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Haslund MM, Sørensen JK, Graff Stensballe L. Genetics and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine response in childhood and adolescence-A systematic review. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13266. [PMID: 38157324 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) are contagious infectious diseases that can be prevented by immunization. However, MMR infections can occur in previously immunized individuals. The vaccine response is, among other factors, influenced by the combined effects of many genes. This systematic review investigates the genetic influence on measles, mumps and rubella antibody responses after childhood vaccination. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), systematic literature searches were conducted in the medical databases PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Search strings were adjusted for each database. Citations were included if they measured and compared the immune response with immunogenetics after vaccination with a vaccine containing one or more of the following components: measles, mumps and/or rubella, MMR. The measure of vaccine response studied was antibodies after vaccination. Forty-eight articles were included in the final analysis. The results suggest that genetic determinants, including host genes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in immune-related genes influence the MMR antibody responses after vaccination. Specifically, replicated associations were found between HLA, CD46, RARB, IRF9, EIF2AK2, cytokine genes and MMR vaccine-induced humoral immune responses. This knowledge can be useful in understanding and predicting immune responses and may have implications for future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mykløy Haslund
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic, The Juliane Marie Center, The Danish National University Hospital "Rigshospitalet", 9-Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Jesper Kiehn Sørensen
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic, The Juliane Marie Center, The Danish National University Hospital "Rigshospitalet", 9-Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Lone Graff Stensballe
- The Child and Adolescent Clinic, The Juliane Marie Center, The Danish National University Hospital "Rigshospitalet", 9-Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
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Santonja I, Stiasny K, Essl A, Heinz FX, Kundi M, Holzmann H. Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Vaccinated Patients: A Retrospective Case-Control Study and Analysis of Vaccination Field Effectiveness in Austria From 2000 to 2018. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:512-521. [PMID: 35235953 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are discrepant observations on the severity of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in vaccinated persons. We, therefore, analyzed the occurrence of severe and mild disease in hospitalized vaccinated and nonvaccinated patients with TBE and determined the field effectiveness (FE) of vaccination against these forms of disease. METHODS The study covered all patients hospitalized with TBE in Austria from 2000 to 2018. Clinical diagnoses in vaccinated and age- and sex-matched nonvaccinated patients were compared in a nested case-control study. FE was calculated based on vaccination coverage and incidences in the nonvaccinated and vaccinated population. RESULTS Of 1545 patients hospitalized with TBE, 206 were vaccinated. In those, a higher proportion of severe TBE was observed, especially in children. FE was high in all age groups and against all forms of disease. The higher proportion of severe TBE can be explained by a lower FE against severe than against mild disease, a difference especially pronounced in children (FE, 82.7% for severe vs 94.7% for mild disease). CONCLUSIONS The FE of TBE vaccination is excellent. The observed higher proportion of severe disease in vaccinated persons with TBE does not reflect a higher risk associated with vaccination but is rather due to a somewhat lower FE against severe TBE. Because this effect was more pronounced in children, we recommend adapting the immunization schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Santonja
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Stiasny
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Essl
- Astrid Essl Consulting-Gesundheitsforschung, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Franz X Heinz
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Vaccination Failures in Pigs-The Impact of Chosen Factors on the Immunisation Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020230. [PMID: 36851108 PMCID: PMC9964700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases that often lead to economic losses still pose a severe problem in the pig production sector. Because of increasing restrictions on antibiotic usage, vaccines may become one of the major approaches to controlling infectious diseases; much research has proved that they could be very efficient. Nevertheless, during their life, pigs are exposed to various factors that can interfere with vaccination efficacy. Therefore, in the present paper, we reviewed the influence of chosen factors on the pig immunisation process, such as stress, faecal microbiota, host genetics, the presence of MDAs, infections with immunosuppressive pathogens, and treatment with antibiotics and mycotoxins. Many of them turned out to have an adverse impact on vaccine efficacy.
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Lipsit S, Facciuolo A, Scruten E, Wilkinson J, Plastow G, Kusalik A, Napper S. Signaling differences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of high and low vaccine responders prior to, and following, vaccination in piglets. Vaccine X 2022; 11:100167. [PMID: 35692279 PMCID: PMC9175112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual variability in responses to vaccination can result in vaccinated subjects failing to develop a protective immune response. Vaccine non-responders can remain susceptible to infection and may compromise efforts to achieve herd immunity. Biomarkers of vaccine unresponsiveness could aid vaccine research and development as well as strategically improve vaccine administration programs. We previously vaccinated piglets (n = 117) against a commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine (RespiSure-One) and observed in low vaccine responder piglets, as defined by serum IgG antibody titers, differential phosphorylation of peptides involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) prior to vaccination, elevated plasma interferon-gamma concentrations, and lower birth weight compared to high vaccine responder piglets. In the current study, we use kinome analysis to investigate signaling events within PBMCs collected from the same high and low vaccine responders at 2 and 6 days post-vaccination. Furthermore, we evaluate the use of inflammatory plasma cytokines, birthweight, and signaling events as biomarkers of vaccine unresponsiveness in a validation cohort of high and low vaccine responders. Differential phosphorylation events (FDR < 0.05) within PBMCs are established between high and low responders at the time of vaccination and at six days post-vaccination. A subset of these phosphorylation events were determined to be consistently differentially phosphorylated (p < 0.05) in the validation cohort of high and low vaccine responders. In contrast, there were no differences in birth weight (p > 0.5) and plasma IFNγ concentrations at the time of vaccination (p > 0.6) between high and low responders within the validation cohort. The results in this study suggest, at least within this study population, phosphorylation biomarkers are more robust predictors of vaccine responsiveness than other physiological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lipsit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Antonio Facciuolo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Erin Scruten
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James Wilkinson
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anthony Kusalik
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Lipsit S, Facciuolo A, Scruten E, Griebel P, Napper S. Plasma Cytokines and Birth Weight as Biomarkers of Vaccine-Induced Humoral Responses in Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:922992. [PMID: 35903142 PMCID: PMC9325413 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.922992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure to mount an effective immune response to vaccination leaves individuals at risk for infection and can compromise herd immunity. Vaccine unresponsiveness can range from poor responses “low responders” to a failure to seroconvert “non-responders.” Biomarkers of vaccine unresponsiveness, particularly those measured at the time of vaccination, could facilitate more strategic vaccination programs. We previously reported that pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling within peripheral blood mononuclear cells, elevated plasma interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and low birth weight correlated with vaccine-induced serum IgG titers in piglets that were below the threshold of detectable seroconversion (vaccine non-responders). These observations suggested that plasma IFNγ concentration and birth weight might serve as pre-vaccination biomarkers of vaccine unresponsiveness. To test this hypothesis, piglets (n = 67) from a different production facility were vaccinated with the same commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin (RespiSure-One) to determine if there was a consistent and significant association between vaccine-induced serum IgG titers and either plasma cytokine concentrations or birth weight. All piglets seroconverted following vaccination with significantly less variability in vaccine-induced serum IgG titers than observed in the previous vaccine trial. Piglets exhibited highly variable birth weights and plasma cytokine concentrations prior to vaccination, but there were no significant associations (p > 0.05) between these variables and vaccine-induced serum IgG titers. There were significant (p < 0.001) differences in plasma IFNγ concentrations among individual litters (n = 6), and plasma IFNγ concentrations decreased in all pigs from birth to 63-days of age. One of the six litters (n = 11 piglets) exhibited significantly elevated plasma IFNγ concentrations during the first 3 weeks of life (p < 0.001) and at the time of vaccination (p < 0.01). This litter, however, had similar vaccine-induced serum IgG titers when compared to the other piglets in this study. Collectively the two studies indicate that while plasma cytokines and birth weight can be associated with vaccine non-responsiveness, their temporal and individual variation, as well as the complexity of the vaccine responsiveness phenotype, make them inconsistent biomarkers for predicting the less extreme phenotype of vaccine low responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lipsit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Antonio Facciuolo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Erin Scruten
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Philip Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Scott Napper
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Abstract
Some physicians and parents request to measure antimeasles serum IgG antibodies after measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination. Often, vaccine skeptical parents want to know if their child is "immune" after the first dose to avoid the second dose. In the usual healthy child, this should be discouraged for the following reasons. Commercially available antibody assays do not measure functional (neutralizing) antibodies. They cannot reliably measure immunity against measles and were designed to measure naturally acquired antibodies rather than those induced by vaccination. Furthermore, MMR also includes mumps and rubella vaccine viruses, which also require 2 doses for optimal protection; there is no reliable serologic correlate of protection for mumps. Therefore, the 2-dose MMR immunization concept is by far more effective, efficient and reliable than a single dose strategy based on a post-dose 1 positive anti-measles-IgG test. Consequently, physicians should resist the desire to measure antimeasles IgG antibodies unless there is a clear indication (e.g., immunodeficiency) or official recommendation as part of the national immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Heininger
- From the University of Basel Children's Hospital, Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Unit, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stanley Plotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Pontarotti P, Paganini J. COVID-19 Pandemic: Escape of Pathogenic Variants and MHC Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052665. [PMID: 35269808 PMCID: PMC8910380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a new hypothesis that explains the maintenance and evolution of MHC polymorphism. It is based on two phenomena: the constitution of the repertoire of naive T lymphocytes and the evolution of the pathogen and its impact on the immune memory of T lymphocytes. Concerning the latter, pathogen evolution will have a different impact on reinfection depending on the MHC allomorph. If a mutation occurs in a given region, in the case of MHC allotypes, which do not recognize the peptide in this region, the mutation will have no impact on the memory repertoire. In the case where the MHC allomorph binds to the ancestral peptides and not to the mutated peptide, that individual will have a higher chance of being reinfected. This difference in fitness will lead to a variation of the allele frequency in the next generation. Data from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic already support a significant part of this hypothesis and following up on these data may enable it to be confirmed. This hypothesis could explain why some individuals after vaccination respond less well than others to variants and leads to predict the probability of reinfection after a first infection depending upon the variant and the HLA allomorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pontarotti
- Evolutionary Biology Team, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, IHU MI, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
- SNC 5039 CNRS, 13005 Marseille, France
- Xegen, 15 Rue Dominique Piazza, 13420 Gemenos, France
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Julien Paganini
- Xegen, 15 Rue Dominique Piazza, 13420 Gemenos, France
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (J.P.)
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Park MY, Han YJ, Choi EJ, Kim H, Pervin R, Shin W, Kwon D, Kim JM, Pyo HM. Post-vaccination Monitoring to Assess Foot-and-Mouth Disease Immunity at Population Level in Korea. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:673820. [PMID: 34422940 PMCID: PMC8371437 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.673820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Korea, domestic cattle, pigs, and goats were subjected to mandatory foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination and year-round serosurveillance since 2011. In 2020, approximately USD 95 million was spent solely for FMD vaccine purchase for 59 million livestock, and 1.25 million samples were tested to estimate the population immunity and demonstrate the absence of virus circulation. As the FMD vaccination program was revised in 2018, the post-vaccination monitoring (PVM) was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine program of three vaccines approved for routine use. To this end, monitoring post-vaccination immunity has been conducted by collecting 35,626 serum samples at 28 days post-vaccination following regular national vaccinations, which were carried out in April and in October in 2020. The design of the serological test for PVM was specially targeted at particular livestock groups, including dairy cattle, goats, and beef cattle aged 6–12 months, which were generally estimated to have a low expected seroprevalence. The risk factors had also been identified, considering the increased likelihood of infection in a particular location, herd size, and husbandry system applied in a targeted sample collection. Serum sample collection and SP-O and NSP antibody tests were performed by local veterinary laboratories using commercially available ELISAs. The current FMD vaccination program, which was performed twice a year following the regimen of primary vaccination and boost, resulted in over 80% population immunity. The seroprevalence monitored after the vaccination in fall was higher than the one studied in spring except in pigs. It was demonstrated that the seroprevalence of risk-based targeted samples ranged from 93.8 to 100% in cattle, 63.2 to 100% in pigs, and 20.0 to 100% in goats. Of note is the area near the North Korean borders which showed a relatively low seroprevalence among the targeted regions, and no NSP sero-positive reactor was detected in this region. When subpopulation immunity at the individual level was assessed, the seroprevalence in young cattle stock was slightly lower (95.8%) than that of adults (98.4%). In conclusion, the FMD vaccination campaign has been successfully implemented in Korea, and the PVM can be a supplementary program for massive routine surveillance in terms of providing timely information needed both to estimate population immunity and to properly target “risk-based surveillance.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Park
- Foot and Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - You Jin Han
- Foot and Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Choi
- Foot and Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - HeeYeon Kim
- Foot and Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Rokeya Pervin
- Foot and Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Wonseok Shin
- Foot and Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Doheon Kwon
- Foot and Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Jae Myoung Kim
- Foot and Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Hyun Mi Pyo
- Foot and Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
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Predictors of Vaccine Hesitancy: Implications for COVID-19 Public Health Messaging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158054. [PMID: 34360345 PMCID: PMC8345367 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Successful immunization programs require strategic communication to increase confidence among individuals who are vaccine-hesitant. This paper reviews research on determinants of vaccine hesitancy with the objective of informing public health responses to COVID-19. Method: A literature review was conducted using a broad search strategy. Articles were included if they were published in English and relevant to the topic of demographic and individual factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. Results and Discussion: Demographic determinants of vaccine hesitancy that emerged in the literature review were age, income, educational attainment, health literacy, rurality, and parental status. Individual difference factors included mistrust in authority, disgust sensitivity, and risk aversion. Conclusion: Meeting target immunization rates will require robust public health campaigns that speak to individuals who are vaccine-hesitant in their attitudes and behaviours. Based on the assortment of demographic and individual difference factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy, public health communications must pursue a range of strategies to increase public confidence in available COVID-19 vaccines.
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Ali I, Ali S, Iqbal S. COVID-19 Vaccination: Concerns About Its Accessibility, Affordability, and Acceptability. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:647294. [PMID: 34336872 PMCID: PMC8323868 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.647294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
By the mid of June 2021, after an almost 1.5-year-long COVID-19 pandemic that has significantly affected the world in multiple ways, various vaccines against COVID-19 have arrived and started worldwide. Yet, economic, (geo)political, and socio-cultural factors may influence its uptake at individual and country levels. Several issues will (and already have been reported in media) revolve around this vaccination regarding its accessibility, affordability, and acceptability at an individual level and a country level. Given that in this commentary, we provoke a discussion: Who—a country as well as the individuals—would have access to it, and who would economically afford it, and who would accept it? Centering these intriguing questions, we revisit the body of literature that explicates vaccine hesitancy, refusal, and resistance, and we also draw on the current literature and media reports about vaccination against COVID-19. We suggest that these backdrops need essential attention so that everyone can afford, accept, and have access to it. Otherwise, the current risk in the face of a year-old pandemic will continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inayat Ali
- Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sehar Iqbal
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Martínez-Osorio J, García-García JJ, Moraga-Llop F, Díaz A, Hernández S, Solé-Ribalta A, González-Peris S, Izquierdo C, Esteva C, Codina G, Planes AM, Uriona S, Campins M, Ciruela P, Salleras L, Domínguez Á, Muñoz-Almagro C, de Sevilla MF. Invasive pneumococcal disease in children under 60 months before and after availability of 13-valent conjugate vaccine. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 96:501-510. [PMID: 34238710 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is the most important bacterial infection in young children, and the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has changed its presentation. This study compared the incidence, characteristics and serotype distribution of IPD before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). METHODS Prospective enrolment of patients with IPD aged less than 60 months and admitted to either of 2 tertiary care hospitals between January 2007 and December 2009 (pre-PCV13 period) and January 2012 and June-2016 (PCV13 period). RESULTS We identified 493 cases, 319 in the pre-PCV13 period and 174 in the PCV13 period. The incidence of IPD decreased from 89.7 to 34.4 casos per 100 000 habitantes ( -62%; P < .001). This decrease was observed in all forms of disease except necrotising pneumonia (increase from 0.8 to 3.7 casos/100 000 population). There was a significant reduction in all serotypes included in the PCV13 and not included in the PCV7. We did not find significant differences in length of stay, mortality or the frequency of sequelae between both periods, but in the PCV13 period, the length of stay in the paediatric intensive care unit and the duration of mechanical ventilation were longer (P = .00). The incidence of serotype 3 decreased from 10.4 to 6.9 casos per 100 000 population, although it was the serotype involved most frequently in patients with severe disease. CONCLUSIONS After the introduction of the PCV13, there has been a significant decrease in IPD cases. Serotype 3 continues to be an important cause of severe IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan José García-García
- Malalties Prevenibles amb Vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Sergi Hernández
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Solé-Ribalta
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Conchita Izquierdo
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteva
- Malalties Prevenibles amb Vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Codina
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María Planes
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Uriona
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Campins
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Ciruela
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Salleras
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Malalties Prevenibles amb Vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona F de Sevilla
- Malalties Prevenibles amb Vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Martínez-Osorio J, García-García JJ, Moraga-Llop F, Díaz A, Hernández S, Solé-Ribalta A, González-Peris S, Izquierdo C, Esteva C, Codina G, Planes AM, Uriona S, Campins M, Ciruela P, Salleras L, Domínguez Á, Muñoz-Almagro C, de Sevilla MF. [Invasive pneumococcal disease in children under 60 months before and after availability of 13-valent conjugate vaccine]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 96:S1695-4033(21)00206-X. [PMID: 34217675 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is the most important bacterial infection in young children, and the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines has changed its presentation. This study compared the incidence, characteristics and serotype distribution of IPD before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). METHODS Prospective enrolment of patients with IPD aged less than 60 months and admitted to either of 2 tertiary care hospitals between January 2007 and December 2009 (pre-PCV13 period) and January 2012 and June-2016 (PCV13 period). RESULTS We identified 493 cases, 319 in the pre-PCV13 period and 174 in the PCV13 period. The incidence of IPD decreased from 89.7 to 34.4 cases per 100,000 population (-62%; P<.001). This decrease was observed in all forms of disease except necrotising pneumonia (increase from 0.8 to 3.7 cases/100,000 population). There was a significant reduction in all serotypes included in the PCV13 and not included in the PCV7. We did not find significant differences in length of stay, mortality or the frequency of sequelae between both periods, but in the PCV13 period, the length of stay in the paediatric intensive care unit and the duration of mechanical ventilation were longer (P=.00). The incidence of serotype 3 decreased from 10.4 to 6.9 cases per 100,000 population, although it was the serotype involved most frequently in patients with severe disease. CONCLUSIONS After the introduction of the PCV13, there has been a significant decrease in IPD cases. Serotype 3 continues to be an important cause of severe IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan José García-García
- Malalties Prevenibles amb Vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, España
| | | | | | - Sergi Hernández
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, España
| | | | | | - Conchita Izquierdo
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, España
| | - Cristina Esteva
- Malalties Prevenibles amb Vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, España
| | - Gemma Codina
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Ana María Planes
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Sonia Uriona
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Magda Campins
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Pilar Ciruela
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, España
| | - Luis Salleras
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Ángela Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, España; Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- Malalties Prevenibles amb Vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, España; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, España
| | - Mariona F de Sevilla
- Malalties Prevenibles amb Vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, España
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13
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Hernández S, Moraga-Llop F, Díaz A, de Sevilla MF, Ciruela P, Muñoz-Almagro C, Codina G, Campins M, García-García JJ, Esteva C, Izquierdo C, González-Peris S, Martínez-Osorio J, Uriona S, Salleras L, Domínguez Á. Failures of 13-Valent Conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccine in Age-Appropriately Vaccinated Children 2-59 Months of Age, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1147-1155. [PMID: 32441620 PMCID: PMC7258469 DOI: 10.3201/eid2606.190951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with the 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal disease (PCV13) has reduced invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), but there have been reports of vaccine failures. We performed a prospective study in children aged 2–59 months who received diagnoses of IPD during January 2012–June 2016 in 3 pediatric hospitals in Catalonia, Spain, a region with a PCV13 vaccination coverage of 63%. We analyzed patients who had been age-appropriately vaccinated but who developed IPD caused by PCV13 serotypes. We detected 24 vaccine failure cases. The serotypes involved were 3 (16 cases); 19A (5 cases); and 1, 6B, and 14 (1 case each). Cases were associated with children without underlying conditions, with complicated pneumonia (OR 6.65, 95% CI 1.91–23.21), and with diagnosis by PCR (OR 5.18, 95% CI 1.84–14.59). Vaccination coverage should be increased to reduce the circulation of vaccine serotypes. Continuous surveillance of cases of IPD using both culture and PCR to characterize vaccine failures is necessary.
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14
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Munoz FM, Cramer JP, Dekker CL, Dudley MZ, Graham BS, Gurwith M, Law B, Perlman S, Polack FP, Spergel JM, Van Braeckel E, Ward BJ, Didierlaurent AM, Lambert PH. Vaccine-associated enhanced disease: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine 2021; 39:3053-3066. [PMID: 33637387 PMCID: PMC7901381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This is a Brighton Collaboration Case Definition of the term "Vaccine Associated Enhanced Disease" to be utilized in the evaluation of adverse events following immunization. The Case Definition was developed by a group of experts convened by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) in the context of active development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and other emerging pathogens. The case definition format of the Brighton Collaboration was followed to develop a consensus definition and defined levels of certainty, after an exhaustive review of the literature and expert consultation. The document underwent peer review by the Brighton Collaboration Network and by selected Expert Reviewers prior to submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor M Munoz
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jakob P Cramer
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, CEPI, London, UK
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Z Dudley
- Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Marc Gurwith
- Safety Platform for Emergency Vaccines, Los Altos Hills, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Law
- Safety Platform for Emergency Vaccines, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Eva Van Braeckel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Harari G, Monteiro L. A note on the impact of a behavioral side-effect of vaccine failure on the spread of a contagious disease. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8123920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2021.100929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Brunelli L, Valent F, Romanese F, Tricarico P, Pellizzaro A, d'Angelo M, Benetollo PP, Iob A, Forgiarini M, Brusaferro S. Parental trust and beliefs after the discovery of a six-year-long failure to vaccinate. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:583-587. [PMID: 32750274 PMCID: PMC7899632 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1777820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Italy vaccine hesitancy worsened after a failure to vaccinate episode that took place in Friuli Venezia-Giulia Region until early 2017 which undermined herd immunity by leaving unprotected more than 5,444 children. METHODS Between May and June 2017, 2,557 parents were surveyed at the local vaccination clinic where they were invited within the subsequent extraordinary vaccination campaign. The aim of the survey was to evaluate whether the multi-channel extraordinary vaccination campaign had reached the target population and to know parental beliefs and trusted sources of information after the failure to vaccinate event. RESULTS While 279 parents were non-hesitant (10.9%) and 1,491 hesitant acceptors (58.3%), just 38 (1.5%) refused to have their children revaccinated. Overall, the most consulted sources of information were print media (18.8%), physicians (16.0%), relatives and friends (12.1%). The majority of parents considered vaccination as a fundamental practice (73.9%), but many were worried about potential side effects (38.8%) or doubtful about the effectiveness of some vaccines (11.0%). According to parents, 19.7% of them (57) changed their opinion about vaccines after the Codroipo case. CONCLUSIONS After the Codroipo case, most parents chose to have their children re-vaccinated and just a little proportion refused the re-administration of vaccines. More studies are needed to confirm the importance of a coherent multi-channel communication strategy using both traditional and new media in order to counteract vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brunelli
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università Degli Studi di Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Valent
- Istituto di Igiene Ed Epidemiologia Clinica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Federico Romanese
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università Degli Studi di Udine , Udine, Italy
| | | | - Alice Pellizzaro
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università Degli Studi di Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Matteo d'Angelo
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università Degli Studi di Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Benetollo
- Azienda per l'Assistenza Sanitaria No.3 Del Friuli Venezia Giulia , Gemona, Italy
| | - Andrea Iob
- Azienda per l'Assistenza Sanitaria No.3 Del Friuli Venezia Giulia , Gemona, Italy
| | - Mariarita Forgiarini
- Azienda per l'Assistenza Sanitaria No.3 Del Friuli Venezia Giulia , Gemona, Italy
| | - Silvio Brusaferro
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università Degli Studi di Udine , Udine, Italy
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17
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Montesdeoca Melián A, Hernández Merino Á, Ruiz-Contreras J, Cilleruelo Ortega MJ. [Serogroup C invasive meningococcal disease in the post-vaccine era and vaccine failures]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 94:200-201. [PMID: 33323348 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
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- Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría
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18
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Barnett KM, Civitello DJ. Ecological and Evolutionary Challenges for Wildlife Vaccination. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:970-978. [PMID: 32952060 PMCID: PMC7498468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife vaccination is of urgent interest to reduce disease-induced extinction and zoonotic spillover events. However, several challenges complicate its application to wildlife. For example, vaccines rarely provide perfect immunity. While some protection may seem better than none, imperfect vaccination can present epidemiological, ecological, and evolutionary challenges. While anti-infection and antitransmission vaccines reduce parasite transmission, antidisease vaccines may undermine herd immunity, select for increased virulence, or promote spillover. These imperfections interact with ecological and logistical constraints that are magnified in wildlife, such as poor control and substantial trait variation within and among species. Ultimately, we recommend approaches such as trait-based vaccination, modeling tools, and methods to assess community- and ecosystem-level vaccine safety to address these concerns and bolster wildlife vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Barnett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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19
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Connell AR, Connell J, Leahy TR, Hassan J. Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations-Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines? Front Immunol 2020; 11:2089. [PMID: 33072071 PMCID: PMC7531022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
History illustrates the remarkable public health impact of mass vaccination, by dramatically improving life expectancy and reducing the burden of infectious diseases and co-morbidities worldwide. It has been perceived that if an individual adhered to the MMR vaccine schedule that immunity to mumps virus (MuV) would be lifelong. Recent mumps outbreaks in individuals who had received two doses of the Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccine has challenged the efficacy of the MMR vaccine. However, clinical symptoms, complications, viral shedding and transmission associated with mumps infection has been shown to be reduced in vaccinated individuals, demonstrating a benefit of this vaccine. Therefore, the question of what constitutes a good mumps vaccine and how its impact is assessed in this modern era remains to be addressed. Epidemiology of the individuals most affected by the outbreaks (predominantly young adults) and variance in the circulating MuV genotype have been well-described alluding to a collection of influences such as vaccine hesitancy, heterogeneous vaccine uptake, primary, and/or secondary vaccine failures. This review aims to discuss in detail the interplay of factors thought to be contributing to the current mumps outbreaks seen in highly vaccinated populations. In addition, how mumps diagnoses has progressed and impacted the understanding of mumps infection since a mumps vaccine was first developed, the limitations of current laboratory tests in confirming protection in vaccinated individuals and how vaccine effectiveness is quantified are also considered. By highlighting knowledge gaps within this area, this state-of-the-art review proposes a change of perspective regarding the impact of a vaccine in a highly vaccinated population from a clinical, diagnostic and public perspective, highlighting a need for a paradigm shift on what is considered vaccine immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Connell
- National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeff Connell
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T. Ronan Leahy
- Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jaythoon Hassan
- National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Jemberu WT, Molla W, Fentie T. A randomized controlled field trial assessing foot and mouth disease vaccine effectiveness in Gondar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2020; 183:105136. [PMID: 32977170 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly transmissible viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which is endemic in many developing countries. Vaccination is the main tool for FMD control in resource limited endemic countries like Ethiopia. Vaccine quality, which is often questionable in developing countries, is a critical element for effective disease control. The present study was aimed at evaluating the field effectiveness of a trivalent FMD vaccine (containing serotypes O, A and SAT 2), produced and widely used in Ethiopia, in terms of preventing clinical infection and severe disease. A randomized controlled field trial design was employed in the study in which the attack rate of clinical FMD infection in vaccinated cattle was compared with the attack rate in unvaccinated controls in cattle population of 16 villages in Gondar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia. The vaccine was administered as a single dose course in the face of an impending FMD outbreak and the trial groups were monitored for clinical infection until the end of the outbreak. The attack rate of clinical FMD 20 days post vaccination in the vaccinated cattle (34 %) was significantly lower than the attack rate in the unvaccinated controls (49 %) (p < 0.001). However, the effectiveness of the vaccine was only 31 % (95 %CI: 20-40 %). This vaccine effectiveness increased to 52 % ((95 %CI: 33-66 %) 42 days post vaccination. The proportion of severely affected cattle in the vaccinated group (5.7 %) was significantly lower than in the unvaccinated group (9.4 %) (p < 0.001), resulting in 39 % (95 %CI: 18-55 %) vaccine effectiveness against severe disease. Generally, the observed level of vaccine effectiveness was lower than the internationally recommended 75 % plus expected percentage of protection for a standard potency 3PD50/dose FMD vaccine. Moreover, the level of effectiveness was insufficient to provide herd immunity to control the disease at the population level. Nevertheless, given the significant difference in the incidence of clinical disease and severity between vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle, it might still be worth using the current vaccine to reduce production losses associated with the disease provided it is cost effective and affordable for the farmers. Factors that cause low effectiveness of the vaccine need to be identified and addressed for effective control of the disease at population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudu T Jemberu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196. Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196. Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaw Fentie
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196. Gondar, Ethiopia
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21
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Kim MW, Sharp CR, Boyd CJ, Twomey LN. Faecal PCR panel results and clinical findings in Western Australian dogs with diarrhoea. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:563-569. [PMID: 32839975 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe faecal PCR (fPCR) results and clinical findings of dogs seen at a university teaching hospital for diarrhoea. DESIGN Retrospective case series (April 2015 to July 2018). PROCEDURE Data were collected from the hospital electronic medical records. Data extracted included signalment, history, clinical signs, treatment, fPCR panel results, other faecal diagnostic test results and antimicrobial use. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-eight dogs with diarrhoea had a fPCR panel submitted. Most dogs (115, 68.5%) had diarrhoea of 3 days or less duration. Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene was most frequently detected (156, 92.9%) by fPCR, followed by Campylobacter spp. (55, 32.7%), canine parvovirus (CPV) (29, 17.3%), Salmonella spp. (14, 8.3%) and Giardia spp. (9, 5.4%). For the 45 dogs that had a negative point-of-care CPV test, 13 were CPV fPCR positive; some of which were adult dogs with current vaccination status. A total of 94/168 (56%) dogs received antimicrobials at some time during the treatment of diarrhoea. CONCLUSION Faecal PCR panels can identify dogs with enteric organisms in their faeces that traditional faecal diagnostics may miss, thus contributing additional information to the diagnostic process. Nonetheless, fPCR results should be interpreted in light of the clinical findings, and particular consideration given to avoiding inappropriate use of antimicrobials. This study highlights that testing for C. perfringens alpha toxin gene is not likely to be diagnostically helpful, and that adult dogs with diarrhoea might be identified as CPV positive with PCR testing, despite a negative point-of-care CPV test result and a current vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C R Sharp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - C J Boyd
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - L N Twomey
- VetPath Laboratory Services, Belmont, Western Australia, Australia
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22
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Kinome profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected prior to vaccination reveals biomarkers and potential mechanisms of vaccine unresponsiveness in pigs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11546. [PMID: 32665671 PMCID: PMC7360594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variance in host immune responses following vaccination can result in failure to develop protective immunity leaving individuals at risk for infection in addition to compromising herd immunity. While developing more efficacious vaccines is one strategy to mitigate this problem, predicting vaccine responsiveness prior to vaccination could inform which individuals require adjunct disease management strategies. To identify biomarkers of vaccine responsiveness, a cohort of pigs (n = 120) were vaccinated and pigs representing the high (n = 6; 90th percentile) and low (n = 6; 10th percentile) responders based on vaccine-specific antibody responses following vaccination were further analyzed. Kinase-mediated phosphorylation events within peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected prior to vaccination identified 53 differentially phosphorylated peptides when comparing low responders with high responders. Functional enrichment analysis revealed pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling pathways as dysregulated, and this was further substantiated by detection of higher (p < 0.01) concentrations of interferon-gamma in plasma of low responders compared to high responders prior to vaccination. In addition, low responder pigs with high plasma interferon-gamma showed lower (p < 0.01) birth weights than high responder pigs. These associations between vaccine responsiveness, cytokine signaling within peripheral immune cells, and body weight in pigs provide both evidence and insight into potential biomarkers for identifying low responders to vaccination.
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23
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Mack I, Erlanger TE, Lang P, Sinniger P, Perisa D, Heininger U. Dose-dependent effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccine in infants: A population-based case-control study. Vaccine 2019; 38:1444-1449. [PMID: 31813648 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease which is most severe in young infants. More than two decades after the introduction of acelluar pertussis vaccines (aPV) in national immunization programs in many countries worldwide, a resurgence of pertussis has been recognized. Suboptimal effectiveness of aPV has been blamed as one major reason but only few studies have evaluated dose-dependent vaccine effectiveness (VE) provided by aPV in current practice. METHODS We performed a population-based retrospective case-control study by comparing pertussis immunization data of children 2.5 months to 2 years of age hospitalized for pertussis and residing in Switzerland with immunization data of a random control sample of children aged 2 years and residing in Switzerland. VE was defined as the percentage of hospitalizations avoided by number of aPV doses. It was calculated as 1-infection rate ratio (IRR)*100. IRR was calculated by dividing infection rates of vaccinated children and infection rates of unvaccinated children. To get dose specific VE,infection rates were stratified by number doses received. RESULTS VE against hospitalization due to pertussis increased significantly with each consecutive aPV dose in a "3 + 1" primary course in infants: 42.1% (95% CI: 11.3-62.6), 83.9% (70.2-92.1), 98.2% (96.1-99.3), and 100% (97.9-100) after the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th dose, respectively. CONCLUSION Acellular pertussis vaccines continue to demonstrate protection against hospitalization due to pertussis in infants and young children. Therefore, together with advancing immunization of pregnant women and household contacts, better control of severe pertussis in young infants can be achieved by timely initiation of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mack
- University of Basel Children's Hospital, Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Unit, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Faculty of Medicine, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - T E Erlanger
- University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Trial Unit, Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Lang
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Department of Public Health, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Sinniger
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Department of Public Health, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Perisa
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Bern, Switzerland
| | - U Heininger
- University of Basel Children's Hospital, Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Unit, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Faculty of Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Increase in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 associated parapneumonic pleural effusion/empyema after the introduction of PCV13 in Germany. Vaccine 2019; 38:570-577. [PMID: 31735502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic pleural effusion/empyema (PPE/PE) remains a major concern despite general immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). METHODS In a nationwide pediatric hospital surveillance study in Germany we identified 584 children <18 years of age with bacteriologically confirmed PPE/PE from October 2010 to June 2018. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified by culture and/or PCR of blood samples and/or pleural fluid and serotyped. RESULTS S. pneumoniae was identified in 256 of 584 (43.8%) children by culture (n = 122) and/or PCR (n = 207). The following pneumococcal serotypes were detected in 114 children: serotype 3 (42.1%), 1 (25.4%), 7F (12.3%), 19A (7.9%), other PCV13 serotypes (4.4%) and non-PCV13 serotypes (7.9%). Between October 2010 and June 2014 serotype 1 (38.1%) and serotype 3 (25.4%) were most prevalent, whereas between July 2014 and June 2018 serotype 3 (62.7%) and non-PCV13 serotypes (15.7%) were dominant. Compared to children with other pneumococcal serotypes, children with serotype 3 associated PPE/PE were younger (median 3.2 years [IQR 2.1-4.3 years] vs. median 5.6 years [IQR 3.8-8.2 years]; p < 0.001) and more frequently admitted to intensive care (43 [89.6%] vs. 48 [73.8%]; p = 0.04). Seventy-six of 114 (66.7%) children with pneumococcal PPE/PE had been vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccines. Thirty-nine of 76 (51.3%) had received a vaccine covering the serotype detected. Thirty of these 39 breakthrough cases were age-appropriately vaccinated with PCV13 and considered vaccine failures, including 26 children with serotype 3, three children with serotype 19A and one child with serotype 1. CONCLUSION Following the introduction of PCV13 in general childhood vaccination we observed a strong emergence of serotype 3 associated PPE/PE in the German pediatric population, including a considerable number of younger children with serotype 3 vaccine breakthrough cases and failures. Future PCVs should not only cover newly emerging serotypes, but also include a more effective component against serotype 3.
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Chisholm H, Howe A, Best E, Petousis-Harris H. Pertussis Vaccination Failure in the New Zealand Pediatric Population: Study Protocol. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030065. [PMID: 31315274 PMCID: PMC6789883 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis vaccines have been effective at reducing pertussis-associated morbidity and mortality. However, they have a complex array of limitations, particularly associated with the duration of protection against clinical disease and imperfect immunity (carriage and transmission). Little is known about risk factors for pertussis vaccination failure. Understanding pertussis vaccination failure risk is most important in the paediatric population. This study aims to investigate risk factors for pertussis vaccination failure in (1) infants between birth and six weeks of age born to mothers who received pertussis booster vaccinations during pregnancy and (2) infants after the completion of the primary series (approximately five months old) to four years old. This will be achieved in a two-step process for each study group. Pertussis vaccination failure cases will first be described using a case series study design, relevant case characteristics will be sourced from six national administrative datasets. The case series study results will help select candidate risk factors (hypothesis generating step) to be tested in the retrospective cohort study (hypothesis testing step. Pattern analysis will be used to investigate risk factor patterns in the cohort study. The identification of higher risk groups enables targeting strategies, such as additional doses, to better prevent pertussis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chisholm
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Anna Howe
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emma Best
- Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Helen Petousis-Harris
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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26
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Díaz-Conradi A, Hernández S, García-García JJ, Muñoz-Almagro C, Moraga-Llop F, Ciruela P, Izquierdo C, Campins M, de Sevilla MF, González-Peris S, Uriona S, Martínez-Osorio J, Solé-Ribalta A, Codina G, Esteva C, Planes AM, Soldevila N, Salleras L, Domínguez A. Complicated pneumococcal pneumonia with pleural effusion or empyema in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54:517-524. [PMID: 30784235 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to analyze the epidemiological, microbiological and clinical characteristics of patients with complicated pneumococcal pneumonia with pleural effusion (PE) or empyema. METHOD Prospective study in three Catalan hospitals in persons aged <18 years diagnosed with complicated pneumonia with PE or empyema with isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in blood or pleural fluid by culture or real-time PCR between January 2012 and June 2016. Patients were divided into <2 years and 2-17 years age groups. Epidemiological, microbiological, and clinical data of patients were compared annually in both groups. PCV13 vaccination coverage increased from 48.2% in 2012 to 74.5% in 2015. RESULTS We included 143 patients. The incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia was 6.83 cases × 10-5 persons/year in cases with PE or empyema and 2.09 cases × 10-5 person-years in cases without (rate ratio [RR]: 3.27; 2.25-4.86; P < 0.001). Empyema was more frequent than PE (79.7% vs 20.3%, P < 0.005). Of 143 cases studied, 93 (65.0%, P < 0.001) were diagnosed by real-time-PCR, 43 (30.1%) by culture and RT-PCR and 7 (4.9%) by culture only. PCV13 serotypes were more frequent in complicated than in uncomplicated pneumonia (116/142, 81.7% vs 27/45, 60.0%; P = 0.003), especially serotype 1 (41/142, 28.9% vs 6/45, 13.3%, P : 0.036). From 2012 to 2015 there was a significant reduction in serotype 1 (16/43, 37.2% vs 3/27, 11.1%, P = 0.026), and a trend to an increase in non-PCV13 serotypes (6/43, 14% vs 9/27, 33.3%, P = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS A directly proportional relationship was observed between the reduction in pneumonia complicated with PE or empyema and a significant reduction in PCV13 serotypes, especially serotype 1, coinciding with increased PCV13 coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergi Hernández
- Agència de Salut Publica de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José García-García
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Malalties Prevenibles amb vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Muñoz-Almagro
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Malalties Prevenibles amb vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Ciruela
- Agència de Salut Publica de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Conchita Izquierdo
- Agència de Salut Publica de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Campins
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Recerca en Epidemiologia i Salut Pública, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona F de Sevilla
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Malalties Prevenibles amb vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Uriona
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Recerca en Epidemiologia i Salut Pública, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Solé-Ribalta
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Codina
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Esteva
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Malalties Prevenibles amb vacunes, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Soldevila
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Salleras
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Domínguez
- CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Brunelli L, Romanese F, Benetollo PP, Iob A, Forgiarini M, D'Agaro P, Valent F, Brusaferro S. Management of reduced vaccine coverage due to 6 years of failure to vaccinate: The Codroipo case, Italy. Vaccine 2019; 37:2294-2297. [PMID: 30878248 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During 2017 an alert was raised in relation to a possible vaccination failure occurred in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (Italy) between 2009 and 2015, exposing multiple cohorts of children and the entire community to vaccine preventable diseases outbreak risk. The Codroipo case resulted in 20,441 vaccine doses being in doubt, thus prompting the healthcare system to react in order to revaccinate 5444 children through planning and implementing network actions and multiple channels of communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pier Paolo Benetollo
- Local Health Trust n.3 (AAS3, Azienda per l'Assistenza Sanitaria n.3) of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Gemona, Italy
| | - Andrea Iob
- Local Health Trust n.3 (AAS3, Azienda per l'Assistenza Sanitaria n.3) of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Gemona, Italy
| | - MariaRita Forgiarini
- Local Health Trust n.3 (AAS3, Azienda per l'Assistenza Sanitaria n.3) of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Gemona, Italy
| | - Pierlanfranco D'Agaro
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy; Trieste Healthcare and University Integrated Trust, ASUITS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Valent
- Udine Healthcare and University Integrated Trust, ASUIUD, Udine, Italy
| | - Silvio Brusaferro
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy; Udine Healthcare and University Integrated Trust, ASUIUD, Udine, Italy
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28
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Ulrich K, Wehner S, Bekaert M, Di Paola N, Dilcher M, Muir KF, Taggart JB, Matejusova I, Weidmann M. Molecular epidemiological study on Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus isolates from aquafarms in Scotland over three decades. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1567-1581. [PMID: 30358526 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain an insight into genomic changes and associated evolution and adaptation of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), the complete coding genomes of 57 IPNV isolates collected from Scottish aquafarms from 1982 to 2014 were sequenced and analysed. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced IPNV strains showed separate clustering of genogroups I, II, III and V. IPNV isolates with genetic reassortment of segment A/B of genogroup III/II were determined. About 59 % of the IPNV isolates belonged to the persistent type and 32 % to the low-virulent type, and only one highly pathogenic strain (1.79 %) was identified. Codon adaptation index calculations indicated that the IPNV major capsid protein VP2 has adapted to its salmonid host. Under-representation of CpG dinucleotides in the IPNV genome to minimize detection by the innate immunity receptors, and observed positive selection in the virulence determination sites of VP2 embedded in the variable region of the main antigenic region, suggest an immune escape mechanism driving virulence evolution. The prevalence of mostly persistent genotypes, together with the assumption of adaptation and immune escape, indicates that IPNV is evolving with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ulrich
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Michaël Bekaert
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- 3Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meik Dilcher
- 4Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New-Zealand
| | | | - John B Taggart
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Manfred Weidmann
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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29
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Bittar JHJ, Hoyos-Jaramillo A, Hurley DJ, Woolums AR, Havenga LJ, Lourenço JM, Barnett G, Gomes V, Saliki JT, Harmon DD, Palomares RA. Effects of injectable trace minerals administered concurrently with a modified live virus vaccine on long-term protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus acute infection in dairy calves. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:250-258. [PMID: 30036856 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) concurrent with modified-live virus (MLV) vaccination on protection from bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy calves. In a previous study (Palomares et al., 2016), thirty dairy calves received two doses of a MLV vaccine subcutaneously (SC), concurrently with ITM (n = 15) or saline (n = 15), SC. Five months later, 20 of these calves received ITM (G1, n = 10) or saline (G2, n = 10) according to their previous groups and were challenged intranasally with BVDV2. Five unvaccinated calves were also challenged with BVDV2 (G3). Blood samples were collected on days 0 (BVDV challenge), 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 18, 21, 32 and 61 for leukocyte count, virus isolation and BVDV serum neutralizing antibodies (SNA). Mild-moderate clinical signs were observed in G3 after BVDV challenge. Group 1 showed lower sum health score and nasal score on d5 and fecal score on d8 compared to G2. Rectal temperature and leukocyte counts were not different between G1 and G2. In contrast, G3 calves had significant leukopenia and lymphopenia from d3 to d7 (P < .05) and higher rectal temperatures on d6 to d8, compared to values on d0 (P < .05). All unvaccinated calves became viremic, while viremia was not detected in G1 or G2. Average daily gain was not different between vaccinated groups, however, only G1 calves had significantly greater (P = .04) ADG compared to non-vaccinated calves during the first 14 days post challenge. Vaccinated calves treated or not with ITM were protected from BVDV2 infection five months post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H J Bittar
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States
| | - A Hoyos-Jaramillo
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States
| | - D J Hurley
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States
| | - A R Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - L J Havenga
- Multimin®USA, Inc. Fort Collins, CO 80528, United States
| | - J M Lourenço
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States
| | - G Barnett
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States
| | - V Gomes
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - J T Saliki
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States
| | - D D Harmon
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States
| | - R A Palomares
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2771, United States.
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30
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Lao TT, Sahota DS, Chan PKS. Three decades of neonatal vaccination has greatly reduced antenatal prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among gravidae covered by the program. J Infect 2018; 76:543-549. [PMID: 29742467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of three decades of hepatitis B vaccination in infancy on antenatal prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriage in 93,134 Hong-Kong born gravidae managed in 1997-2015. METHODS Annual prevalence of HBsAg carriage on routine antenatal screening was examined with respect to maternal year of birth in three periods i.e. pre-1983 (before availability of vaccination), 1983-1988 (vaccination of infants born to HBsAg-carriers), and after 1988 (universal vaccination). RESULTS Overall HBsAg carriage was 8.3% (7737/93,134), decreasing from 10.5% in 1997 to 6.5% in 2015 (p < 0.001), and from 8.8%, 7.0% to 3.1%, respectively, for the three period-of-birth cohorts (p < 0.001). Annual prevalence decreased from 9.9% in 1997 to 7.5% in 2015 (p < 0.001) in the pre-1983 cohort, but showed neither difference nor trend in the other two cohorts. However, the annual prevalence showed significantly falling trends from the pre-1983 to the post-1988 cohorts for the years 2007-2008 and 2010-2015. CONCLUSIONS A progressive decline in overall annual prevalence of antenatal HBsAg carriage was found, with a consistently significant decline among the three cohorts for the years 2007-2008 and 2010-2015, providing evidence that universal hepatitis B vaccination in infancy has reduced significantly antenatal prevalence of HBsAg carriage in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence T Lao
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Daljit S Sahota
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Chan
- Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Carranza C, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Santander Parra SH, Nuñez LFN, Penzes Z, Chacón JL, Sesti L, Chacón RD, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Genetic characterisation and analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from Brazilian flocks between 2010 and 2015. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:610-623. [PMID: 28805451 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1365116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants in Brazil were isolated during 2010-2015 for epidemiological and molecular analysis to characterise the different variants and perform a bioinformatic analysis to compare with sequences of variants collected over the previous 40 years. 2. Of the 453 samples examined, 61.4% were positive for IBV and 75.9% of these were considered to have the BR-I genotype and were detected in birds of all ages distributed in all five Brazilian regions. 3. The ratio of non-synonymous substitutions per non-synonymous site (dN) to synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dS), i.e. dN/dS, revealed a predominance of codons with non-synonymous substitutions in the first third of the S1 gene and a dN/dS ratio of 0.67. Additionally, prediction of N-glycosylation sites showed that most of the BR-I variants (from 2003 to early 2014) had an extra site at amino acid position 20, whereas the newest variants lacked this extra site. 4. These results suggest that Brazilian IBV variants probably underwent drastic mutations at various points between 1983 and 2003 and that the selection processes became silent after achieving a sufficiently effective antigenic structure for invasion and replication in their hosts. Brazilian IBV genotype BR-I is currently the predominant genotype circulating in Brazil and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carranza
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Silvana H Santander Parra
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luis F N Nuñez
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Sesti
- c CEVA Animal Health , Campinas , Brazil
| | - Ruy D Chacón
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Sütçü M, Aktürk H, Karagözlü F, Somer A, Gürler N, Salman N. Empyema due to Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotype 9V in a Child Immunized with 13-Valent Conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccine. Balkan Med J 2017; 34:74-77. [PMID: 28251028 PMCID: PMC5322506 DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.2015.0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical vaccine failure is the occurence of the specific vaccine-preventable disease in an appropriately and fully vaccinated person after enough time has elapsed for protection against the antigens of the vaccine to develop. Fully immunized cases with pneumoccal vaccine may sometimes develop a complicated pneumonia with empyema caused by a vaccine serotype. CASE REPORT A 2 year-old male patient was admitted with the complaints of fever. On the basis of findings and laboratory results, the patient was diagnosed as having empyema. He was successfully treated with parenteral antibiotics and chest tube drainage. The pleural fluid culture and hemoculture of the patient yielded penicillin-susceptible pneumococci and the isolate was identified as serotype 9V. The patient had been vaccinated with a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine according to the Turkish national immunization schedule at 2, 4, 6 and 12 months of age. His medical history and basic immunological profile were inconsistent with a primary immunodeficiency. CONCLUSION The failure of the PCV13 vaccine may results in a complicated pneumonia with empyema. It is important to investigate serotypes of pneumococci in these cases to determine other possible vaccine failures due to PCV13 and to study the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Sütçü
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hacer Aktürk
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Karagözlü
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayper Somer
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nezahat Gürler
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuran Salman
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul University İstanbul School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Lyons NA, Lyoo YS, King DP, Paton DJ. Challenges of Generating and Maintaining Protective Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:102. [PMID: 27965966 PMCID: PMC5127833 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination can play a central role in the control of outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) by reducing both the impact of clinical disease and the extent of virus transmission between susceptible animals. Recent incursions of exotic FMD virus lineages into several East Asian countries have highlighted the difficulties of generating and maintaining an adequate immune response in vaccinated pigs. Factors that impact vaccine performance include (i) the potency, antigenic payload, and formulation of a vaccine; (ii) the antigenic match between the vaccine and the heterologous circulating field strain; and (iii) the regime (timing, frequency, and herd-level coverage) used to administer the vaccine. This review collates data from studies that have evaluated the performance of foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines at the individual and population level in pigs and identifies research priorities that could provide new insights to improve vaccination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Young S. Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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34
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Jones CE, Munoz FM, Spiegel HML, Heininger U, Zuber PLF, Edwards KM, Lambach P, Neels P, Kohl KS, Gidudu J, Hirschfeld S, Oleske JM, Khuri-Bulos N, Bauwens J, Eckert LO, Kochhar S, Bonhoeffer J, Heath PT. Guideline for collection, analysis and presentation of safety data in clinical trials of vaccines in pregnant women. Vaccine 2016; 34:5998-6006. [PMID: 27481360 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination during pregnancy is increasingly being used as an effective approach for protecting both young infants and their mothers from serious infections. Drawing conclusions from published studies in this area can be difficult because of the inability to compare vaccine trial results across different studies and settings due to the heterogeneity in the definitions of terms used to assess the safety of vaccines in pregnancy and the data collected in such studies. The guidelines proposed in this document have been developed to harmonize safety data collection in all phases of clinical trials of vaccines in pregnant women and apply to data from the mother, fetus and infant. Guidelines on the prioritization of the data to be collected is also provided to allow applicability in various geographic, cultural and resource settings, including high, middle and low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Jones
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, UK
| | - Flor M Munoz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Patrick L F Zuber
- Safety and Vigilance (SAV), Regulation of Medicines and other Health Technologies (RHT), Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products (EMP), Health Systems and Innovation (HIS), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Philipp Lambach
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pieter Neels
- International Alliance of Biological Standardization, IABS-EU, Lyon, France
| | - Katrin S Kohl
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jane Gidudu
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Steven Hirschfeld
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James M Oleske
- Division of Pediatrics Allergy, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Najwa Khuri-Bulos
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Center, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Jan Bonhoeffer
- University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul T Heath
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, UK.
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35
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Vaccine Failures in Patients Properly Vaccinated with 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Catalonia, a Region with Low Vaccination Coverage. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:460-3. [PMID: 26658626 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine failures occurring with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in 3 pediatric hospitals in Barcelona (2012-2013) are described. PCV13 vaccine failure was defined as the occurrence of an invasive pneumococcal infection in children properly vaccinated by PCV13. Among 84 patients with invasive pneumococcal infection, 32 had received at least one dose of PCV13. Seventeen of them had invasive pneumococcal infection produced by a PCV13 serotype. Among those, 9 patients were considered to have a PCV13 vaccine failure. Serotype 3 was isolated in 6 patients, serotype 19A in 2 and serotype 6B in 1.
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36
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Salama II, Sami SM, Salama SI, Rabah TM, El Etreby LA, Abdel Hamid AT, Elmosalami D, El Hariri H, Said ZN. Immune response to second vaccination series of hepatitis B virus among booster dose non-responders. Vaccine 2016; 34:1904-8. [PMID: 26930367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the response to second vaccination series among post-booster sero-negative children who had previously received compulsory HBV vaccination. SUBJECTS AND METHODS After given a booster dose to 1070 children, 103 of them failed to generate anamnestic response (anti-HBs <10 IU/L). Only 91/103 children received additional two doses of recombinant HBV vaccine (i.e. 2(nd) vaccination series) after 1 and 6 months post-booster. Blood sample was withdrawn aseptically one month later for quantitative assessment of anti-HBs to detect development of protective immune response (≥10 IU/L). Immunological vaccination failure was assigned to children who did not develop protective immune response after 2(nd) vaccination series. RESULTS Protective immune response was detected among 84/91 children (92.3%). While 7/91 (7.7%) whose age were ≥10 years did not respond and had post-booster undetectable anti-HBs. About 80% of children with post-booster detectable anti-HBs showed significant protective immune response (anti-HBs ≥100 IU/L) and higher GMT (299.1 ± 3.6 IU/L) compared to those with undetectable 60% and 106.2 ± 12.9 IU/L respectively (P<0.05). No significant difference was detected as regards gender or residence, P>0.05. All children with history of rheumatic fever (7 children) or diabetes mellitus (1 child) developed immune response after 2(nd) vaccination series. CONCLUSION A booster dose of HB vaccine may be unable to induce sufficient immunological response in children who had undetectable anti-HBs titers. Revaccination for non-responders is an important procedure to increase HBV protection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman I Salama
- Community Medicine, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Samia M Sami
- Pediatrics, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zeinab N Said
- Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (for Girls), Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Vaccination is an effective public health measure to prevent and control a number of infectious diseases. However, since vaccines are biological products and are sensitive to both heat and cold, they need to be maintained within a narrow range of temperatures, often referred to as the 'cold-chain'. This range, which is between +2°C and +8°C with a target +5°C, does not allow for refreezing or storage at room temperature. This paper discusses the importance of the cold chain, what should be done both to maintain it, and the actions to be taken, should a break be noted. It is important to note the product information supplied with vaccines, which is taken from the summary of product characteristics that forms part of the licensing requirements for each vaccine, and which will state how it should be stored. Using a vaccine that has not been stored according to these instructions constitutes off-label use, for which the individual practitioner must take responsibility. It also emphasises the fragile nature of many public health interventions, maintenance of which require constant vigilance and close cooperation between many groups and individuals.
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Mentzer AJ, O'Connor D, Pollard AJ, Hill AVS. Searching for the human genetic factors standing in the way of universally effective vaccines. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0341. [PMID: 25964463 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have revolutionized modern public health. The effectiveness of some vaccines is limited by the variation in response observed between individuals and across populations. There is compelling evidence that a significant proportion of this variability can be attributed to human genetic variation, especially for those vaccines administered in early life. Identifying and understanding the determinants of this variation could have a far-reaching influence upon future methods of vaccine design and deployment. In this review, we summarize the genetic studies that have been undertaken attempting to identify the genetic determinants of response heterogeneity for the vaccines against hepatitis B, measles and rubella. We offer a critical appraisal of these studies and make a series of suggestions about how modern genetic techniques, including genome-wide association studies, could be used to characterize the genetic architecture of vaccine response heterogeneity. We conclude by suggesting how the findings from such studies could be translated to improve vaccine effectiveness and target vaccination in a more cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daniel O'Connor
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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Lao TT. Immune persistence after hepatitis B vaccination in infancy - Fact or fancy? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1172-6. [PMID: 26810256 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1130195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B vaccine has been introduced for more than 3 decades. In Hong Kong, excellent vaccine coverage through an efficient public health care system, together with supplemental programmes and easy availability of the vaccine, meant that most young pregnant women, and university students at entrance, should have been protected. Yet significant correlations in the prevalence of HBV infection with age were found in these groups of subjects, increasing from low to high endemicity rates from late teenage to the early twenties. This can only be attributed to vaccine failure, and there is cumulating evidence that several factors are involved, including the failure to respond to a primary series of hepatitis B vaccination in infancy, the waning of antibody titer with age, and loss of anamnestic response in a significant portion of the vaccinees. The duration of protection conferred by hepatitis B vaccination in infancy should be re-examined and remedial measures undertaken if its long term protection is found to be insufficient. Otherwise, the efforts to control HBV infection, especially in high endemicity regions, with universal vaccination in infancy would be rendered futile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence T Lao
- a Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR , PRC
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40
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Hopf S, Garner-Spitzer E, Hofer M, Kundi M, Wiedermann U. Comparable immune responsiveness but increased reactogenicity after subcutaneous versus intramuscular administration of tick borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine. Vaccine 2016; 34:2027-34. [PMID: 26768126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines during licensing studies is performed in relation to the selected vaccination route. For most adjuvanted vaccines, such as the TBE vaccine FSME-IMMUN, only intramuscular (i.m.) administration is licensed. Yet in certain situations, either because of medical indications, accidental application or due to a lack of sufficient muscular tissue, the vaccine might rather be applied subcutaneously (s.c.). With respect to the TBE vaccine there are currently however no data to support the use of the subcutaneous route of vaccination. In order to compare the reactogenicity and immune responsiveness upon i.m. and s.c. TBE vaccination 116 (58 females and 58 males) participants with a documented primary TBE vaccination course were randomized to receive either an i.m. or s.c. booster. Venous blood was collected before, 7 days, 1 month and 6 months after vaccination to determine antibody titer profiles. PBMC were isolated prior to and 7 days after booster to analyze lymphocyte subpopulations and cytokine production upon antigen restimulation. Subjects were monitored for the occurrence of side effects for 7 days post vaccination. Comparable levels of TBE specific neutralizing antibodies were induced after s.c. and i.m. vaccination. At the cellular level, IL-2, IFN gamma and IL-10 levels did not significantly differ using either route of vaccination and the distribution of T cell subsets was comparable along with a relative decrease of regulatory T-cells after both ways of administration. In contrast to the immunogenicity analyses, the data from safety diaries revealed a significantly higher rate of local, but not of systemic reactions after s.c. administration. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that both routes lead to comparable immune responses to the TBE antigen. The higher rate and intensity of local reactions, particularly among women, after s.c. vaccination however needs to be addressed during counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hopf
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Garner-Spitzer
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hofer
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Wiedermann
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Pneumococcal Meningitis Vaccine Breakthroughs and Failures After Routine 7-Valent and 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Children in France. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:e260-3. [PMID: 26181894 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We collected cases of pneumococcal meningitis vaccine breakthrough (VBT) and vaccine failure (VF) from 2003 to 2013 after the implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in France. VBT accounted for 3.2% of the cases (PCV7 era: 24 of 943, PCV13 era: 15 of 290) and VF 0.6% (PCV7 era: 6 of 943, PCV13 era: 2 of 290). VBT and VF are rare and occur in most cases in children younger than 2 years. The serotype 19F was the most frequent cause even after the introduction of PCV13.
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42
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Immune status of health care workers to measles virus: evaluation of protective titers in four measles IgG EIAs. J Clin Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Barrabeig I, Costa J, Rovira A, Marcos MA, Isanta R, López-Adalid R, Cervilla A, Torner N, Domínguez A. Viral etiology of mumps-like illnesses in suspected mumps cases reported in Catalonia, Spain. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 11:282-7. [PMID: 25483547 PMCID: PMC4514168 DOI: 10.4161/hv.36165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the etiology of reported sporadic suspected mumps cases with a negative RT-PCR result for the mumps virus in the Barcelona-South region in 2007-2011. Samples from mumps virus-negative patients presenting unilateral or bilateral parotitis or other salivary gland swelling were tested for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by real-time PCR and for respiratory viruses by two multiplex-PCR-based assays to detect parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1-4, influenza virus (InV) A, B and C, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enterovirus, coronavirus 229E, coronavirus OC43, and rhinovirus. 101 samples were analyzed in persons aged 8 months to 50 years. Oral samples were collected on the first day of glandular swelling in 53 patients (52.5%), and on the first two days in 74 patients (73.3%). Viruses were detected in 52 (51.5%) of samples: one virus (25 EBV, 8 PIV3, 4 adenovirus, 4 PIV2, 1 PIV1, 1 InVA, and 1 enterovirus) was detected in 44 patients (84.6%), two viruses in 7 patients, and three viruses in one patient. In 58 patients (57.5%) whose sample was collected in the first 2 days after onset of parotitis and had received two doses of MMR vaccine and in 15 patients (14.8%) whose sample was collected on the first day, it is very likely that the cause was not the mumps virus. This would mean that 72.3% (73/101) of the reported sporadic suspected mumps cases were not mumps cases. The timing of oral-sample collection is crucial to correctly interpret the negative results for mumps virus RNA, especially when suspected cases occur in vaccinated persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Barrabeig
- Epidemiological Surveillance Unit of Health Region, Barcelona-South; Public Health Agency of Catalonia; Hospitalet de LLobregat; Spain
| | - Josep Costa
- Microbiology Service (CDB) Hospital Clínic; Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERehd IDIBAPS; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Rovira
- Epidemiological Surveillance Unit of Health Region, Barcelona-South; Public Health Agency of Catalonia; Hospitalet de LLobregat; Spain
| | - M Angeles Marcos
- Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB; Hospital Clínic; University of Barcelona; Barcelona); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Isanta
- Microbiology Service (CDB) Hospital Clínic; Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana Cervilla
- Microbiology Service (CDB) Hospital Clínic; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Torner
- Epidemiological Surveillance Unit of Health Region, Barcelona-South; Public Health Agency of Catalonia; Hospitalet de LLobregat; Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública; Carlos III Institute of Health; Madrid, Spain
- Department of Public Health; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Domínguez
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública; Carlos III Institute of Health; Madrid, Spain
- Department of Public Health; University of Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Maurer W, Seeber L, Rundblad G, Kochhar S, Trusko B, Kisler B, Kush R, Rath B. Standardization and simplification of vaccination records. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:545-59. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.892833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Lim HS, Choi K, Lee S. Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of hepatitis A at a residential facility for the disabled, 2011. J Prev Med Public Health 2013; 46:62-73. [PMID: 23573370 PMCID: PMC3615381 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.2.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives An outbreak of hepatitis A occurred at a residential facility for the disabled in July 10, 2011. This investigation was carried out to develop a response plan, and to find the infection source of the disease. Methods A field epidemiologist investigated the symptoms, vaccination histories, living environments, and probable infection sources with 51 residents and 31 teachers and staff members. In July 25, 81 subjects were tested for the hepatitis A virus antibody, and specimens of the initial 3 cases and the last case were genetically tested. Results Three cases occurred July 10 to 14, twelve cases August 3 to 9, and the last case on August 29. Among the teachers and staff, no one was IgM positive (on July 25). The base sequences of the initial 3 and of the last case were identical. The vehicle of the outbreak was believed to be a single person. The initial 3 patients were exposed at the same time and they might have disseminated the infection among the patients who developed symptoms in early August, and the last patient might have, in turn, been infected by the early August cases. Conclusions The initial source of infection is not clear, but volunteers could freely come into contact with residents, and an infected volunteer might have been the common infection source of the initial patients. Volunteers' washing their hands only after their activity might be the cause of this outbreak. Although there may be other possible causes, it would be reasonable to ask volunteers to wash their hands both before and after their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sul Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 780-714, Korea.
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46
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Hoebe CJ, Vermeiren AP, Dukers-Muijrers NH. Revaccination with Fendrix® or HBVaxPro® results in better response rates than does revaccination with three doses of Engerix-B® in previous non-responders. Vaccine 2012; 30:6734-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Wicker S, Poland GA. Measles vaccination in health care personnel: Mandates, ethics, and patient safety. Vaccine 2012; 30:4407-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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