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Liu JY, Sayes CM. Modeling mixtures interactions in environmental toxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104380. [PMID: 38309542 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
In the environment, organisms are exposed to mixtures of different toxicants, which may interact in ways that are difficult to predict when only considering each component individually. Adapting and expanding tools from pharmacology, the toxicology field uses analytical, graphical, and computational methods to identify and quantify interactions in multi-component mixtures. The two general frameworks are concentration addition, where components have similar modes of action and their effects sum together, or independent action, where components have dissimilar modes of action and do not interact. Other interaction behaviors include synergism and antagonism, where the combined effects are more or less than the additive sum of individual effects. This review covers foundational theory, methods, an in-depth survey of original research from the past 20 years, current trends, and future directions. As humans and ecosystems are exposed to increasingly complex mixtures of environmental contaminants, analyzing mixtures interactions will continue to become a more critical aspect of toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Y Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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2
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Johns M, Deloe K, Beaty LE, Simpson AM, Nutile SA. Avoidance behavior of Hyalella azteca in response to three common-use insecticides. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140492. [PMID: 37865201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-target organisms in aquatic environments may experience lethal or sublethal effects following exposure to contaminants. Most protocols and regulations, however, are designed to provide protection from lethal effects and are thus based on conventional estimates of population lethality. The relative lack of reliable behavioral endpoints makes it challenging to implement regulations that are similarly protective against sublethal toxicity. The objective of this study was to quantify the avoidance behavior of Hyalella azteca when exposed to three insecticides-bifenthrin (B), chlorpyrifos (C), and permethrin (P)-at a range of estimated lethal concentrations. A two-choice behavioral arena was used for each chemical to quantify H. azteca activity and time spent in either uncontaminated sediment or sediment spiked at concentrations reflecting estimated 48-h lethal concentrations (LC50, LC25, and LC10). For all three insecticides, naïve H. azteca demonstrated a preference for the uncontaminated sediment over the contaminated sediment at the LC50 (B: 312 ng/gOC; C: 1265 ng/gOC; P: 5042 ng/gOC) and LC25 (B: 230 ng/gOC; C: 859 ng/gOC; P: 3817 ng/gOC), spending significantly more time in the uncontaminated side of the arena. H. azteca did not avoid sediment at LC10 (B: 204 ng/gOC; C: 609 ng/gOC; P: 1515 ng/gOC) levels, indicating the existence of a potential threshold of detection. Despite the lack of substrate preference at this exposure level, H. azteca were nevertheless more active (i.e., increased zone-switching) when exposed to bifenthrin at the LC10, suggesting a possible irritation response (e.g., movement after exposure) to this chemical. Our results provide evidence that H. azteca exhibit innate avoidance responses to sediments contaminated with common insecticides at concentrations below those represented by traditional toxicological endpoints (e.g., LC50). The sensitivity and ease with which this behavioral endpoint can be assayed demonstrates the potential utility of behavioral endpoints in toxicological assessments using model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Johns
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Kyle Deloe
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Lynne E Beaty
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Adam M Simpson
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Samuel A Nutile
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA.
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Guo Z, Chen X, Wu D, Huo Y, Cheng A, Liu Y, Li Q, Chen J. Higher Toxicity of Gaseous Organics Relative to Particulate Matters Emitted from Typical Cooking Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17022-17031. [PMID: 37874853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Cooking emission is known to be a significant anthropogenic source of air pollution in urban areas, but its toxicities are still unclear. This study addressed the toxicities of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and gaseous organics by combining chemical fingerprinting analysis with cellular assessments. The cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species activity of gaseous organics were ∼1.9 and ∼8.3 times higher than those of PM2.5, respectively. Moreover, these values of per unit mass PM2.5 were ∼7.1 and ∼15.7 times higher than those collected from ambient air in Shanghai. The total oleic acid equivalent quantities for carcinogenic and toxic respiratory effects of gaseous organics, as estimated using predictive models based on quantitative structure-property relationships, were 1686 ± 803 and 430 ± 176 μg/mg PM2.5, respectively. Both predicted toxicities were higher than those of particulate organics, consistent with cellular assessment. These health risks are primarily attributed to the high relative content and toxic equivalency factor of the organic compounds present in the gas phase, including 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and 2-phenoxyethoxybenzene. Furthermore, these compounds and fatty acids were identified as prominent chemical markers of cooking-related emissions. The obtained results highlight the importance of control measures for cooking-emitted gaseous organics to reduce the personal exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaoqiang Huo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, College of Resources and Environmental engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Anyuan Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Chenjia Town, Chongming District, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Chenjia Town, Chongming District, Shanghai 202162, China
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Labine LM, Pereira EAO, Kleywegt S, Jobst KJ, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Environmental metabolomics uncovers oxidative stress, amino acid dysregulation, and energy impairment in Daphnia magna with exposure to industrial effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116512. [PMID: 37394164 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are regarded as point sources of pollution entering freshwater bodies worldwide. With over 350,000 chemicals used in manufacturing, wastewater treatment and industrial effluents are comprised of complex mixtures of organic and inorganic pollutants of known and unknown origins. Consequently, their combined toxicity and mode of action are not well understood in aquatic organisms such as Daphnia magna. In this study, effluent samples from wastewater treatment and industrial sectors were used to examine molecular-level perturbations to the polar metabolic profile of D. magna. To determine if the industrial sector and/or the effluent chemistries played a role in the observed biochemical responses, Daphnia were acutely (48 h) exposed to undiluted (100%) and diluted (10, 25, and 50%) effluent samples. Endogenous metabolites were extracted from single daphnids and analyzed using targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. The metabolic profile of Daphnia exposed to effluent samples resulted in significant separation compared to the unexposed controls. Linear regression analysis determined that no single pollutant detected in the effluents was significantly correlated with the responses of metabolites. Significant perturbations were uncovered across many classes of metabolites (amino acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, polyamines, and their derivatives) which serve as intermediates in keystone biochemical processes. The combined metabolic responses are consistent with oxidative stress, disruptions to energy metabolism, and protein dysregulation which were identified through biochemical pathway analysis. These results provide insight into the molecular processes driving stress responses in D. magna. Overall, we determined that the metabolic profile of Daphnia could not be predicted by the chemical composition of environmentally relevant mixtures. The findings of this study demonstrate the advantage of metabolomics in conjunction with chemical analyses to assess the interactions of industrial effluents. This work further demonstrates the ability of environmental metabolomics to characterize molecular-level perturbations in aquatic organisms exposed to complex chemical mixtures directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Labine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - E A Oliveira Pereira
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - S Kleywegt
- Technical Assessment and Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON, M4V 1M2, Canada
| | - K J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - M J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Scott J, Mortensen S, Minghetti M. Alternatives to Fish Acute Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing: Predictability of RTgill-W1 Cells and Fathead Minnow Embryos with Actual Wastewater Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13721-13731. [PMID: 37672649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity assays using fish cells and embryos continue to gain momentum as a more ethical and informative alternative to fish acute toxicity testing. The goal of our study was to test the accuracy of RTgill-W1 cells and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryos to predict actual whole effluent toxicity (WET) in the fathead minnow larvae. The three models were compared concurrently using samples of various origins and treatment types. Additionally, the toxicity of reference toxicants (Cd, Cu, NH3-N, 3,4-dichloraniline, and benzalkonium chloride) spiked into a nontoxic wastewater was compared. The toxicity of reference toxicants was tested in isosmotic and hypoosmotic exposure media in RTgill-W1 cells. Of the 28 wastewater samples, 14 induced a toxic response in fish larvae. Embryos predicted 11 of the 14 wastewater samples toxic to the larvae, whereas RTgill-W1 cells predicted the toxicity of all 14 toxic samples to the larvae. In addition, embryos and RTgill-W1 cells predicted toxicity in two and six additional samples, respectively, that were nontoxic to larvae. Exposures in hypoosmotic medium significantly increased sensitivity of RTgill-W1 cells to all reference toxicants, excluding benzalkonium chloride, compared to exposures in isosmotic medium and showed toxicity levels similar to that in larvae. Thus, hypoosmotic exposure medium should be considered for aquatic toxicity testing applications. Overall, both gill cell and embryo models predicted toxicity in the majority of wastewater samples toxic to larvae and demonstrated their applicability for regulatory WET testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
- Cove Environmental, 3400 W. Lakeview Rd. Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, United States
| | - Shannon Mortensen
- Cove Environmental, 3400 W. Lakeview Rd. Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, United States
| | - Matteo Minghetti
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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Tralau T, Oelgeschläger M, Kugler J, Bloch D, Braeuning A, Burgdorf T, Marx-Stoelting P, Ritz V, Schmeisser S, Trubiroha A, Zellmer S, Luch A, Schönfelder G, Solecki R, Hensel A. A prospective whole-mixture approach to assess risk of the food and chemical exposome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:463-468. [PMID: 37117676 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many widely used chemicals result in ubiquitous human exposure from multiple sources, including diet. Legislation mainly deals with the toxicological evaluation of single substances owing to a methodological and conceptual lack of alternatives, and does so within defined silos subject to over 40 distinct regulations in the EU alone. Furthermore, much of the research and many of the initiatives concerned with the assessment and evaluation of chemical mixtures and their potential effects on human health rely on retrospective analysis. Here we propose an approach for the prospective identification, assessment and regulation of mixtures relevant to human health. We address two distinct aspects of toxicology-which chemicals actually do occur together, and how potential mixture-related health hazards can be predicted-with an adapted concept of the exposome and large-scale hazard screens. The proactive use of the likelihood of co-exposure, together with the new approach of methods-based testing, may be a timely and feasible way of identifying those substances and mixtures where hazards may have been overlooked and regulatory action is needed. Ideally, we would generate co-exposure patterns for specific consumer groups, depending on lifestyle and dietary habits, to assess the specific risk of identified mixtures.
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De Rentiis AMA, Pink M, Verma N, Schmitz-Spanke S. Assessment of the different skin sensitization potentials of irritants and allergens as single substances and in combination using the KeratinoSens assay. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:317-325. [PMID: 33320367 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People are exposed to mixtures containing allergens and irritants often causing contact dermatitis. Therefore, regulatory authorities require systematic information on the effects of mixtures on the sensitization threshold. In this study a moderate (cinnamal) and a weak (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) allergen were combined with irritants covering different mechanisms of action (sodium dodecyl sulfate, salicylic acid, and α-pinene). For a systematic approach, the single substances were initially tested using the KeratinoSens assay. Thereafter, each allergen was combined with noncytotoxic concentrations of the irritants. METHOD The KeratinoSens assay was applied for the single substances according to OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Test Guideline 442D. Based on these results, three noncytotoxic concentrations of the irritants were selected and applied simultaneously with 12 concentrations of the allergens to the KeratinoSens cells. Sensitization threshold and cytotoxicity were measured and compared with the individual testing. RESULTS The combinations of allergens and irritants differed from the effects of the single substances and lowered the sensitization threshold. The quantitative approach allowed a clear description of the changes which varied by factors between 1.1 and 10.3. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the allergen was the prominent compound in the mixture and its nature appeared to determine the degree of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M A De Rentiis
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Pink
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nisha Verma
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Martin RM, Bereman MS, Marsden KC. BMAA and MCLR interact to modulate behavior and exacerbate molecular changes related to neurodegeneration in larval zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2020; 179:251-261. [PMID: 33295630 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to toxins produced by cyanobacteria (i.e., cyanotoxins) is an emerging health concern due to their increasing prevalence and previous associations with neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of a mixture of two co-occurring cyanotoxins, β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and microcystin leucine and arginine (MCLR), using the larval zebrafish model. We combined high-throughput behavior-based toxicity assays with discovery proteomic techniques to identify behavioral and molecular changes following 6 days of exposure. While neither toxin caused mortality, morphological defects, or altered general locomotor behavior in zebrafish larvae, both toxins increased acoustic startle sensitivity in a dose-dependent manner by at least 40% (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, startle sensitivity was enhanced by an additional 40% in larvae exposed to the BMAA/MCLR mixture relative to those exposed to the individual toxins. Supporting these behavioral results, our proteomic analysis revealed a 4-fold increase in the number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the mixture-exposed group. Additionally, prediction analysis reveals activation and/or inhibition of 8 enriched canonical pathways (enrichment p-value < 0.01; z-score ≥|2|), including ILK, Rho Family GTPase, RhoGDI, and calcium signaling pathways, which have been implicated in neurodegeneration. We also found that expression of TDP-43, of which cytoplasmic aggregates are a hallmark of ALS pathology, was significantly upregulated by 5.7-fold following BMAA/MCLR mixture exposure. Together, our results emphasize the importance of including mixtures of cyanotoxins when investigating the link between environmental cyanotoxins and neurodegeneration as we reveal that BMAA and MCLR interact in vivo to enhance neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia M Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Michael S Bereman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Kurt C Marsden
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Cousins IT, DeWitt JC, Glüge J, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lohmann R, Miller M, Ng CA, Scheringer M, Vierke L, Wang Z. Strategies for grouping per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to protect human and environmental health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1444-1460. [PMID: 32495786 PMCID: PMC7585739 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Grouping strategies are needed for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in part, because it would be time and resource intensive to test and evaluate the more than 4700 PFAS on the global market on a chemical-by-chemical basis. In this paper we review various grouping strategies that could be used to inform actions on these chemicals and outline the motivations, advantages and disadvantages for each. Grouping strategies are subdivided into (1) those based on the intrinsic properties of the PFAS (e.g. persistence, bioaccumulation potential, toxicity, mobility, molecular size) and (2) those that inform risk assessment through estimation of cumulative exposure and/or effects. The most precautionary grouping approach of those reviewed within this article suggests phasing out PFAS based on their high persistence alone (the so-called "P-sufficient" approach). The least precautionary grouping approach reviewed advocates only grouping PFAS for risk assessment that have the same toxicological effects, modes and mechanisms of action, and elimination kinetics, which would need to be well documented across different PFAS. It is recognised that, given jurisdictional differences in chemical assessment philosophies and methodologies, no one strategy will be generally acceptable. The guiding question we apply to the reviewed grouping strategies is: grouping for what purpose? The motivation behind the grouping (e.g. determining use in products vs. setting guideline levels for contaminated environments) may lead to different grouping decisions. This assessment provides the necessary context for grouping strategies such that they can be adopted as they are, or built on further, to protect human and environmental health from potential PFAS-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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He E, Gong B, Qiu H, Van Gestel CAM, Ruan J, Tang Y, Huang X, Xiao X, Li M, Qiu R. Model-based rationalization of mixture toxicity and accumulation in Triticum aestivum upon concurrent exposure to yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121940. [PMID: 31882339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) often co-exist in the environment, but predicting their 'cocktail effects' is still challenging, especially for high-order mixtures with more than two components. Here, we systematically investigated the toxicity and accumulation of yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium mixtures in Triticum aestivum following a standardized bioassay. Toxic effects of mixtures were predicted using the reference model of Concentration Addition (CA), Ternary model, and Ternary-Plus model. Interactions between the REEs in binary and ternary mixtures were determined based on external and internal concentrations, and their magnitude estimated from the parameters deviated from CA. Strong antagonistic interactions were found in the ternary mixtures even though there were no significant interactions in the binary mixtures. Predictive ability increased when using the CA model, Ternary model, and Ternary-Plus model, with R2= 0.78, 0.80, and 0.87 based on external exposure concentrations, and R2= 0.72, 0.73, and 0.79, respectively based on internal concentrations. The bioavailability-based model WHAM-FTOX explained more than 88 % and 85 % of the toxicity of binary and ternary REE treatments, respectively. Our result showed that the Ternary-Plus model and WHAM-FTOX model are promising tools to account for the interaction of REEs in mixtures and could be used for their risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkai He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Bing Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jujun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yetao Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xueying Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Sustainability and Life Cycle Assessment in Industrial Biotechnology: A Review of Current Approaches and Future Needs. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 173:143-203. [PMID: 32227251 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The development and implementation of industrial biotechnology (IB) is associated with high expectations for reductions of environmental impacts and risks, particularly in terms of climate change and fossil resource depletion, positive socioeconomic effects, hopes for new competitive products and processes, and development in rural areas. However, not all products and processes are really advantageous with regard to sustainability criteria, and not all are economically successful and accepted by stakeholders. Sustainability and life cycle assessment can play an important role to assess IB products and processes, often accompanying development processes from the early stages onwards. Such assessments can identify key factors regarding sustainability criteria, enable a determination of both product and process performance, or aid in prospectively estimating such performance and its consequences. Thus, development processes, investment decisions, policymaking, and the communication with stakeholders can be supported. This contribution reviews the field of sustainability and life cycle assessment in IB. We explore relevant literature from a methodical and application perspective and categorise suitable methodologies, methods, and tools. We characterise IB from an assessment perspective and indicate challenges, discuss approaches to address these, and identify possible fields of future research. Thus, students, researchers, and practitioners in the field of IB will obtain an up-to-date overview, references to relevant fields of literature, and guidance for own studies in this important and fast-emerging topic.
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Zoupa M, Zwart EP, Gremmer ER, Nugraha A, Compeer S, Slob W, van der Ven LTM. Dose addition in chemical mixtures inducing craniofacial malformations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111117. [PMID: 31927004 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A challenge in cumulative risk assessment is to model hazard of mixtures. EFSA proposed to only combine chemicals linked to a defined endpoint, in so-called cumulative assessment groups, and use the dose-addition model as a default to predict combined effects. We investigated the effect of binary mixtures of compounds known to cause craniofacial malformations, by assessing the effect in the head skeleton (M-PQ angle) in 120hpf zebrafish embryos. We combined chemicals with similar mode of action (MOA), i.e. the triazoles cyproconazole, triadimefon and flusilazole; next, reference compounds cyproconazole or triadimefon were combined with dissimilar acting compounds, TCDD, thiram, VPA, prochloraz, fenpropimorph, PFOS, or endosulfan. These mixtures were designed as (near) equipotent combinations of the contributing compounds, in a range of cumulative concentrations. Dose-addition was assessed by evaluation of the overlap of responses of each of the 14 tested binary mixtures with those of the single compounds. All 10 test compounds induced an increase of the M-PQ angle, with varying potency and specificity. Mixture responses as predicted by dose-addition did not deviate from the observed responses, supporting dose-addition as a valid assumption for mixture risk assessment. Importantly, dose-addition was found irrespective of MOA of contributing chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zoupa
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Attika, 44561, Greece
| | - Edwin P Zwart
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ananditya Nugraha
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sharon Compeer
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wout Slob
- Department of Food Safety, Center for Food, Prevention and Care, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Leo T M van der Ven
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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13
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Montalvão MF, Chagas TQ, Gabriela da Silva Alvarez T, Mesak C, Pereira da Costa Araújo A, Gomes AR, Emmanuela de Andrade Vieira J, Rocha TL, Malafaia G. Cigarette butt leachate as a risk factor to the health of freshwater bivalve. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:379-387. [PMID: 31228840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity caused by smoking to human health has been demonstrated in several scientific studies. However, little attention has been given to damages caused to aquatic biota when cigarette butts (CB) are disposed of on water surface. Thus, the main aim of the current study is to evaluate the behavioural toxicity of cigarette butt leachates (CBL) in freshwater bivalve species Anodontites trapesialis exposed to different environmentally-relevant dilutions (CBL1x = 1.375%, CBL10x: 13.75%). There were significant CBL effects on the burrowing performance of the evaluated bivalves, after 14 exposure days. Animals exposed to CBL presented higher latency to foot emission and to start the burrowing process, as well as larger number of cycles required for burial. In addition, there were lower burrowing angle and burrowing rate index in CBL-exposed bivalves than in the unexposed ones. Chemical analyses performed on the muscle tissues of animals exposed to both CBL dilutions evidenced the bioaccumulation of several metals at high concentrations in CBL (Cr, Ni, Pb, Mn, Zn and Na); this outcome enabled associating these metals with behavioural changes observed in CBL-exposed groups. Thus, the current study firstly reports that even highly-diluted CBL concentrations can induce behavioural changes in freshwater bivalves, as well as that CBL extrapolation to natural environments can lead to several damages to the fitness of living organisms and to the dynamics of their population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Flores Montalvão
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Thales Quintão Chagas
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Tenilce Gabriela da Silva Alvarez
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Carlos Mesak
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira da Costa Araújo
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Alex Rodrigues Gomes
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-graduation Program in Cerrado Natural Resource Conservation and Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil; Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, GO, Brazil.
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14
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Molecular Biology-Based Analysis of the Interactive Effect of Nickel and Xanthates on Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Structure. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11143888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metals and mineral flotation collector’s toxicity to the soil living system greatly compromise the sustainability of mining and ore processing. Their effects on the soil microbial community, the most active soil component, remain less understood and addressed particularly with regards to xanthates and their combination with metals. This study analyzed the interactive effects of Ni and xanthates, potassium ethyl xanthate and sodium isopropyl xanthate, on the soil bacterial community through an efficient molecular biology-based technique, the Miseq (Illumina). Both soil microbial community diversity and structure were more affected by xanthates than by Ni. The five most dominant phyla, representing 96.31% of the whole bacterial community, comprised Proteobacteria (54.16%), Firmicutes (17.51%), Actinobacteria (15.59%), Acidobacteria (4.87%), and Chloroflexi (4.16%). Different soil treatments exhibited greater difference in the species abundance/dominance than in the species numbers. Proteobacteria was the most dominant in the presence of xanthates, individually or in mixtures with nickel, while Firmicutes exhibited its highest proportion in the Ni/xanthate-treated samples. The most abundant and proportionally different bacterial species between different treatments were presented. The most abundant bacterial strains identified should be explored more for their potential application in biomining and for the prediction and biologically-based treatment and remediation of Ni and xanthate-contaminated systems.
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Bopp SK, Kienzler A, Richarz AN, van der Linden SC, Paini A, Parissis N, Worth AP. Regulatory assessment and risk management of chemical mixtures: challenges and ways forward. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:174-189. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1579169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aude Kienzler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Andrew P. Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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16
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Ahmed KEM, Frøysa HG, Karlsen OA, Blaser N, Zimmer KE, Berntsen HF, Verhaegen S, Ropstad E, Kellmann R, Goksøyr A. Effects of defined mixtures of POPs and endocrine disruptors on the steroid metabolome of the human H295R adrenocortical cell line. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:328-339. [PMID: 30476764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of environmental pollutants in our ecosystem may impose harmful health effects to wildlife and humans. Several of these toxic chemicals have a potential to interfere with the endocrine system. The adrenal cortex has been identified as the main target organ affected by endocrine disrupting chemicals. The aim of this work was to assess exposure effects of defined and environmentally relevant mixtures of chlorinated, brominated and perfluorinated chemicals on steroidogenesis, using the H295R adrenocortical cell line model in combination with a newly developed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. By using this approach, we could simultaneously analyze 19 of the steroids in the steroid biosynthesis pathway, revealing a deeper insight into possible disruption of steroidogenesis. Our results showed a noticeable down-regulation in steroid production when cells were exposed to the highest concentration of a mixture of brominated and fluorinated compounds (10,000-times human blood values). In contrast, up-regulation was observed with estrone under the same experimental condition, as well as with some other steroids when cells were exposed to a perfluorinated mixture (1000-times human blood values), and the mixture of chlorinated and fluorinated compounds. Interestingly, the low concentration of the perfluorinated mixture alone produced a significant, albeit small, down-regulation of pregnenolone, and the total mixture a similar effect on 17-hydroxypregnenolone. Other mixtures resulted in only slight deviations from the control. Indication of synergistic effects were noted when we used a statistical model to improve data interpretation. A potential for adverse outcomes of human exposures is indicated, pointing to the need for further investigation into these mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Håvard G Frøysa
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Nello Blaser
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Karin Elisabeth Zimmer
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146 Dep. N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hanne Friis Berntsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146 Dep. N-0033, Oslo, Norway; Department of Administration, Lab Animal Unit, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 5330 Majorstuen, N-0304, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Steven Verhaegen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146 Dep. N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 8146 Dep. N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ralf Kellmann
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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17
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McCarty LS, Borgert CJ, Posthuma L. The regulatory challenge of chemicals in the environment: Toxicity testing, risk assessment, and decision-making models. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:289-295. [PMID: 30291878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental assessment for chemicals relies on models of fate, exposure, toxicity, risk, and impacts. Together, these models should provide scientific support for regulatory risk management decision-making, assuming that progress through the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy is both appropriate and sufficient. Improving existing regulatory processes necessitates continuing enhancement of interpretation and evaluation of key data for use in decision-making schemes, including ecotoxicity testing data, physical-chemical properties, and environmental fate processes. Yet, as environmental objectives also increase in scope and sophistication to encompass a safe chemical economy, testing, risk assessment, and decision-making are subject to additional complexity due to the ongoing interaction between science and policy models. Problems associated with existing design and implementation choices in science and policy have both limited needed development beyond chemo-centric environmental risk assessment modeling and constrained needed improvements in environmental decision-making. Without a thorough understanding of either the scientific foundations or the disparate evaluation processes for validation, quality, and relevance, this results in complex technical and philosophical problems that increase costs and decrease productivity. Both over- and under-management of chemicals are consequences of failure to validate key model assumptions, unjustified standardized views on data selection, and inordinate reification (i.e., abstract concepts are wrongly treated as facts).
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Affiliation(s)
- L S McCarty
- Scientific Research & Consulting, Newmarket, ON, L3X 3E2, Canada.
| | - C J Borgert
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology, Inc., Gainesville, FL, 32605, USA.
| | - L Posthuma
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), NL-3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Environmental Science, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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18
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Levine SL, Borgert CJ. Review and recommendations on criteria to evaluate the relevance of pesticide interaction data for ecological risk assessments. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:124-136. [PMID: 29920410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixing pesticides with different modes of action can provide a wider spectrum of control with fewer applications compared to using single active ingredients and is essential for comprehensive management of pest resistance. Mixture studies with pesticides are performed to assess compatibility, combined efficacy, and potential for toxicological interactions that damage crops. The purpose of this paper is to review and recommend previously published scientific criteria for evaluating the quality, relevance and interpretability of data on toxicological interactions and to demonstrate a methodology for applying them objectively to mixtures studies used in ecological risk assessment. The recommended criteria reflect the consensus of the literature on interaction analysis from decades of research in pharmacology and toxicology and are broadly applicable to mixtures of drugs, pesticides, industrial chemicals and food additives. They are useful for researchers who design and analyze interaction studies, for risk assessors who use interaction data in risk assessments, and for those who make risk management decisions pertaining to pesticides. This paper describes our methodology for assessing data on the combined activity of pesticides and then discusses how to interpret such data in the context of an ecological risk assessment. Examples have been drawn primarily from studies with herbicides and nontarget plants, and several example analyses have been included that can inform whether mixture data are sufficiently reliable and relevant for use in regulatory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Levine
- Global Regulatory Sciences, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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19
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Guyader ME, Warren LD, Green E, Bertram R, Proudian AP, Kiesling RL, Schoenfuss HL, Higgins CP. Trace organic contaminant (TOrC) mixtures in Minnesota littoral zones: Effects of on-site wastewater treatment system (OWTS) proximity and biological impact. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:1157-1166. [PMID: 29898522 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
On-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) are an international wastewater management strategy for rural and semi-rural communities without access to centralized sewage treatment. These systems are a suspected source of trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) that may be responsible for endocrine disrupting effects to resident fish species in Minnesota Lakes. This study assessed localized porewater concentrations of TOrCs in near-shore environments across five Minnesota Lakes. Sampling sites were designated as either likely (HOME) or unlikely (REF) to receive OWTS discharges based on their proximity to shoreline households. Sampling sites also served as sunfish spawning habitats concurrently studied for biological impacts to resident adult males. Two-group hypothesis tests demonstrated significantly (p = .02) higher total TOrC concentrations in HOME (Mean = 841 ng/L) versus REF (Mean = 222 ng/L) sites. HOME sites also contained a wider suite of TOrC detections relative to REF sites. The distance to the nearest household (most proximal distance; MPD) negatively correlated (r = -0.62) with total TOrC concentrations. However, 2,4-D and DEET were major contributors to these total concentrations, suggesting that anthropogenic influence from households may not be exclusively attributed to OWTS discharges. Further, TOrC presence and elevated nitrogen concentrations in REF site porewater suggest additional, non-household TOrC discharges to these lakes. Significantly higher blood concentrations of vitellogenin (p = .03) and 11-ketotestosterone (p = .01) were observed in adult male sunfish captured from HOME versus REF sites. Comparisons between chemical and biological data indicate enhanced bioactive effects of co-contaminants. The findings from this study demonstrate multiple diffuse transport pathways contribute to the presence of biologically active TOrC mixtures in Minnesota Lakes, and mitigation efforts should consider minimizing residential inputs of chemicals associated with both outdoor and OWTS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E Guyader
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Les D Warren
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, WSB-273, 720 Fourth Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, United States
| | - Emily Green
- Chemical Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Riley Bertram
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, WSB-273, 720 Fourth Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, United States
| | - Andrew P Proudian
- Department of Applied Physics, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO 80401, United States
| | - Richard L Kiesling
- U.S. Geological Survey, 2280 Woodale Drive, Mounds View, MN 55112, United States
| | - Heiko L Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, WSB-273, 720 Fourth Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, CO 80401, United States.
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20
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Moore MN, Wedderburn RJ, Clarke KR, McFadzen IRB, Lowe DM, Readman JW. Emergent synergistic lysosomal toxicity of chemical mixtures in molluscan blood cells (hemocytes). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:1006-1014. [PMID: 29751396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The problem of effective assessment of risk posed by complex mixtures of toxic chemicals in the environment is a major challenge for government regulators and industry. The biological effect of the individual contaminants, where these are known, can be measured; but the problem lies in relating toxicity to the multiple constituents of contaminant cocktails. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that diverse contaminant mixtures may cause a greater toxicity than the sum of their individual parts, due to synergistic interactions between contaminants with different intracellular targets. Lysosomal membrane stability in hemocytes from marine mussels was used for in vitro toxicity tests; and was coupled with analysis using the isobole method and a linear additive statistical model. The findings from both methods have shown significant emergent synergistic interactions between environmentally relevant chemicals (i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, biocides and a surfactant) when exposed to isolated hemocytes as a mixture of 3 & 7 constituents. The results support the complexity-based hypothesis that emergent toxicity occurs with increasing contaminant diversity, and raises questions about the validity of estimating toxicity of contaminant mixtures based on the additive toxicity of single components. Further experimentation is required to investigate the potential for interactive effects in mixtures with more constituents (e.g., 50-100) at more environmentally realistic concentrations in order to test other regions of the model, namely, very low concentrations and high diversity. Estimated toxicant diversity coupled with tests for lysosomal damage may provide a potential tool for determining the toxicity of estuarine sediments, dredge spoil or contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Moore
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK; University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), Truro, TR1 3HD, UK; University of Plymouth, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - R J Wedderburn
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - K R Clarke
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - I R B McFadzen
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK; University of Plymouth, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - D M Lowe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - J W Readman
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK; University of Plymouth, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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21
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Wang Y, Wu S, Chen J, Zhang C, Xu Z, Li G, Cai L, Shen W, Wang Q. Single and joint toxicity assessment of four currently used pesticides to zebrafish (Danio rerio) using traditional and molecular endpoints. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:14-23. [PMID: 29091792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides usually present in mixtures in surface waters, although they are traditionally regulated on an individual basis in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we aimed to investigate the lethal and transcriptional responses of individual and combined pesticides (iprodione, pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin and acetamiprid) on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Semi-static toxicity test indicated that the greatest toxicity to the four life stages (embryonic, larval, juvenile and adult stages) of D. rerio was detected from pyraclostrobin, followed by iprodione and pyrimethanil. In contrast, the lowest toxicity to the organisms was found from acetamiprid. Most of the selected pesticides exerted greater toxicities to D. rerio of embryonic stage compared with other life stages. Synergistic responses were observed from all binary mixtures of iprodione in combination with pyrimethanil or acetamiprid and ternary mixtures of iprodione+pyraclostrobin in combination with pyrimethanil or acetamiprid. The expressions of 16 genes related to cell apoptosis pathway, oxidative stress response, innate immunity and endocrine disruption at the mRNA level showed that zebrafish embryos were affected by the individual or combined pesticides. The expressions of P53, Tnf, TRβ, Tsh and Cyp19a exhibited greater changes upon exposure to combined pesticides compared with individual pesticides. Taken together, increased toxicity might be triggered by the simultaneous presence of several pesticides in the aquatic environment, which seriously damaged the non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenggan Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jine Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenlan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weifeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Horzmann KA, de Perre C, Lee LS, Whelton AJ, Freeman JL. Comparative analytical and toxicological assessment of methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM) mixtures associated with the Elk River chemical spill. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:599-607. [PMID: 28917212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
On January 9, 2014, a chemical mixture containing crude methylcyclohexanemethanol (MCHM) contaminated the water supply of Charleston, West Virginia. Although the mixture was later identified as a mix of crude MCHM and stripped propylene glycol phenyl ethers, initial risk assessment focused on 4-MCHM, the predominant component of crude MCHM. The mixture's exact composition and the toxicity differences between 4-MCHM, crude MCHM, and the tank mixture were unknown. We analyzed the chemical composition of crude MCHM and the tank mixture via GC/MS and, based on identified spectra, found that crude MCHM and the tank mixture differed in chemical composition. To evaluate acute developmental toxicity, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 parts per million (ppm; mg/L) of 4-MCHM, crude MCHM, or the tank mixture. The percent mortality and percent hatch, larval morphology alterations, and larval visual motor response test were used to establish toxicity profiles for each of the chemicals or mixtures. The acute toxicity differed between 4-MCHM, crude MCHM and the tank mixture with significant differences in survival, hatching, morphology, and locomotion at levels as low as the short-term screening level of 1 ppm, suggesting a need for further research into human health risks. This study is the first to evaluate the developmental toxicity of the tank mixture and highlights that studies evaluating risk should not assume the effects of 4-MCHM or crude MCHM are representative of the Tank 396 mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe de Perre
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer L Freeman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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McCarty LS, Borgert CJ. Comment on "Mode of Action (MOA) Assignment Classifications for Ecotoxicology: An Evaluation of Approaches". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13509-13510. [PMID: 29120618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S McCarty
- L.S. McCarty Scientific Research & Consulting , Newmarket, ON L3X 3E2, Canada
| | - Christopher J Borgert
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology, Inc. , Gainesville, Florida 32605, United States
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Kienzler A, Barron MG, Belanger SE, Beasley A, Embry MR. Response to "Comment on 'Mode of Action (MOA) Assignment Classifications for Ecotoxicology: An Evaluation of Approaches'". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13511-13512. [PMID: 29120622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kienzler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials; F.3 Chemicals Safety & Alternative Methods, TP 126, Via E. Fermi, 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - M G Barron
- United States Environmental Protection Agency , Gulf Ecology Division, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, United States
| | - S E Belanger
- The Procter & Gamble Company , Global Product Stewardship, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45050, United States
| | - A Beasley
- The Dow Chemical Company , 1803 Building, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - M R Embry
- International Life Sciences Institute Health and Environmental Sciences Institute , 1156 15th Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20005, United States
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25
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Bararunyeretse P, Ji H, Yao J. Toxicity of nickel to soil microbial community with and without the presence of its mineral collectors-a calorimetric approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15134-15147. [PMID: 28497332 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of nickel and three of its main collectors, sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), sodium ethyl xanthate (SEX), and potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX) to soil microbial activity, was analyzed, individually and as a binary combination of nickel and each of the collectors. The investigation was performed through the microcalorimetric analysis method. For the single chemicals, all power-time curves exhibited lag, exponential, stationary, and death phases of microbial growth. Different parameters exhibited a significant adverse effect of the analyzed chemicals on soil microbial activity, with a positive relationship between the inhibitory ratio and the chemical dose (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). A peak power reduction level of 24.23% was noted for 50 μg g-1 soil in the case of Ni while for the mineral collectors, only 5 μg g-1 soil and 50 μg g-1 soil induced a peak power reduction level of over 35 and 50%, respectively, in general. The inhibitory ratio ranged in the following order: PEX > SEX > SIPX > Ni. Similar behavior was observed with the mixture toxicity whose inhibitory ratio substantially decreased (maximum decrease of 38.35%) and slightly increased (maximum increase of 15.34%), in comparison with the single toxicity of mineral collectors and nickel, respectively. The inhibitory ratio of the mixture toxicity was positively correlated (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) with the total dose of the mixture. In general, the lesser and higher toxic effects are those of mixtures containing SIPX and PEX, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence Bararunyeretse
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering and National International Cooperation Base on Environmental and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongbing Ji
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering and National International Cooperation Base on Environmental and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, 100083, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of water resource and Environment Engineering, Sino-Hungarian Joint laboratory of Environmental Science and Health, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Panizzi S, Suciu NA, Trevisan M. Combined ecotoxicological risk assessment in the frame of European authorization of pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:136-146. [PMID: 28012656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are frequently exposed to mixtures of chemical contaminants in the environment, causing a potential "cocktail effect", or combined effect. The joint action of different molecules with similar or different modes of action could result in a potentially unlimited number of additives, synergistic or antagonistic combinations. Since the large number of contaminants makes it impossible to perform ecotoxicity tests for each potential mixture, a robust approach for prospective environmental risk assessment of chemical mixtures is needed. A number of recent publications by the European Commission and the authorities in charge prove the increasing interest that is spreading in the European community towards the topic of the assessment of chemical mixtures. The current EU regulation for Plant Protection Products authorization (Reg. 1107/2009 EC) explicitly requires the evaluation of the potential combined effects of active substances. We reviewed current methods and limitations of mixture assessment of pesticides (7 fungicides and 4 herbicides) through the analysis of the approaches adopted to investigate possible risks for different non-target organisms. The Concentration Addition (CA) approach was the most used approach to predict multiple toxicity to non-target organisms. The guidance for birds and mammals first introduced standard procedures to assess the multiple toxicity based on on CA concept. The recent aquatic EFSA guidance introduced some requirements to evaluate potential mixture toxicity, while the current guidance requirements for terrestrial organisms still lack clear indications on how to conduct the assessment. Moreover, new indications come from the draft guidance for the assessment of terrestrial plants and in-soil organisms. However, the approval and implementation of these new guidelines are still at a developmental stage. Some final considerations are drawn on the future possibilities to improve risk assessment procedures so as to identify harmful effects of pesticides mixtures on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Panizzi
- Istituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Nicoleta Alina Suciu
- Istituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Istituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Du Y, Wu QY, Lu Y, Hu HY, Yang Y, Liu R, Liu F. Increase of cytotoxicity during wastewater chlorination: Impact factors and surrogates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:681-690. [PMID: 27889183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic and harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were formed during wastewater chlorination. It was recently suggested that cytotoxicity to mammalian cells reflects risks posed by chlorinated wastewater. Here, ATP assays were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. Chlorination significantly increased cytotoxicity of treated wastewater. Factors affecting cytotoxicity formation during wastewater chlorination were investigated. Quenching with sodium thiosulfate and ascorbic acid decreased the formed cytotoxicity, while ammonium kept the cytotoxicity stable. The chlorine dose required for the maximum cytotoxicity increase was dramatically affected by DOC and ammonia concentrations. The maximum cytotoxicity increase, defined as the cytotoxicity formation potential (CtFP), occurred when wastewater was treated for 48h with a chlorine dose of 2·DOC+11·NH3N+10 (mg-Cl2/L). During chlorination, the amounts of AOX formation was found to be significantly correlated with cytotoxicity formation when no DBPs were destroyed. AOX formation could be used as a surrogate to estimate cytotoxicity increase during wastewater chlorination. Besides, the CtFP of 14 treated wastewater samples was assessed ranged from 5.4-20.4mg-phenol/L. The CtFP could be estimated from UV254 of treated wastewater because CtFP and UV254 were strongly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Department of Environment in Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314006, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Solhaug A, Karlsøen L, Holme J, Kristoffersen A, Eriksen G. Immunomodulatory effects of individual and combined mycotoxins in the THP-1 cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:120-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Varona-Uribe ME, Torres-Rey CH, Díaz-Criollo S, Palma-Parra RM, Narváez DM, Carmona SP, Briceño L, Idrovo AJ. Exposure to pesticide mixtures and DNA damage among rice field workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2016; 71:3-9. [PMID: 24972111 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2014.910489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the use of pesticides mixtures and their potential association with comet assay results in 223 rice field workers in Colombia. Thirty-one pesticides were quantified in blood, serum, and urine (15 organochlorines, 10 organophosphorus, 5 carbamates, and ethylenethiourea), and the comet assay was performed. Twenty-four (77.42%) pesticides were present in the workers. The use of the maximum-likelihood factor analysis identified 8 different mixtures. Afterwards, robust regressions were used to explore associations between the factors identified and the comet assay. Two groups of mixtures--α-benzene hexachloride (α-BHC), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and β-BHC (β: 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.33-2.10) and pirimiphos-methyl, malathion, bromophos-methyl, and bromophos-ethyl (β: 11.97, 95% CI: 2.34-21.60)--were associated with a higher percentage of DNA damage and comet tail length, respectively. The findings suggest that exposure to pesticides varies greatly among rice field workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos H Torres-Rey
- b Grupo de Salud Ocupacional y del Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Salud , Bogotá , DC , Colombia
| | - Sonia Díaz-Criollo
- b Grupo de Salud Ocupacional y del Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Salud , Bogotá , DC , Colombia
| | - Ruth Marien Palma-Parra
- b Grupo de Salud Ocupacional y del Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Salud , Bogotá , DC , Colombia
| | - Diana María Narváez
- c Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Universidad de los Andes , Bogotá , DC , Colombia
| | | | - Leonardo Briceño
- a Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , DC , Colombia
| | - Alvaro J Idrovo
- e Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander , Bucaramanga , Colombia
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30
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Gauthier PT, Norwood WP, Prepas EE, Pyle GG. Metal-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixture Toxicity in Hyalella azteca. 1. Response Surfaces and Isoboles To Measure Non-additive Mixture Toxicity and Ecological Risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11772-11779. [PMID: 26308277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occur ubiquitously in aquatic environments, yet relatively little is known regarding their potential to produce non-additive toxicity (i.e., antagonism or potentiation). A review of the lethality of metal-PAH mixtures in aquatic biota revealed that more-than-additive lethality is as common as strictly additive effects. Approaches to ecological risk assessment do not consider non-additive toxicity of metal-PAH mixtures. Forty-eight-hour water-only binary mixture toxicity experiments were conducted to determine the additive toxic nature of mixtures of Cu, Cd, V, or Ni with phenanthrene (PHE) or phenanthrenequinone (PHQ) using the aquatic amphipod Hyalella azteca. In cases where more-than-additive toxicity was observed, we calculated the possible mortality rates at Canada's environmental water quality guideline concentrations. We used a three-dimensional response surface isobole model-based approach to compare the observed co-toxicity in juvenile amphipods to predicted outcomes based on concentration addition or effects addition mixtures models. More-than-additive lethality was observed for all Cu-PHE, Cu-PHQ, and several Cd-PHE, Cd-PHQ, and Ni-PHE mixtures. Our analysis predicts Cu-PHE, Cu-PHQ, Cd-PHE, and Cd-PHQ mixtures at the Canadian Water Quality Guideline concentrations would produce 7.5%, 3.7%, 4.4% and 1.4% mortality, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Gauthier
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University , Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Warren P Norwood
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada , Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7S 1A1
| | - Ellie E Prepas
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University , Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
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Bianchi J, Cabral-de-Mello DC, Marin-Morales MA. Toxicogenetic effects of low concentrations of the pesticides imidacloprid and sulfentrazone individually and in combination in in vitro tests with HepG2 cells and Salmonella typhimurium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:174-183. [PMID: 26074310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide imidacloprid and the herbicide sulfentrazone are two different classes of pesticides that are used for pest control in sugarcane agriculture. To evaluate the genotoxic potential of low concentrations of these two pesticides alone and in mixture, the comet assay and the micronucleus (MN) test employing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a centromeric probe were applied in human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2), in a 24-h assay. Mutagenicity was assessed by Salmonella/microsome assay with TA98 and TA100 strains in the absence and presence of an exogenous metabolizing system (S9). The results showed significant inductions of MN in HepG2 cells by both pesticides, for all the tested concentrations. As evidenced in the comet assay, only the imidacloprid presented significant responses. When the two pesticides were associated, a significant induction of damage was observed in the HepG2 cells by the comet assay, but not by the MN test. Moreover, the MN induced by the mixtures of the pesticides appeared at lower levels than those induced by sulfentrazone and imidacloprid when tested alone. According to the FISH results, the damage induced by imidacloprid in the HepG2 cells resulted from a clastogenic action of this insecticide (76.6% of the MN did not present a centromeric signal). For the herbicide sulfentrazone and for the mixture of the pesticides, a similar frequency of MN with and without the presence of the centromeric signal (herbicide: 52.45% of the MN without centromeric signal and 47.54% of the MN with centromeric signal; mixture: 48.71% of the MN without centromeric signal and 51.42% of the MN with centromeric signal) was verified. Based on these results, it was concluded that each one of the pesticides evaluated interacts with the DNA of HepG2 cells and causes irreparable alterations in the cells. However, the combination of the pesticides showed an antagonistic effect on the cells and the damage induced was milder and not persistent in HepG2 cells. The results obtained by the Ames test did not point out significant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Bianchi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Cavalcanti Cabral-de-Mello
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, São Paulo CEP 13506-900, Brazil.
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Data quality and relevance in ecotoxicity: The undocumented influences of model assumptions and modifying factors on aquatic toxicity dose metrics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:552-61. [PMID: 26343167 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A model-based approach using hypothetical organic chemicals examines how aquatic toxicity test results are influenced by toxicity modifying factors such as hydrophobicity, exposure duration, body size, lipid content, mode of toxic action (via Critical Body Residue differences), and metabolic degradation. Differences of up to one to three orders of magnitude were identified for modeled LC50s. Dominance of CBR by low log Kow chemicals can cause further influences. Such differences cause significant changes in the relationship between exposure- and organism-based doses and create substantial difficulties for both interpretation of test results and extrapolation to other laboratory or field exposure conditions. The resulting variability is not readily evident in toxicity testing as insufficient data are collected to validate fundamental assumptions. Consequently, results obtained with standard aquatic toxicity test protocols do not yield consistent, comparable measures of relative toxicity and are inappropriate for quantitative toxicology and risk applications. The substantial uncertainties in testing results created by such undocumented variability must also be given serious consideration in data quality and relevance assessments. Necessary improvements in aquatic toxicity testing methodology should include explicit estimation of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics and routine validation of toxicological model assumptions.
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Kamo M, Yokomizo H. Explanation of non-additive effects in mixtures of similar mode of action chemicals. Toxicology 2015; 335:20-6. [PMID: 26134580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many models have been developed to predict the combined effect of drugs and chemicals. Most models are classified into two additive models: independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA). It is generally considered if the modes of action of chemicals are similar then the combined effect obeys CA; however, many empirical studies report nonlinear effects deviating from the predictions by CA. Such deviations are termed synergism and antagonism. Synergism, which leads to a stronger toxicity, requires more careful management, and hence it is important to understand how and which combinations of chemicals lead to synergism. In this paper, three types of chemical reactions are mathematically modeled and the cause of the nonlinear effects among chemicals with similar modes of action was investigated. Our results show that combined effects obey CA only when the modes of action are exactly the same. Contrary to existing knowledge, combined effects are generally nonlinear even if the modes of action of the chemicals are similar. Our results further show that the nonlinear effects vanish out when the chemical concentrations are low, suggesting that the current management procedure of assuming CA is rarely inappropriate because environmental concentrations of chemicals are generally low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kamo
- National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yokomizo
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Meyer JS, Farley KJ, Garman ER. Metal mixtures modeling evaluation project: 1. Background. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:726-740. [PMID: 25353683 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite more than 5 decades of aquatic toxicity tests conducted with metal mixtures, there is still a need to understand how metals interact in mixtures and to predict their toxicity more accurately than what is currently done. The present study provides a background for understanding the terminology, regulatory framework, qualitative and quantitative concepts, experimental approaches, and visualization and data-analysis methods for chemical mixtures, with an emphasis on bioavailability and metal-metal interactions in mixtures of waterborne metals. In addition, a Monte Carlo-type randomization statistical approach to test for nonadditive toxicity is presented, and an example with a binary-metal toxicity data set demonstrates the challenge involved in inferring statistically significant nonadditive toxicity. This background sets the stage for the toxicity results, data analyses, and bioavailability models related to metal mixtures that are described in the remaining articles in this special section from the Metal Mixture Modeling Evaluation project and workshop. It is concluded that although qualitative terminology such as additive and nonadditive toxicity can be useful to convey general concepts, failure to expand beyond that limited perspective could impede progress in understanding and predicting metal mixture toxicity. Instead of focusing on whether a given metal mixture causes additive or nonadditive toxicity, effort should be directed to develop models that can accurately predict the toxicity of metal mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA; ARCADIS US, Lakewood, Colorado, USA
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Abstract
In saturation diving, divers stay under pressure until most of their tissues are saturated with breathing gas. Divers spend a long time in isolation exposed to increased partial pressure of oxygen, potentially toxic gases, bacteria, and bubble formation during decompression combined with shift work and long periods of relative inactivity. Hyperoxia may lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that interact with cell structures, causing damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid. Vascular gas-bubble formation and hyperoxia may lead to dysfunction of the endothelium. The antioxidant status of the diver is an important mechanism in the protection against injury and is influenced both by diet and genetic factors. The factors mentioned above may lead to production of heat shock proteins (HSP) that also may have a negative effect on endothelial function. On the other hand, there is a great deal of evidence that HSPs may also have a "conditioning" effect, thus protecting against injury. As people age, their ability to produce antioxidants decreases. We do not currently know the capacity for antioxidant defense, but it is reasonable to assume that it has a limit. Many studies have linked ROS to disease states such as cancer, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis as well as to old age. However, ROS are also involved in a number of protective mechanisms, for instance immune defense, antibacterial action, vascular tone, and signal transduction. Low-grade oxidative stress can increase antioxidant production. While under pressure, divers change depth frequently. After such changes and at the end of the dive, divers must follow procedures to decompress safely. Decompression sickness (DCS) used to be one of the major causes of injury in saturation diving. Improved decompression procedures have significantly reduced the number of reported incidents; however, data indicate considerable underreporting of injuries. Furthermore, divers who are required to return to the surface quickly are under higher risk of serious injury as no adequate decompression procedures for such situations are available. Decompression also leads to the production of endothelial microparticles that may reduce endothelial function. As good endothelial function is a documented indicator of health that can be influenced by regular exercise, regular physical exercise is recommended for saturation divers. Nowadays, saturation diving is a reasonably safe and well controlled method for working under water. Until now, no long-term impact on health due to diving has been documented. However, we still have limited knowledge about the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved. In particular we know little about the effect of long exposure to hyperoxia and microparticles on the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alf O Brubakk
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Adeyemi JA, Adewale OO, Oguma AY. Mortality, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell, exposed to lead and cypermethrin. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:529-533. [PMID: 24292780 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, juvenile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were exposed to 2 mg/L Pb, 0.5 μg/L cypermethrin, or both for 96 h. Survival ranged from 100% in both treatments without cypermethrin, to 50% in fish exposed to cypermethrin only or the mixture. There were significant decreases in liver lysozyme, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and alanine aminotransferase activities in fish exposed to cypermethrin or the mixture. Liver aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) showed a significant reduction after exposure to Pb or cypermethrin alone, and the effect of the mixture on AST was additive or potentially synergistic. Liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) was increased in fish exposed to the mixture compared to those exposed to cypermethrin only, indicating that Pb presence enhanced LPO caused by cypermethrin. Our study demonstrates the potential for toxic interaction between Pb and cypermethrin in fish and suggests that due to the varying responses to contaminant mixtures in our study, researchers should consider using a variety of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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37
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Schnug L, Leinaas HP, Jensen J. Synergistic sub-lethal effects of a biocide mixture on the springtail Folsomia fimetaria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 186:158-64. [PMID: 24374376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of three biocides, esfenvalerate, picoxystrobin and triclosan, on adult survival and recruitment of juveniles was studied in the springtail Folsomia fimetaria, both in single and mixture experiments. Recruitment of juveniles was more sensitive to biocide exposure than adult survival. The concepts of concentration addition and independent action returned almost identical toxicity predictions, though both models failed to predict the observed toxicity due to synergistic deviations at high exposure concentrations. A comparison with a similar study on earthworms showed that response-patterns were species-specific. Consequently, there is no single reference concept which is applicable for all species of one ecosystem, which in turn questions the usefulness of such mixture prediction concepts in ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Schnug
- Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Frederik A. Dahl Vei 20, NO-1430 Ås, Norway; Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Hans Petter Leinaas
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - John Jensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
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Fàbrega F, Marquès M, Ginebreda A, Kuzmanovic M, Barceló D, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Nadal M. Integrated Risk Index of Chemical Aquatic Pollution (IRICAP): case studies in Iberian rivers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 1:187-196. [PMID: 23810233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The hazard of chemical compounds can be prioritized according to their PBT (persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity) properties by using Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). The objective of the present study was to develop an Integrated Risk Index of Chemical Aquatic Pollution (IRICAP), useful to evaluate the risk associated to the exposure of chemical mixtures contained in river waters. Four Spanish river basins were considered as case-studies: Llobregat, Ebro, Jucar and Guadalquivir. A SOM-based hazard index (HI) was estimated for 205 organic compounds. IRICAP was calculated as the product of the HI by the concentration of each pollutant, and the results of all substances were aggregated. Finally, Pareto distribution was applied to the ranked lists of compounds in each site to prioritize those chemicals with the most significant incidence on the IRICAP. According to the HI outcomes, perfluoroalkyl substances, as well as specific illicit drugs and UV filters, were among the most hazardous compounds. Xylazine was identified as one of the chemicals with the highest contribution to the total IRICAP value in the different river basins, together with other pharmaceutical products such as loratadine and azaperol. These organic compounds should be proposed as target chemicals in the implementation of monitoring programs by regulatory organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Fàbrega
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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39
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Scientific Opinion on the relevance of dissimilar mode of action and its appropriate application for cumulative risk assessment of pesticides residues in food. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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40
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Chen H, Yao J, Wang F, Cai M, Liu H. Toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid to Pseudomonas putida in the aquatic environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 262:726-731. [PMID: 24140521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds are potential persistent organic pollutants which attracted much concerns in recent years. Thus relevant toxicity data of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are vitally important for identification of possible risk in the aquatic environment. In the present study, the acute toxic effect of PFOA in the absence and presence of either chromium (III) or tetra butyl ammonium (TBA) towards Pseudomonas putida in the aquatic environment was investigated by microcalorimetry. The thermokinetic parameters including growth rate constant (k), inhibitory ratio, and half inhibitory concentration, were calculated and compared using the data obtained from the power-time curves. Our work revealed the toxicity of PFOA under three experimental conditions in a descending sequence: PFOA, PFOA+Cr(3+), and PFOA+TBA. The results highlighted that the presence of un-ionized NH3 in the test solutions could not be a potential significant contributor to the observed toxicity of PFOA. In addition, PFOA interacted antagonistically with Cr(3+) and TBA. TBA was found to substantially enhance the surface pressure of PFOA which could be related with the toxicity of PFOA. The higher surface pressure caused for the reduction in toxicity. Thus the results highlighted the potential toxicological risk associated with this surfactant in the aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilun Chen
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, and National International Cooperation Base on Environment and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, 100083 Beijing, PR China
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41
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McCarty LS. Are we in the dark ages of environmental toxicology? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:321-4. [PMID: 24055990 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxicity is judged to be in a "dark ages" period due to longstanding limitations in the implementation of the simple conceptual model that is the basis of current aquatic toxicity testing protocols. Fortunately, the environmental regulatory revolution of the last half-century is not substantially compromised as development of past regulatory guidance was designed to deal with limited amounts of relatively poor quality toxicity data. However, as regulatory objectives have substantially increased in breadth and depth, aquatic toxicity data derived with old testing methods are no longer adequate. In the near-term explicit model description and routine assumption validation should be mandatory. Updated testing methods could provide some improvements in toxicological data quality. A thorough reevaluation of toxicity testing objectives and methods resulting in substantially revised standard testing methods, plus a comprehensive scheme for classification of modes/mechanisms of toxic action, should be the long-term objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S McCarty
- Scientific Research & Consulting, 1115 Quaker Trail, Newmarket, ON L3X 3E2, Canada.
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Smith KEC, Schmidt SN, Dom N, Blust R, Holmstrup M, Mayer P. Baseline toxic mixtures of non-toxic chemicals: "solubility addition" increases exposure for solid hydrophobic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2026-2033. [PMID: 23331084 DOI: 10.1021/es3040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses the question whether hydrophobic organic chemicals exerting no toxicity at their solubility limit (saturation) can form a toxic mixture. Spiking methods generally do not allow testing exactly at saturation without introducing microcrystals. Passive dosing was thus applied to test the acute toxicity of several high melting point PAHs and their mixtures at the respective saturation levels to aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. With the aquatic Daphnia magna, anthracene, chrysene, and benzo(a)pyrene resulted in no or limited acute toxicity (0-20%), whereas binary and tertiary mixtures of these resulted in significant acute toxicity (70-88%). Toxicity of PAHs and their mixtures could be fitted with one (sum) chemical activity-response curve in accordance with a similar mode of toxic action (i.e., concentration addition). The effective chemical activity (Ea-50) of 0.029 and the effective concentration on a lipid basis (EC(lipid, eq.)-50) of 95.7 mM were well within the range for baseline toxicity. Similar mixtures showed less toxicity to the terrestrial Folsomia candida due to steady-state body-burdens being below equilibrium partitioning levels. The results of the present study raise questions about the focus of risk assessment schemes and toxicity testing guidelines on individual substances, since apparently non-toxic chemicals might become toxic in a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E C Smith
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Marques CR, Gonçalves AMM, Pereira R, Gonçalves F. Ecotoxicological effects of Mikado and Viper on algae and daphnids. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:685-699. [PMID: 21374788 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of single and combined formulated herbicides (Mikado and Viper) was assessed on several endpoints in species from two trophic levels: algae growth-Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris-immobilization and life-history traits (only for single compound toxicity) of daphnids-Daphnia longispina and Daphnia magna. Viper was the most toxic formulated herbicide. It was hypothesized that the toxicity of both formulated herbicides could have been enhanced by adjuvants, especially for Viper. In most cases, the sublethal endpoints were the most sensitive and affected by both formulations, comparatively to their acute effects. Concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models provided an accurate description of Mikado and Viper joint action on algae growth and immobilization of daphnids, although significant deviations were always detected. A low-dose antagonism and high-dose synergism were identified for P. subcapitata, whereas C. vulgaris response deviated antagonistically from CA and synergistically from IA. For both daphnids, however, synergistic effects were observed for higher mixture concentrations. Under a regulatory standpoint, CA provided the most conservative estimation either because the mixture effects were overestimated or less subestimated than IA. Overall, the great sensitivity differences observed within species did not allow the conclusion that one trophic level was more tolerant than the other. Instead, P. subcapitata was always the most sensitive species to both herbicide formulations, followed by D. longispina, while D. magna and C. vulgaris were the most tolerant species. On a whole, further studies are needed toward a comprehensive understanding of herbicides mode of action, their effects at lower biological-level endpoints, and under different mixture designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Marques
- CESAM and Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Scelfo B, Politi M, Reniero F, Palosaari T, Whelan M, Zaldívar JM. Application of multielectrode array (MEA) chips for the evaluation of mixtures neurotoxicity. Toxicology 2012; 299:172-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Nováková K, Bláha L, Babica P. Tumor promoting effects of cyanobacterial extracts are potentiated by anthropogenic contaminants--evidence from in vitro study. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:30-37. [PMID: 22572165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is affiliated with tumor promotion process and it has been employed as an in vitro biomarker for evaluation of tumor promoting effects of chemicals. In the present study we investigated combined effects of anthropogenic environmental contaminants 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) and fluoranthene, cyanotoxins microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin, and extracts of laboratory cultures of cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon gracile and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, on GJIC in the rat liver epithelial cell line WB-F344. Binary mixtures of PCB 153 with fluoranthene and the mixtures of the two cyanobacterial strains elicited simple additive effects on GJIC after 30 min exposure, whereas microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin neither inhibited GJIC nor altered effects of PCB 153 or fluoranthene. However, synergistic effects were observed in the cells exposed to binary mixtures of anthropogenic contaminants (PCB 153 or fluoranthene) and cyanobacterial extracts. The synergistic effects were especially pronounced after prolonged (6-24h) co-exposure to fluoranthene and A. gracile extract, when mixture caused nearly complete GJIC inhibition, while none of the individual components caused any downregulation of GJIC at the same concentration and exposure time. The effects of cyanobacterial extracts were independent of microcystin-LR or cylindrospermopsin, which were not detected in cyanobacterial biomass. It provides further evidence on the presence of unknown tumor promoting metabolites in cyanobacteria. Clear potentiation of the GJIC inhibition observed in the mixtures of two anthropogenic contaminants and cyanobacteria highlight the importance of combined toxic effects of chemicals in complex environmental mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Nováková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, Brno CZ62500, Czech Republic.
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46
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Model validation in aquatic toxicity testing: Implications for regulatory practice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:353-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Landrum PF, Chapman PM, Neff J, Page DS. Evaluating the aquatic toxicity of complex organic chemical mixtures: lessons learned from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and petroleum hydrocarbon case studies. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2012; 8:217-230. [PMID: 21913322 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Experimental designs for evaluating complex mixture toxicity in aquatic environments can be highly variable and, if not appropriate, can produce and have produced data that are difficult or impossible to interpret accurately. We build on and synthesize recent critical reviews of mixture toxicity using lessons learned from 4 case studies, ranging from binary to more complex mixtures of primarily polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum hydrocarbons, to provide guidance for evaluating the aquatic toxicity of complex mixtures of organic chemicals. Two fundamental requirements include establishing a dose-response relationship and determining the causative agent (or agents) of any observed toxicity. Meeting these 2 requirements involves ensuring appropriate exposure conditions and measurement endpoints, considering modifying factors (e.g., test conditions, test organism life stages and feeding behavior, chemical transformations, mixture dilutions, sorbing phases), and correctly interpreting dose-response relationships. Specific recommendations are provided.
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48
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Assessing the risk of ballast water treatment to human health. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 62:513-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Senior SA, Madbouly MD, El massry AM. QSTR of the toxicity of some organophosphorus compounds by using the quantum chemical and topological descriptors. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:7-12. [PMID: 21757222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical and topological descriptors of some organophosphorus compounds (OP) were correlated with their toxicity LD(50) as a dermal. The quantum chemical parameters were obtained using B3LYP/LANL2DZdp-ECP optimization. Using linear regression analysis, equations were derived to calculate the theoretical LD(50) of the studied compounds. The inclusion of quantum parameters, having both charge indices and topological indices, affects the toxicity of the studied compounds resulting in high correlation coefficient factors for the obtained equations. Two of the new four firstly supposed descriptors give higher correlation coefficients namely the Heteroatom Corrected Extended Connectivity Randic index ((1)X(HCEC)) and the Density Randic index ((1)X(Den)). The obtained linear equations were applied to predict the toxicity of some related structures. It was found that the sulfur atoms in these compounds must be replaced by oxygen atoms to achieve improved toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Senior
- Department of Chemistry, Rabigh College of Science and Art, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
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50
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McCarty LS, Landrum PF, Luoma SN, Meador JP, Merten AA, Shephard BK, van Wezel AP. Advancing environmental toxicology through chemical dosimetry: external exposures versus tissue residues. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2011; 7:7-27. [PMID: 21184567 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tissue residue dose concept has been used, although in a limited manner, in environmental toxicology for more than 100 y. This review outlines the history of this approach and the technical background for organic chemicals and metals. Although the toxicity of both can be explained in tissue residue terms, the relationship between external exposure concentration, body and/or tissues dose surrogates, and the effective internal dose at the sites of toxic action tends to be more complex for metals. Various issues and current limitations related to research and regulatory applications are also examined. It is clear that the tissue residue approach (TRA) should be an integral component in future efforts to enhance the generation, understanding, and utility of toxicity testing data, both in the laboratory and in the field. To accomplish these goals, several key areas need to be addressed: 1) development of a risk-based interpretive framework linking toxicology and ecology at multiple levels of biological organization and incorporating organism-based dose metrics; 2) a broadly applicable, generally accepted classification scheme for modes/mechanisms of toxic action with explicit consideration of residue information to improve both single chemical and mixture toxicity data interpretation and regulatory risk assessment; 3) toxicity testing protocols updated to ensure collection of adequate residue information, along with toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics information, based on explicitly defined toxicological models accompanied by toxicological model validation; 4) continued development of residue-effect databases is needed ensure their ongoing utility; and 5) regulatory guidance incorporating residue-based testing and interpretation approaches, essential in various jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S McCarty
- LS McCarty Scientific Research and Consulting, Newmarket, Ontario L3X 3E2, Canada.
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