reuse regulation in the European Union brings to the forefront the need to evaluate the risks of using wastewater for crop irrigation. Here, a two-tier ecotoxicological risk assessment was performed to evaluate the fate of wastewater-borne micropollutants in soil and their ecotoxicological impact on plants and soil microorganisms. To this end, two successive cultivation campaigns of lettuces were irrigated with wastewater (at agronomical dose (not spiked) and spiked with a mixture of 14 pharmaceuticals at 10 and 100 µg/L each) in a controlled greenhouse experiment. Over the two cultivation campaigns, an accumulation of PPCPs was observed in soil microcosms irrigated with wastewater spiked with 100 μg/L of PPCPs with the highest concentrations detected for clarithromycin, hydrochlorothiazide, citalopram, climbazole and carbamazepine. The abundance of bacterial and fungal communities remained stable over the two cultivation campaigns and was not affected by any of the irrigation regimes applied. Similarly, no changes were observed in the abundance of ammonium oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), nor in clade A of commamox no matter the cultivation campaign or the irrigation regime considered. Only a slight increase was detected in clade B of commamox bacteria after the second cultivation campaign. Sulfamethoxazole-resistant and -degrading bacteria were not impacted either. The irrigation regimes had only a limited effect on the bacterial evenness. However, in response to wastewater irrigation the structure of soil bacterial community significantly changed the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, Beta-, Gamma- and Deltaprotebacteria. Twenty-eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified as responsible for the changes observed within the bacterial communities of soils irrigated with wastewater or with water. Interestingly, the relative abundance of these OTUs was similar in soils irrigated with either spiked or non-spiked irrigation solutions. This indicates that under both agronomical and worst-case scenario the mixture of fourteen PPCPs had no effect on soil bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gallego
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérémie Béguet
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Nadine Rouard
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Philippot
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Fabregat-Safont D, Ibáñez M, Bijlsma L, Hernández F, Waichman AV, de Oliveira R, Rico A. Wide-scope screening of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and their metabolites in the Amazon River. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117251. [PMID: 34087513 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Only a limited number of households in the Amazon are served by sewage collection or treatment facilities, suggesting that there might be a significant emission of pharmaceuticals and other wastewater contaminants into freshwater ecosystems. In this work, we performed a wide-scope screening to assess the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and their metabolites in freshwater ecosystems of the Brazilian Amazon. Our study included 40 samples taken along the Amazon River, in three of its major tributaries, and in small tributaries crossing four important urban areas (Manaus, Santarém, Macapá, Belém). More than 900 compounds were investigated making use of target and suspect screening approaches, based on liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation. Empirical collision-cross section (CCS) values were used to help and confirm identifications in target screening, while in the suspect screening approach CCS values were predicted using Artificial Neural Networks to increase the confidence of the tentative identification. In this way, 51 compounds and metabolites were identified. The highest prevalence was found in streams crossing the urban areas of Manaus, Macapá and Belém, with some samples containing up to 30 - 40 compounds, while samples taken in Santarém showed a lower number (8 - 11), and the samples taken in the main course of the Amazon River and its tributaries contained between 1 and 7 compounds. Most compounds identified in areas with significant urban impact belonged to the analgesics and antihypertensive categories, followed by stimulants and antibiotics. Compounds such as caffeine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, and cotinine (the metabolite of nicotine), were also detected in areas with relatively low anthropogenic impact and showed the highest total prevalence. This study supports the need to improve the sanitation system of urban areas in the Brazilian Amazon and the development of follow-up studies aimed at quantifying exposure levels and risks for Amazonian freshwater biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fabregat-Safont
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Andrea V Waichman
- Federal University of the Amazon, Institute of Biological Sciences, Av. Rodrigo Otávio Jordão Ramos 3000, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Rhaul de Oliveira
- University of Campinas, School of Technology, Rua Paschoal Marmo 1888 - Jd. Nova Itália, Limeira 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Av. Punto Com 2, Alcalá de Henares 28805, Madrid, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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6
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Fenner K, Elsner M, Lueders T, McLachlan MS, Wackett LP, Zimmermann M, Drewes JE. Methodological Advances to Study Contaminant Biotransformation: New Prospects for Understanding and Reducing Environmental Persistence? ACS ES&T WATER 2021; 1:1541-1554. [PMID: 34278380 PMCID: PMC8276273 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Complex microbial communities in environmental systems play a key role in the detoxification of chemical contaminants by transforming them into less active metabolites or by complete mineralization. Biotransformation, i.e., transformation by microbes, is well understood for a number of priority pollutants, but a similar level of understanding is lacking for many emerging contaminants encountered at low concentrations and in complex mixtures across natural and engineered systems. Any advanced approaches aiming to reduce environmental exposure to such contaminants (e.g., novel engineered biological water treatment systems, design of readily degradable chemicals, or improved regulatory assessment strategies to determine contaminant persistence a priori) will depend on understanding the causal links among contaminant removal, the key driving agents of biotransformation at low concentrations (i.e., relevant microbes and their metabolic activities), and how their presence and activity depend on environmental conditions. In this Perspective, we present the current understanding and recent methodological advances that can help to identify such links, even in complex environmental microbiomes and for contaminants present at low concentrations in complex chemical mixtures. We discuss the ensuing insights into contaminant biotransformation across varying environments and conditions and ask how much closer we have come to designing improved approaches to reducing environmental exposure to contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tillmann Lueders
- Chair of Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lawrence P Wackett
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Wu G, Geng J, Shi Y, Wang L, Xu K, Ren H. Comparison of diclofenac transformation in enriched nitrifying sludge and heterotrophic sludge: Transformation rate, pathway, and role exploration. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116158. [PMID: 32755734 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of diclofenac (DCF) on ecosystems and human health have induced increasing interest in its elimination in environment. DCF can be removed to some extent by nitrifying and heterotrophic microbes during wastewater treatment process. However, the actual roles of nitrifying and heterotrophic microbes in the transformation of DCF remain unclear. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to explore the biological transformation of DCF in enriched nitrifying sludge (NS), heterotrophic sludge (HS) and activated sludge (AS) systems. DCF was removed three times faster in enriched NS than in HS. Three transformation pathways of DCF in enriched NS, HS, and AS were proposed and compared. Hydroxylation was the crucial transformation step in the three transformation pathways. A faster hydroxylation reaction contributed to the faster removal of DCF in enriched NS. More transformation products (TPs) and reaction types (i.e. reductive dechlorination, sulphidation and methylation reactions) were observed in HS. Furthermore, some TPs that were resistant to degrade in enriched NS, such as DCF-benzoic acid, could be further transformed in HS. Accordingly, enriched NS could remove DCF more rapidly while HS could further transform some TPs resistant to degrade in enriched NS. Nitrifying and heterotrophic microbes may cooperatively and rapidly eliminate not only DCF, but also its TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China.
| | - Yufei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Liye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
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8
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Podio NS, Bertrand L, Wunderlin DA, Santiago AN. Assessment of phytotoxic effects, uptake and translocation of diclofenac in chicory (Cichorium intybus). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125057. [PMID: 31629239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in the environment have been an increasing research topic over the past decade, since they can be found in both natural and drinking water, including irrigation of crops and edible plants with contaminated water. Our main goal was to evaluate the phytotoxic effect of diclofenac (DCF), a widely used pharmaceutical, on chicory (Cichorium intybus) seedlings. Additionally, we verified the uptake, bioconcentration and translocation of DCF from soil to chicory tissues. Results show that DCF induces different physiological changes in chicory seedlings. On the other hand, the soil-chicory experiment showed the activation of the detoxification system in plants treated with DCF (1 mg L-1). Finally, we found the migration of DCF from the irrigation water to the soil, followed by its uptake through the root, and its translocation to the aerial part of the chicory. However, DCF does not bioaccumulate in chicory leaves, being scarcely translocated from roots to aerial parts. This last result, along with the estimation of a daily intake of chicory, show that irrigation with water containing DCF (≤1 mg L-1) does not represent a threat to human health. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of DCF on chicory seedlings, including the evaluation of its uptake and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia S Podio
- INFIQC, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica. Ciudad Universitaria, Medina Allende esq. Haya de la Torre s/n, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina; ICYTAC, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica. Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Lidwina Bertrand
- CIBICI, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Bioquímica Clínica. Ciudad Universitaria, Medina Allende esq. Haya de la Torre s/n, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Wunderlin
- ICYTAC, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica. Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana N Santiago
- INFIQC, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Química Orgánica. Ciudad Universitaria, Medina Allende esq. Haya de la Torre s/n, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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9
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Smith RM, Sayen S, Nuns N, Berrier E, Guillon E. Combining sorption experiments and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to study the adsorption of propranolol onto environmental solid matrices - Influence of copper(II). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:841-851. [PMID: 29803054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of pharmaceuticals is governed by their sorption in soils/sediments, as the retention processes determine their concentration in surface- and ground-water. The adsorption of these contaminants can involve various solid components such as organic matter, clays and metallic oxides, and their distribution among these solid components depends on contaminant and solid properties. In this paper we studied the adsorption of the pharmaceutical propranolol - a beta-blocker - on eight different solids (six soils, one sediment and one kaolinite-based sample) by batch experiments. The influence of contact time, propranolol concentration and pH was considered, as well as the presence of copper(II). The investigated solids displayed a wide variability in terms of CEC (cationic exchange capacity) and organic carbon and carbonates contents. The influence of pH was negligible in the pH range from 5.5 to 8.6. The adsorbed amounts were greatly dependent on the solid and two groups of solids were evidenced: three soils of high CEC and organic carbon contents which retained high amounts of propranolol, and three soils, the sediment and the kaolinite-based sample (low CEC and organic carbon content) displaying a low adsorption capacity for the beta-blocker. A linear model enabling the determination of the sorption parameters Kd and Koc was pertinent to describe the adsorption isotherms but the Koc values showed a great variability. It was shown that organic carbon content alone could not explain propranolol adsorption. The CEC value was identified as influent parameter and a simple empirical model was proposed to describe propranolol adsorption. At microscopic and molecular scales, ToF-SIMS experiments indicated (i) a decrease of potassium on the surface upon propranolol adsorption with a distribution of the beta-blocker similarly to alumino-silicates, iron and organic carbon on the surface confirming a cation exchange mechanism and (ii) the absence of degradation products and copper-propranolol complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Michelle Smith
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Stéphanie Sayen
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - Nicolas Nuns
- Institut des Molécules et de la Matière Condensée (IMMCL) Chevreul, Université de Lille, 59650 Cedex Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Elise Berrier
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS), UMR CNRS 8181, Université de Lille, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d'Artois, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Guillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UMR CNRS 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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10
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Sanganyado E, Lu Z, Fu Q, Schlenk D, Gan J. Chiral pharmaceuticals: A review on their environmental occurrence and fate processes. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:527-542. [PMID: 28806704 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
More than 50% of pharmaceuticals in current use are chiral compounds. Enantiomers of the same pharmaceutical have identical physicochemical properties, but may exhibit differences in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity. The advancement in separation and detection methods has made it possible to analyze trace amounts of chiral compounds in environmental media. As a result, interest on chiral analysis and evaluation of stereoselectivity in environmental occurrence, phase distribution and degradation of chiral pharmaceuticals has grown substantially in recent years. Here we review recent studies on the analysis, occurrence, and fate of chiral pharmaceuticals in engineered and natural environments. Monitoring studies have shown ubiquitous presence of chiral pharmaceuticals in wastewater, surface waters, sediments, and sludge, particularly β-receptor antagonists, analgesics, antifungals, and antidepressants. Selective sorption and microbial degradation have been demonstrated to result in enrichment of one enantiomer over the other. The changes in enantiomer composition may also be caused by biologically catalyzed chiral inversion. However, accurate evaluation of chiral pharmaceuticals as trace environmental pollutants is often hampered by the lack of identification of the stereoconfiguration of enantiomers. Furthermore, a systematic approach including occurrence, fate and transport in various environmental matrices is needed to minimize uncertainties in risk assessment of chiral pharmaceuticals as emerging environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
| | - Zhijiang Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
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11
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12
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Di Baccio D, Pietrini F, Bertolotto P, Pérez S, Barcelò D, Zacchini M, Donati E. Response of Lemna gibba L. to high and environmentally relevant concentrations of ibuprofen: Removal, metabolism and morpho-physiological traits for biomonitoring of emerging contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:363-373. [PMID: 28104333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The increasing worldwide consumption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products such as ibuprofen (IBU) is leading to the widespread and persistent occurrence of these chemicals and their transformation products in soils and waters. Although at low concentrations, the continuous discharge of these micropollutants and the incomplete removal by the actual wastewater treatments can provoke accumulation in the environment with risks for the trophic chain. Non-target organisms as duckweed can be used for the environmental monitoring of pharmaceutical emerging contaminants. In this work, plants of Lemna gibba L. were exposed to high (0.20 and 1mgL-1) and environmentally relevant (0.02mgL-1) concentrations of IBU to investigate their removal and metabolization capacity. The main oxidized IBU metabolites in humans (hydroxy-IBU and carboxy-IBU) were determined in the intact plants and in the growth solutions, together with non-destructive physiological parameters and phytotoxic indicators. The IBU uptake increased with the increasing of IBU concentration in the medium, but the relative accumulation of the pharmaceutical and generation of hydroxy-IBU was higher in presence of the lower IBU treatments. Carboxy-IBU was not found in the plant tissue and solutions. The changes observed in growth and photosynthetic performances were not able to induce phyto-toxic effects. Apart from a mean physical-chemical degradation of 8.2%, the IBU removal by plants was highly efficient (89-92.5%) in all the conditions tested, highlighting the role of L. gibba in the biodegradation of emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Di Baccio
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - F Pietrini
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - P Bertolotto
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - S Pérez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barcelò
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Zacchini
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - E Donati
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies, National Research Council, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
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13
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Boix C, Ibáñez M, Fabregat-Safont D, Morales E, Pastor L, Sancho JV, Sánchez-Ramírez JE, Hernández F. Behaviour of emerging contaminants in sewage sludge after anaerobic digestion. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:296-304. [PMID: 27543679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern over the presence of contaminants in the aquatic environment, where they can be introduced from wastewater after their incomplete removal in the treatment plants. In this work, degradation of selected emerging pollutants in the aqueous and solid phases of sewage sludge has been investigated after anaerobic digestion using two different digesters: mesophilic and thermophilic. Initially, sludge samples were screened by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS) for identification of emerging contaminants in the samples. In a second step, a target quantitative method based on LC coupled to tandem MS was applied for selected pollutants identified in the previous screening. The behaviour of the compounds under anaerobic conditions was studied estimating the degradation efficiency and distribution of compounds between both sludge phases. Irbesartan and benzoylecgonine seemed to be notably degraded in both phases of the sludge. Venlafaxine showed a significant concentration decrease in the aqueous phase in parallel to an increase in the solid phase. The majority of the compounds showed an increase of their concentrations in both phases after the digestion. Concentrations in the solid phase were commonly higher than in the aqueous for most contaminants, indicating that they were preferentially adsorbed onto the solid particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boix
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - M Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - D Fabregat-Safont
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - E Morales
- Depuración de Aguas del Mediterráneo, Avda. Benjamin Franklin 21 Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Spain
| | - L Pastor
- Depuración de Aguas del Mediterráneo, Avda. Benjamin Franklin 21 Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Spain
| | - J V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - J E Sánchez-Ramírez
- Depuración de Aguas del Mediterráneo, Avda. Benjamin Franklin 21 Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Spain
| | - F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
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Stephan S, Hippler J, Köhler T, Deeb AA, Schmidt TC, Schmitz OJ. Contaminant screening of wastewater with HPLC-IM-qTOF-MS and LC+LC-IM-qTOF-MS using a CCS database. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6545-55. [PMID: 27497965 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9820-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-target analysis has become an important tool in the field of water analysis since a broad variety of pollutants from different sources are released to the water cycle. For identification of compounds in such complex samples, liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry are often used. The introduction of ion mobility spectrometry provides an additional separation dimension and allows determining collision cross sections (CCS) of the analytes as a further physicochemical constant supporting the identification. A CCS database with more than 500 standard substances including drug-like compounds and pesticides was used for CCS data base search in this work. A non-target analysis of a wastewater sample was initially performed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to an ion mobility-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer (IM-qTOF-MS). A database search including exact mass (±5 ppm) and CCS (±1 %) delivered 22 different compounds. Furthermore, the same sample was analyzed with a two-dimensional LC method, called LC+LC, developed in our group for the coupling to IM-qTOF-MS. This four dimensional separation platform revealed 53 different compounds, identified over exact mass and CCS, in the examined wastewater sample. It is demonstrated that the CCS database can also help to distinguish between isobaric structures exemplified for cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Graphical Abstract Scheme of sample analysis and database screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Stephan
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Joerg Hippler
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Timo Köhler
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Ahmad A Deeb
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.,Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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Hlaváček A, Farka Z, Hübner M, Horňáková V, Němeček D, Niessner R, Skládal P, Knopp D, Gorris HH. Competitive Upconversion-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Sensitive Detection of Diclofenac. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6011-7. [PMID: 27167775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photon-upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) emit light of shorter wavelength under near-infrared excitation and thus avoid optical background interference. We have exploited this unique photophysical feature to establish a sensitive competitive immunoassay for the detection of the pharmaceutical micropollutant diclofenac (DCF) in water. The so-called upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay (ULISA) was critically dependent on the design of the upconversion luminescent detection label. Silica-coated UCNPs (50 nm in diameter) exposing carboxyl groups on the surface were conjugated to a secondary anti-IgG antibody. We investigated the structure and monodispersity of the nanoconjugates in detail. Using a highly affine anti-DCF primary antibody, the optimized ULISA reached a detection limit of 0.05 ng DCF per mL. This performance came close to a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) without the need for an enzyme-mediated signal amplification step. The ULISA was further employed for analyzing drinking and surface water samples. The results were consistent with a conventional ELISA as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg, Germany.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry AS CR, v. v. i. , Brno 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg, Germany.,CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Hübner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Horňáková
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Němeček
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Petr Skládal
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich , 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg , 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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16
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Boix C, Ibáñez M, Fabregat-Safont D, Morales E, Pastor L, Sancho JV, Sánchez-Ramírez JE, Hernández F. Analytical methodologies based on LC-MS/MS for monitoring selected emerging compounds in liquid and solid phases of the sewage sludge. MethodsX 2016; 3:333-42. [PMID: 27222823 PMCID: PMC4865632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, two analytical methodologies based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) were developed for quantification of emerging pollutants identified in sewage sludge after a previous wide-scope screening. The target list included 13 emerging contaminants (EC): thiabendazole, acesulfame, fenofibric acid, valsartan, irbesartan, salicylic acid, diclofenac, carbamazepine, 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA), 4-acetyl aminoantipyrine (4-AAA), 4-formyl aminoantipyrine (4-FAA), venlafaxine and benzoylecgonine. The aqueous and solid phases of the sewage sludge were analyzed making use of Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) and UltraSonic Extraction (USE) for sample treatment, respectively. The methods were validated at three concentration levels: 0.2, 2 and 20 μg L−1 for the aqueous phase, and 50, 500 and 2000 μg kg−1 for the solid phase of the sludge. In general, the method was satisfactorily validated, showing good recoveries (70–120%) and precision (RSD < 20%). Regarding the limit of quantification (LOQ), it was below 0.1 μg L−1 in the aqueous phase and below 50 μg kg−1 in the solid phase for the majority of the analytes. The method applicability was tested by analysis of samples from a wider study on degradation of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge under anaerobic digestion. The key benefits of these methodologies are: • SPE and USE are appropriate sample procedures to extract selected emerging contaminants from the aqueous phase of the sewage sludge and the solid residue. • LC–MS/MS is highly suitable for determining emerging contaminants in both sludge phases. • Up to our knowledge, the main metabolites of dipyrone had not been studied before in sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boix
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - M Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - D Fabregat-Safont
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - E Morales
- Depuración de Aguas del Mediterráneo, Avda. Benjamin Franklin 21 Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Spain
| | - L Pastor
- Depuración de Aguas del Mediterráneo, Avda. Benjamin Franklin 21 Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Spain
| | - J V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J E Sánchez-Ramírez
- Depuración de Aguas del Mediterráneo, Avda. Benjamin Franklin 21 Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Spain
| | - F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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Suspect Screening of Pharmaceuticals and Related Bioactive Compounds, Their Metabolites and Their Transformation Products in the Aquatic Environment, Biota and Humans Using LC-HR-MS Techniques. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Pietrini F, Di Baccio D, Aceña J, Pérez S, Barceló D, Zacchini M. Ibuprofen exposure in Lemna gibba L.: Evaluation of growth and phytotoxic indicators, detection of ibuprofen and identification of its metabolites in plant and in the medium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:189-193. [PMID: 26184801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU) is detected worldwide in water bodies due to the incomplete removal by wastewater treatments. Contrasting results have been reported on the toxicity of IBU on aquatic biomonitor plants such as duckweed, and no data about IBU detection and metabolism in plants has been reported. In this work, the effects of 1 mg L(-1) IBU on Lemna gibba L. were monitored in an 8-day laboratory test. In particular, an increase in frond number (+12%) and multiplication rate (+10%) while no variations in photosynthetic pigment content were observed. Moreover, UPLC-HRMS analysis of the presence of IBU and its metabolites in plants and in the growth medium was performed. The results showed that, besides IBU, 11 IBU metabolites were detected in plants. Among the IBU metabolites, hydroxyl- and dihydroxyl-IBU were found, whereas carboxyl-IBU was undetectable. Interestingly, some IBU metabolites were detected in the plant growth solution at the end of the IBU treatment, while no IBU products were found in the IBU solution without plants, suggesting a role for L. gibba in IBU metabolism. The findings of this work represent an important step for a better evaluation of the effects of IBU and its metabolites in duckweed, with notable implications for the eco-toxicological assessment of IBU in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pietrini
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - D Di Baccio
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - J Aceña
- Water and Soil Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Pérez
- Water and Soil Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Zacchini
- Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy.
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Rehman MSU, Rashid N, Ashfaq M, Saif A, Ahmad N, Han JI. Global risk of pharmaceutical contamination from highly populated developing countries. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:1045-1055. [PMID: 23535471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Global pharmaceutical industry has relocated from the west to Asian countries to ensure competitive advantage. This industrial relocation has posed serious threats to the environment. The present study was carried out to assess the possible pharmaceutical contamination in the environment of emerging pharmaceutical manufacturing countries (Bangladesh, China, India and Pakistan). Although these countries have made tremendous progress in the pharmaceutical sector but most of their industrial units discharge wastewater into domestic sewage network without any treatment. The application of untreated wastewater (industrial and domestic) and biosolids (sewage sludge and manure) in agriculture causes the contamination of surface water, soil, groundwater, and the entire food web with pharmaceutical compounds (PCs), their metabolites and transformed products (TPs), and multidrug resistant microbes. This pharmaceutical contamination in Asian countries poses global risks via product export and international traveling. Several prospective research hypotheses including the development of new analytical methods to monitor these PCs/TPs and their metabolites, highly resistant microbial strains, and mixture toxicity as a consequence of pharmaceutical contamination in these emerging pharmaceutical exporters have also been proposed based on the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Naim Rashid
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Ameena Saif
- Department of Environmental Science, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- Advanced Wastewater Treatment Lab, Institute of Geology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Bajpai SK, Jhariya S. Selective Removal of Amikacin From Simulated Polluted Water Using Molecularly Imprinting Polymer (MIP). JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2015.1080096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Net S, Rabodonirina S, Sghaier RB, Dumoulin D, Chbib C, Tlili I, Ouddane B. Distribution of phthalates, pesticides and drug residues in the dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases from transboundary rivers (France-Belgium). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 521-522:152-159. [PMID: 25829293 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Various drug residues, pesticides and phthalates are ubiquitous in the environment. Their presence in the environment has attracted considerable attention due to their potential impacts on ecosystem functioning and on public health. In this work, 14 drug residues, 24 pesticides and 6 phthalates have been quantified in three matrices (in the dissolved phase, associated to suspended solid matter (SSM), and in sediment) collected from fifteen watercourses and rivers located in a highly industrialized zone at the cross-border area of Northern France and Belgium. The extractions have been carried out using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) for solid matrices (SSM and sediment) and using solid phase extraction (SPE) for liquid matrix. The final extract was analyzed using GC-MS technique. Among the three classes of compounds, phthalates have been found at highest level compared to pesticides and drug residues. The Σ6PAE concentrations were ranging from 17.2±2.58 to 179.1±26.9μgL(-1) in dissolved phase, from 2.9±0.4 to 21.1±3.2μgL(-1) in SSM and from 1.1±0.2 to 11.9±1.8μgg(-1)dw in sediment. The Σ14drug residue concentrations were lower than 1.3μgL(-1) in the dissolved phases, lower than 30ngL(-1) associated to SSM and from nondetectable levels to 60.7±9.1ngg(-1)dw in sediment. For pesticides, all compounds were below the LOQ values in dissolved phase and in sediment, and only EPTC could be quantified in SSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopheak Net
- Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire LASIR (UMR 8516 CNRS), Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Suzanah Rabodonirina
- Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire LASIR (UMR 8516 CNRS), Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; University of Antananarivo, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry (DCMCP), BP 906-101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Rafika Ben Sghaier
- Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire LASIR (UMR 8516 CNRS), Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Department of Chemistry, LACReSNE Laboratory, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - David Dumoulin
- Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire LASIR (UMR 8516 CNRS), Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Chaza Chbib
- Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire LASIR (UMR 8516 CNRS), Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Ines Tlili
- Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire LASIR (UMR 8516 CNRS), Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Department of Chemistry, LACReSNE Laboratory, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Baghdad Ouddane
- Université de Lille 1, Sciences et Technologies, Laboratoire LASIR (UMR 8516 CNRS), Cité Scientifique, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Haddad T, Baginska E, Kümmerer K. Transformation products of antibiotic and cytostatic drugs in the aquatic cycle that result from effluent treatment and abiotic/biotic reactions in the environment: an increasing challenge calling for higher emphasis on measures at the beginning of the pipe. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:75-126. [PMID: 25600206 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals may undergo transformation into new products during almost all possible processes along their life-cycle. This could either take place in the natural water environment and/or during water treatment processes. Numerous studies that address the issue of such transformation products (TPs) have been published, describing selected aspects of TPs in the environment and their formation within effluent and water treatment processes. In order to exemplify the number and quality of information published on TPs, we selected 21 active pharmaceutical ingredients from the groups of antibiotics and antineoplastics, and assessed the knowledge about their TPs that has been published until the end of May 2012. The goal of this work was to demonstrate, that the quality of data on pharmaceutical TPs greatly differs in terms of the availability of chemical structures for each TP, rather than to provide an exhaustive database of available TPs. The aim was to point out the challenge going along with so many TPs formed under different treatment and environmental conditions. An extensive review in the form of a table showing the existing data on 158 TPs for 15 compounds, out of 21 investigated, was presented. Numerous TPs are the result of different treatments and environmental processes. However, also numerous different TPs may be formed within only one type of treatment, applied under sometimes even very similar treatment conditions and treatments times. In general, the growing number of elucidated TPs is rationalized by ineffective removal treatments. Our results demonstrate a severe risk of drowning in much unrelated and non-assessable data, both from a scientific and from a technical treatment-related point of view. Therefore, limiting the input of pharmaceuticals into effluents as well as improving their (bio) degradability and elimination behavior, instead of only relying on advanced effluent treatments, is urgently needed. Solutions that focus on this "beginning of the pipe" approach should minimize the adverse effects of parent compounds by reducing and formation of TPs and their entrance into the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Haddad
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic.
| | - Ewelina Baginska
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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Targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric workflows for identification of transformation products of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Evgenidou EN, Konstantinou IK, Lambropoulou DA. Occurrence and removal of transformation products of PPCPs and illicit drugs in wastewaters: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:905-26. [PMID: 25461093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) along with illicit drugs (IDs) are newly recognized classes of environmental pollutants and are receiving considerable attention because of their environmental impacts: frequent occurrence, persistence and risk to aquatic life and humans. However, relatively little information is often available with regard to their possible biotic and abiotic transformation products (TPs). This lack of knowledge has resulted in a substantial amount of ongoing effort to develop methods and approaches that would assess their occurrence, degradability potential elimination mechanisms and efficiencies in sewage treatment plants as well as environmental and human health risks. In this article, an extensive literature survey was performed in order to present the current stage of knowledge and progress made in the occurrence of TPs of PPCPs and IDs in raw and treated wastewaters. Apart from the TPs resulting from structural transformations of the parent compound in the aquatic environment or in technological treatment facilities (e.g. sewage and drinking water treatment plants), free metabolites and drug conjugates formed during human metabolism have also been included in this review as they are also released into the aquatic environment through wastewaters. Their concentration levels were reported in influents and effluents of WWTPs, hospital effluents and their removals in the treatment plants were discussed. Finally, information on the toxicity of TPs has been compiled when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni N Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Konstantinou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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25
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Heuett NV, Batchu SR, Gardinali PR. Understanding the magnitude of emergent contaminant releases through target screening and metabolite identification using high resolution mass spectrometry: Illicit drugs in raw sewage influents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 282:41-50. [PMID: 25174793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A QExactive Orbitrap was used for the identification of phase I and II transformation products (TPs) of illicit drugs in raw sewage influents. Two operating modes (targeted MS(2) and Data-dependent screening) were used for data acquisition. Even though, data-dependent scan is a faster route towards the potential identification of metabolites, it suffered from its limitation to provide enough data points across the chromatographic peak during the MS(2) cycle in contrast to targeted MS(2). Therefore, the later technique was implemented as the method of choice in this study for the positive confirmation and quantitation of TPs (n=54). The vast majority of the identified TPs were products of phase I transformation reactions, with the latter being more prevalent in the nature. Estimated mole fractions showed that for a large number of the analytes, TPs must also be monitored in order to fully understand their environmental fate and calculate potential consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia V Heuett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA; Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Sudha Rani Batchu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA; Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Piero R Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA; Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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26
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Badia-Fabregat M, Lucas D, Gros M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D, Caminal G, Vicent T. Identification of some factors affecting pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) removal in real wastewater. Case study of fungal treatment of reverse osmosis concentrate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 283:663-71. [PMID: 25464308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many technologies are being developed for the efficient removal of micropollutants from wastewater and, among them, fungal degradation is one of the possible alternative biological treatments. In this article, some factors that might affect pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) removal in a fungal treatment of real wastewater were identified in batch bioreactor treating reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). We found that degradation of PhACs by Trametes versicolor was enhanced by addition of external nutrients (global removal of 44%). Moreover, our results point out that high aeration might be involved in the increase in the concentration of some PhACs. In fact, conjugation and deconjugation processes (among others) affect the removal assessment of emerging contaminants when working with real concentrations in comparison to experiments with spiked samples. Moreover, factors that could affect the quantification of micropollutants at lab-scale experiments were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Badia-Fabregat
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Daniel Lucas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101-E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101-E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101-E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101-E-17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC) CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Vicent
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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27
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Mardal M, Meyer MR. Studies on the microbial biotransformation of the novel psychoactive substance methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in wastewater by means of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:588-95. [PMID: 24982024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Sewage profiling as a mean to estimate consumption of drugs of abuse is gaining increasing attention. However, only scarce data are available so far on the impact of microbial biotransformation on the presence and hence detectability of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in wastewater (WW) samples. The aim of this work was therefore to study the biotransformation pathways of the novel psychoactive substance 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MPDV) in WW by incubating it, based on the OECD guideline 314 A. MDPV was incubated (100 μg/L) for 10d at 22 °C in WW from a local WW treatment plant. Furthermore, urine and feces collected from rats administered 20mg MDPV/kg BW were incubated correspondingly. Samples were worked-up either by centrifugation/filtration and solid-phase (HCX) extraction or QuEChERS. High resolution (HR) mass spectra (MS) were recorded using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. All products were identified via their HR-MS(2) spectra and chromatographic properties. The observed biotransformations in WW were: demethylenation and subsequent O-methylation, hydroxylation at the phenyl part, hydroxylation at the pyrrolidine part with subsequent methylation or oxidation, N-demethylation, and hydroxylation at the alkyl part as well as combination of them. In total, 12 biotransformation products were identified after 10 days of incubation. Three of these biotransformation products were previously reported to be also rat and human metabolites. No additional MDPV biotransformation products could be found after incubating the rat urine and feces samples. Instead, the urinary phase II glucuronides were nearly completely cleaved after one day of WW incubation. The presented study indicates that demethylenyl-methyl MDPV, the most abundant metabolite in human urine, should be the best indicator in WW to estimate its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mardal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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28
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Nunes B, Pinto G, Martins L, Gonçalves F, Antunes SC. Biochemical and standard toxic effects of acetaminophen on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10815-10822. [PMID: 24888614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen is globally one of the most prescribed drugs due to its antipyretic and analgesic properties. However, it is highly toxic when the dosage surpasses the detoxification capability of an exposed organism, with involvement of an already described oxidative stress pathway. To address the issue of the ecotoxicity of acetaminophen, we performed acute exposures of two aquatic plant species, Lemna gibba and Lemna minor, to this compound. The selected biomarkers were number of fronds, biomass, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay), and proline content. Our results showed marked differences between the two species. Acetaminophen caused a significant decrease in the number of fronds (EC50 = 446.6 mg/L), and the establishment of a dose-dependent peroxidative damage in L. minor, but not in L. gibba. No effects were reported in both species for the indicative parameters chlorophyll content and total biomass. However, the proline content in L. gibba was substantially reduced. The overall conclusions point to the occurrence of an oxidative stress scenario more prominent for L. minor. However, the mechanisms that allowed L. gibba to cope with acetaminophen exposure were distinct from those reported for L. minor, with the likely involvement of proline as antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nunes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal,
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29
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Petrović M, Škrbić B, Živančev J, Ferrando-Climent L, Barcelo D. Determination of 81 pharmaceutical drugs by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap in different types of water in Serbia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:415-28. [PMID: 24055661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to study the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in waste, surface, underground, and drinking water samples collected in Serbia. A multi-residue method for the analysis of 81 pharmaceutical drugs from different therapeutic classes in the various types of water was applied. Twenty-five composite water samples were prepared using solid-phase extraction and the presence of 81 pharmaceutical compounds in the extracts was analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap (UPLC-QqLIT-MS/MS). Forty seven compounds of 81 drugs were found in four different types of analyzed water. The highest concentrations of ibuprofen of 20.1 μg L(-1), 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine of 16.2 μg L(-1), 2-hydroxycarbamazepine of 15.9 μg L(-1) and acetaminophen of 15.7 μg L(-1) were found in municipal waste water sample. Results revealed the presence of salicylic acid in 41.67% of water samples, carbamazepine in 36.11%, propranolol and irbesartan in 30.56%. The obtained results were discussed in relation to the relevant data available in literature. This is the first attempt to assess the occurrence of these 81 pharmaceutical residues in water samples in Serbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Petrović
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Periša M, Babić S, Škorić I, Frömel T, Knepper TP. Photodegradation of sulfonamides and their N (4)-acetylated metabolites in water by simulated sunlight irradiation: kinetics and identification of photoproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8934-8946. [PMID: 23749364 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Once released into the aquatic environment, pharmaceuticals may undergo different degradation processes. Photodegradation, for example, might be an important elimination process for light-sensitive pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics. In this study, the fate of sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole) and their N (4)-acetylated metabolites (N (4)-acetylsulfadiazine, N (4)-acetylsulfamethazine, and N (4)-acetylsulfamethoxazole) under simulated sunlight irradiation was investigated. The irradiation resulted in total or almost total degradation (88 to 98 %) of the pharmaceuticals tested, except for sulfamethazine (52 %), during 24 h of irradiation. The photoproducts of all investigated pharmaceuticals have been analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Structure elucidation performed from photodegradation products of both, sulfonamides and their N (4)-acetylated metabolites, clearly showed two major formation pathways. These were cleavage of the sulfonamide bond as well as SO2 extrusion. In total, nine photoproducts were elucidated. Among these photoproducts, the tautomers of sulfamethoxazole and desulfonated products of sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine were also present. Tautomers of sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine have been characterized here for the first time as well as some photoproducts of sulfadiazine, sulfametoxazole, and their metabolites N (4)-acetylsulfadiazine and N (4)-acetylsulfametoxazole. The obtained results are an important piece in the complex puzzle for assessing the environmental fate of sulfonamides and their metabolites in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Periša
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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32
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Methods for Elucidation of Transformation Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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López-Serna R, Petrović M, Barceló D. Occurrence and distribution of multi-class pharmaceuticals and their active metabolites and transformation products in the Ebro river basin (NE Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 440:280-289. [PMID: 22809787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites and transformation products (TPs) in the Ebro river basin (NE Spain). Twenty-four samples of water collected along the basin were analysed using a fully automated method based on on-line turbulent chromatography-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (TFC-LC-MS/MS). In total, 17 metabolites, 7 of them with remaining pharmacologic activity, and 2 transformation products, along with 58 parent pharmaceuticals are analysed. Metabolites and TPs were found at concentrations of the same order of magnitude as their corresponding parent pharmaceuticals, with the exception of 10,11-epoxi-carbamazepine which was found at approximately 10 times higher concentration than its corresponding parent pharmaceutical carbamazepine. In general, levels of all target compounds were below 100 ng L(-1), with the exception of 14 compounds; among them the aforementioned 10,11-epoxicarbamazepine with a maximum concentration of more than 1600 ng L(-1). The analgesic propyphenazone, the psychiatric drug carbamazepine, the antibiotics clarithromycin and sulfadiazine, the cardiovascular drug propranolol, the antineoplastic tamoxifen and 1 pharmacologically active metabolite salicylic acid were found to be ubiquitous (detected in all samples). Smaller tributaries generally show higher concentrations than the main river Ebro, due to lower dilution of WWTP effluents discharged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca López-Serna
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Huber C, Bartha B, Schröder P. Metabolism of diclofenac in plants--hydroxylation is followed by glucose conjugation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 243:250-6. [PMID: 23137548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals from human or veterinary medication form a new class of micropollutants that poses a serious threat to our aquatic environment and its organisms. The intensively used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac is found in the environment worldwide due to its poor elimination during waste water treatment processes. In order to test phytoremediation as a tool for the removal of this drug from waste water, the uptake of the compound into plant tissues and its metabolic pathway was addressed using Hordeum vulgare (barley) and a hairy root cell culture of Armoracia rusticana (horse radish) as model species. Diclofenac is taken up by plants and undergoes rapid metabolization; already after 3h of exposure the drug and its metabolites could be detected in the plant tissues. Similar to its fate in mammalian cells the drug is activated in a phase I reaction resulting in the hydroxylated metabolite 4'OH-diclofenac which is conjugated subsequently in phase II to a glucopyranoside, a typical plant specific metabolite. After exposure to 10 and 100 μM diclofenac a concentration dependent formation of the hydroxylated metabolite was observed, while the formation of the phase II metabolite OH-diclofenac glucopyranoside was not positively affected by the higher concentration. To our knowledge this is the first time these two human painkiller metabolites are shown to occur in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Huber
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Microbe Plant Interactions, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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35
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Boisvert M, Fayad PB, Sauvé S. Development of a new multi-residue laser diode thermal desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection and quantification of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in wastewater samples. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 754:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Analysis of 100 pharmaceuticals and their degradates in water samples by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:148-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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37
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Bautitz IR, Velosa AC, Nogueira RFP. Zero valent iron mediated degradation of the pharmaceutical diazepam. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:688-692. [PMID: 22534198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Parameters that influence the zero valent iron mediated degradation of the pharmaceutical diazepam (DZP) were evaluated including the iron concentration and its pre-treatment, the effect of complexation with EDTA and oxic versus anoxic condition. It was observed that acid pre-treatment of iron particles is important for degradation efficiency and that H(2)SO(4) is a better choice than HCl, resulting in higher degradation of DZP. Under oxic conditions, the degradation of DZP achieved 96% after 60 min using Fe(0) (25 g L(-1)) pre-treated with H(2)SO(4) in the presence of EDTA (119 mg L(-1)), while mineralization achieved around 60% after the same time. Under anoxic conditions, degradation occurred, however at lower extent, achieving 67% after 120 min. The addition of EDTA improved the treatment efficiency in 20% leading to 99% DZP degradation after 120 min. The first intermediates formed during DZP degradation were identified using LC/MS analysis and revealed the formation of mono- and di-hydroxylated products from DZP during Fe(0)/EDTA/O(2) degradation, which evidences that (·)OH was the main oxidizing species formed in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonete Rossi Bautitz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Araraquara, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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38
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Khan GA, Lindberg R, Grabic R, Fick J. The development and application of a system for simultaneously determining anti-infectives and nasal decongestants using on-line solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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39
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40
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Esrafili A, Yamini Y, Ghambarian M, Shariati S, Moradi M. MEASUREMENT OF FLUOROQUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS FROM HUMAN PLASMA USING HOLLOW FIBER LIQUID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION BASED ON CARRIER MEDIATED TRANSPORT. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.601488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esrafili
- a Department of Chemistry , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- a Department of Chemistry , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ghambarian
- a Department of Chemistry , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shahab Shariati
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Islamic Azad University , Rasht Branch , Rasht , Iran
| | - Morteza Moradi
- a Department of Chemistry , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
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41
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Pérez-Parada A, Gómez-Ramos MDM, Martínez Bueno MJ, Uclés S, Uclés A, Fernández-Alba AR. Analytical improvements of hybrid LC-MS/MS techniques for the efficient evaluation of emerging contaminants in river waters: a case study of the Henares River (Madrid, Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:467-481. [PMID: 21822928 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Instrumental capabilities and software tools of modern hybrid mass spectrometry (MS) instruments such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF), and quadrupole linear ion trap (QLIT) were experimentally investigated for the study of emerging contaminants in Henares River water samples. METHODS Automated screening and confirmatory capabilities of QTOF working in full-scan MS and tandem MS (MS/MS) were explored when dealing with real samples. Investigations on the effect of sensitivity and resolution power influence on mass accuracy were studied for the correct assignment of the amoxicillin transformation product 5(R) amoxicillin-diketopiperazine-2',5' as an example of a nontarget compound. On the other hand, a comparison of quantitative and qualitative strategies based on direct injection analysis and off-line solid-phase extraction sample treatment were assayed using two different QLIT instruments for a selected group of emerging contaminants when operating in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and information-dependent acquisition (IDA) modes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Software-aided screening usually needs a further confirmatory step. Resolving power and MS/MS feature of QTOF showed to confirm/reject most findings in river water, although sensitivity-related limitations are usually found. Superior sensitivity of modern QLIT-MS/MS offered the possibility of direct injection analysis for proper quantitative study of a variety of contaminants, while it simultaneously reduced the matrix effect and increased the reliability of the results. Confirmation of ethylamphetamine, which lacks on a second SRM transition, was accomplished by using the IDA feature. CONCLUSION Hybrid MS instruments equipped with high resolution and high sensitivity contributes to enlarge the scope of targeted analytes in river waters. However, in the tested instruments, there is a margin of improvement principally in required sensitivity and data treatment software tools devoted to reliable confirmation and improved automated data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Pérez-Parada
- Pesticide Residue Research Group, Department of Hydrogeology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, 04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almeria, Spain
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Perspectives on Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment. EMERGING TOPICS IN ECOTOXICOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3473-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Wang B, Deng J, Gao Y, Zhu L, He R, Xu Y. The screening toolbox of bioactive substances from natural products: A review. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:1141-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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da Silva BF, Jelic A, López-Serna R, Mozeto AA, Petrovic M, Barceló D. Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the Ebro river basin, Spain. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1331-1339. [PMID: 21880345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 43 pharmaceuticals belonging to predominant therapeutic classes and their distribution in surface water, suspended solids and sediments has been investigated in the Ebro river basin in the Northeast of Spain. WWTP effluents were found to be a main source of contamination and the spatial distribution was affected by the river flow at the sampling point and corresponding dilution factor, resulting in higher concentrations and higher loads in small tributary rivers than in the Ebro river. The study showed that some compounds are preferentially found bound to suspended solids and not detected in river water. Generally, compounds with basic characteristics (pKa > 7) showed higher tendency to bind to suspended solids. The sediment samples generally presented lower concentrations than suspended solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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45
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Dévier MH, Mazellier P, Aït-Aïssa S, Budzinski H. New challenges in environmental analytical chemistry: Identification of toxic compounds in complex mixtures. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Mahugo-Santana C, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Torres-Padrón ME, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Application of new approaches to liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of emerging pollutants. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Tong L, Eichhorn P, Pérez S, Wang Y, Barceló D. Photodegradation of azithromycin in various aqueous systems under simulated and natural solar radiation: kinetics and identification of photoproducts. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:340-348. [PMID: 21220145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the photolysis of azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic with reported occurrence in environmental waters, under simulated solar radiation. The photodegradation followed first-order reaction kinetics in five matrices examined. In HPLC water, the degradation rate was the slowest (half-life: 20h), whereas in artificial freshwater supplemented with nitrate (5mgL(-1)) or humic acids (0.5mgL(-1)) the degradation of azithromycin was enhanced by factors of 5 and 16, respectively, which indicated the role of indirect photolysis involving the formation of highly reactive species. Following chromatographic separation on a UPLC system, the characterization of the transformation products was accomplished using high-resolution QqToF-MS analysis. The presence of seven photoproducts was observed and their formation was postulated to originate from (bis)-N-demethylation in the desosamine sugar, O-demethylation in the cladinose sugar, combinations thereof, as well as from hydrolytic cleavages of the desosamine and/or cladinose residue. Two of these photoproducts could also be detected in natural photodegradation process in river water which was spiked with azithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support ginseng's use worldwide. In the past decade, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of ginseng research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the isolation and analysis of ginseng, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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Jelic A, Gros M, Ginebreda A, Cespedes-Sánchez R, Ventura F, Petrovic M, Barcelo D. Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1165-76. [PMID: 21167546 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During 8 sampling campaigns carried out over a period of two years, 72 samples, including influent and effluent wastewater, and sludge samples from three conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), were analyzed to assess the occurrence and fate of 43 pharmaceutical compounds. The selected pharmaceuticals belong to different therapeutic classes, i.e. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lipid modifying agents (fibrates and statins), psychiatric drugs (benzodiazepine derivative drugs and antiepileptics), histamine H2-receptor antagonists, antibacterials for systemic use, beta blocking agents, beta-agonists, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and anti-diabetics. The obtained results showed the presence of 32 target compounds in wastewater influent and 29 in effluent, in concentrations ranging from low ng/L to a few μg/L (e.g. NSAIDs). The analysis of sludge samples showed that 21 pharmaceuticals accumulated in sewage sludge from all three WWTPs in concentrations up to 100 ng/g. This indicates that even good removal rates obtained in aqueous phase (i.e. comparison of influent and effluent wastewater concentrations) do not imply degradation to the same extent. For this reason, the overall removal was estimated as a sum of all the losses of a parent compound produces by different mechanisms of chemical and physical transformation, biodegradation and sorption to solid matter. The target compounds showed very different removal rates and no logical pattern in behaviour even if they belong to the same therapeutic groups. What is clear is that the elimination of most of the substances is incomplete and improvements of the wastewater treatment and subsequent treatments of the produced sludge are required to prevent the introduction of these micro-pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jelic
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Martín J, Camacho-Muñoz D, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Monitoring of pharmaceutically active compounds on the Guadalquivir River basin (Spain): occurrence and risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2042-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10185d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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