1
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Elhusseiny MH, Elsayed MM, Mady WH, Mahana O, Bakry NR, Abdelaziz O, Arafa AS, Shahein MA, Eid S, Naguib MM. Genetic features of avian influenza (A/H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from quail in Egypt. Virus Res 2024; 350:199482. [PMID: 39396573 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Several genotypes of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus H5N8 subtype within clade 2.3.4.4b continue to circulate in different species of domestic birds across Egypt. It is believed that quail contribute to virus replication and adaptation to other gallinaceous poultry species and humans. This study provides genetic characterization of the full genome of HPAI H5N8 isolated from quail in Egypt. The virus was isolated from a commercial quail farm associated with respiratory signs. To characterize the genetic features of the detected virus, gene sequencing via Sanger technology and phylogenetic analysis were performed. The results revealed high nucleotide identity with the HPAI H5N8 virus from Egypt, which has multiple basic amino acid motifs PLREKRRKR/GLF at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight gene segments revealed that the quail isolate is grouped with HPAI H5N8 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b and closely related to the most recent circulating H5N8 viruses in Egypt. Whole-genome characterization revealed amino acid preferences for avian receptors with few mutations, indicating their affinity for human-like receptors and increased virulence in mammals, such as S123P, S133A, T156A and A263T in the HA gene. In addition, the sequencing results revealed a lack of markers associated with influenza antiviral resistance in the neuraminidase and matrix-2 coding proteins. The results of the present study support the spread of HPAIV H5N8 to species other than chickens in Egypt. Therefore, continuous surveillance of AIV in different bird species in Egypt followed by full genomic characterization is needed for better virus control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Elhusseiny
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Moataz M Elsayed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Wesam H Mady
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama Mahana
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Neveen R Bakry
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ola Abdelaziz
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Sattar Arafa
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Samah Eid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt; Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
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2
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Wu Y, Vos GM, Huang C, Chapla D, Kimpel ALM, Moremen KW, de Vries RP, Boons GJ. Exploiting Substrate Specificities of 6- O-Sulfotransferases to Enzymatically Synthesize Keratan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. JACS AU 2023; 3:3155-3164. [PMID: 38034954 PMCID: PMC10685434 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a glycosaminoglycan that is widely expressed in the extracellular matrix of various tissue types, where it is involved in many biological processes. Herein, we describe a chemo-enzymatic approach to preparing well-defined KS oligosaccharides by exploiting the known and newly discovered substrate specificities of relevant sulfotransferases. The premise of the approach is that recombinant GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferases (CHST2) only sulfate terminal GlcNAc moieties to give GlcNAc6S that can be galactosylated by B4GalT4. Furthermore, CHST1 can modify the internal galactosides of a poly-LacNAc chain; however, it was found that a GlcNAc6S residue greatly increases the reactivity of CHST1 of a neighboring and internal galactoside. The presence of a 2,3-linked sialoside further modulates the site of modification by CHST1, and a galactoside flanked by 2,3-Neu5Ac and GlcNAc6S is preferentially sulfated over the other Gal residues. The substrate specificities of CHST1 and 2 were exploited to prepare a panel of KS oligosaccharides, including selectively sulfated N-glycans. The compounds and several other reference derivatives were used to construct a microarray that was probed for binding by several plant lectins, Siglec proteins, and hemagglutinins of influenza viruses. It was found that not only the sulfation pattern but also the presentation of epitopes as part of an O- or N-glycan determines binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Gaël M. Vos
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Chin Huang
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Digantkumar Chapla
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Anne L. M. Kimpel
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Bijvoet
Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht
University, Padualaan
8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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3
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Alasiri A, Soltane R, Hegazy A, Khalil AM, Mahmoud SH, Khalil AA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Vaccination and Antiviral Treatment against Avian Influenza H5Nx Viruses: A Harbinger of Virus Control or Evolution. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1628. [PMID: 38005960 PMCID: PMC10675773 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the panzootic nature of emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in wild migratory birds and domestic poultry, only a limited number of human infections with H5Nx viruses have been identified since its emergence in 1996. Few countries with endemic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have implemented vaccination as a control strategy, while most of the countries have adopted a culling strategy for the infected flocks. To date, China and Egypt are the two major sites where vaccination has been adopted to control avian influenza H5Nx infections, especially with the widespread circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses. This virus is currently circulating among birds and poultry, with occasional spillovers to mammals, including humans. Herein, we will discuss the history of AIVs in Egypt as one of the hotspots for infections and the improper implementation of prophylactic and therapeutic control strategies, leading to continuous flock outbreaks with remarkable virus evolution scenarios. Along with current pre-pandemic preparedness efforts, comprehensive surveillance of H5Nx viruses in wild birds, domestic poultry, and mammals, including humans, in endemic areas is critical to explore the public health risk of the newly emerging immune-evasive or drug-resistant H5Nx variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alasiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Akram Hegazy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza District, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Khalil
- Veterinary Sera and Vaccines Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt;
| | | | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
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4
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Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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5
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Guan L, Zhong G, Fan S, Plisch EM, Presler R, Gu C, Babujee L, Pattinson D, Le Khanh Nguyen H, Hoang VMP, Le MQ, van Bakel H, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses Isolated between 2016 and 2017 in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets. Viruses 2023; 15:1093. [PMID: 37243179 PMCID: PMC10223276 DOI: 10.3390/v15051093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine surveillance in live poultry markets in the northern regions of Vietnam from 2016 to 2017 resulted in the isolation of 27 highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and H5N6 viruses of 3 different clades (2.3.2.1c, 2.3.4.4f, and 2.3.4.4g). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of these viruses revealed reassortment with various subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Deep-sequencing identified minor viral subpopulations encoding variants that may affect pathogenicity and sensitivity to antiviral drugs. Interestingly, mice infected with two different clade 2.3.2.1c viruses lost body weight rapidly and succumbed to virus infection, whereas mice infected with clade 2.3.4.4f or 2.3.4.4g viruses experienced non-lethal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Guan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Gongxun Zhong
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Shufang Fan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Erin M. Plisch
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Robert Presler
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Chunyang Gu
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Lavanya Babujee
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - David Pattinson
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | | | | | - Mai Quynh Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Infection and Advanced Research (UTOPIA) Center, The University of Tokyo, Pandemic Preparedness, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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6
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Comparative Surface Electrostatics and Normal Mode Analysis of High and Low Pathogenic H7N7 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020305. [PMID: 36851517 PMCID: PMC9960890 DOI: 10.3390/v15020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are rarely symptomatic in wild birds, while representing a higher threat to poultry and mammals, where they can cause a variety of symptoms, including death. H5 and H7 subtypes of influenza viruses are of particular interest because of their pathogenic potential and reported capacity to spread from poultry to mammals, including humans. The identification of molecular fingerprints for pathogenicity can help surveillance and early warning systems, which are crucial to prevention and protection from such potentially pandemic agents. In the past decade, comparative analysis of the surface features of hemagglutinin, the main protein antigen in influenza viruses, identified electrostatic fingerprints in the evolution and spreading of H5 and H9 subtypes. Electrostatic variation among viruses from avian or mammalian hosts was also associated with host jump. Recent findings of fingerprints associated with low and highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, obtained by means of comparative electrostatics and normal modes analysis, prompted us to check whether such fingerprints can also be found in the H7 subtype. Indeed, evidence presented in this work showed that also in H7N7, hemagglutinin proteins from low and highly pathogenic strains present differences in surface electrostatics, while no meaningful variation was found in normal modes.
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7
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Antigua KJC, Baek YH, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Kim EH, Oh S, Yoon SW, Kim C, Kim EG, Choi SY, Hong SK, Choi YK, Song MS. Multiple HA substitutions in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses contributed to the change in the NA subtype preference. Virulence 2022; 13:990-1004. [PMID: 36560870 PMCID: PMC9176248 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2082672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses are predominantly circulating worldwide, with an increasing potential threat of an outbreak in humans. It remains largely unknown how the stably maintained HPAI H5N1 suddenly altered its neuraminidase (NA) to other NA subtypes, which resulted in the emergence and evolution of H5Nx viruses. Here, we found that a combination of four specific amino acid (AA) substitutions (S123P-T156A-D183N- S223 R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein consistently observed in the H5Nx markedly altered the NA preference of H5N1 viruses. These molecular changes in H5N1 impaired its fitness, particularly viral growth and the functional activities of the HA and NA proteins. Among the AA substitutions identified, the T156A substitution, which contributed to the NA shift, also dramatically altered the antigenicity of H5N1 viruses, suggesting an occurrence of antigenic drift triggered by selective pressure. Our study shows the importance of how HA and NA complement each other and that antigenic drift in HA can potentially cause a shift in the NA protein in influenza A virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kon Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Center for Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Young Ki Choi
| | - Min Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Min Suk Song
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8
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Guan M, Olivier AK, Lu X, Epperson W, Zhang X, Zhong L, Waters K, Mamaliger N, Li L, Wen F, Tao YJ, DeLiberto TJ, Wan XF. The Sialyl Lewis X Glycan Receptor Facilitates Infection of Subtype H7 Avian Influenza A Viruses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0134422. [PMID: 36125302 PMCID: PMC9555156 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01344-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype H7 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) are enzootic in wild aquatic birds and have caused sporadic spillovers into domestic poultry and humans. Here, we determined the distribution of fucosylated α2,3 sialoglycan (i.e., sialyl Lewis X [SLeX]) in chickens and five common dabbling duck species and the association between SLeX and cell/tissue/host tropisms of H7 IAVs. Receptor binding analyses showed that H7 IAVs bind to both α2,3-linked (SA2,3Gal) and α2,6-linked sialic acids (SA2,6Gal), but with a higher preference for SLeX; H7 IAVs replicated more efficiently in SLeX-overexpressed than SLeX-deficient MDCK cells. While chickens and all tested dabbling ducks expressed abundant SA2,3Gal and SA2,6Gal, SLeX was detected in both respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues of chickens and mallard ducks and in only the respiratory tissues of gadwall, green-wing teal, and northern shoveler but not in wood ducks. Viral-tissue binding assays showed that H7 IAVs bind to chicken colon crypt cells that express SLeX but fewer bind to mallard colon crypt cells, which do not express SLeX; H7 IAVs bind efficiently to epithelial cells of all tissues expressing SA2,3Gal. High viral replication was identified in both chickens and mallards infected with an H7 virus, regardless of SLeX expression, and viruses were detected in all cells to the same degree as viruses detected in the viral-tissue binding assays. In summary, this study suggests that SLeX facilitates infection of H7 viruses, but other types of SA2,3Gal glycan receptors shape the tissue/host tropisms of H7 IAVs. IMPORTANCE In addition to causing outbreaks in domestic poultry, subtype H7 IAVs can cause sporadic spillover infections in lower mammals and humans. In this study, we showed that SLeX expression varies among wild dabbling ducks. Although it facilitated virus binding and affected infection of H7 IAV in cells, SLeX expression is not the only determinant of viral replication at either the tissue or host level. This study suggested that access to heterologous SA2,3Gal glycan receptors, including fucosylated α2,3-linked sialoglycans, shape tissue and host tropism of H7 IAVs in aquatic wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Guan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alicia K. Olivier
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xiaotong Lu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice Universitygrid.21940.3e, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William Epperson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Waters
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nataly Mamaliger
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State Universitygrid.256304.6, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yizhi J. Tao
- Department of BioSciences, Rice Universitygrid.21940.3e, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J. DeLiberto
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State Universitygrid.260120.7, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) initiate infection by binding to glycans with terminal sialic acids on the cell surface. Hosts of IAV variably express two major forms of sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). NeuGc is produced in most mammals including horses and pigs, but is absent in humans, ferrets, and birds. The only known naturally occurring IAVs that exclusively bind NeuGc are extinct highly pathogenic equine H7N7 viruses. We determined the crystal structure of a representative equine H7 hemagglutinin (HA) in complex with NeuGc and observed high similarity in the receptor-binding domain with an avian H7 HA. To determine the molecular basis for NeuAc and NeuGc specificity, we performed systematic mutational analyses, based on the structural insights, on two distant avian H7 HAs and an H15 HA. We found that mutation A135E is key for binding α2,3-linked NeuGc but does not abolish NeuAc binding. Additional mutations S128T, I130V, T189A, and K193R converted the specificity from NeuAc to NeuGc. We investigated the residues at positions 128, 130, 135, 189, and 193 in a phylogenetic analysis of avian and equine H7 HAs. This revealed a clear distinction between equine and avian residues. The highest variability was observed at key position 135, of which only the equine glutamic acid led to NeuGc binding. These results demonstrate that genetically distinct H7 and H15 HAs can be switched from NeuAc to NeuGc binding and vice versa after introduction of several mutations, providing insights into the adaptation of H7 viruses to NeuGc receptors. (250 words) Importance Influenza A viruses cause millions of cases of severe illness and deaths annually. To initiate infection and replicate, the virus first needs to bind to a structure on the cell surface, like a key fitting in a lock. For influenza A viruses, these 'keys' (receptors) on the cell surface are chains of sugar molecules (glycans). The terminal sugar on these glycans is often either N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). Most influenza A viruses bind NeuAc, but a small minority binds NeuGc. NeuGc is present in species like horses, pigs, and mice, but not in humans, ferrets, and birds. Here, we investigated the molecular determinants of NeuGc specificity and the origin of viruses that bind NeuGc.
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10
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Sealy JE, Howard WA, Molesti E, Iqbal M, Temperton NJ, Banks J, Slomka MJ, Barclay WS, Long JS. Amino acid substitutions in the H5N1 avian influenza haemagglutinin alter pH of fusion and receptor binding to promote a highly pathogenic phenotype in chickens. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34726594 PMCID: PMC8742987 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses cause devastating outbreaks in farmed poultry with serious consequences for animal welfare and economic losses. Zoonotic infection of humans through close contact with H5N1 infected birds is often severe and fatal. England experienced an outbreak of H5N1 in turkeys in 1991 that led to thousands of farmed bird mortalities. Isolation of clonal populations of one such virus from this outbreak uncovered amino acid differences in the virus haemagglutinin (HA) gene whereby the different genotypes could be associated with distinct pathogenic outcomes in chickens; both low pathogenic (LP) and high pathogenic (HP) phenotypes could be observed despite all containing a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) in the HA gene. Using reverse genetics, three amino acid substitutions in HA were examined for their ability to affect pathogenesis in the chicken. Restoration of amino acid polymorphisms close to the receptor binding site that are commonly found in H5 viruses only partially improved viral fitness in vitro and in vivo. A third novel substitution in the fusion peptide, HA2G4R, enabled the HP phenotype. HA2G4R decreased the pH stability of HA and increased the pH of HA fusion. The substitutions close to the receptor binding site optimised receptor binding while modulating the pH of HA fusion. Importantly, this study revealed pathogenic determinants beyond the MBCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Sealy
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Wendy A Howard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Eleonora Molesti
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, UK.,VisMederi Research S.r.l., Siena, Italy
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, UK
| | - Jill Banks
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J Slomka
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Jason S Long
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1NY, UK.,Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
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11
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Ichimiya T, Okamatsu M, Kinoshita T, Kobayashi D, Ichii O, Yamamoto N, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Kawashima H, Yamamoto K, Takase-Yoden S, Nishihara S. Sulfated glycans containing NeuAcα2-3Gal facilitate the propagation of human H1N1 influenza A viruses in eggs. Virology 2021; 562:29-39. [PMID: 34246113 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
When human influenza viruses are isolated and passaged in chicken embryos, variants with amino acid substitutions around the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin (HA) are selected; however, the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon have yet to be elucidated. Here, we analyzed the receptor structures that contributed to propagation of egg-passaged human H1N1 viruses. The analysis included seasonal and 2009 pandemic strains, both of which have amino acid substitutions of HA found in strains isolated or passaged in eggs. These viruses exhibited high binding to sulfated glycans containing NeuAcα2-3Gal. In MDCK cells overexpressing the sulfotransferase that synthesize Galβ1-4(SO3--6)GlcNAc, production of human H1N1 viruses was increased up to 90-fold. Furthermore, these sulfated glycans were expressed on the allantoic and amniotic membranes of chicken embryos. These results suggest that 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X and/or NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-4(SO3--6)GlcNAc are involved in efficient propagation of human H1N1 viruses in chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ichimiya
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan
| | - Daiki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan; Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20-Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20-Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan; International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20-Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takase-Yoden
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biosciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan; Glycan and Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan.
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan; Glycan and Life Systems Integration Center (GaLSIC), Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan.
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12
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Spruit CM, Nemanichvili N, Okamatsu M, Takematsu H, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:815. [PMID: 34062844 PMCID: PMC8147317 DOI: 10.3390/v13050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
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13
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Wang D, Zhu W, Yang L, Shu Y. The Epidemiology, Virology, and Pathogenicity of Human Infections with Avian Influenza Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038620. [PMID: 31964651 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a global challenge, and future pandemics of influenza are inevitable. One of the lessons learned from past pandemics is that all pandemic influenza viruses characterized to date possess viral genes originating from avian influenza viruses (AIVs). During the past decades, a wide range of AIVs have overcome the species barrier and infected humans with different clinical manifestations ranging from mild illness to severe disease and even death. Understanding the mechanisms of infection in the context of clinical outcomes, the mechanism of interspecies transmission, and the molecular determinants that confer interspecies transmission is important for pandemic preparedness. Here, we summarize the epidemiology, virology, and pathogenicity of human infections with AIVs to further our understanding of interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 102206, P.R. China.,School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
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14
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Genetic determinants of receptor-binding preference and zoonotic potential of H9N2 avian influenza viruses. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01651-20. [PMID: 33268517 PMCID: PMC8092835 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01651-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor recognition and binding is the first step of viral infection and a key determinant of host specificity. The inability of avian influenza viruses to effectively bind human-like sialylated receptors is a major impediment to their efficient transmission in humans and pandemic capacity. Influenza H9N2 viruses are endemic in poultry across Asia and parts of Africa where they occasionally infect humans and are therefore considered viruses with zoonotic potential. We previously described H9N2 viruses, including several isolated from human zoonotic cases, showing a preference for human-like receptors. Here we take a mutagenesis approach, making viruses with single or multiple substitutions in H9 haemagglutinin and test binding to avian and human receptor analogues using biolayer interferometry. We determine the genetic basis of preferences for alternative avian receptors and for human-like receptors, describing amino acid motifs at positions 190, 226 and 227 that play a major role in determining receptor specificity, and several other residues such as 159, 188, 193, 196, 198 and 225 that play a smaller role. Furthermore, we show changes at residues 135, 137, 147, 157, 158, 184, 188, and 192 can also modulate virus receptor avidity and that substitutions that increased or decreased the net positive charge around the haemagglutinin receptor-binding site show increases and decreases in avidity, respectively. The motifs we identify as increasing preference for the human-receptor will help guide future H9N2 surveillance efforts and facilitate our understanding of the emergence of influenza viruses with increased zoonotic potential.IMPORTANCE As of 2020, over 60 infections of humans by H9N2 influenza viruses have been recorded in countries where the virus is endemic. Avian-like cellular receptors are the primary target for these viruses. However, given that human infections have been detected on an almost monthly basis since 2015, there may be a capacity for H9N2 viruses to evolve and gain the ability to target human-like cellular receptors. Here we identify molecular signatures that can cause viruses to bind human-like receptors, and we identify the molecular basis for the distinctive preference for sulphated receptors displayed by the majority of recent H9N2 viruses. This work will help guide future surveillance by providing markers that signify the emergence of viruses with enhanced zoonotic potential as well as improving understanding of the basis of influenza virus receptor-binding.
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15
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Verhagen JH, Eriksson P, Leijten L, Blixt O, Olsen B, Waldenström J, Ellström P, Kuiken T. Host Range of Influenza A Virus H1 to H16 in Eurasian Ducks Based on Tissue and Receptor Binding Studies. J Virol 2021; 95:e01873-20. [PMID: 33361418 PMCID: PMC8094940 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01873-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dabbling and diving ducks partly occupy shared habitats but have been reported to play different roles in wildlife infectious disease dynamics. Influenza A virus (IAV) epidemiology in wild birds has been based primarily on surveillance programs focused on dabbling duck species, particularly mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Surveillance in Eurasia has shown that in mallards, some subtypes are commonly (H1 to H7 and H10), intermediately (H8, H9, H11, and H12), or rarely (H13 to H16) detected, contributing to discussions on virus host range and reservoir competence. An alternative to surveillance in determining IAV host range is to study virus attachment as a determinant for infection. Here, we investigated the attachment patterns of all avian IAV subtypes (H1 to H16) to the respiratory and intestinal tracts of four dabbling duck species (Mareca and Anas spp.), two diving duck species (Aythya spp.), and chicken, as well as to a panel of 65 synthetic glycan structures. We found that IAV subtypes generally showed abundant attachment to colon of the Anas duck species, mallard, and Eurasian teal (Anas crecca), supporting the fecal-oral transmission route in these species. The reported glycan attachment profile did not explain the virus attachment patterns to tissues but showed significant attachment of duck-originated viruses to fucosylated glycan structures and H7 virus tropism for Neu5Gc-LN. Our results suggest that Anas ducks play an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of IAV. Further knowledge on virus tissue attachment, receptor distribution, and receptor binding specificity is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying host range and epidemiology of IAV.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild birds worldwide. From wild birds, the viruses can cause outbreaks in poultry and sporadically and indirectly infect humans. A high IAV diversity has been found in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), which are most often sampled as part of surveillance programs; meanwhile, little is known about the role of other duck species in IAV ecology and epidemiology. In this study, we investigated the attachment of all avian IAV hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes (H1 to H16) to tissues of six different duck species and chicken as an indicator of virus host range. We demonstrated that the observed virus attachment patterns partially explained reported field prevalence. This study demonstrates that dabbling ducks of the Anas genus are potential hosts for most IAV subtypes, including those infecting poultry. This knowledge is useful to target the sampling of wild birds in nature and to further study the interaction between IAVs and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josanne H Verhagen
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBIM), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ola Blixt
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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40 years of glyco-polyacrylamide in glycobiology. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:89-100. [PMID: 33443721 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylamide conjugates of glycans have long been widely used in many research areas of glycobiology, mainly for immobilizing glycans in solid-phase assays and as multivalent inhibitors. Pending biotin tag allows immobilizing Glyc-PAA quantitatively on any surface, and acts as a tracer for detection of carbohydrate-binding proteins. However, the scope of already realized capabilities of these probes is immeasurably richer than those listed above. This review is not so much about routine as about less common, but not less significant applications. Also, the data on the glycopolymers themselves, their molecular weight, size and polymer chain flexibility are presented, as well as the methods of synthesis, clusterisation and entropy factor in their interaction with proteins.
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17
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Dolinski AC, Jankowski MD, Fair JM, Owen JC. The association between SAα2,3Gal occurrence frequency and avian influenza viral load in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and blue-winged teals (Spatula discors). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:430. [PMID: 33167978 PMCID: PMC7653716 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individual heterogeneity in pathogen load can affect disease transmission dynamics; therefore, identifying intrinsic factors responsible for variation in pathogen load is necessary for determining which individuals are prone to be most infectious. Because low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) preferentially bind to alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors (SAα2,3Gal) in the intestines and bursa of Fabricius in wild ducks (Anas and Spatula spp.), we investigated juvenile mallards (Anas platyrhyncos) and blue-winged teals (Anas discors) orally inoculated with A/northern pintail/California/44221–761/2006 (H5N9) and the virus titer relationship to occurrence frequency of SAα2,3Gal in the intestines and bursa. To test the natural variation of free-ranging duck populations, birds were hatched and raised in captivity from eggs collected from nests of free-ranging birds in North Dakota, USA. Data generated from qPCR were used to quantify virus titers in cloacal swabs, ileum tissue, and bursa of Fabricius tissue, and lectin histochemistry was used to quantify the occurrence frequency of SAα2,3Gal. Linear mixed models were used to analyze infection status, species, and sex-based differences. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between virus titer and SAα2,3Gal occurrence frequency. Results In mallards, we found high individual variation in virus titers significantly related to high variation of SAα2,3Gal in the ileum. In contrast to mallards, individual variation in teals was minimal and significant relationships between virus titers and SAα2,3Gal were not determined. Collectively, teals had both higher virus titers and a higher occurrence frequency of SAα2,3Gal compared to mallards, which may indicate a positive association between viral load and SAα2,3Gal. Statistically significant differences were observed between infected and control birds indicating that LPAIV infection may influence the occurrence frequency of SAα2,3Gal, or vice versa, but only in specific tissues. Conclusions The results of this study provide quantitative evidence that SAα2,3Gal abundance is related to LPAIV titers; thus, SAα2,3Gal should be considered a potential intrinsic factor influencing variation in LPAIV load. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02642-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Dolinski
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Mark D Jankowski
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Biosecurity & Public Health, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jennifer C Owen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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18
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Du W, Wolfert MA, Peeters B, van Kuppeveld FJM, Boons GJ, de Vries E, de Haan CAM. Mutation of the second sialic acid-binding site of influenza A virus neuraminidase drives compensatory mutations in hemagglutinin. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008816. [PMID: 32853241 PMCID: PMC7480853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Most pandemics occurred upon adaptation of avian IAVs to humans. This adaptation includes a hallmark receptor-binding specificity switch of hemagglutinin (HA) from avian-type α2,3- to human-type α2,6-linked sialic acids. Complementary changes of the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) are considered to restore the precarious, but poorly described, HA-NA-receptor balance required for virus fitness. In comparison to the detailed functional description of adaptive mutations in HA, little is known about the functional consequences of mutations in NA in relation to their effect on the HA-NA balance and host tropism. An understudied feature of NA is the presence of a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS) in avian IAVs and absence of a 2SBS in human IAVs, which affects NA catalytic activity. Here we demonstrate that mutation of the 2SBS of avian IAV H5N1 disturbs the HA-NA balance. Passaging of a 2SBS-negative H5N1 virus on MDCK cells selected for progeny with a restored HA-NA balance. These viruses obtained mutations in NA that restored a functional 2SBS and/or in HA that reduced binding of avian-type receptors. Importantly, a particular HA mutation also resulted in increased binding of human-type receptors. Phylogenetic analyses of avian IAVs show that also in the field, mutations in the 2SBS precede mutations in HA that reduce binding of avian-type receptors and increase binding of human-type receptors. Thus, 2SBS mutations in NA can drive acquisition of mutations in HA that not only restore the HA-NA balance, but may also confer increased zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States of America
| | - Ben Peeters
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Department of Virology, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States of America
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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19
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Vascon F, Gasparotto M, Giacomello M, Cendron L, Bergantino E, Filippini F, Righetto I. Protein electrostatics: From computational and structural analysis to discovery of functional fingerprints and biotechnological design. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1774-1789. [PMID: 32695270 PMCID: PMC7355722 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Computationally driven engineering of proteins aims to allow them to withstand an extended range of conditions and to mediate modified or novel functions. Therefore, it is crucial to the biotechnological industry, to biomedicine and to afford new challenges in environmental sciences, such as biocatalysis for green chemistry and bioremediation. In order to achieve these goals, it is important to clarify molecular mechanisms underlying proteins stability and modulating their interactions. So far, much attention has been given to hydrophobic and polar packing interactions and stability of the protein core. In contrast, the role of electrostatics and, in particular, of surface interactions has received less attention. However, electrostatics plays a pivotal role along the whole life cycle of a protein, since early folding steps to maturation, and it is involved in the regulation of protein localization and interactions with other cellular or artificial molecules. Short- and long-range electrostatic interactions, together with other forces, provide essential guidance cues in molecular and macromolecular assembly. We report here on methods for computing protein electrostatics and for individual or comparative analysis able to sort proteins by electrostatic similarity. Then, we provide examples of electrostatic analysis and fingerprints in natural protein evolution and in biotechnological design, in fields as diverse as biocatalysis, antibody and nanobody engineering, drug design and delivery, molecular virology, nanotechnology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Vascon
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Gasparotto
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Giacomello
- Bioenergetic Organelles Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Cendron
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bergantino
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Filippini
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Irene Righetto
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
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20
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Phenotypic Effects of Substitutions within the Receptor Binding Site of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus Observed during Human Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00195-20. [PMID: 32321815 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00195-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses are enzootic in wild birds and poultry and continue to cause human infections with high mortality. To date, more than 850 confirmed human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been reported, of which ∼60% were fatal. Global concern persists that these or similar avian influenza viruses will evolve into viruses that can transmit efficiently between humans, causing a severe influenza pandemic. It was shown previously that a change in receptor specificity is a hallmark for adaptation to humans and evolution toward a transmittable virus. Substantial genetic diversity was detected within the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin of HPAI A/H5N1 viruses, evolved during human infection, as detected by next-generation sequencing. Here, we investigated the functional impact of substitutions that were detected during these human infections. Upon rescue of 21 mutant viruses, most substitutions in the receptor binding site (RBS) resulted in viable virus, but virus replication, entry, and stability were often impeded. None of the tested substitutions individually resulted in a clear switch in receptor preference as measured with modified red blood cells and glycan arrays. Although several combinations of the substitutions can lead to human-type receptor specificity, accumulation of multiple amino acid substitutions within a single hemagglutinin during human infection is rare, thus reducing the risk of virus adaptation to humans.IMPORTANCE H5 viruses continue to be a threat for public health. Because these viruses are immunologically novel to humans, they could spark a pandemic when adapted to transmit between humans. Avian influenza viruses need several adaptive mutations to bind to human-type receptors, increase hemagglutinin (HA) stability, and replicate in human cells. However, knowledge on adaptive mutations during human infections is limited. A previous study showed substantial diversity within the receptor binding site of H5N1 during human infection. We therefore analyzed the observed amino acid changes phenotypically in a diverse set of assays, including virus replication, stability, and receptor specificity. None of the tested substitutions resulted in a clear step toward a human-adapted virus capable of aerosol transmission. It is notable that acquiring human-type receptor specificity needs multiple amino acid mutations, and that variability at key position 226 is not tolerated, reducing the risk of them being acquired naturally.
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21
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He WT, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang N, Li G, Veit M, Bi Y, Gao GF, Su S. Adaption and parallel evolution of human-isolated H5 avian influenza viruses. J Infect 2020; 80:630-638. [PMID: 32007525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Avian-to-human transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) and their subsequent adaptation to humans are of great concern to public health. Surveillance and early warning of AIVs with the potential to infect humans and pandemic potential is crucial. In this study, we determined whether adaptive evolution occurred in human-isolated H5 viruses. We evaluated all available genomes of H5N1 and H5N6 avian influenza A virus. Firstly, we systematically identified several new mutations in H5 AIV that might be associated with human adaptation using a combination of novel comparative phylogenetic methods and structural analysis. Some changes are the result of parallel evolution, further demonstrating their importance. In total, we identified 102 adaptive evolution sites in eight genes. Some residues had been previously identified, such as 227 in HA and 627 in PB2, while others have not been reported so far. Ten sites from four genes evolved in parallel but no obvious positive selection was detected. Our study suggests that during infection of humans, H5 viruses evolved to adapt to their new host environment and that the sites of adaptive/parallel evolution might play a role in crossing the species barrier and are the response to new selection pressure. The results provide insight to implement early detection systems for transitional stages in H5 AIV evolution before its potential adaptation for humans. Author summary line The prerequisite of surveillance and early warning of avian influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans depends on the identification of human-adaptation related mutations. In this study, we used a novel approach combining both phylogenetic and structural analysis to identify possible human-adaptation related mutations in H5 AIVs. Previous studies reported human-adaptation related mutations and some novel mutations exhibiting parallel evolution. Our result provides new insights into how AIVs adapt to humans by point mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting He
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gairu Li
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Robert-von-OstertagStraβe 7-13, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Meseko CA, Heidari A, Odaibo GN, Olaleye DO. Complete genome sequencing of H1N1pdm09 swine influenza isolates from Nigeria reveals likely reverse zoonotic transmission at the human-animal interface in intensive piggery. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2019; 9:1696632. [PMID: 31839904 PMCID: PMC6896411 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1696632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevailing agro-ecological conditions and intermingling of human and animals in intensive farms in urban and peri-urban areas in Africa favour cross species transmission of pathogens at the human-animal interface. However, molecular epidemiology studies of zoonotic swine influenza viruses in this region are limited. In this study, isolates of pandemic influenza virus (H1N1pdm09) obtained from pigs in Nigeria were fully sequenced. BLAST of swine influenza virus genes from Nigeria was carried out in GenBank and gene alignment was done using MEGA version 7. Maximum likelihood method (PhyML program) was used to determine gene evolutionary relationships with other viruses and phylogenetic trees were constructed to infer genomic clusters and relationship. Swine influenza viruses isolated and sequenced in this study were monophyletic and 99% congenetic with human isolates from Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana and USA suggesting reverse zoonotic transmission from humans to pigs in intensive husbandry. A Q240R and S31N substitution among others were detected in the haemagglutinin and matrix genes, respectively, indicating potentials for mutations during interspecies co-mingling and transmission. The A/H1N1pdm09 viruses circulating in pigs that are also exposed to avian influenza in the same epidemiological zones could engender emergence of novel viruses with zoonotic or pandemic potential requiring enhanced surveillance and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Meseko
- Regional Center for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - A Heidari
- Formerly, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, (IZSVe), FAO Reference Center for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease virus, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease virus, OIE Collaborating Laboratory for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Padova, Italy
| | - G N Odaibo
- WHO National Influenza Center, Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - D O Olaleye
- WHO National Influenza Center, Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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23
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Suttie A, Deng YM, Greenhill AR, Dussart P, Horwood PF, Karlsson EA. Inventory of molecular markers affecting biological characteristics of avian influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2019; 55:739-768. [PMID: 31428925 PMCID: PMC6831541 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing sustained human-to-human infection; however, AIVs are still a high risk as future pandemic strains, especially if they acquire further mutations that facilitate human infection and/or increase pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of sequencing data for known genetic markers associated with AIV adaptation, transmission, and antiviral resistance allows for fast, efficient assessment of AIV risk. Here we summarize and update the current knowledge on experimentally verified molecular markers involved in AIV pathogenicity, receptor binding, replicative capacity, and transmission in both poultry and mammals with a broad focus to include data available on other AIV subtypes outside of A/H5N1 and A/H7N9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box #983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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24
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Ge Y, Chi Y, Min X, Zhao K, Wu B, Wu T, Zhu X, Shi Z, Zhu F, Cui L. The evolution and characterization of influenza A(H7N9) virus under the selective pressure of peramivir. Virology 2019; 536:58-67. [PMID: 31400550 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human infection with H7N9 virus has provoked global public health concern due to the substantial morbidity and mortality. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are used as first-line drugs to treat the infection. However, virus quasispecies can evolve rapidly under drug pressure, which may alter various biological characteristics of virus. Using an in vitro evolution platform and next-generation sequencing, we found the presence of peramivir led to changes to the dominant populations of the virus. Two important amino acid substitutions were identified in NA, I222T and H274Y, which caused reduced susceptibilities to oseltamivir or both oseltamivir and peramivir as confirmed by enzyme- and cell-based assays. The NA-H274Y variant showed decreased replicative fitness at the early stage of infection accompanied with impaired NA function. The quasispecies evolution of H7N9 virus and the potential emergence of these two variants should be closely monitored, which may guide the adjustment of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyue Ge
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Ying Chi
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyan Min
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Kangchen Zhao
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhiyang Shi
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lunbiao Cui
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, NHC Key Laboratories of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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25
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Characterization of substitutions in the neuraminidase of A(H7N9) influenza viruses selected following serial passage in the presence of different neuraminidase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:68-75. [PMID: 31132385 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Avian A(H7N9) infections in humans have been reported in China since 2013 and are of public health concern due to their severity and pandemic potential. Oseltamivir and peramivir are neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) routinely used for the treatment of A(H7N9) infections, but variants with reduced sensitivity to these drugs can emerge in patients during treatment. Zanamivir and laninamivir are NAIs that are used less frequently. Herein, we performed in vitro serial passaging experiments with recombinant viruses, containing the neuraminidase (NA) from influenza A/Anhui/1/13 (H7N9) virus, in the presence of each NAI, to determine whether variants with reduced sensitivity would emerge. NA substitutions were characterized for their effect on the NA enzymatic activity and surface expression of the A/Anhui/1/13 (Anhui/1) NA, as well as NAs originating from contemporary A(H7N9) viruses of the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta lineages. In vitro passage in the presence of oseltamivir, peramivir and laninamivir selected for substitutions associated with reduced sensitivity (E119D, R292K and R152K), whereas passage in the presence of zanamivir did not select for any viruses with reduced sensitivity. All the NA substitutions significantly reduced activity, but not the expression of the Anhui/1 NA. In contemporary N9 NAs, all substitutions tested significantly reduced NA enzyme function in the Yangtze River lineage background, but not in the Pearl River Delta lineage background. Overall, these findings suggest that zanamivir may be less likely than the other NAIs to select for resistance in A(H7N9) viruses and that the impact of substitutions that reduce NAI susceptibility or enzyme function may be less in A(H7N9) viruses from the Pearl River lineage.
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26
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Amaro RE, Ieong PU, Huber G, Dommer A, Steven AC, Bush RM, Durrant JD, Votapka LW. A Computational Assay that Explores the Hemagglutinin/Neuraminidase Functional Balance Reveals the Neuraminidase Secondary Site as a Novel Anti-Influenza Target. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1570-1577. [PMID: 30555910 PMCID: PMC6276040 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies of pathogen-host specificity, virulence, and transmissibility are critical for basic research as well as for assessing the pandemic potential of emerging infectious diseases. This is especially true for viruses such as influenza, which continue to affect millions of people annually through both seasonal and occasional pandemic events. Although the influenza virus has been fairly well studied for decades, our understanding of host-cell binding and its relation to viral transmissibility and infection is still incomplete. Assessing the binding mechanisms of complex biological systems with atomic-scale detail is challenging given current experimental limitations. Much remains to be learned, for example, about how the terminal residue of influenza-binding host-cell receptors (sialic acid) interacts with the viral surface. Here, we present an integrative structural-modeling and physics-based computational assay that reveals the sialic acid association rate constants (k on) to three influenza sites: the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) active, and NA secondary binding sites. We developed a series of highly detailed (atomic-resolution) structural models of fully intact influenza viral envelopes. Brownian dynamics simulations of these systems showed how structural properties, such as stalk height and secondary-site binding, affect sialic acid k on values. Comparing the k on values of the three sialic acid binding sites across different viral strains suggests a detailed model of encounter-complex formation and indicates that the secondary NA binding site may play a compensatory role in host-cell receptor binding. Our method elucidates the competition among these sites, all present on the same virion, and provides a new technology for directly studying the functional balance between HA and NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommie E. Amaro
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- E-mail: . (R.E.A.)
| | - Pek U Ieong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Gary Huber
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Abigail Dommer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Alasdair C. Steven
- Structural
Biology Laboratory, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robin M. Bush
- Department
of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Jacob D. Durrant
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- E-mail: . (J.D.D.)
| | - Lane W. Votapka
- Department
of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California, United States
- E-mail: . (L.W.V.)
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27
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Characterization of avian influenza virus attachment patterns to human and pig tissues. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12215. [PMID: 30111851 PMCID: PMC6093914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds of Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are natural reservoirs of influenza A viruses (IAVs). Occasionally, IAVs transmit and adapt to mammalian hosts, and are maintained as epidemic strains in their new hosts. Viral adaptions to mammalian hosts include altered receptor preference of host epithelial sialylated oligosaccharides from terminal α2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) towards α2,6-linked SA. However, α2,3-linked SA has been found in human respiratory tract epithelium, and human infections by avian IAVs (AIVs) have been reported. To further explore the attachment properties of AIVs, four AIVs of different subtypes were investigated on human and pig tissues using virus histochemistry. Additionally, glycan array analysis was performed for further characterization of IAVs' receptor structure tropism. Generally, AIV attachment was more abundant to human tissues than to pig tissues. The attachment pattern was very strong to human conjunctiva and upper respiratory tract, but variable to the lower respiratory tract. AIVs mainly attached to α2,3-linked SA, but also to combinations of α2,3- and α2,6-linked SA. The low attachment of these AIV isolates to pig tissues, but high attachment to human tissues, addresses the question whether AIVs in general require passage through pigs to obtain adaptions towards mammalian receptor structures.
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28
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Young SG, Kitchen A, Kayali G, Carrel M. Unlocking pandemic potential: prevalence and spatial patterns of key substitutions in avian influenza H5N1 in Egyptian isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:314. [PMID: 29980172 PMCID: PMC6035396 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza H5N1 has a high human case fatality rate, but is not yet well-adapted to human hosts. Amino acid substitutions currently circulating in avian populations may enhance viral fitness in, and thus viral adaptation to, human hosts. Substitutions which could increase the risk of a human pandemic (through changes to host specificity, virulence, replication ability, transmissibility, or drug susceptibility) are termed key substitutions (KS). Egypt represents the epicenter of human H5N1 infections, with more confirmed cases than any other country. To date, however, there have not been any spatial analyses of KS in Egypt. Methods Using 925 viral samples of H5N1 from Egypt, we aligned protein sequences and scanned for KS. We geocoded isolates using dasymetric mapping, then carried out geospatial hot spot analyses to identify spatial clusters of high KS detection rates. KS prevalence and spatial clusters were evaluated for all detected KS, as well as when stratified by phenotypic consequence. Results A total of 39 distinct KS were detected in the wild, including 17 not previously reported in Egypt. KS were detected in 874 samples (94.5%). Detection rates varied by viral protein with most KS observed in the surface hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins, as well as the interior non-structural 1 (NS1) protein. The most frequently detected KS were associated with increased viral binding to mammalian cells and virulence. Samples with high overall detection rates of KS exhibited statistically significant spatial clustering in two governorates in the northwestern Nile delta, Alexandria and Beheira. Conclusions KS provide a possible mechanism by which avian influenza H5N1 could evolve into a pandemic candidate. With numerous KS circulating in Egypt, and non-random spatial clustering of KS detection rates, these findings suggest the need for increased surveillance in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Young
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Andrew Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Scientific Research, Human Link, Hazmieh, Lebanon
| | - Margaret Carrel
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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29
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Pandemic Avian Influenza and Intra/Interhaemagglutinin Subtype Electrostatic Variation among Viruses Isolated from Avian, Mammalian, and Human Hosts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3870508. [PMID: 29888260 PMCID: PMC5985083 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3870508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Host jump can result in deadly pandemic events when avian influenza A viruses broaden their host specificity and become able to infect mammals, including humans. Haemagglutinin—the major capsid protein in influenza A viruses—is subjected to high rate mutations, of which several occur at its “head”: the receptor-binding domain that mediates specific binding to host cell receptors. Such surface-changing mutations may lead to antigenically novel influenza A viruses hence in pandemics by host jump and in vaccine escape by antigenic drift. Changes in haemagglutinin surface electrostatics have been recently associated with antigenic drift and with clades evolution and spreading in H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. We performed a comparative analysis of haemagglutinin surface electrostatics to investigate clustering and eventual fingerprints among representative pandemic (H5 and H7) and nonpandemic (H4 and H6) avian influenza viral subtypes. We observed preferential sorting of viruses isolated from mammalian/human hosts among these electrostatic clusters of a subtype; however, sorting was not “100% specific” to the different clusters. Therefore, electrostatic fingerprints can help in understanding, but they cannot explain alone the host jumping mechanism.
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30
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Vasile F, Panigada M, Siccardi A, Potenza D, Tiana G. A Combined NMR-Computational Study of the Interaction between Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Sialic Derivatives from Human and Avian Receptors on the Surface of Transfected Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1267. [PMID: 29695047 PMCID: PMC5983646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of small-molecule inhibitors of influenza virus Hemagglutinin could be relevant to the opposition of the diffusion of new pandemic viruses. In this work, we made use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the interaction between two derivatives of sialic acid, Neu5Ac-α-(2,6)-Gal-β-(1⁻4)-GlcNAc and Neu5Ac-α-(2,3)-Gal-β-(1⁻4)-GlcNAc, and hemagglutinin directly expressed on the surface of recombinant human cells. We analyzed the interaction of these trisaccharides with 293T cells transfected with the H5 and H1 variants of hemagglutinin, which thus retain their native trimeric conformation in such a realistic environment. By exploiting the magnetization transfer between the protein and the ligand, we obtained evidence of the binding event, and identified the epitope. We analyzed the conformational features of the glycans with an approach combining NMR spectroscopy and data-driven molecular dynamics simulations, thus obtaining useful information for an efficient drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vasile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Panigada
- Molecular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Research Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Antonio Siccardi
- Molecular Immunology Unit, San Raffaele Research Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Donatella Potenza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Guido Tiana
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems and Department of Physics, University of Milano and INFN, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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31
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Wu NC, Xie J, Zheng T, Nycholat CM, Grande G, Paulson JC, Lerner RA, Wilson IA. Diversity of Functionally Permissive Sequences in the Receptor-Binding Site of Influenza Hemagglutinin. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 21:742-753.e8. [PMID: 28618270 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) initiates viral entry by engaging host receptor sialylated glycans via its receptor-binding site (RBS). The amino acid sequence of the RBS naturally varies across avian and human influenza virus subtypes and is also evolvable. However, functional sequence diversity in the RBS has not been fully explored. Here, we performed a large-scale mutational analysis of the RBS of A/WSN/33 (H1N1) and A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (H3N2) HAs. Many replication-competent mutants not yet observed in nature were identified, including some that could escape from an RBS-targeted broadly neutralizing antibody. This functional sequence diversity is made possible by pervasive epistasis in the RBS 220-loop and can be buffered by avidity in viral receptor binding. Overall, our study reveals that the HA RBS can accommodate a much greater range of sequence diversity than previously thought, which has significant implications for the complex evolutionary interrelationships between receptor specificity and immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tianqing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Geramie Grande
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard A Lerner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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32
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Heidari A, Righetto I, Filippini F. Electrostatic Variation of Haemagglutinin as a Hallmark of the Evolution of Avian Influenza Viruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1929. [PMID: 29386534 PMCID: PMC5792503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus is a zoonotic agent that significantly impacts public health and the poultry industry. Monitoring viral evolution and spread is crucial for surveillance and tracing programmes, which are currently based on serological or DNA sequencing-phylogenetics analysis. However, virus-host interactions, antigenic drift and spreading of viral clades strongly depend on variation in the surface features of capsid proteins. We report here that in silico comparative structural analysis of haemagglutinin can reveal relevant evolutionary fingerprints, particularly when integrated with sequence-based analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of H9 viral strains from wild birds and poultry, performed with different methods, reliably led to clustering of viruses into five main groups. Subsequent comparison of structural features showed congruence between such clustering and surface electrostatic fingerprints. These latter fingerprints relate group-specific variations in electrostatic charges and isocontours to well-known haemagglutinin sites involved in the modulation of immune escape and host specificity. This work suggests that the integration of structural and sequence comparisons may enhance investigations of trends and relevant mechanisms in viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Heidari
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, (PD), Italy
| | - Irene Righetto
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Francesco Filippini
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
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33
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Molecular Markers for Interspecies Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122706. [PMID: 29236050 PMCID: PMC5751307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a wide range of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have infected various mammalian hosts and continuously threaten both human and animal health. It is a result of overcoming the inter-species barrier which is mostly associated with gene reassortment and accumulation of mutations in their gene segments. Several recent studies have shed insights into the phenotypic and genetic changes that are involved in the interspecies transmission of AIVs. These studies have a major focus on transmission from avian to mammalian species due to the high zoonotic potential of the viruses. As more mammalian species have been infected with these viruses, there is higher risk of genetic evolution of these viruses that may lead to the next human pandemic which represents and raises public health concern. Thus, understanding the mechanism of interspecies transmission and molecular determinants through which the emerging AIVs can acquire the ability to transmit to humans and other mammals is an important key in evaluating the potential risk caused by AIVs among humans. Here, we summarize previous and recent studies on molecular markers that are specifically involved in the transmission of avian-derived influenza viruses to various mammalian hosts including humans, pigs, horses, dogs, and marine mammals.
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Richard M, Herfst S, van den Brand JMA, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RAM. Mutations Driving Airborne Transmission of A/H5N1 Virus in Mammals Cause Substantial Attenuation in Chickens only when combined. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7187. [PMID: 28775271 PMCID: PMC5543172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A/H5N1 influenza viruses pose a threat to human and animal health. A fully avian A/H5N1 influenza virus was previously shown to acquire airborne transmissibility between ferrets upon accumulation of five or six substitutions that affected three traits: polymerase activity, hemagglutinin stability and receptor binding. Here, the impact of these traits on A/H5N1 virus replication, tissue tropism, pathogenesis and transmission was investigated in chickens. The virus containing all substitutions associated with transmission in mammals was highly attenuated in chickens. However, single substitutions that affect polymerase activity, hemagglutinin stability and receptor binding generally had a small or negligible impact on virus replication, morbidity and mortality. A virus carrying two substitutions in the receptor-binding site was attenuated, although its tissue tropism in chickens was not affected. This data indicate that an A/H5N1 virus that is airborne-transmissible between mammals is unlikely to emerge in chickens, although individual mammalian adaptive substitutions have limited impact on viral fitness in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Ji Y, White YJ, Hadden JA, Grant OC, Woods RJ. New insights into influenza A specificity: an evolution of paradigms. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:219-231. [PMID: 28675835 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular origin of influenza receptor specificity is complicated by the paucity of quantitative affinity measurements, and the qualitative and variable nature of glycan array data. Further obstacles arise from the varied impact of viral glycosylation and the relatively narrow spectrum of biologically relevant receptors present on glycan arrays. A survey of receptor conformational properties is presented, leading to the conclusion that conformational entropy plays a key role in defining specificity, as does the newly reported ability of biantennary receptors that terminate in Siaα2-6Gal sequences to form bidentate interactions to two binding sites in a hemagglutinin trimer. Bidentate binding provides a functional explanation for the observation that Siaα2-6 receptors adopt an open-umbrella topology when bound to hemagglutinins from human-infective viruses, and calls for a reassessment of virus avidity and tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Yohanna Jb White
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Jodi A Hadden
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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36
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Adam DC, Magee D, Bui CM, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR. Does influenza pandemic preparedness and mitigation require gain-of-function research? Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:306-310. [PMID: 28502086 PMCID: PMC5485867 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk and benefits of gain‐of‐function studies on influenza A have been widely debated since 2012 when the methods to create two respiratory transmissible H5N1 mutant isolates were published. Opponents of gain‐of‐function studies argue the biosecurity risk is unacceptable, while proponents cite potential uses for pandemic surveillance, preparedness and mitigation. In this commentary, we provide an overview of the background and applications of gain‐of‐function research and argue that the anticipated benefits have yet to materialize while the significant risks remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon C Adam
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Magee
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Chau M Bui
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Scotch
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Biodesign Center for Environmental Security, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,College of Public Service & Community Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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37
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pH Optimum of Hemagglutinin-Mediated Membrane Fusion Determines Sensitivity of Influenza A Viruses to the Interferon-Induced Antiviral State and IFITMs. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00246-17. [PMID: 28356532 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00246-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication and pathogenicity of influenza A viruses (IAVs) critically depend on their ability to tolerate the antiviral interferon (IFN) response. To determine a potential role for the IAV hemagglutinin (HA) in viral sensitivity to IFN, we studied the restriction of IAV infection in IFN-β-treated human epithelial cells by using 2:6 recombinant IAVs that shared six gene segments of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 virus (PR8) and contained HAs and neuraminidases of representative avian, human, and zoonotic H5N1 and H7N9 viruses. In A549 and Calu-3 cells, viruses displaying a higher pH optimum of HA-mediated membrane fusion, H5N1-PR8 and H7N9-PR8, were less sensitive to the IFN-induced antiviral state than their counterparts with HAs from duck and human viruses, which fused at a lower pH. The association between a high pH optimum of fusion and reduced IFN sensitivity was confirmed by using HA point mutants of A/Hong Kong/1/1968-PR8 that differed solely by their fusion properties. Furthermore, similar effects of the viral fusion pH on IFN sensitivity were observed in experiments with (i) primary human type II alveolar epithelial cells and differentiated cultures of human airway epithelial cells, (ii) nonrecombinant zoonotic and pandemic IAVs, and (iii) preparations of IFN-α and IFN-λ1. A higher pH of membrane fusion and reduced sensitivity to IFN correlated with lower restriction of the viruses in MDCK cells stably expressing the IFN-inducible transmembrane proteins IFITM2 and IFITM3, which are known to inhibit viral fusion. Our results reveal that the pH optimum of HA-driven membrane fusion of IAVs is a determinant of their sensitivity to IFN and IFITM proteins.IMPORTANCE The IFN system constitutes an important innate defense against viral infection. Substantial information is available on how IAVs avoid detection by sensors of the IFN system and disable IFN signaling pathways. Much less is known about the ability of IAVs to tolerate the antiviral activity of IFN-induced cellular proteins. The IFN-induced proteins of the IFITM family block IAV entry into target cells and can restrict viral spread and pathogenicity. Here we show for the first time that the sensitivity of IAVs to the IFN-induced antiviral state and IFITM2 and IFITM3 proteins depends on the pH value at which the viral HA undergoes a conformational transition and mediates membrane fusion. Our data imply that the high pH optimum of membrane fusion typical of zoonotic IAVs of gallinaceous poultry, such as H5N1 and H7N9, may contribute to their enhanced virulence in humans.
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Guo H, de Vries E, McBride R, Dekkers J, Peng W, Bouwman KM, Nycholat C, Verheije MH, Paulson JC, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM. Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5Nx) Viruses with Altered H5 Receptor-Binding Specificity. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:220-231. [PMID: 27869615 PMCID: PMC5324792 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence and intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) virus clade 2.3.4.4 is unprecedented. H5N8 and H5N2 viruses have caused major economic losses in the poultry industry in Europe and North America, and lethal human infections with H5N6 virus have occurred in Asia. Knowledge of the evolution of receptor-binding specificity of these viruses, which might affect host range, is urgently needed. We report that emergence of these viruses is accompanied by a change in receptor-binding specificity. In contrast to ancestral clade 2.3.4 H5 proteins, novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5 proteins bind to fucosylated sialosides because of substitutions K222Q and S227R, which are unique for highly pathogenic influenza virus H5 proteins. North American clade 2.3.4.4 virus isolates have retained only the K222Q substitution but still bind fucosylated sialosides. Altered receptor-binding specificity of virus clade 2.3.4.4 H5 proteins might have contributed to emergence and spread of H5Nx viruses.
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39
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Dennehy JJ. Evolutionary ecology of virus emergence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1389:124-146. [PMID: 28036113 PMCID: PMC7167663 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cross-species transmission of viruses into new host populations, termed virus emergence, is a significant issue in public health, agriculture, wildlife management, and related fields. Virus emergence requires overlap between host populations, alterations in virus genetics to permit infection of new hosts, and adaptation to novel hosts such that between-host transmission is sustainable, all of which are the purview of the fields of ecology and evolution. A firm understanding of the ecology of viruses and how they evolve is required for understanding how and why viruses emerge. In this paper, I address the evolutionary mechanisms of virus emergence and how they relate to virus ecology. I argue that, while virus acquisition of the ability to infect new hosts is not difficult, limited evolutionary trajectories to sustained virus between-host transmission and the combined effects of mutational meltdown, bottlenecking, demographic stochasticity, density dependence, and genetic erosion in ecological sinks limit most emergence events to dead-end spillover infections. Despite the relative rarity of pandemic emerging viruses, the potential of viruses to search evolutionary space and find means to spread epidemically and the consequences of pandemic viruses that do emerge necessitate sustained attention to virus research, surveillance, prophylaxis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Dennehy
- Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, New York and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York
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40
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Lipsitch M, Barclay W, Raman R, Russell CJ, Belser JA, Cobey S, Kasson PM, Lloyd-Smith JO, Maurer-Stroh S, Riley S, Beauchemin CA, Bedford T, Friedrich TC, Handel A, Herfst S, Murcia PR, Roche B, Wilke CO, Russell CA. Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27834632 PMCID: PMC5156527 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of an influenza A virus pandemic stems from continual virus spillovers from reservoir species, a tiny fraction of which spark sustained transmission in humans. To date, no pandemic emergence of a new influenza strain has been preceded by detection of a closely related precursor in an animal or human. Nonetheless, influenza surveillance efforts are expanding, prompting a need for tools to assess the pandemic risk posed by a detected virus. The goal would be to use genetic sequence and/or biological assays of viral traits to identify those non-human influenza viruses with the greatest risk of evolving into pandemic threats, and/or to understand drivers of such evolution, to prioritize pandemic prevention or response measures. We describe such efforts, identify progress and ongoing challenges, and discuss three specific traits of influenza viruses (hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity, hemagglutinin pH of activation, and polymerase complex efficiency) that contribute to pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Peter M Kasson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,National Public Health Laboratory, Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, United States
| | - Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre For Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claus O Wilke
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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41
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Behera AK, Chandra I, Cherian SS. Molecular dynamics simulation of the effects of single (S221P) and double (S221P and K216E) mutations in the hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H5N1 virus: a study on host receptor specificity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:2054-67. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Kumar Behera
- Bioinformatics and Data Management Group, National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Post Box No. 11, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ishwar Chandra
- Bioinformatics and Data Management Group, National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Post Box No. 11, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarah S. Cherian
- Bioinformatics and Data Management Group, National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Post Box No. 11, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
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42
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Zhu X, Viswanathan K, Raman R, Yu W, Sasisekharan R, Wilson IA. Structural Basis for a Switch in Receptor Binding Specificity of Two H5N1 Hemagglutinin Mutants. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1683-91. [PMID: 26586437 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian H5N1 influenza viruses continue to spread in wild birds and domestic poultry with sporadic infection in humans. Receptor binding specificity changes are a prerequisite for H5N1 viruses and other zoonotic viruses to be transmitted among humans. Previous reported hemagglutinin (HA) mutants from ferret-transmissible H5N1 viruses of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and A/Indonesia/5/2005 showed slightly increased, but still very weak, binding to human receptors. From mutagenesis and glycan array studies, we previously identified two H5N1 HA mutants that could more effectively switch receptor specificity to human-like α2-6-linked sialosides with avidity comparable to wild-type H5 HA binding to avian-like α2-3-linked sialosides. Here, crystal structures of these two H5 HA mutants free and in complex with human and avian glycan receptor analogs reveal the structural basis for their preferential binding to human receptors. These findings suggest continuous surveillance should be maintained to monitor and assess human-to-human transmission potential of H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karthik Viswanathan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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43
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Li Q, Wang X, Sun Z, Hu J, Gao Z, Hao X, Li J, Liu H, Wang X, Gu M, Xu X, Liu X, Liu X. Adaptive mutations in PB2 gene contribute to the high virulence of a natural reassortant H5N2 avian influenza virus in mice. Virus Res 2015; 210:255-63. [PMID: 26315686 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic A/chicken/Hebei/1102/2010 (HB10) H5N2 virus is a natural reassortant derived from circulating H5N1 and endemic H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV). To evaluate the potential of its interspecies transmission, we previously serially passaged the non-virulent HB10 virus in the mouse lung and obtained a high virulence variant (HB10-MA). Genomic sequencing revealed five mutations (HA-S227N, PB2-Q591K, PB2-D701N, PA-I554V and NP-R351K) that distinguished HB10-MA virus from its parental HB10 virus. In this study, we further investigated the molecular basis for the enhanced virulence of HB10-MA in mice. By generating a series of reassortants between the two viruses and evaluating their virulence in mice, we found that both PB2 and PA genes contribute to the high virulence of HB10-MA in mice, whereas PB2 gene carrying the 591K and/or 701N had a dominant function. In addition, the two amino acids showed a cumulative effect on the virulence, virus replication, and polymerase activity of HB10 or HB10-MA. Therefore, our results collectively emphasized the crucial role of PB2 gene, particularly the paired mutations of Q591K and D701N in the host adaptation of the novel reassortant H5N2 AIV in mammals, which may provide helpful insights into the pathogenic potential of emerging AIV in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhui Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhongtao Sun
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Juan Li
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Huimou Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Fei Y, Sun YS, Li Y, Yu H, Lau K, Landry JP, Luo Z, Baumgarth N, Chen X, Zhu X. Characterization of Receptor Binding Profiles of Influenza A Viruses Using An Ellipsometry-Based Label-Free Glycan Microarray Assay Platform. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1480-98. [PMID: 26193329 PMCID: PMC4598760 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step leading to influenza viral infection is the highly specific binding of a viral spike protein, hemagglutinin (HA), with an extracellular glycan receptor of a host cell. Detailed and timely characterization of virus-receptor binding profiles may be used to evaluate and track the pandemic potential of an influenza virus strain. We demonstrate a label-free glycan microarray assay platform for acquiring influenza virus binding profiles against a wide variety of glycan receptors. By immobilizing biotinylated receptors on a streptavidin-functionalized solid surface, we measured binding curves of five influenza A virus strains with 24 glycans of diverse structures and used the apparent equilibrium dissociation constants (avidity constants, 10–100 pM) as characterizing parameters of viral receptor profiles. Furthermore by measuring binding kinetic constants of solution-phase glycans to immobilized viruses, we confirmed that the glycan-HA affinity constant is in the range of 10 mM and the reaction is enthalpy-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Yung-Shin Sun
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kam Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - James P Landry
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Zeng Luo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Gambaryan AS, Matrosovich MN. What adaptive changes in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are necessary for emergence of pandemic influenza virus from its avian precursor? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:872-880. [DOI: 10.1134/s000629791507007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Schmier S, Mostafa A, Haarmann T, Bannert N, Ziebuhr J, Veljkovic V, Dietrich U, Pleschka S. In Silico Prediction and Experimental Confirmation of HA Residues Conferring Enhanced Human Receptor Specificity of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11434. [PMID: 26091504 PMCID: PMC4473683 DOI: 10.1038/srep11434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging influenza A viruses (IAV) pose a major threat to human health by causing seasonal epidemics and/or pandemics, the latter often facilitated by the lack of pre-existing immunity in the general population. Early recognition of candidate pandemic influenza viruses (CPIV) is of crucial importance for restricting virus transmission and developing appropriate therapeutic and prophylactic strategies including effective vaccines. Often, the pandemic potential of newly emerging IAV is only fully recognized once the virus starts to spread efficiently causing serious disease in humans. Here, we used a novel phylogenetic algorithm based on the informational spectrum method (ISM) to identify potential CPIV by predicting mutations in the viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene that are likely to (differentially) affect critical interactions between the HA protein and target cells from bird and human origin, respectively. Predictions were subsequently validated by generating pseudotyped retrovirus particles and genetically engineered IAV containing these mutations and characterizing potential effects on virus entry and replication in cells expressing human and avian IAV receptors, respectively. Our data suggest that the ISM-based algorithm is suitable to identify CPIV among IAV strains that are circulating in animal hosts and thus may be a new tool for assessing pandemic risks associated with specific strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schmier
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen, Germany.,Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Thomas Haarmann
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Robert-Koch-Institute, Division for HIV and other Retroviruses, Nordufer 20, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen, Germany
| | - Veljko Veljkovic
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, Mihaila Petrovica 14, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen, Germany
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Alterations in hemagglutinin receptor-binding specificity accompany the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. J Virol 2015; 89:5395-405. [PMID: 25741006 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03304-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of hemagglutinin H5 and H7 subtypes emerge after introduction of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) from wild birds into poultry flocks, followed by subsequent circulation and evolution. The acquisition of multiple basic amino acids at the endoproteolytical cleavage site of the hemagglutinin (HA) is a molecular indicator for high pathogenicity, at least for infections of gallinaceous poultry. Apart from the well-studied significance of the multibasic HA cleavage site, there is only limited knowledge on other alterations in the HA and neuraminidase (NA) molecules associated with changes in tropism during the emergence of HPAIVs from LPAIVs. We hypothesized that changes in tropism may require alterations of the sialyloligosaccharide specificities of HA and NA. To test this hypothesis, we compared a number of LPAIVs and HPAIVs for their HA-mediated binding and NA-mediated desialylation of a set of synthetic receptor analogs, namely, α2-3-sialylated oligosaccharides. NA substrate specificity correlated with structural groups of NAs and did not correlate with pathogenic potential of the virus. In contrast, all HPAIVs differed from LPAIVs by a higher HA receptor-binding affinity toward the trisaccharides Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ (3'SLN) and Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-3GlcNAcβ (SiaLe(c)) and by the ability to discriminate between the nonfucosylated and fucosylated sialyloligosaccharides 3'SLN and Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ (SiaLe(x)), respectively. These results suggest that alteration of the receptor-binding specificity accompanies emergence of the HPAIVs from their low-pathogenic precursors. IMPORTANCE Here, we have found for the first time correlations of receptor-binding properties of the HA with a highly pathogenic phenotype of poultry viruses. Our study suggests that enhanced receptor-binding affinity of HPAIVs for a typical "poultry-like" receptor, 3'SLN, is provided by substitutions in the receptor-binding site of HA which appeared in HA of LPAIVs in the course of transmission of LPAIVs from wild waterfowl into poultry flocks, with subsequent adaptation in poultry. The identification of LPAIVs with receptor characteristics of HPAIVs argues that the sialic acid-binding specificity of the HA may be used as a novel phenotypic marker of HPAIVs.
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Burke DF, Smith DJ. A recommended numbering scheme for influenza A HA subtypes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112302. [PMID: 25391151 PMCID: PMC4229193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparisons of residues between sub-types of influenza virus is increasingly used to assess the zoonotic potential of a circulating strain and for comparative studies across subtypes. An analysis of N-terminal cleavage sites for thirteen subtypes of influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) sequences, has previously been described by Nobusawa and colleagues. We have expanded this analysis for the eighteen known subtypes of influenza. Due to differences in the length of HA, we have included strains from multiple clades of H1 and H5, as well as strains of H5 and H7 subtypes with both high and low pathogenicity. Analysis of known structures of influenza A HA enables us to define amino acids which are structurally and functionally equivalent across all HA subtypes using a numbering system based on the mature HA sequence. We provide a list of equivalences for amino acids which are known to affect the phenotype of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Burke
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Adaptation of a natural reassortant H5N2 avian influenza virus in mice. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:568-74. [PMID: 25037995 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is reported that the H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Hebei/1102/2010 (HB10) is a natural reassortant between circulating H5N1 and endemic H9N2 influenza viruses. To evaluate the potential of its interspecies transmission, the wild-type HB10 was adapted in mice through serial lung passages. Increased virulence was detectable in 5 sequential lung passages in mice and a highly virulent mouse-adapted strain (HB10-MA) with a 50% mouse lethal dose of 10(2.5) 50% egg infectious dose was obtained in 15 passages. The virulence and the replication efficiency of HB10-MA in mice were significantly higher than those of HB10 while HB10-MA grew faster and to significantly higher titers than HB10 in MDCK and A549 cells. Only five amino acid mutations in four viral proteins (HA-S227N, PB2-Q591K, PB2-D701N, PA-I554V and NP-R351K) of HB10-MA virus were found when compared with those of HB10, indicating that they may be responsible for the adaptation of the novel reassortant H5N2 avian influenza virus in mice with increased virulence and replication efficiency. The results in this study provide helpful insights into the pathogenic potential of novel reassortant H5N2 viruses to mammals that deserves further attentions.
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Abstract
Despite heroic efforts to prevent the emergence of an influenza pandemic, avian influenza A virus has prevailed by crossing the species barriers to infect humans worldwide, occasionally with morbidity and mortality at unprecedented levels, and the virus later usually continues circulation in humans as a seasonal influenza virus, resulting in health-social-economic problems each year. Here, we review current knowledge of influenza viruses, their life cycle, interspecies transmission, and past pandemics and discuss the molecular basis of pandemic acquisition, notably of hemagglutinin (lectin) acting as a key contributor to change in host specificity in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirabayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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