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Jiang C, Shi Y, Shi X, Yan J, Xuan L, Zhuang L, Li J, Xu G, Zheng J. ELOVL5 and VLDLR synergistically affect n-3 PUFA deposition in eggs of different chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104016. [PMID: 39018654 PMCID: PMC11287006 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
There was no significant difference in the composition and content of fatty acids in eggs among different breeds initially, but following the supplementation of flaxseed oil, Dwarf Layer were observed to deposit more n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in eggs. Currently, there is limited research on the mechanisms underlying the differences in egg composition among different breeds. Therefore, in this study, 150 twenty-four-wk-old hens of each breed, including the Dwarf Layer and White Leghorn, were fed either a basal diet or a diet supplemented with 2.5% flaxseed oil. After 28 d, eggs and liver samples were collected to determine fatty acid composition, and serum, liver, intestine, and follicles were collected for subsequent biochemical, intestinal morphology, and lipid metabolism-related genes expression analysis. Duodenal contents were collected for microbial analysis. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the content and deposition efficiency of total n-3 PUFA in the liver of the 2 breeds, but the content and deposition efficiency of total n-3 PUFA in the egg of Dwarf Layer were significantly higher than those of White Leghorn after feeding flaxseed oil. Flaxseed oil and breeds did not have significant effects on cholesterol (CHO), free fatty acids (NEFA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and estrogen (E2) levels. After feeding with flaxseed oil, the villus height and the villus-to-crypt ratio in both breeds were increased and duodenal crypt depth was decreased. The villus-to-crypt ratio (4.78 vs. 3.60) in the duodenum of Dwarf Layer was significantly higher than that in White Leghorn after feeding with flaxseed oil. Flaxseed oil can impact the gut microbiota in the duodenum and reduce the microbiota associated with fatty acid breakdown, such as Romboutsia, Subdolibranulum, Lachnochlostridium, and Clostridium. This may mean that less ALA can be decomposed and more ALA can be absorbed into the body. Additionally, after feeding flaxseed oil, the mRNA levels of elongation enzymes 5 (ELOVL5), fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), and fatty acid transporter 1 (FATP1) in the liver of Dwarf Layer were significantly higher than those in White Leghorn, while the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), Acyl CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), and Acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL) were significantly lower than those in White Leghorn. The mRNA level of FABP1 in the duodenum of Dwarf Layer was significantly higher than that of White Leghorn, while the mRNA level of FATP1 was significantly lower than that of White Leghorn. The protein levels of ELOVL5 in the liver of Dwarf Layer and very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) in the follicles were significantly higher than those of White Leghorn. In summary, after feeding flaxseed oil, the higher ratio of villus height to crypt depth in Dwarf Layer allows more α-linolenic acid (ALA) to be absorbed into the body. The higher mRNA expression of FADS1, ELOVL5, and FATP1, as well as the higher protein expression of ELOVL5 in the liver of Dwarf Layer enhance the conversion of ALA into DHA. The higher protein expression of VLDLR in follicles of Dwarf Layer allows more n-3 PUFA to deposit in the follicles. These combined factors contribute to the Dwarf Layer's ability to deposit higher levels of n-3 PUFA in eggs, as well as improving the deposition efficiency of n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuanhang Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Xuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Longyu Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Yuan L, Zhang W, Zhang L, Zhang D, Zhang K, Shi Y, Yuan Z, Zhao T. Flaxseed promotes productive performance through regulating gut microbiome in ducks. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:923. [PMID: 39164448 PMCID: PMC11335930 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed has been widely used in animal diets to increase the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in animal products and promote overall animal health, but little known about its effects on the productive performance and the mictobita of gut of laying duck. METHODS AND RESULTS Jinding duck, a Chinese indigenous breed, was used in the study. The corn-soybean basal diet supplemented with 0, 2%, 3% 4% and 5% flaxseed were provided to Control, 2% Fla, 3% Fla, 4% Fla and 5% Fla groups for 53 days, respectively. Compared with Control group, groups fed with flaxseed diets showed higher egg production, egg mass, ovary weight and more preovulatory follicles. The Docosahexaenoic Acid content of egg was extremely significantly elevated by flaxseed diets (P < 0.01), and the albumen height and haugh unit were elevated, especially in 4% Fla and/or 5% Fla group (P < 0.05). Groups 4% Fla and 5% Fla had highest ileal villus height, jejunal and ileal crypt depth. Moreover, Flaxseed diets significantly increased the levels of IgG and IgM in all Fla groups (P < 0.01), while increased IgA levels except for in 3% Fla group (P < 0.05). The results of 16s rDNA sequencing showed that flaxseed diet altered the microbial composition of gut and reduced the diversity and evenness of gut microbial communities except for 5% Fla. The correlation analysis identified Blautia, Butyricicoccus and Subdoligranulum positively associated with egg production. Genera Fourinierella, Fusobacterium and Intestinimonas positively associated with ovary weight, haught unit and album height. And Mucispirillum positively associated with haugh unit and album height. CONCLUSION This study has suggested that flaxseed play a positive role in productive performance, the overall or intestinal health of laying ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Yuan
- College of Agronomy, Xiangyang Polytechnic, Xiangyang, 441050, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Xiangyang Polytechnic, Xiangyang, 441050, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Xiangyang Polytechnic, Xiangyang, 441050, People's Republic of China
| | - Daitao Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Xiangyang Polytechnic, Xiangyang, 441050, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Xiangyang Polytechnic, Xiangyang, 441050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Agronomy, Xiangyang Polytechnic, Xiangyang, 441050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Xiangyang Polytechnic, Xiangyang, 441050, People's Republic of China.
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Cifuentes M, Vahid F, Devaux Y, Bohn T. Biomarkers of food intake and their relevance to metabolic syndrome. Food Funct 2024; 15:7271-7304. [PMID: 38904169 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00721b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) constitutes a prevalent risk factor associated with non communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. A major factor impacting the etiology of MetS is diet. Dietary patterns and several individual food constituents have been related to the risk of developing MetS or have been proposed as adjuvant treatment. However, traditional methods of dietary assessment such as 24 h recalls rely greatly on intensive user-interaction and are subject to bias. Hence, more objective methods are required for unbiased dietary assessment and efficient prevention. While it is accepted that some dietary-derived constituents in blood plasma are indicators for certain dietary patterns, these may be too unstable (such as vitamin C as a marker for fruits/vegetables) or too broad (e.g. polyphenols for plant-based diets) or reflect too short-term intake only to allow for strong associations with prolonged intake of individual food groups. In the present manuscript, commonly employed biomarkers of intake including those related to specific food items (e.g. genistein for soybean or astaxanthin and EPA for fish intake) and novel emerging ones (e.g. stable isotopes for meat intake or microRNA for plant foods) are emphasized and their suitability as biomarker for food intake discussed. Promising alternatives to plasma measures (e.g. ethyl glucuronide in hair for ethanol intake) are also emphasized. As many biomarkers (i.e. secondary plant metabolites) are not limited to dietary assessment but are also capable of regulating e.g. anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways, special attention will be given to biomarkers presenting a double function to assess both dietary patterns and MetS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cifuentes
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Precision Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
- Doctoral School in Science and Engineering, University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l'Université, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Farhad Vahid
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Precision Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Precision Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Precision Health, Strassen, Luxembourg.
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Takić M, Ranković S, Girek Z, Pavlović S, Jovanović P, Jovanović V, Šarac I. Current Insights into the Effects of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Focusing on Alterations of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles in Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4909. [PMID: 38732139 PMCID: PMC11084241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential n-3 acid highly susceptible to oxidation, present in oils of flaxseeds, walnuts, canola, perilla, soy, and chia. After ingestion, it can be incorporated in to body lipid pools (particularly triglycerides and phospholipid membranes), and then endogenously metabolized through desaturation, elongation, and peroxisome oxidation to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with a very limited efficiency (particularly for DHA), beta-oxidized as an energy source, or directly metabolized to C18-oxilipins. At this moment, data in the literature about the effects of ALA supplementation on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in humans are inconsistent, indicating no effects or some positive effects on all MetS components (abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired insulin sensitivity and glucoregulation, blood pressure, and liver steatosis). The major effects of ALA on MetS seem to be through its conversion to more potent EPA and DHA, the impact on the n-3/n-6 ratio, and the consecutive effects on the formation of oxylipins and endocannabinoids, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion, as well as adipocyte and hepatocytes function. It is important to distinguish the direct effects of ALA from the effects of EPA and DHA metabolites. This review summarizes the most recent findings on this topic and discusses the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Takić
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Slavica Ranković
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Zdenka Girek
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Suzana Pavlović
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Petar Jovanović
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Jovanović
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Šarac
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
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Tomczyk M, Heileson JL, Babiarz M, Calder PC. Athletes Can Benefit from Increased Intake of EPA and DHA-Evaluating the Evidence. Nutrients 2023; 15:4925. [PMID: 38068783 PMCID: PMC10708277 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty fish, which include mackerel, herring, salmon and sardines, and certain species of algae (e.g., Schizochytrium sp., Crytthecodiniumcohnii and Phaeodactylumtricornutum) are the only naturally rich sources of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are the most biologically active members of the n-3 PUFA family. Limited dietary sources and fluctuating content of EPA and DHA in fish raise concerns about the status of EPA and DHA among athletes, as confirmed in a number of studies. The beneficial effects of EPA and DHA include controlling inflammation, supporting nervous system function, maintaining muscle mass after injury and improving training adaptation. Due to their inadequate intake and beneficial health-promoting effects, athletes might wish to consider using supplements that provide EPA and DHA. Here, we provide an overview of the effects of EPA and DHA that are relevant to athletes and discuss the pros and cons of supplements as a source of EPA and DHA for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Tomczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jeffery L. Heileson
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
- Nutrition Services Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mirosław Babiarz
- Department of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Drobner T, Braun TS, Kiehntopf M, Schlattmann P, Lorkowski S, Dawczynski C. Evaluation of Influencing Factors on Metabolism of Land-Based n-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids-The KoALA Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4461. [PMID: 37892536 PMCID: PMC10610546 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of influencing factors (sex, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) status at baseline, linoleic acid (LA) intake, milk fat intake) on the conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) obtained from linseed oil into its long-chain metabolites. In addition, the effect of ALA on cardiovascular risk markers was investigated. This study used a parallel design approach by randomly assigning the 134 subjects to one of four diets (high in LA (HLA); low in LA (LLA); high in milk fat (MF); control (Western diet)) each enriched with linseed oil (10 en%, 22-27 mL ≙ 13-16 g ALA). Blood samples were taken at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of dietary intervention. The study was fully completed by 105 subjects (57.4 ± 12.1 years; 65.7% female). Results showed that ALA (296-465%), C-20:4n3 (54-140%), and EPA (37-73%) concentrations in erythrocytes increased in all groups (p < 0.01). In contrast, docosahexaenoic acid (19-35%, p < 0.01) and n-3 index (10-21%, p < 0.05) dropped in the HLA, LLA, and control groups. An increase in C-22:5n3 was only observed in the MF (36%) and control groups (11%) (p < 0.05). In addition, an increase in LA (7-27%) was found in the HLA, LLA, and control groups, whereas C-20:3n6 (16-22%), arachidonic acid (10-16%), C-22:4n6 (12-30%), and C-22:5n6 (32-47%) decreased (p < 0.01). The conversion into EPA was higher in men than in women (69 vs. 39%, p = 0.043) and in subjects with low EPA status compared to participants with high EPA status (79 vs. 29%, p < 0.001). A high LA status attenuates the conversion rate. In line with the literature, no clear effects on blood lipids and parameters of glucose metabolism were found in relation to ALA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Drobner
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.D.); (T.S.B.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Theresa S. Braun
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.D.); (T.S.B.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Data Science, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Dawczynski
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.D.); (T.S.B.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (S.L.)
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Harauma A, Yoshihara H, Hoshi Y, Hamazaki K, Moriguchi T. Effects of Varied Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Postpartum Mental Health and the Association between Prenatal Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Postpartum Mental Health. Nutrients 2023; 15:4388. [PMID: 37892462 PMCID: PMC10610328 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the postpartum mental health of women who had consumed perilla oil or fish oil containing various omega-3 fatty acids for 12 weeks starting in mid-pregnancy. The association between fatty acids in maternal erythrocytes and mental health risk factors was also examined. Healthy Japanese primiparas in mid-pregnancy (gestational weeks 18-25) were randomly divided into two groups and consumed approximately 2.0 g/day of omega-3 fatty acids in either perilla oil (the ALA dose was 2.4 g/day) or fish oil (the EPA + DHA dose was 1.7 g/day) for 12 weeks. Maternal mental health was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as the primary measure and the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) as the secondary measure. Data from an observational study were used as a historical control. Maternal blood, cord blood, and colostrum samples were collected for fatty acid composition analysis. In addition, completers of the observational studies were enrolled in a case-control study, wherein logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between maternal fatty acids and EPDS score. The proportion of participants with a high EPDS score (≥9) was significantly lower in the perilla oil group (12.0%, p = 0.044) but not in the fish oil group (22.3%, p = 0.882) compared with the historical control (21.6%), while the proportions between the former groups also tended to be lower (p = 0.059). No marked effect of omega-3 fatty acid intake was observed from the MIBS results. In the case-control study of the historical control, high levels of α-linolenic acid in maternal erythrocytes were associated with an EPDS score of <9 (odds ratio of 0.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.06, 0.84, p = 0.018 for trend). The results of this study suggest that consumption of α-linolenic acid during pregnancy may stabilize postpartum mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Harauma
- Laboratory for Functional Lipid Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;
| | - Hajime Yoshihara
- Japan Community Health Care Organization, Sagamino Hospital, 1-2-30 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-0206, Japan;
| | - Yukino Hoshi
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;
| | - Kei Hamazaki
- Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Toru Moriguchi
- Laboratory for Functional Lipid Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;
- Laboratory of Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan;
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Sigh S, Lauritzen L, Wieringa FT, Laillou A, Chamnan C, Stark KD, Roos N. Changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids during treatment of malnourished children may be insufficient to reach required essential fatty acid levels - A randomised controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1778-1787. [PMID: 37572581 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a global concern. Studies on the impact of ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are almost non-existent. The aim was to investigate the change in whole-blood PUFA and nutrition and health markers among Cambodian children with SAM after treatment with RUTFs. METHODS The trial was an 8-week randomised clinical trial of the effectiveness of locally produced fish-based RUTF (L-RUTF) vs standard milk-based RUFT (S-RUTF). Whole-blood fatty acids were analysed using dried blood spots. Nutrition and health markers were assessed using anthropometric assessment and blood samples for markers of inflammation. The trial was conducted at the National Pediatric Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, with one hundred and twenty-one 6-59-month-old children in treatment for SAM. RESULTS L-RUTF had a higher content of n-3 PUFA and a higher content of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), while S-RUTF had the highest content of n-6 PUFA. At baseline, the children presented with a Mead acid level in whole-blood of around 0.08% of total fatty acids (FA%) and an omega-3 index of ∼0.91 ± 0.44. After eight weeks of S-RUTF treatment, linoleic acid (LA), AA, n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, and Mead acid levels were increased. The L-RUTF intervention did not change the whole-blood PUFAs from baseline. At discharge, the children in the L-RUTF group had a lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio than the children in the S-RUTF group, driven by a lower alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (0.20 vs 0.27 FA%, p = 0.004) and lower LA (15.77 vs 14.21 FA%, p = 0.018) with no significant differences in AA or DHA levels. Weight-for-height z-score at discharge was negatively associated with total PUFA (β -1.4 FA%, 95%CI. -2.7; -0.1), n-6 LCPUFA (β -1.3 FA%, 95%CI. -1.3; -0.3), and AA (β -0.6 FA%, 95%CI. -1.0; -0.2). Age-adjusted height was negatively associated with the Mead acid:AA ratio (β -1.2 FA%, 95%CI. -2.2; -0.2). No significant change was seen in inflammation markers within groups or between groups during treatment, and n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were not associated with markers of inflammation or haemoglobin status at discharge. CONCLUSION The trial found that whole-blood markers of PUFA status were low in children at admission and discharge from SAM treatment, indicating that the currently recommended composition of RUTFs are not able to correct their compromised essential fatty acid status. The higher content of DHA and AA in L-RUTF did not give rise to any improvement in PUFA status. No changes in health markers or associations between PUFA and health markers were found. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02907424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Sigh
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Fisheries Post-Harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fisheries Administration, #186 Preah Norodom Boulevard, 12101 Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Frank T Wieringa
- UMR QualiSud, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France; Qualisud, University of Montpellier, Avignon University, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de la Réunion, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Arnaud Laillou
- Nutrition Section, UNICEF West and Central Africa Region, Dakar 29720, Senegal.
| | - Chhoun Chamnan
- Department of Fisheries Post-Harvest Technologies and Quality Control, Fisheries Administration, #186 Preah Norodom Boulevard, 12101 Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Ken D Stark
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada.
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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9
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Hernandez J, Schäffer J, Herden C, Pflieger FJ, Reiche S, Körber S, Kitagawa H, Welter J, Michels S, Culmsee C, Bier J, Sommer N, Kang JX, Mayer K, Hecker M, Rummel C. n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate LPS-Induced ARDS and the Lung-Brain Axis of Communication in Wild-Type versus Fat-1 Mice Genetically Modified for Leukotriene B4 Receptor 1 or Chemerin Receptor 23 Knockout. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13524. [PMID: 37686333 PMCID: PMC10487657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and especially Resolvin E1 (RvE1) can actively terminate inflammation and promote healing during lung diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although ARDS primarily affects the lung, many ARDS patients also develop neurocognitive impairments. To investigate the connection between the lung and brain during ARDS and the therapeutic potential of SPMs and its derivatives, fat-1 mice were crossbred with RvE1 receptor knockout mice. ARDS was induced in these mice by intratracheal application of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 µg). Mice were sacrificed at 0 h, 4 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 120 h post inflammation, and effects on the lung, liver, and brain were assessed by RT-PCR, multiplex, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and LC-MS/MS. Protein and mRNA analyses of the lung, liver, and hypothalamus revealed LPS-induced lung inflammation increased inflammatory signaling in the hypothalamus despite low signaling in the periphery. Neutrophil recruitment in different brain structures was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Overall, we showed that immune cell trafficking to the brain contributed to immune-to-brain communication during ARDS rather than cytokines. Deficiency in RvE1 receptors and enhanced omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels (fat-1 mice) affect lung-brain interaction during ARDS by altering profiles of several inflammatory and lipid mediators and glial activity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hernandez
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Julia Schäffer
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Fabian Johannes Pflieger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Sylvia Reiche
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Svenja Körber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Hiromu Kitagawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Omiya, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Joelle Welter
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Susanne Michels
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany (C.C.)
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany (C.C.)
- Center for Mind Brain and Behavior, Universities Giessen and Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Bier
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Jing X. Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Matthias Hecker
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany (J.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.H.); (J.S.)
- Center for Mind Brain and Behavior, Universities Giessen and Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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10
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Urrutia NL, Baldin M, Egolf SR, Walker RE, Ying Y, Green MH, Harvatine KJ. Kinetics of omega-3 fatty acid transfer to milk differs between fatty acids and stage of lactation in dairy cows. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 192:102573. [PMID: 37060854 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) differ in their transfer efficiencies and metabolic partitioning and lactating cows provide a robust model to investigate kinetics of FA transport. The objective was to compare kinetics of n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) trafficking through plasma and into milk. In the first experiment, ten ruminally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows were used in a crossover design with 7 d periods. Cows were milked at 6 h intervals and abomasal treatments provided a single dose of 80.1 g of α-linolenic acid as free FA (ALA-FFA) or 45.5 g EPA and 32.9 g DHA (LCn3-FFA). Transfer of n-3 PUFA to milk was nearly 50% higher for ALA-FFA than LCn3-FFA (48.2 and 32.7% of the bolus) and fit a bi-exponential model. Rapid transport of n-3 PUFA, assumed to be directly through chylomicrons, was nearly twice as high in ALA-FFA than LCn3-FFA and the subsequent slow transport, assumed to be indirect transfer through tissue recycling, was over 2.5-fold higher in LCn3-FFA than in ALA-FFA. Plasma analysis revealed LCn3-FFA enriched phospholipids and cholesterol esters, which had a slow clearance. In the second experiment, 4 cows received a bolus of a mixture of ALA, EPA, and DHA prepartum while not lactating and around d 10, 55, and 225 of lactation. Transfer of ALA to milk did not differ between stages of lactation, but DHA was lower in early compared to mid and late lactation. In conclusion, dietary ALA is rapidly and efficiently transferred to milk in cows while EPA and DHA are rapidly incorporated into plasma or tissue fractions not available to the mammary gland. This demonstrates clear differences in trafficking and partitioning of n-3 PUFA that ultimately impact tissue and organelle enrichment with implications for effective doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Urrutia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Remehue, Osorno, Chile; Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Michel Baldin
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States; MILC Group, San Luis Obispo, CA 93405, United States
| | - Samantha R Egolf
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States; Food & Livestock Planning, Kansas City, MO 64156, United States
| | - Rachel E Walker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yun Ying
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michael H Green
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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11
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Rizzo G, Baroni L, Lombardo M. Promising Sources of Plant-Derived Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1683. [PMID: 36767052 PMCID: PMC9914036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their ability to protect against numerous metabolic disorders. The consumption of oily fish is the main source of PUFAs in human nutrition and is commonly used for supplement production. However, seafood is an overexploited source that cannot be guaranteed to cover the global demands. Furthermore, it is not consumed by everyone for ecological, economic, ethical, geographical and taste reasons. The growing demand for natural dietary sources of PUFAs suggests that current nutritional sources are insufficient to meet global needs, and less and less will be. Therefore, it is crucial to find sustainable sources that are acceptable to all, meeting the world population's needs. (2) Scope: This review aims to evaluate the recent evidence about alternative plant sources of essential fatty acids, focusing on long-chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. (3) Method: A structured search was performed on the PubMed search engine to select available human data from interventional studies using omega-3 fatty acids of non-animal origin. (4) Results: Several promising sources have emerged from the literature, such as algae, microorganisms, plants rich in stearidonic acid and GM plants. However, the costs, acceptance and adequate formulation deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Scientific Society for Vegetarian Nutrition, 30171 Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
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12
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Dao X, Zhang D, Wang L, Wang L. Analysis of human milk fatty acid composition and its correlation with diet pattern (A study in Tibetan population gathering area). J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Tollefson S, Himes ML, Kozinski KM, Lopresti BJ, Mason NS, Hibbeln J, Muldoon MF, Narendran R. Imaging the Influence of Red Blood Cell Docosahexaenoic Acid Status on the Expression of the 18 kDa Translocator Protein in the Brain: A [ 11C]PBR28 Positron Emission Tomography Study in Young Healthy Men. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:998-1006. [PMID: 34607054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) shows anti-inflammatory/proresolution effects in the brain. Higher red blood cell (RBC) DHA in humans is associated with improved cognitive performance and a lower risk for suicide. Here, we hypothesized that binding to the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a proxy for microglia levels, will be higher in individuals with low DHA relative to high DHA levels. We also postulated that higher TSPO would predict poor cognitive performance and impaired stress resilience. METHODS RBC DHA screening was performed in 320 healthy males. [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography was used to measure binding to TSPO in 38 and 32 males in the lowest and highest RBC DHA quartiles. Volumes of distribution expressed relative to total plasma ligand concentration (VT) was derived using an arterial input function-based kinetic analysis in 14 brain regions. RESULTS [11C]PBR28 VT was significantly lower (by 12% and 20% in C/T and C/C rs6971 genotypes) in males with low RBC DHA than in males with high RBC DHA. Regional VT was correlated positively and negatively with RBC DHA and serum triglycerides, respectively. No relationships between VT and cognitive performance or stress resilience measures were present. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypothesis, we found lower TSPO binding in low-DHA than in high-DHA subjects. It is unclear as to whether low TSPO binding reflects differences in microglia levels and/or triglyceride metabolism in this study. Future studies with specific targets are necessary to confirm the effect of DHA on microglia. These results underscore the need to consider lipid parameters as a factor when interpreting TSPO positron emission tomography clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Tollefson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael L Himes
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katelyn M Kozinski
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - N Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Hibbeln
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew F Muldoon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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14
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Rotarescu RD, Rezaei K, Mutch DM, Metherel AH. Increases in plasma n-3 tetracosapentaenoic acid and tetracosahexaenoic acid following 12 weeks of EPA, but not DHA, supplementation in women and men. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 185:102494. [PMID: 36148741 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary feeding and stable isotope studies in rodents support that the 24-carbon omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5n-3, TPAn-3) and tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n-3, THA), are immediate precursors to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). In this study, we assessed for the first time, changes in TPAn-3 or THA levels following omega-3 PUFA supplementation in humans, providing insight into human omega-3 PUFA metabolism. In this secondary analysis of a double-blind randomized control trial, women and men (19 - 30 years, n = 10 - 14 per sex, per diet) were supplemented with 3 g/day EPA, DHA, or olive oil control for 12 weeks. Plasma TPAn-3 and THA concentrations were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine changes following supplementation in a sex-specific manner (sex x time). EPA supplementation significantly increased (p < 0.0001) plasma TPAn-3 by 215% (1.3 ± 0.1 - 4.1 ± 0.7, nmol/mL ± SEM) and THA by 112% (1.7 ± 0.2 - 3.6 ± 0.5, nmol/mL ± SEM). Furthermore, women had 111% and 99% higher plasma TPAn-3 and THA in the EPA supplemented group compared to men (p < 0.0001). There were no significant effects of time on plasma TPAn-3 or THA concentrations in the DHA supplemented or olive oil supplemented groups. In conclusion, EPA, but not DHA, supplementation in humans increased plasma TPAn-3 and THA levels, suggesting that THA accumulates prior to conversion to DHA in the n-3 PUFA synthesis pathway. Furthermore, women generally exhibit higher plasma TPAn-3 and THA concentrations compared with men, suggesting that women have a greater ability to accumulate 24-carbon n-3 PUFA in plasma via EPA and DPAn-3 elongation, which may explain the known higher DHA levels in women. Summary: In this secondary analysis of a double-blind randomized control trial, we assessed changes in omega-3 (n-3) tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5n-3, TPAn-3) and tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n-3, THA) plasma levels in women and men (19 - 30 years, n = 10 - 14 per sex, per diet) following 12-weeks of n-3 PUFA supplementation (3 g/day EPA, DHA or olive oil). Women had higher plasma TPAn-3 in all supplementation groups and higher THA levels in the EPA and olive oil groups (p < 0.0001) compared to men. EPA supplementation increased (p < 0.0001) plasma TPAn-3 by 215% (1.3 ± 0.1 - 4.1 ± 0.7, nmol/mL ± SEM) and THA by 112% (1.7 ± 0.2 - 3.6 ± 0.5, nmol/mL ± SEM), but DHA supplementation had no effect. For the first time in humans, we show that plasma TPAn-3 and THA levels are higher in women and increased with EPA, but not DHA supplementation, suggesting an accumulation of THA prior to conversion to DHA in the n-3 PUFA synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra D Rotarescu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kimia Rezaei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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15
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Bombik E, Pietrzkiewicz K, Bombik A. Analysis of the Fatty Acid Profile of the Tissues of Hunted Mallard Ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos L.) from Poland. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182394. [PMID: 36139254 PMCID: PMC9494995 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyse the fatty acid profile of selected tissues of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos L.), in relation to where they were obtained and their sex, with regard to the human diet. The study was carried out on material obtained from mallard ducks from two study areas: the Siedlce hunting district and the Leszno hunting district. The research material was the breast and leg muscles of 28 mallards. The samples were frozen and stored at −20 °C. The fatty acid profiles in the biological samples were determined by selected ion recording (SIR). The results showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower average levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and significantly higher (p < 0.05) average levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-6 PUFAs, and n-3 PUFAs in the breast muscles of the mallards obtained in the Siedlce hunting district. This in conjunction with the higher (p < 0.05) hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic index (h/H) in the leg muscles and lower (p < 0.05) atherogenic and thrombogenic indices (AI and TI) in the leg and breast muscles of mallards in the Siedlce hunting district indicate the higher health-promoting value of the meat of ducks from this region. The average n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the breast muscles was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mallards obtained in the Leszno hunting district. Males of the species had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher average n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the breast muscles than females. The PUFA/SFA ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the leg muscles of the female mallards than in the males.
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16
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Burdge GC. α-linolenic acid interconversion is sufficient as a source of longer chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans: An opinion. Lipids 2022; 57:267-287. [PMID: 35908848 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
α-linolenic acid (αLNA) conversion into the functionally important ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been regarded as inadequate for meeting nutritional requirements for these PUFA. This view is based on findings of small αLNA supplementation trials and stable isotope tracer studies that have been interpreted as indicating human capacity for EPA and, in particular, DHA synthesis is limited. The purpose of this review is to re-evaluate this interpretation. Markedly differing study designs, inconsistent findings and lack of trial replication preclude robust consensus regarding the nutritional adequacy of αLNA as a source of EPC and DHA. The conclusion that αLNA conversion in humans is constrained is inaccurate because it presupposes the existence of an unspecified, higher level of metabolic activity. Since capacity for EPA and DHA synthesis is the product of evolution it may be argued that the levels of EPA and DHA it maintains are nutritionally appropriate. Dietary and supra-dietary EPA plus DHA intakes confer health benefits. Paradoxically, such health benefits are also found amongst vegetarians who do not consume EPA and DHA, and for whom αLNA conversion is the primary source of ω-3 PUFA. Since there are no reported adverse effects on health or cognitive development of diets that exclude EPA and DHA, their synthesis from αLNA appears to be nutritionally adequate. This is consistent with the dietary essentiality of αLNA and has implications for developing sustainable nutritional recommendations for ω-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C Burdge
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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17
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Takic M, Pokimica B, Petrovic-Oggiano G, Popovic T. Effects of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Treatment and the Efficiency of Its Conversion to Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Obesity and Related Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144471. [PMID: 35889342 PMCID: PMC9317994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is present in high amounts in oils such as flaxseed, soy, hemp, rapeseed, chia, and perilla, while stearidonic acid is abundant in echium oil. ALA is metabolized to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by desaturases and elongases in humans. The conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is limited, and these long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are mainly provided from dietary sources (fish and seafood). This review provides an overview of studies that explored the effects of dietary supplementation with ALA in obesity and related diseases. The obesity-associated changes of desaturase and elongase activities are summarized, as they could influence the metabolic conversion of ALA. Generally, supplementation with ALA or ALA-rich oils leads to an increase in EPA levels and has no effect on DHA or omega-3 index. According to the literature data, stearidonic acid could enhance conversion of ALA to long-chain n−3 PUFA in obesity. Recent studies confirm that EPA and DHA intake should be considered as a primary dietary treatment strategy for improving the omega-3 index in obesity and related diseases.
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18
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Videla LA, Hernandez-Rodas MC, Metherel AH, Valenzuela R. Influence of the nutritional status and oxidative stress in the desaturation and elongation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Impact on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 181:102441. [PMID: 35537354 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play essential roles in cell membrane structure and physiological processes including signal transduction, cellular metabolism and tissue homeostasis to combat diseases. PUFA are either consumed from food or synthesized by enzymatic desaturation, elongation and peroxisomal β-oxidation. The nutritionally essential precursors α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; LA) are subjected to desaturation by Δ6D/Δ5D desaturases and elongation by elongases 2/5, enzymes that are induced by insulin and repressed by PUFA. Maintaining an optimally low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is linked to prevention of the development of several diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is characterized by depletion of PUFA promoting hepatic steatosis and inflammation. In this context, supplementation with n-3 PUFA revealed significant lowering of hepatic steatosis in obese patients, whereas prevention of fatty liver by high-fat diet in mice is observed in n-3 PUFA and hydroxytyrosol co-administration. The aim of this work is to review the role of nutritional status and nutrient availability on markers of PUFA biosynthesis. In addition, the impact of oxidative stress developed as a result of NAFLD, a redox imbalance that may alter the expression and activity of the enzymes involved, and diminished n-3 PUFA levels by free-radical dependent peroxidation processes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Defries D, Curtis K, Petkau JC, Shariati-Ievari S, Blewett H, Aliani M. Patterns of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Incorporation into Phospholipids in H4IIE Cells. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 106:109014. [PMID: 35461904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) is an 18-carbon essential fatty acid found in plant-based foods and oils. While much attention has been placed on conversion of ALA to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, alternative routes of ALA metabolism exist and may lead to formation of other bioactive metabolites of ALA. The current study employed a non-targeted metabolomics approach to profile ALA metabolites that are significantly upregulated by ALA treatment. H4IIE hepatoma cells (n=3 samples per time point) were treated with 60 μM ALA or vehicle for 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours. Samples were then extracted with methanol and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We observed selective changes in ALA incorporation into phospholipid classes and subclasses over the 12 hours following ALA treatment. While levels of specific molecular species of ALA-containing phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and lysophospholipids were elevated with ALA treatment, others were not affected. Of the phospholipids that were increased, some [e.g. PC(18:3/18:1), PC(18:3/18:4), PE(18:3/18:2), PE(18:3/18:3)] were elevated almost immediately after exposure to ALA, while others (e.g. PE(18:1/18:3) PA(18:3/22:6), and PA(18:3/18:2)] were not elevated until several hours after ALA treatment. Overall, these results suggest that ALA incorporation into phospholipids is selective and support a metabolic hierarchy for ALA incorporation into specific phospholipids. Given the functionality of phospholipids based on their fatty acid composition, future studies will need to investigate the implications of ALA incorporation into specific phospholipids on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Defries
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, University of Winnipeg, 3D09 Duckworth Building, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3B 2E9.
| | - Kayla Curtis
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Room 209 Human Ecology Building, 35 Chancellor's Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Jay C Petkau
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R2H 2A6; Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Route 100, Unit 100-101 Morden, Manitoba, Canada, R6M 1Y5
| | - Shiva Shariati-Ievari
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Room 209 Human Ecology Building, 35 Chancellor's Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2; Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R2H 2A6
| | - Heather Blewett
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Room 209 Human Ecology Building, 35 Chancellor's Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2; Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R2H 2A6; Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Route 100, Unit 100-101 Morden, Manitoba, Canada, R6M 1Y5
| | - Michel Aliani
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Room 209 Human Ecology Building, 35 Chancellor's Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2; Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R2H 2A6; Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders (DND), St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R2H 2A6.
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20
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Zhu Y, Guo Y, Yang F, Zhou C, Tang C, Zhou G. Combined application of high-throughput sequencing and UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based metabolomics in the evaluation of microorganisms and metabolites of dry-cured ham of different origins. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 359:109422. [PMID: 34634729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ham fermentation relies on environmental and indigenous microorganisms forming a rich microbiome, which is pivotal to taste and flavor formation. Previous studies have focused on the appearance of differences of microorganisms and metabolites, this study aims to establish the relationship between microorganisms and metabolites over a period of two years in the fermentation of hams from Jinghua (JH2), Xuanwei (XW2), Rugao (RG2), Iberian (IB2) and Parma (PA2). We profiled bacterial communities by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA genes and metabolites were analyzed using LC-Q-TOF-MS. LefSe analysis showed that different biomarkers in five ham groups. OPLS analysis showed that most differential metabolites are amino acids and were associated with four metabolic pathways. Correlation analysis implies a firm positive relationship between microorganisms and metabolites. This study provides novel insights into the taste and flavor quality of dry-cured hams of different origins due to fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, MOA, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Suzhou University Student Nutrition and Health Promotion Base, Center of Food Nutrition and Safety, Department of Food Nutrition and Test, Suzhou Vocational University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215104, PR China
| | - Yun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, MOA, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Fenghong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, MOA, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, PR China
| | - Changbo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, MOA, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, MOA, Jiang Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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21
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Albracht-Schulte K, Wilson S, Johnson P, Pahlavani M, Ramalingam L, Goonapienuwala B, Kalupahana NS, Festuccia WT, Scoggin S, Kahathuduwa CN, Moustaid-Moussa N. Sex-Dependent Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Hepatic Steatosis in UCP1 Knockout Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1549. [PMID: 34829779 PMCID: PMC8615653 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral obesity may be a driving factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Previous studies have shown that the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), ameliorates obesity in high-fat (HF) fed male, C57Bl/6 mice at thermoneutral conditions, independent of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Our goals herein were to investigate sex-dependent mechanisms of EPA in the livers of wild type (WT) and UCP1 knockout (KO) male and female mice fed a HF diet (45% kcal fat; WT-HF, KO-HF) with or without supplementation of 36 g/kg EPA (WT-EPA, KO-EPA). KO significantly increased body weight in males, with no significant reductions with EPA in the WT or KO groups. In females, there were no significant differences in body weight among KO groups and no effects of EPA. In males, liver TGs were significantly higher in the KO-HF group and reduced with EPA, which was not observed in females. Accordingly, gene and protein markers of mitochondrial oxidation, peroxisomal biogenesis and oxidation, as well as metabolic futile cycles were sex-dependently impacted by KO and EPA supplementation. These findings suggest a genotypic difference in response to dietary EPA supplementation on the livers of male and female mice with diet-induced obesity and housed at thermoneutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kembra Albracht-Schulte
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (K.A.-S.); (S.W.); (P.J.); (M.P.); (L.R.); (B.G.); (N.S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Savanna Wilson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (K.A.-S.); (S.W.); (P.J.); (M.P.); (L.R.); (B.G.); (N.S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Paige Johnson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (K.A.-S.); (S.W.); (P.J.); (M.P.); (L.R.); (B.G.); (N.S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Mandana Pahlavani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (K.A.-S.); (S.W.); (P.J.); (M.P.); (L.R.); (B.G.); (N.S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (K.A.-S.); (S.W.); (P.J.); (M.P.); (L.R.); (B.G.); (N.S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Bimba Goonapienuwala
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (K.A.-S.); (S.W.); (P.J.); (M.P.); (L.R.); (B.G.); (N.S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Nishan S. Kalupahana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (K.A.-S.); (S.W.); (P.J.); (M.P.); (L.R.); (B.G.); (N.S.K.); (S.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - William T. Festuccia
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Shane Scoggin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (K.A.-S.); (S.W.); (P.J.); (M.P.); (L.R.); (B.G.); (N.S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Chanaka N. Kahathuduwa
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (K.A.-S.); (S.W.); (P.J.); (M.P.); (L.R.); (B.G.); (N.S.K.); (S.S.)
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22
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Viafara JAS, Portilho RV, Maculan R, Souza Júnior JFDE, Silva CM, Rodrigues PG, El Azzi MS, Souza JCDE. Fatty acid profiles of the plasma and follicular fluid mares fed a combination of linseed and salmon oil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190443. [PMID: 34378632 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in circulating blood and in the ovarian follicular fluid of mares, after supplementation of the diet with linseed oil. Six Mangalarga Marchador mares, weighing 397.00±31.89 kg, were kept on native pasture, and assigned to the current study. In a switch over design, mares were randomly allocated to receive 150 ml of vegetable oil daily, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids n3 (62.23 g ALA, 20.34 g LA, 2.27 g EPA, 2.32 g DHA), (n=3) or no supplementation (n=3) in two replicates. Blood and follicular fluid samples were taken on the first day (D0) and every 30 days until the end of the supplementation period (D60). After 60 days of supplementation, mares were switched across the treatments. Plasma concentrations of linolenic acid in total fatty acids were higher (P=0.006) in the supplemented compared to the control group (1.89±0.13 vs. 1.49±0.13%). There were positive correlations between plasma linoleic acid and follicular fluid arachidonic acid (P=0.0106; r2=0.13) and between plasma alpha linolenic acid and follicular fluid EPA (P=0.0004; r2=0.2544). Data indicated a low to moderate relationship between the dietary linseed-based oil supplementation studied and circulating and follicular fluid polyunsaturated fatty acids contents in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A S Viafara
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001, Campus Históricos, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo V Portilho
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001, Campus Históricos, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Maculan
- Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas, Rodovia Machado Paraguaçu, s/n, Km 3, Santo Antonio, Campus Machado, 37750-000 Machado, MG, Brazil
| | - José F DE Souza Júnior
- Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida Joao Júlio de Faria, 304, Nova Era, 37170-000 Boa Esperança, MG, Brazil
| | - Camilla M Silva
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Marechal Rondon s/n, Rosa Elze, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Paula G Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Marechal Rondon s/n, Rosa Elze, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S El Azzi
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Doutor Sylvio Menicucci, 1001, Campus Históricos, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - José C DE Souza
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Zootecnia, Av. Sul UFLA, s/n, Campus UFLA, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
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23
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McBurney MI, Blumberg JB, Costello RB, Eggersdorfer M, Erdman JW, Harris WS, Johnson EJ, Hazels Mitmesser S, Post RC, Rai D, Schurgers LJ. Beyond Nutrient Deficiency-Opportunities to Improve Nutritional Status and Promote Health Modernizing DRIs and Supplementation Recommendations. Nutrients 2021; 13:1844. [PMID: 34071268 PMCID: PMC8229216 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provide dietary recommendations to meet nutrient needs, promote health, and prevent disease. Despite 40 years of DGA, the prevalence of under-consumed nutrients continues in the US and globally, although dietary supplement use can help to fill shortfalls. Nutrient recommendations are based on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) to meet the nutrient requirements for nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group and many need to be updated using current evidence. There is an opportunity to modernize vitamin and mineral intake recommendations based on biomarker or surrogate endpoint levels needed to 'prevent deficiency' with DRIs based on ranges of biomarker or surrogate endpoints levels that support normal cell/organ/tissue function in healthy individuals, and to establish DRIs for bioactive compounds. We recommend vitamin K and Mg DRIs be updated and DRIs be established for lutein and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA). With increasing interest in personalized (or precision) nutrition, we propose greater research investment in validating biomarkers and metabolic health measures and the development and use of inexpensive diagnostic devices. Data generated from such approaches will help elucidate optimal nutrient status, provide objective evaluations of an individual's nutritional status, and serve to provide personalized nutrition guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. McBurney
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 0B5, Canada
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.B.B.); (E.J.J.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Blumberg
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.B.B.); (E.J.J.)
| | | | - Manfred Eggersdorfer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - John W. Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA;
| | - William S. Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA;
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Johnson
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (J.B.B.); (E.J.J.)
| | | | - Robert C. Post
- FoodTrition Solutions, LLC, Hackettstown, NJ 07840, USA;
| | - Deshanie Rai
- Global Regulatory and Scientific Affairs, Omniactive Health Technologies, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA;
| | - Leon J. Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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24
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Waehler R. Fatty acids: facts vs. fiction. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2021:1-21. [PMID: 34041926 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last 100 years official dietary guidelines have recommended an increased consumption of fats derived from seeds while decreasing the consumption of traditional fats, especially saturated fats. These recommendations are being challenged by recent studies. Furthermore, the increased use of refining processes in fat production had deleterious health effects. Today, the number of high-quality studies on fatty acids is large enough to make useful recommendations on clinical application and everyday practice. Saturated fats have many beneficial functions and palmitic acid appears to be problematic only when it is synthesized due to excess fructose consumption. Trans fatty acids were shown to be harmful when they are manmade but beneficial when of natural origin. Conjugated linoleic acid has many benefits but the isomer mix that is available in supplement form differs from its natural origin and may better be avoided. The ω3 fatty acid linolenic acid has rather limited use as an anti-inflammatory agent - a fact that is frequently overlooked. On the other hand, the targeted use of long chain ω3 fatty acids based on blood analysis has great potential to supplement or even be an alternative to various pharmacological therapies. At the same time ω6 fatty acids like linoleic acid and arachidonic acid have important physiological functions and should not be avoided but their consumption needs to be balanced with long chain ω3 fatty acids. The quality and quantity of these fats together with appropriate antioxidative protection are critical for their positive health effects.
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Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid which is an essential nutrient for both humans and animals. This review examines the global need for EPA, both in human nutrition and aquaculture. The potential shortfall in supply of this important nutrient as well as sustainability issues with wild-caught fish have generated increased interest into alternative sources of EPA. Various approaches are summarized, including heterotrophic production and the use of genetically modified microorganisms and plants. Studies on photoautotrophic production of EPA are extensively reviewed. Widely used species for large-scale production of EPA includes Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis due to their robustness and relatively high growth rates and EPA content (typically 5% of dry biomass). Approaches for large-scale production have also been reviewed. Closed reactors like flat panels, tubular reactors and bubble columns may be the most suitable due to their high productivity. However, there is no agreement in the literature as to which design generates the lowest cost of production. The economics of the process has also been examined. The best estimates for large-scale (100 hectare) plants give EPA prices of the order 39-90 USD per kilogram. This is approximately ten times higher than the price of EPA derived from fish oil. Potential avenues for lowering the cost are highlighted, along with the need to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of different EPA production methods from a more holistic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Gu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John M Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dale D McClure
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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26
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Gázquez A, Larqué E. Towards an Optimized Fetal DHA Accretion: Differences on Maternal DHA Supplementation Using Phospholipids vs. Triglycerides during Pregnancy in Different Models. Nutrients 2021; 13:511. [PMID: 33557158 PMCID: PMC7913957 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation during pregnancy has been recommended by several health organizations due to its role in neural, visual, and cognitive development. There are several fat sources available on the market for the manufacture of these dietary supplements with DHA. These fat sources differ in the lipid structure in which DHA is esterified, mainly phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) molecules. The supplementation of DHA in the form of PL or TG during pregnancy can lead to controversial results depending on the animal model, physiological status and the fat sources utilized. The intestinal digestion, placental uptake, and fetal accretion of DHA may vary depending on the lipid source of DHA ingested by the mother. The form of DHA used in maternal supplementation that would provide an optimal DHA accretion for fetal brain development, based on the available data obtained most of them from different animal models, indicates no consistent differences in fetal accretion when DHA is provided as TG or PL. Other related lipid species are under evaluation, e.g., lyso-phospholipids, with promising results to improve DHA bioavailability although more studies are needed. In this review, the evidence on DHA bioavailability and accumulation in both maternal and fetal tissues after the administration of DHA supplementation during pregnancy in the form of PL or TG in different models is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gázquez
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elvira Larqué
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain
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27
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Vidal E, Jun B, Gordon WC, Maire MA, Martine L, Grégoire S, Khoury S, Cabaret S, Berdeaux O, Acar N, Bretillon L, Bazan NG. Bioavailability and spatial distribution of fatty acids in the rat retina after dietary omega-3 supplementation. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1733-1746. [PMID: 33127836 PMCID: PMC7707163 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial changes of FAs in the retina in response to different dietary n-3 formulations have never been explored, although a diet rich in EPA and DHA is recommended to protect the retina against the effects of aging. In this study, Wistar rats were fed for 8 weeks with balanced diet including either EPA-containing phospholipids (PLs), EPA-containing TGs, DHA-containing PLs, or DHA-containing TGs. Qualitative changes in FA composition of plasma, erythrocytes, and retina were evaluated by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Following the different dietary intakes, changes to the quantity and spatial organization of PC and PE species in retina were determined by LC coupled to MS/MS and MALDI coupled to MS imaging. The omega-3 content in the lipids of plasma and erythrocytes suggests that PLs as well as TGs are good omega-3 carriers for retina. However, a significant increase in DHA content in retina was observed, especially molecular species as di-DHA-containing PC and PE, as well as an increase in very long chain PUFAs (more than 28 carbons) following PL-EPA and TG-DHA diets only. All supplemented diets triggered spatial organization changes of DHA in the photoreceptor layer around the optic nerve. Taken together, these findings suggest that dietary omega-3 supplementation can modify the content of FAs in the rat retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vidal
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; Horus Pharma Laboratories, Saint Laurent du Var, France
| | - Bokkyoo Jun
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William C Gordon
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marie-Annick Maire
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lucy Martine
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Grégoire
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Spiro Khoury
- Chemosens Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stephanie Cabaret
- Chemosens Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Berdeaux
- Chemosens Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Santos HO, Price JC, Bueno AA. Beyond Fish Oil Supplementation: The Effects of Alternative Plant Sources of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids upon Lipid Indexes and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers-An Overview. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3159. [PMID: 33081119 PMCID: PMC7602731 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a global challenge, and lipid-associated biomarkers can predict cardiovascular events. Extensive research on cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) is geared towards fish oil supplementation and fish-rich diets. Nevertheless, vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular across all segments of society, due to reasons as varied as personal, ethical and religious values, individual preferences and environment-related principles, amongst others. Due to the essentiality of PUFAs, plant sources of n3-PUFAs warrant further consideration. In this review, we have critically appraised the efficacy of plant-derived n3-PUFAs from foodstuffs and supplements upon lipid profile and selected cardiometabolic markers. Walnuts and flaxseed are the most common plant sources of n3-PUFAs, mainly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and feature the strongest scientific rationale for applicability into clinical practice. Furthermore, walnuts and flaxseed are sources of fibre, potassium, magnesium, and non-essential substances, including polyphenols and sterols, which in conjunction are known to ameliorate cardiovascular metabolism. ALA levels in rapeseed and soybean oils are only slight when compared to flaxseed oil. Spirulina and Chlorella, biomasses of cyanobacteria and green algae, are important sources of n3-PUFAs; however, their benefits upon cardiometabolic markers are plausibly driven by their antioxidant potential combined with their n3-PUFA content. In humans, ALA is not sufficiently bioconverted into eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. However, evidence suggests that plant sources of ALA are associated with favourable cardiometabolic status. ALA supplementation, or increased consumption of ALA-rich foodstuffs, combined with reduced omega-6 (n6) PUFAs intake, could improve the n3/n6 ratio and improve cardiometabolic and lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor O. Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil
| | - James C. Price
- College of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK; (J.C.P.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Allain A. Bueno
- College of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK; (J.C.P.); (A.A.B.)
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Petersen KS, Sullivan VK, Fulgoni VL, Eren F, Cassens ME, Bunczek MT, Kris-Etherton PM. Circulating Concentrations of Essential Fatty Acids, Linoleic and α-Linolenic Acid, in US Adults in 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 and the Relation with Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease: An NHANES Analysis. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa149. [PMID: 33024926 PMCID: PMC7524638 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased use of high-oleic oils to replace trans fat has led to concern about declining intake of PUFA and the potential for essential fatty acid insufficiency or even deficiency. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine circulating concentrations of essential and poorly biosynthesized fatty acids, as biomarkers of dietary intake, in the NHANES data sets prior to (2003-2004 cycle) and following (2011-2012 cycle) legislation to reduce trans fat in the food supply and also to explore the associations between these fatty acids and markers of cardiometabolic health. METHODS Fasting circulating concentrations of fatty acids from adults (aged ≥20 y) in the 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 NHANES cycles were used for analysis. Dietary data from one day of both the 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 cycles were used to examine differences in dietary fatty acid intake between these cycles. Regression analyses were used to assess relations between circulating concentrations of fatty acids and cardiometabolic health. RESULTS Between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012, circulating concentrations of linoleic acid (LA) increased (1.38%, P = 0.002); no difference in dietary intake was observed. α-Linolenic acid (ALA), measured by dietary intake (0.14 g, P < 0.001) and circulating concentrations (0.23%, P < 0.01), increased from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012. Circulating LA was inversely associated with BMI (in kg/m2; regression coefficient per percentage point change in LA ± SE: -0.22 ± 0.04), waist circumference (-0.62 ± 0.09 cm), systolic blood pressure (-0.38 ± 0.09 mm Hg), triglycerides (-9.92 ± 0.63 mg/dL), glucose (-3.34 ± 0.13 mg/dL), insulin (-0.18 ± 0.05 µU/mL), and HOMA-IR (-0.29 ± 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In a nationally representative sample of US adults, no declines in circulating concentrations of essential fatty acids, LA and ALA, were observed between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012, a time when high-oleic oils were increasingly used in the food supply. Higher amounts of circulating LA were correlated with lower risk of cardiometabolic dysfunction, which underscores the importance of monitoring consumption in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Valerie K Sullivan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Fulya Eren
- ACH Food Companies, Oakbrook Terrace, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Okomoda VT, Tiamiyu LO, Ricketts AO, Oladimeji SA, Agbara A, Ikhwanuddin M, Alabi KI, Abol-Munafi AB. Hydrothermal Processing of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Filets: Insights on the Nutritive Value and Organoleptic Parameters. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E133. [PMID: 32932756 PMCID: PMC7558970 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of cooking for different hydrothermal-treatment durations (10, 20, 30 and 40 min) on the proximate composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid composition and organoleptic parameters of filets of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Filets of the fish were prepared from market size African catfish with similar breeding history. Parameters of the processed filet under the different hydrothermal durations were also compared against a raw-unprocessed control group except during organoleptic analysis. The results obtained revealed a significant increase in protein, fat and ash content until the 30th minute of hydrothermal processing (p ≤ 0.05). Beyond this processing time, protein and fat significantly reduced while ash remains unaffected. The same trend was observed for most essential/non-essential amino acids isolated as well as the prominent saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In all, the raw control group consistently recorded the least values of nutritional components. The perception of assessors was, however, found to be similar (p ≥ 0.05) in terms of organoleptic parameters regardless of the duration of the processing time of the filets. It was concluded that cooking the African catfish filet using the hydrothermal method should not be extended beyond 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tosin Okomoda
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Makurdi, 2373 Makurdi, Nigeria; (A.O.R.); (A.A.)
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia;
| | - Lateef Oloyede Tiamiyu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515 Ilorin, Nigeria;
| | - Amighty Olorunpelumi Ricketts
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Makurdi, 2373 Makurdi, Nigeria; (A.O.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Sunday Abraham Oladimeji
- Agricultural Department, National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA), 5118 Abuja, Nigeria;
| | - Austine Agbara
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forestry and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Makurdi, 2373 Makurdi, Nigeria; (A.O.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia;
| | - Korede Isaiah Alabi
- Department of Agricultural Extension and Management, Federal College of Forestry, 2019 Jos. Plateau, Nigeria;
| | - Ambok Bolong Abol-Munafi
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Rahmawaty S, Meyer BJ. Stunting is a recognized problem: Evidence for the potential benefits of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutrition 2020; 73:110564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Stanhiser J, Jukic AMZ, Steiner AZ. Serum omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid concentrations and natural fertility. Hum Reprod 2020; 35:950-957. [PMID: 32303745 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are serum omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acid concentrations associated with the probability of conceiving? SUMMARY ANSWER There is no strong association between serum concentrations of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and the probability of conceiving naturally. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid serum concentrations have been shown to play an important role in reproduction in animal models, while conflicting results have been reported in human studies of infertile women. It is unknown to what extent omega fatty acid serum concentrations impact natural fertility. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A nested, case-control study was conducted consisting of 200 participants [fertile: conceived within 3 cycles of attempt (n = 50), subfertile: conceived within 4 and 12 cycles of attempt (n = 100) and infertile: did not conceive within 12 cycles of attempt (n = 50)] randomly selected from the Time to Conceive cohort, a prospective time-to-pregnancy study (2008 to 2015). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS In the Time to Conceive study, women aged 30-44 years who were trying to conceive for <3 months and had no history of infertility were recruited and followed until the end of their pregnancy or ~1 year of pregnancy attempt. For this study, serum collected early in the woman's pregnancy attempt was analysed for anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The primary outcome was a positive home pregnancy test. The secondary outcomes were miscarriage and serum AMH level. A discrete-time Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the fecundability ratio. The odds ratios for miscarriage were calculated using logistic regression. The association between serum omega fatty acid concentrations and AMH level (natural log transformed) was analysed using Pearson's Correlation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 200 women provided 1321 cycles for analysis.Mean omega-3, omega-6 and omega-6:omega-3 ratios did not significantly differ between the fertile, subfertile and infertile groups. There were no associations (all fecundability ratios ~1.0) between pregnancy and individual omega-3 fatty acid concentrations, including alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, or omega-6 fatty acids, including linoleic acid (LA), dihommo-gamma linolenic acid and arachidonic acid. There was no significant association between any individual omega fatty acid serum concentration and the age-adjusted odds of miscarriage. No association was found between any serum omega fatty acid concentration and AMH. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study is limited by the sample size. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid concentrations were derived from serum provided at a single timepoint in the first cycle of enrollment. Serum concentrations may therefore not be representative of all critical timepoints in the menstrual cycle or throughout their attempts to conceive. Additionally, women enrolled in this study were 30 years of age and older, and therefore the findings may not apply to younger women. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These data would suggest that omega-3 and omega-6 serum levels are not associated with natural fertility or risk of miscarriage. However, due to the above-mentioned limitations, future investigation is still needed to determine whether omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may benefit women planning to conceive naturally. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, by the NIH/NICHD (R21 HD060229-01 and R01 HD067683-01) and, in part, by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01ES103333). Dr. Jukic received vitamin D supplements for a research study from Theralogix, Inc. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Stanhiser
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anne Marie Z Jukic
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anne Z Steiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
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Vahmani P, Ponnampalam EN, Kraft J, Mapiye C, Bermingham EN, Watkins PJ, Proctor SD, Dugan MER. Bioactivity and health effects of ruminant meat lipids. Invited Review. Meat Sci 2020; 165:108114. [PMID: 32272342 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ruminant meat (RM) is an excellent source of high-quality protein, B vitamins and trace minerals and plays an important role in global food and nutrition security. However, nutritional guidelines commonly recommend reduced intake of RM mainly because of its high saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, and more recently because of its perceived negative environmental impacts. RM is, however, rich in heart healthy cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and can be an important source of long-chain omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in populations with low fish consumption. In addition, RM is a source of bioactive phospholipids, as well as rumen-derived bioactive fatty acids including branched-chain, vaccenic and rumenic acids, which have been associated with several health benefits. However, the role of bioactive RM lipids in maintaining and improving consumers' health have been generally ignored in nutritional guidelines. The present review examines RM lipids in relation to human health, and evaluates the effectiveness of different feeding strategies and possibilities for future profile and content improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 2201 Meyer Hall, Davis, California 95616, United States.
| | - Eric N Ponnampalam
- Animal Production Sciences, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Cletos Mapiye
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | | | - Peter J Watkins
- Commonwealth Scientific Industry Research Organisation, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribees, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Spencer D Proctor
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Michael E R Dugan
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada.
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Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 3:CD003177. [PMID: 32114706 PMCID: PMC7049091 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from oily fish (long-chain omega-3 (LCn3)), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), as well as from plants (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) may benefit cardiovascular health. Guidelines recommend increasing omega-3-rich foods, and sometimes supplementation, but recent trials have not confirmed this. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of increased intake of fish- and plant-based omega-3 fats for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, adiposity and lipids. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to February 2019, plus ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry to August 2019, with no language restrictions. We handsearched systematic review references and bibliographies and contacted trial authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that lasted at least 12 months and compared supplementation or advice to increase LCn3 or ALA intake, or both, versus usual or lower intake. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed validity. We performed separate random-effects meta-analysis for ALA and LCn3 interventions, and assessed dose-response relationships through meta-regression. MAIN RESULTS We included 86 RCTs (162,796 participants) in this review update and found that 28 were at low summary risk of bias. Trials were of 12 to 88 months' duration and included adults at varying cardiovascular risk, mainly in high-income countries. Most trials assessed LCn3 supplementation with capsules, but some used LCn3- or ALA-rich or enriched foods or dietary advice compared to placebo or usual diet. LCn3 doses ranged from 0.5 g a day to more than 5 g a day (19 RCTs gave at least 3 g LCn3 daily). Meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses suggested little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 1.01; 143,693 participants; 11,297 deaths in 45 RCTs; high-certainty evidence), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99; 117,837 participants; 5658 deaths in 29 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence), cardiovascular events (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.01; 140,482 participants; 17,619 people experienced events in 43 RCTs; high-certainty evidence), stroke (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.12; 138,888 participants; 2850 strokes in 31 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence) or arrhythmia (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.06; 77,990 participants; 4586 people experienced arrhythmia in 30 RCTs; low-certainty evidence). Increasing LCn3 may slightly reduce coronary heart disease mortality (number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 334, RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.00; 127,378 participants; 3598 coronary heart disease deaths in 24 RCTs, low-certainty evidence) and coronary heart disease events (NNTB 167, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.97; 134,116 participants; 8791 people experienced coronary heart disease events in 32 RCTs, low-certainty evidence). Overall, effects did not differ by trial duration or LCn3 dose in pre-planned subgrouping or meta-regression. There is little evidence of effects of eating fish. Increasing ALA intake probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.20; 19,327 participants; 459 deaths in 5 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence),cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.25; 18,619 participants; 219 cardiovascular deaths in 4 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence), coronary heart disease mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.26; 18,353 participants; 193 coronary heart disease deaths in 3 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence) and coronary heart disease events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.22; 19,061 participants; 397 coronary heart disease events in 4 RCTs; low-certainty evidence). However, increased ALA may slightly reduce risk of cardiovascular disease events (NNTB 500, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.07; but RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.04 in RCTs at low summary risk of bias; 19,327 participants; 884 cardiovascular disease events in 5 RCTs; low-certainty evidence), and probably slightly reduces risk of arrhythmia (NNTB 91, RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.97; 4912 participants; 173 events in 2 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence). Effects on stroke are unclear. Increasing LCn3 and ALA had little or no effect on serious adverse events, adiposity, lipids and blood pressure, except increasing LCn3 reduced triglycerides by ˜15% in a dose-dependent way (high-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-3 fats on cardiovascular health to date. Moderate- and low-certainty evidence suggests that increasing LCn3 slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease mortality and events, and reduces serum triglycerides (evidence mainly from supplement trials). Increasing ALA slightly reduces risk of cardiovascular events and arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Priti Biswas
- University of East AngliaMED/HSCNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Gabrielle C Thorpe
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Helen J Moore
- Teesside UniversitySchool of Social Sciences, Humanities and LawMiddlesboroughUKTS1 3BA
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Carolyn D Summerbell
- Durham UniversityDepartment of Sport and Exercise Sciences42 Old ElvetDurhamUKDH13HN
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of ManchesterCochrane Oral HealthCoupland Building 3Oxford RoadManchesterUKM13 9PL
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
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Mokoena NZ, Sebolai OM, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Synthesis and function of fatty acids and oxylipins, with a focus on Caenorhabditis elegans. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 148:106426. [PMID: 32032704 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit a diverse range of important biological functions in most biological systems. These PUFAs can be oxygenated via enzymatic or free radical-mediated reactions to form bioactive oxygenated lipid mediators termed oxylipins. Eicosanoids are broad class of oxylipins that are transient and locally synthesized signalling molecules, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins and thromboxanes, which mediate various physiological responses, such as inflammation. In addition to arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, current developments in lipidomic methodologies have brought attention to vast number of oxylipins produced from other PUFAs, including omega-3. Although, the molecular mechanisms of how PUFAs and oxylipins contribute to majority of the fundamental biological processes are largely unclear, a model organism Caenorhabditis elegans remains a powerful model for exploring lipid metabolism and functions of PUFAs and oxylipins. For instance, the ability of C. elegans to modify fatty acid composition with dietary supplementation and genetic manipulation enables the dissection of the roles of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in many biological processes that include aging, reproduction, and neurobiology. However, much remains to be elucidated concerning the roles of oxylipins, but thus far, C. elegans is well-known for the synthesis of vast set of cytochrome (CYP) eicosanoids. These CYP eicosanoids are extremely susceptible to changes in the relative bioavailability of the different PUFAs, thus providing a better insight into complex mechanisms connecting essential dietary fatty acids to various biological processes. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the synthesis and function of PUFAs and oxylipins in mammals. It also focusses on what is known regarding the production of PUFAs and oxylipins in C. elegans and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Mokoena
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - O M Sebolai
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - J Albertyn
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - C H Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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Grela ER, Knaga S, Winiarska-Mieczan A, Zięba G. Effects of dietary alfalfa protein concentrate supplementation on performance, egg quality, and fatty acid composition of raw, freeze-dried, and hard-boiled eggs from Polbar laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2256-2265. [PMID: 32241511 PMCID: PMC7587663 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of addition of alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) at the dose of 15 g or 30 g per 1 kg of complete feed ration for the native Polbar breed on selected production traits and the fatty acid profile in the yolk of raw, hard-boiled or freeze-dried eggs. Laying hens were assigned randomly to 3 experimental groups, each comprising 30 birds. The control group received a standard diet without the APC addition and the experimental groups received APC, which partially replaced postextraction soybean meal. Egg laying performance, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were controlled throughout the experiment. At 33 wk of age, 45 eggs were randomly selected for assessment of the quality of the egg content and eggshell, and 30 eggs were taken for each of the cooking and freeze-drying treatments. The fatty acid composition was determined in the yolks of hard-boiled, freeze-dried, and raw eggs. There was no effect of the APC addition on the laying performance, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, and a majority of egg quality traits. Hens fed with the APC laid eggs with a darker colored eggshell and yolk and a slightly lower breaking strength. The yolks in the eggs from hens receiving the APC addition were characterized by distinctly higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The group fed with a higher dose of APC produced eggs with a substantially lower level of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Boiling resulted in an increase in the SFA content and a decline in the level of PUFAs and carotenoids. Freeze-drying led to an increase in the total SFA content and a decrease in the level of n-3 PUFA. The APC addition to feed can replace the genetically modified soybean meal without reducing the values of production traits and egg quality and with a beneficial effect on the yolk color and fatty acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Grela
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin 20-950, Poland
| | - S Knaga
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences, Lublin 20-950, Poland.
| | - A Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin 20-950, Poland
| | - G Zięba
- Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences, Lublin 20-950, Poland
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Li D, Liang H, Tong Y, Li Y. Association of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake with depressive symptoms in midlife women. J Affect Disord 2020; 261:164-171. [PMID: 31630038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake from diet with depressive symptoms in midlife women. METHODS Data for this cross-sectional study were retrieved from baseline assessment of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were performed to examine the association n-3 PUFA intake with depressive symptoms. RESULTS A total of 3054 women aged 42-52 years were included in the present study. In overall midlife women, n-3 PUFA intake was not significantly associated with depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥16) after adjustment for potential confounders. In early perimenopausal women, n-3 PUFA intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms after adjustment for potential confounders. The fully adjusted OR with 95% CI of depressive symptoms were 0.062 (0.009-0.457) in the highest quartile (n-3 PUFAs intake was categorized by quartiles) compared with the lowest quartile for n-3 PUFA intake. Restricted cubic spline analyses showed that n-3 PUFA intake were dose-response inversely associated with depressive symptoms in early perimenopausal women. However, in premenopausal women, no significant association between depressive symptoms and n-3 PUFA intake was observed. LIMITATIONS This was a cross-sectional study, limiting causal inferences. CONCLUSION Dietary n-3 PUFA may be inversely associated with depressive symptoms in early perimenopausal women, but not in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Yongqing Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
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Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) include α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 ω-3), stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4 ω-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 ω-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5 ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3). In the past few decades, many epidemiological studies have been conducted on the myriad health benefits of omega-3 PUFAs. In this review, we summarized the structural features, properties, dietary sources, metabolism, and bioavailability of omega-3 PUFAs and their effects on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, depression, visual and neurological development, and maternal and child health. Even though many health benefits of omega-3 PUFAs have been reported in the literature, there are also some controversies about their efficacy and certain benefits to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Priyatharini Ambigaipalan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada;
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Metherel AH, Bazinet RP. Updates to the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway: DHA synthesis rates, tetracosahexaenoic acid and (minimal) retroconversion. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:101008. [PMID: 31626820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the numerous families of lipid mediators derived from them collectively regulate numerous biological processes. The mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA regulate biological processes begins with an understanding of the n-3 biosynthetic pathway that starts with alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and is commonly thought to end with the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). However, our understanding of this pathway is not as complete as previously believed. In the current review we provide a background of the evidence supporting the pathway as currently understood and provide updates from recent studies challenging three central dogma of n-3 PUFA metabolism. By building on nearly three decades of research primarily in cell culture and oral dosing studies, recent evidence presented focuses on in vivo kinetic modelling and compound-specific isotope abundance studies in rodents and humans that have been instrumental in expanding our knowledge of the pathway. Specifically, we highlight three main updates to the n-3 PUFA biosynthesis pathway: (1) DHA synthesis rates cannot be as low as previously believed, (2) DHA is both a product and a precursor to tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n-3) and (3) increases in EPA in response to DHA supplementation are not the result of increased retroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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40
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Metherel AH, Irfan M, Klingel SL, Mutch DM, Bazinet RP. Compound-specific isotope analysis reveals no retroconversion of DHA to EPA but substantial conversion of EPA to DHA following supplementation: a randomized control trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:823-831. [PMID: 31204771 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been believed that DHA supplementation increases plasma EPA via the retroconversion pathway in mammals. However, in rodents this increase in EPA is likely due to a slower metabolism of EPA, but this has never been tested directly in humans. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to use the natural variations in 13C:12C ratio (carbon-13 isotopic abundance [δ13C]) of n-3 PUFA supplements to assess n-3 PUFA metabolism following DHA or EPA supplementation in humans. METHODS Participants (aged 21.6 ± 2.2 y) were randomly assigned into 1 of 3 supplement groups for 12 wk: 1) olive oil control, 2) ∼3 g/d DHA, or 3) ∼3 g/d EPA. Blood was collected before and after the supplementation period, and concentrations and δ13C of plasma n-3 PUFA were determined. RESULTS DHA supplementation increased (P < 0.05) plasma EPA concentrations by 130% but did not affect plasma δ13C-EPA (-31.0 ± 0.30 to -30.8 ± 0.19, milliUrey ± SEM, P > 0.05). In addition, EPA supplementation did not change plasma DHA concentrations (P > 0.05) but did increase plasma δ13C-DHA (-27.9 ± 0.2 to -25.6 ± 0.1, P < 0.05) toward δ13C-EPA of the supplement (-23.5 ± 0.22). EPA supplementation increased plasma concentrations of EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-3) by 880% and 200%, respectively, and increased plasma δ13C-EPA (-31.5 ± 0.2 to -25.7 ± 0.2) and δ13C-DPAn-3 (-28.9 ± 0.3 to -25.0 ± 0.1) toward δ13C-EPA of the supplement. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that the increase in plasma EPA following DHA supplementation in humans does not occur via retroconversion, but instead from a slowed metabolism and/or accumulation of plasma EPA. Furthermore, substantial amounts of supplemental EPA can be converted into DHA. δ13C of n-3 PUFA in humans is a powerful and underutilized tool that can track dietary n-3 PUFA and elucidate complex metabolic questions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03378232.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maha Irfan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon L Klingel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tiwary S, Berzofsky JA, Terabe M. Altered Lipid Tumor Environment and Its Potential Effects on NKT Cell Function in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2187. [PMID: 31620124 PMCID: PMC6759687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are CD1d restricted T cells that mostly recognize lipid antigens. These cells share characteristics with both adaptive and innate immune cells and have multiple immunoregulatory roles. In a manner similar to innate immune cells, they respond quickly to stimuli and secrete large amounts of cytokines, amplifying and modulating the immune response. As T cells, they express T cell receptors (TCRs) and respond in an antigen-specific manner like conventional T cells. There are at least two subtypes of NKT cells, type I and type II, that differ in the nature of their TCR, either semi-invariant (type I) or diverse (type II). The two sub-types generally have opposing functions in tumor immunity, with type I promoting and type II suppressing tumor immunity, and they cross-regulate each other, forming an immunoregulatory axis. The tumor has multiple mechanisms by which it can evade immune-surveillance. One such mechanism involves alteration in tumor lipid repertoire and accumulation of lipids and fatty acids that favor tumor growth and evade anti-tumor immunity. Since NKT cells mostly recognize lipid antigens, an altered tumor lipid metabolic profile will also alter the repertoire of lipid antigens that can potentially affect their immune-modulatory function. In this review, we will explore the effects of alterations in the lipid metabolites on tumor growth, antigen cross-presentation, and overall effect on anti-tumor immunity, especially in the context of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Tiwary
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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42
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Avallone R, Vitale G, Bertolotti M. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Neurodegenerative Diseases: New Evidence in Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4256. [PMID: 31480294 PMCID: PMC6747747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A nutritional approach could be a promising strategy to prevent or slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, since there is no effective therapy for these diseases so far. The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids are now well established by a plethora of studies through their involvement in multiple biochemical functions, including synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators, cell membrane fluidity, intracellular signaling, and gene expression. This systematic review will consider epidemiological studies and clinical trials that assessed the impact of supplementation or dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Indeed, treatment with omega-3 fatty acids, being safe and well tolerated, represents a valuable and biologically plausible tool in the management of neurodegenerative diseases in their early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Avallone
- Department of Life Sciences, Modena and Reggio Emilia University, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Life Sciences, Modena and Reggio Emilia University, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Bertolotti
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, and Center for Gerontological Evaluation and Research, Modena and Reggio Emilia University, 41126 Modena, Italy
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43
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Harris DN, Ruczinski I, Yanek LR, Becker LC, Becker DM, Guio H, Cui T, Chilton FH, Mathias RA, O'Connor TD. Evolution of Hominin Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism: From Africa to the New World. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1417-1430. [PMID: 30942856 PMCID: PMC6514828 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic conversion of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 18 carbon (18C) to long chain (>20 carbon) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) is vital for human life. The rate-limiting steps of this process are catalyzed by fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1 and 2. Therefore, understanding the evolutionary history of the FADS genes is essential to our understanding of hominin evolution. The FADS genes have two haplogroups, ancestral and derived, with the derived haplogroup being associated with more efficient LC-PUFA biosynthesis than the ancestral haplogroup. In addition, there is a complex global distribution of these haplogroups that is suggestive of Neanderthal introgression. We confirm that Native American ancestry is nearly fixed for the ancestral haplogroup, and replicate a positive selection signal in Native Americans. This positive selection potentially continued after the founding of the Americas, although simulations suggest that the timing is dependent on the allele frequency of the ancestral Beringian population. We also find that the Neanderthal FADS haplotype is more closely related to the derived haplogroup and the Denisovan clusters closer to the ancestral haplogroup. Furthermore, the derived haplogroup has a time to the most recent common ancestor of 688,474 years before present. These results support an ancient polymorphism, as opposed to Neanderthal introgression, forming in the FADS region during the Pleistocene with possibly differential selection pressures on both haplogroups. The near fixation of the ancestral haplogroup in Native American ancestry calls for future studies to explore the potential health risk of associated low LC-PUFA levels in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Harris
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lewis C Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Diane M Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Heinner Guio
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Perú
| | - Tao Cui
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Timothy D O'Connor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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44
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Bzikowska-Jura A, Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna A, Jasińska-Melon E, Mojska H, Olędzka G, Wesołowska A, Szostak-Węgierek D. The Concentration of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Human Milk Is Related to Their Habitual but Not Current Intake. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071585. [PMID: 31336991 PMCID: PMC6683022 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined fatty acid (FA) concentrations in maternal milk and investigated the association between omega-3 fatty acid levels and their maternal current dietary intake (based on three-day dietary records) and habitual dietary intake (based on intake frequency of food products). Tested material comprised 32 samples of human milk, coming from exclusively breastfeeding women during their first month of lactation. Milk fatty acids were analyzed as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by gas chromatography using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph with MS detector 5972A. We did not observe any correlation between current dietary intake of omega-3 FAs and their concentrations in human milk. However, we observed that the habitual intake of fatty fish affected omega-3 FA concentrations in human milk. Kendall’s rank correlation coefficients were 0.25 (p = 0.049) for DHA, 0.27 (p = 0.03) for EPA, and 0.28 (p = 0.02) for ALA. Beef consumption was negatively correlated with DHA concentrations in human milk (r = −0.25; p = 0.046). These findings suggest that current omega-3 FA intake does not translate directly into their concentration in human milk. On the contrary, their habitual intake seems to markedly influence their milk concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Jasińska-Melon
- Department of Metabolomics Food and Nutrition Institute, 61/63 Powsińska Str., 02-903 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Mojska
- Department of Metabolomics Food and Nutrition Institute, 61/63 Powsińska Str., 02-903 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Olędzka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska Str. 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wesołowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neonatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury Str. 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Szostak-Węgierek
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
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Matos J, Cardoso CL, Falé P, Afonso CM, Bandarra NM. Investigation of nutraceutical potential of the microalgae
Chlorella vulgaris
and
Arthrospira platensis. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Matos
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV) Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6 Lisbon 1495‐006 Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, 16 Lisbon 1749‐016 Portugal
| | - Carlos L. Cardoso
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV) Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6 Lisbon 1495‐006 Portugal
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto Rua dos Bragas 289 Porto4050‐123Portugal
| | - Pedro Falé
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, 16 Lisbon 1749‐016 Portugal
| | - Cláudia M. Afonso
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV) Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6 Lisbon 1495‐006 Portugal
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto Rua dos Bragas 289 Porto4050‐123Portugal
| | - Narcisa M. Bandarra
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV) Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP) Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6 Lisbon 1495‐006 Portugal
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto Rua dos Bragas 289 Porto4050‐123Portugal
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Shen W, Weaver AM, Salazar C, Samet JM, Diaz-Sanchez D, Tong H. Validation of a Dietary Questionnaire to Screen Omega-3 Fatty Acids Levels in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071470. [PMID: 31261632 PMCID: PMC6682879 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate a clinical observational study to identify healthy volunteers with low (defined as ≤4%) and high (defined as ≥5.5%) omega-3 indices, a dietary questionnaire to rapidly assess habitual dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was developed. This study aimed to determine the validity of this newly developed dietary questionnaire. One hundred and eight volunteers were included and were assessed for habitual dietary intake of EPA and DHA using the questionnaire. The United States Department of Agriculture food products database and nutrition fact label was referenced for calculation. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of fatty acids in whole blood specimens and to derive omega-3 indices. A linear correlation was observed between reported dietary consumption of EPA, DHA, EPA+DHA and the whole blood levels of EPA, DHA, and the omega-3 indices (r = 0.67, 0.62, 0.67, respectively, p < 0.001 for all). The findings also suggested that the questionnaire was substantially better at identifying volunteers with high omega-3 indices (sensitivity 89%, specificity 84%, and agreement 86%) compared to volunteers with low omega-3 indices (sensitivity 100%, specificity 66%, and agreement 42%). In conclusion, this newly developed questionnaire is an efficient tool for the assessment of omega-3 indices in study populations and is particularly effective in identifying individuals with high omega-3 indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Shen
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
- Department of Public and Allied Health, 119 Health and Human Services, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
| | - Anne M Weaver
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Claudia Salazar
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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47
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Alpha-Linolenic Acid Treatment Reduces the Contusion and Prevents the Development of Anxiety-Like Behavior Induced by a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 55:187-200. [PMID: 28844093 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately, 1.7 million Americans suffer a TBI annually and TBI is a major cause of death and disability. The majority of the TBI cases are of the mild type and while most patients recover completely from mild TBI (mTBI) about 10% result in persistent symptoms and some result in lifelong disability. Anxiety disorders are the second most common diagnosis post-TBI. Of note, TBI-induced anxiety disorders are difficult to treat and remain a chronic condition suggesting that new therapies are needed. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that a mild TBI induced an anxiety-like phenotype, a key feature of the human condition, associated with loss of GABAergic interneurons and hyperexcitability in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in rodents 7 and 30 days after a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. We now confirm that animals display significantly increased anxiety-like behavior 30 days after CCI. The anxiety-like behavior was associated with a significant loss of GABAergic interneurons and significant reductions in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous and miniature GABAA-receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the BLA. Significantly, subchronic treatment with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) after CCI prevents the development of anxiety-like behavior, the loss of GABAergic interneurons, hyperexcitability in the BLA and reduces the impact injury. Taken together, administration of ALA after CCI is a potent therapy against the neuropathology and pathophysiological effects of mTBI in the BLA.
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48
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Ting HC, Chen LT, Chen JY, Huang YL, Xin RC, Chan JF, Hsu YHH. Double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids differentially regulate mitochondrial cardiolipin remodeling. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:53. [PMID: 30764880 PMCID: PMC6376731 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplemented fatty acids can incorporate into cardiolipin (CL) and affect its remodeling. The change in CL species may alter the mitochondrial membrane composition, potentially disturbing the mitochondrial structure and function during inflammation. METHOD To investigate the effect of the unsaturation of fatty acids on CL, we supplemented macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells with 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids including oleic acid (OA, 18:1), linoleic acid (LA, 18:2), α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3), γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3), and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4). Mitochondrial changes in CL were measured through mass spectrometry. RESULT Our data indicated that OA(18:1) was the most efficient fatty acid that incorporated into CL, forming symmetrical CL without fatty acid elongation and desaturation. In addition, LA(18:2) and ALA(18:3) were further elongated before incorporation, significantly increasing the number of double bonds and the chain length of CL. GLA and SDA were not optimal substrates for remodeling enzymes. The findings of RT-qPCR experiments revealed that none of these changes in CL occurred through the regulation of CL remodeling- or synthesis-related genes. The fatty acid desaturase and transportation genes-Fads2 and Cpt1a, respectively-were differentially regulated by the supplementation of five unsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS The process of fatty acid incorporation to CL was regulated by the fatty acid desaturation and transportation into mitochondria in macrophage. The double bonds of fatty acids significantly affect the incorporation process and preference. Intact OA(18:1) was incorporated to CL; LA(18:2) and ALA(18:3) were desaturated and elongated to long chain fatty acid before the incorporation; GLA(18:3) and SDA(18:4) were unfavorable for the CL incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chi Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Tzu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jo-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Li Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Rui-Cheng Xin
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jui-Fen Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Hao Howard Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Life Science Research Center, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through the alternative Δ8-desaturase pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:333-342. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, AlAbdulghafoor FK, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 11:CD003177. [PMID: 30521670 PMCID: PMC6517311 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have suggested that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from oily fish (long-chain omega-3 (LCn3), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), as well as from plants (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) benefit cardiovascular health. Guidelines recommend increasing omega-3-rich foods, and sometimes supplementation, but recent trials have not confirmed this. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increased intake of fish- and plant-based omega-3 for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CVD) events, adiposity and lipids. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to April 2017, plus ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry to September 2016, with no language restrictions. We handsearched systematic review references and bibliographies and contacted authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that lasted at least 12 months and compared supplementation and/or advice to increase LCn3 or ALA intake versus usual or lower intake. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed validity. We performed separate random-effects meta-analysis for ALA and LCn3 interventions, and assessed dose-response relationships through meta-regression. MAIN RESULTS We included 79 RCTs (112,059 participants) in this review update and found that 25 were at low summary risk of bias. Trials were of 12 to 72 months' duration and included adults at varying cardiovascular risk, mainly in high-income countries. Most studies assessed LCn3 supplementation with capsules, but some used LCn3- or ALA-rich or enriched foods or dietary advice compared to placebo or usual diet. LCn3 doses ranged from 0.5g/d LCn3 to > 5 g/d (16 RCTs gave at least 3g/d LCn3).Meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses suggested little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03, 92,653 participants; 8189 deaths in 39 trials, high-quality evidence), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.03, 67,772 participants; 4544 CVD deaths in 25 RCTs), cardiovascular events (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.04, 90,378 participants; 14,737 people experienced events in 38 trials, high-quality evidence), coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.09, 73,491 participants; 1596 CHD deaths in 21 RCTs), stroke (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.16, 89,358 participants; 1822 strokes in 28 trials) or arrhythmia (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.05, 53,796 participants; 3788 people experienced arrhythmia in 28 RCTs). There was a suggestion that LCn3 reduced CHD events (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.97, 84,301 participants; 5469 people experienced CHD events in 28 RCTs); however, this was not maintained in sensitivity analyses - LCn3 probably makes little or no difference to CHD event risk. All evidence was of moderate GRADE quality, except as noted.Increasing ALA intake probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.20, 19,327 participants; 459 deaths, 5 RCTs),cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.25, 18,619 participants; 219 cardiovascular deaths, 4 RCTs), and CHD mortality (1.1% to 1.0%, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.26, 18,353 participants; 193 CHD deaths, 3 RCTs) and ALA may make little or no difference to CHD events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.22, 19,061 participants, 397 CHD events, 4 RCTs, low-quality evidence). However, increased ALA may slightly reduce risk of cardiovascular events (from 4.8% to 4.7%, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.07, 19,327 participants; 884 CVD events, 5 RCTs, low-quality evidence with greater effects in trials at low summary risk of bias), and probably reduces risk of arrhythmia (3.3% to 2.6%, RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.10, 4,837 participants; 141 events, 1 RCT). Effects on stroke are unclear.Sensitivity analysis retaining only trials at low summary risk of bias moved effect sizes towards the null (RR 1.0) for all LCn3 primary outcomes except arrhythmias, but for most ALA outcomes, effect sizes moved to suggest protection. LCn3 funnel plots suggested that adding in missing studies/results would move effect sizes towards null for most primary outcomes. There were no dose or duration effects in subgrouping or meta-regression.There was no evidence that increasing LCn3 or ALA altered serious adverse events, adiposity or lipids, except LCn3 reduced triglycerides by ˜15% in a dose-dependant way (high-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-3 fats on cardiovascular health to date. Moderate- and high-quality evidence suggests that increasing EPA and DHA has little or no effect on mortality or cardiovascular health (evidence mainly from supplement trials). Previous suggestions of benefits from EPA and DHA supplements appear to spring from trials with higher risk of bias. Low-quality evidence suggests ALA may slightly reduce CVD event and arrhythmia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Priti Biswas
- University of East AngliaMED/HSCNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Gabrielle C Thorpe
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Helen J Moore
- Durham UniversityWolfson Research InstituteDurhamUKDH1 3LE
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fai K AlAbdulghafoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Carolyn D Summerbell
- Durham UniversityDepartment of Sport and Exercise Science42 Old ElvetDurhamUKDH13HN
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of ManchesterCochrane Oral HealthJR Moore BuildingOxford RoadManchesterUKM13 9PL
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
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