1
|
Zhong C, Yang X, Niu J, Zhou X, Zhou J, Pan G, Sun Z, Chen J, Cao K, Luan M. Transcriptome analysis of Citrus Aurantium L. to study synephrine biosynthesis during developmental stages. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17965. [PMID: 39267946 PMCID: PMC11391941 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus aurantium L., sometimes known as "sour orange," is an important Chinese herb with young, immature fruits, or "zhishi," that are high in synephrine. Synephrine is a commonly utilized natural chemical with promising applications in effectively increasing metabolism, heat expenditure, energy level, oxidative fat, and weight loss. However, little is known about the genes and pathways involved in synephrine production during the critical developmental stages of C. aurantium L., which limits the development of the industry. According to this study, the concentration of synephrine gradually decreased as the fruit developed. Transcriptome sequencing was used to examine the DEGs associated with synephrine connections and served as the foundation for creating synephrine-rich C. aurantium L. Comparisons conducted between different developmental stages to obtain DEGs, and the number of DEGs varied from 690 to 3,019. Tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, phenylalanine, and tyrosine metabolism were the main KEGG pathways that were substantially enriched. The results showed that 25 genes among these KEGG pathways may be related to synephrine synthesis. The WGCNA and one-way ANOVA analysis adoption variance across the groups suggested that 11 genes might play a crucial role in synephrine synthesis and should therefore be further analyzed. We also selected six DEGs at random and analyzed their expression levels by RT-qPCR, and high repeatability and reliability were demonstrated by our finished RNA-seq study results. These results may be useful in selecting or modifying genes to increase the quantity of synephrine in sour oranges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhong
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Stem-Fiber Biomass and Engineering Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xitao Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Stem-Fiber Biomass and Engineering Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Niu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Stem-Fiber Biomass and Engineering Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Stem-Fiber Biomass and Engineering Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gen Pan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Stem-Fiber Biomass and Engineering Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Resources, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Stem-Fiber Biomass and Engineering Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Stem-Fiber Biomass and Engineering Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Fruit Tree Breeding Technology), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingbao Luan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Stem-Fiber Biomass and Engineering Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gou Y, Li T, Wang Y. Active-Site Oxygen Accessibility and Catalytic Loop Dynamics of Plant Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylases from Molecular Simulations. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1980-1990. [PMID: 39008055 PMCID: PMC11308512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylases (AAADs) are pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes that catalyze the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acid l-amino acids. In plants, apart from canonical AAADs that catalyze the straightforward decarboxylation reaction, other members of the AAAD family function as aromatic acetaldehyde synthases (AASs) and catalyze more complex decarboxylation-dependent oxidative deamination. The interconversion between a canonical AAAD and an AAS can be achieved by a single tyrosine-phenylalanine mutation in the large catalytic loop of the enzymes. In this work, we report implicit ligand sampling (ILS) calculations of the canonical l-tyrosine decarboxylase from Papaver somniferum (PsTyDC) that catalyzes l-tyrosine decarboxylation and its Y350F mutant that instead catalyzes the decarboxylation-dependent oxidative deamination of the same substrate. Through comparative analysis of the resulting three-dimensional (3D) O2 free energy profiles, we evaluate the impact of the key tyrosine/phenylalanine mutation on oxygen accessibility to both the wild type and Y350F mutant of PsTyDC. Additionally, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the l-tryptophan decarboxylase from Catharanthus roseus (CrTDC), we further investigate the dynamics of a large catalytic loop known to be indispensable to all AAADs. Results of our ILS and MD calculations shed new light on how key structural elements and loop conformational dynamics underlie the enzymatic functions of different members of the plant AAAD family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Gou
- Department of Physics, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianjie Li
- Department of Physics, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Berman P, de Haro LA, Cavaco AR, Panda S, Dong Y, Kuzmich N, Lichtenstein G, Peleg Y, Harat H, Jozwiak A, Cai J, Heinig U, Meir S, Rogachev I, Aharoni A. The biosynthetic pathway of the hallucinogen mescaline and its heterologous reconstruction. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1129-1150. [PMID: 38835170 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Mescaline, among the earliest identified natural hallucinogens, holds great potential in psychotherapy treatment. Nonetheless, despite the existence of a postulated biosynthetic pathway for more than half a century, the specific enzymes involved in this process are yet to be identified. In this study, we investigated the cactus Lophophora williamsii (Peyote), the largest known natural producer of the phenethylamine mescaline. We employed a multi-faceted approach, combining de novo whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing with comprehensive chemical profiling, enzymatic assays, molecular modeling, and pathway engineering for pathway elucidation. We identified four groups of enzymes responsible for the six catalytic steps in the mescaline biosynthetic pathway, and an N-methyltransferase enzyme that N-methylates all phenethylamine intermediates, likely modulating mescaline levels in Peyote. Finally, we reconstructed the mescaline biosynthetic pathway in both Nicotiana benthamiana plants and yeast cells, providing novel insights into several challenges hindering complete heterologous mescaline production. Taken together, our study opens up avenues for exploration of sustainable production approaches and responsible utilization of mescaline, safeguarding this valuable natural resource for future generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Luis Alejandro de Haro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ana-Rita Cavaco
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Younghui Dong
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nikolay Kuzmich
- The Maurice and Vivienne Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gabriel Lichtenstein
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hila Harat
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Adam Jozwiak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jianghua Cai
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sagit Meir
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang X, Wang Q, Yang J, Du B, Yuan Z, Liu H, Yuan J, Zhang Y, Chen L, Liu L. Deep integration of metabolome and transcriptome characterizes alkaloid metabolism in Houttuynia cordata. Genomics 2024; 116:110881. [PMID: 38906513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Alkaloids are the main medicinal components in Houttuynia cordata. In this study, two accessions 6# and 7# of H. cordata underwent thorough metabolomic analyses to identify and quantify alkaloid phytometabolites. It turned out that the alkaloid types were largely similar between 6# and 7#, and the identified 81 alkaloids could be divided into nine structural classes. However, the content of alkaloids in the two accessions was quite different. According to transcriptome data, a total of 114 differentially expressed genes related to alkaloid metabolism were screened. The alkaloid synthesis pathway of the two varieties was mainly different in the isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis and indole alkaloid biosynthesis; four genes A22110063c_transcript_59323, A22110063c_transcript_60118, A22110063c_transcript_51672 and A22110063c_transcript_48784 were highly expressed in 7#, which could be key candidate genes of alkaloid metabolism and warrant further analysis. These results provide a reference for the medicinal application of H. cordata and breeding alkaloid rich varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jingtian Yang
- Ecological and Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Baoguo Du
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Zhaodi Yuan
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jiayi Yuan
- Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Liao Chen
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Forest and Grassland Disaster Prevention and Reduction, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China; College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cui Q, Liu Q, Fan Y, Wang C, Li Y, Li S, Zhang J, Rao G. Functional differentiation of olive PLP_deC genes: insights into metabolite biosynthesis and genetic improvement at the whole-genome level. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:127. [PMID: 38652203 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study identified 16 pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylases in olive at the whole-genome level, conducted analyses on their physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships and characterized their activity. Group II pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylases (PLP_deC II) mediate the biosynthesis of characteristic olive metabolites, such as oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. However, there have been no report on the functional differentiation of this gene family at the whole-genome level. This study conducted an exploration of the family members of PLP_deC II at the whole-genome level, identified 16 PLP_deC II genes, and analyzed their gene structure, physicochemical properties, cis-acting elements, phylogenetic evolution, and gene expression patterns. Prokaryotic expression and enzyme activity assays revealed that OeAAD2 and OeAAD4 could catalyze the decarboxylation reaction of tyrosine and dopa, resulting in the formation of their respective amine compounds, but it did not catalyze phenylalanine and tryptophan. Which is an important step in the synthetic pathway of hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein. This finding established the foundational data at the molecular level for studying the functional aspects of the olive PLP_deC II gene family and provided essential gene information for genetic improvement of olive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yutong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Chenhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yufei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shuyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Guodong Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie Y, Feng X, Tao J, Gao Q, Li Y, Liu X, Xia M, Wang D. Cloning, characterization and specificity of a new aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylases from Bufo bufo gargarizans. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129539. [PMID: 38244737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and its derivative bufotenine, which possess important physiological functions, are the primary active components in the secretions of toad parotid and skin gland. However, the biosynthetic pathway of these substances remains unclear in toads. To characterize toad's Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (AADC), the key enzyme in the predicted 5-HT derivatives biosynthetic pathway, the full-length cDNA of AADC from Bufo bufo gargarizans (BbgAADC) was cloned from the parotoid gland of B. bufo gargarizans. The recombinant BbgAADC exhibited optimal expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3) containing pCold-BbgAADC after induction for 16 h at 15 °C with 0.3 mM IPTG, resulting in substantial yields of soluble proteins. The enzymological properties of BbgAADC were assessed, and it was determined that the optimal reaction temperature was 37 °C, the optimal pH was 8.6, and the optimum molar ratio of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) to BbgAADC was found to be 3.6:1. Additionally, high substrate specificity was observed, as BbgAADC could catalyze the production of 5-HT from 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) but not dopamine or tryptamine from levodopa or tryptophan, respectively. The Km of the recombinant protein BbgAADC was 0.2918 mM and the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) was 1.182 μM·min-1 when 5-HTP was used as substrate. The Kcat was 0.0545 min-1, and Kcat/Km was 0.1868 mM-1·min-1. To elucidate the mechanism of BbgAADC, molecular docking was performed with PLP and 5-HTP, or the external aldimine formed by 5-HTP and PLP. The results indicated that the active sites for BbgAADC to bind with PLP were K303, H192, N300, A148, F309, T246, A273, and T147. W71, Y79, F80, P81, T82, H192, T246, N300, H302, F309, and R477 served as catalytically active sites for the binding of BbgAADC to 5-HTP. Furthermore, R447, W71, S149, N300, A148, and T147 of BbgAADC were involved in the decarboxylation reaction of the aldimine formed by PLP and 5-HTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Xue Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Jiaqi Tao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Qianhui Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Mingyu Xia
- School of Life Science and Biological Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Günther J, Halitschke R, Gershenzon J, Burow M. Heterologous expression of PtAAS1 reveals the metabolic potential of the common plant metabolite phenylacetaldehyde for auxin synthesis in planta. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14078. [PMID: 38148231 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes and amines are common plant metabolites involved in several specialized metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Recently, we showed that the aromatic aldehyde synthase PtAAS1 and the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase PtAADC1 contribute to the herbivory-induced formation of volatile 2-phenylethanol and its glucoside 2-phenylethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside in Populus trichocarpa. To unravel alternative metabolic fates of phenylacetaldehyde and 2-phenylethylamine beyond alcohol and alcohol glucoside formation, we heterologously expressed PtAAS1 and PtAADC1 in Nicotiana benthamiana and analyzed plant extracts using untargeted LC-qTOF-MS and targeted LC-MS/MS analysis. While the metabolomes of PtAADC1-expressing plants did not significantly differ from those of control plants, expression of PtAAS1 resulted in the accumulation of phenylacetic acid (PAA) and PAA-amino acid conjugates, identified as PAA-aspartate and PAA-glutamate. Herbivory-damaged poplar leaves revealed significantly induced accumulation of PAA-Asp, while levels of PAA remained unaltered upon herbivory. Transcriptome analysis showed that members of auxin-amido synthetase GH3 genes involved in the conjugation of auxins with amino acids were significantly upregulated upon herbivory in P. trichocarpa leaves. Overall, our data indicates that phenylacetaldehyde generated by poplar PtAAS1 serves as a hub metabolite linking the biosynthesis of volatile, non-volatile herbivory-induced specialized metabolites, and phytohormones, suggesting that plant growth and defense can be balanced on a metabolic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Günther
- Department for Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department for Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Meike Burow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Banyal A, Tiwari S, Sharma A, Chanana I, Patel SKS, Kulshrestha S, Kumar P. Vinca alkaloids as a potential cancer therapeutics: recent update and future challenges. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:211. [PMID: 37251731 PMCID: PMC10209376 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinca alkaloids including vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinflunine are chemotherapeutic compounds commonly used to treat various cancers. Vinca alkaloids are one of the first microtubule-targeting agents to be produced and certified for the treatment of hematological and lymphatic neoplasms. Microtubule targeting agents like vincristine and vinblastine work by disrupting microtubule dynamics, causing mitotic arrest and cell death. The key issues facing vinca alkaloids applications include establishing an environment-friendly production technique based on microorganisms, as well as increasing bioavailability without causing harm to patient's health. The low yield of these vinca alkaloids from the plant and the difficulty of meeting their huge colossal demand around the globe prompted researchers to create a variety of approaches. Endophytes could thus be selected to produce beneficial secondary metabolites required for the biosynthesis of vinca alkaloids. This review covers the significant aspects of these vital drugs, from their discovery to the present day, in a concise manner. In addition, we emphasize the major hurdles that must be overcome in the coming years to improve vinca alkaloid's effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Banyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Shubham Tiwari
- IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201009 India
| | - Aparajita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Ishita Chanana
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 143-701 South Korea
| | - Saurabh Kulshrestha
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barberis M, Calabrese D, Galloni M, Nepi M. Secondary Metabolites in Nectar-Mediated Plant-Pollinator Relationships. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:550. [PMID: 36771634 PMCID: PMC9920422 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the complex chemistry of floral nectar and its ecological implications for plant-pollinator relationships has certainly increased. Nectar is no longer considered merely a reward for pollinators but rather a plant interface for complex interactions with insects and other organisms. A particular class of compounds, i.e., nectar secondary compounds (NSCs), has contributed to this new perspective, framing nectar in a more comprehensive ecological context. The aim of this review is to draft an overview of our current knowledge of NSCs, including emerging aspects such as non-protein amino acids and biogenic amines, whose presence in nectar was highlighted quite recently. After considering the implications of the different classes of NSCs in the pollination scenario, we discuss hypotheses regarding the evolution of such complex nectar profiles and provide cues for future research on plant-pollinator relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barberis
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Calabrese
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Galloni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Nepi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), 90123 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Motoyama T, Yamamoto Y, Ishida C, Hasebe F, Kawamura Y, Shigeta Y, Ito S, Nakano S. Reaction Mechanism of Ancestral l-Lys α-Oxidase from Caulobacter Species Studied by Biochemical, Structural, and Computational Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44407-44419. [PMID: 36506213 PMCID: PMC9730747 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The flavin-dependent amine oxidase superfamily contains various l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) bearing different substrate specificities and enzymatic properties. LAAOs catalyze the oxidation of the α-amino group of l-amino acids (L-AAs) to produce imino acids and H2O2. In this study, an ancestral l-Lys α-oxidase (AncLLysO2) was designed utilizing genome-mined sequences from the Caulobacter species. The AncLLysO2 exhibited high specificity toward l-Lys; the k cat/K m values toward l-Lys were one and two orders larger than those of l-Arg and l-ornithine, respectively. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis indicated that AncLLysO2 released imino acid immediately from the active site after completion of oxidation of the α-amino group. Crystal structures of the ligand-free, l-Lys- and l-Arg-bound forms of AncLLysO2 were determined at 1.4-1.6 Å resolution, indicating that the active site of AncLLysO2 kept an open state during the reaction and more likely to release products. The structures also indicated the substrate recognition mechanism of AncLLysO2; ε-amino, α-amino, and carboxyl groups of l-Lys formed interactions with Q357, A551, and R77, respectively. Biochemical and molecular dynamics simulation analysis of AncLLysO2 indicated that active site residues that indirectly interact with the substrate are also important to exhibit high activity; for example, the aromatic group of Y219 is important to ensure that the l-Lys substrate is placed in the correct position to allow the reaction to proceed efficiently. Taken together, we propose the reaction mechanism of AncLLysO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Motoyama
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Department
of Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishida
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hasebe
- Department
of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yui Kawamura
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center
for Computational Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- PREST, Japan Science and Technology
Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saldanha LL, Allard PM, Dilarri G, Codesido S, González-Ruiz V, Queiroz EF, Ferreira H, Wolfender JL. Metabolomic- and Molecular Networking-Based Exploration of the Chemical Responses Induced in Citrus sinensis Leaves Inoculated with Xanthomonas citri. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14693-14705. [PMID: 36350271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri), is a plant disease affecting Citrus crops worldwide. However, little is known about defense compounds in Citrus. Here, we conducted a mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach to obtain an overview of the chemical responses of Citrus leaves to X. citri infection. To facilitate result interpretation, the multivariate analyses were combined with molecular networking to identify biomarkers. Metabolite variations among untreated and X. citri-inoculated Citrus samples under greenhouse conditions highlighted induced defense biomarkers. Notably, the plant tryptophan metabolism pathway was activated, leading to the accumulation of N-methylated tryptamine derivatives. This finding was subsequently confirmed in symptomatic leaves in the field. Several tryptamine derivatives showed inhibitory effects in vitro against X. citri. This approach has enabled the identification of new chemically related biomarker groups and their dynamics in the response of Citrus leaves to Xanthomonas infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Leonardo Saldanha
- Biochemistry Building, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, 13506-900 São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Departement of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Guilherme Dilarri
- Biochemistry Building, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, 13506-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Santiago Codesido
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Biochemistry Building, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, 13506-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Qiao C, Chen F, Liu Z, Huang T, Li W, Zhang G, Luo Y. Functional characterization of a catalytically promiscuous tryptophan decarboxylase from camptothecin-producing Camptotheca acuminata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987348. [PMID: 36061783 PMCID: PMC9433702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan decarboxylases (TDCs) are a group of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in the enzymatic conversion of tryptophan into tryptamine, a critical biogenic amine. We herein mined and cloned a TDC-encoding gene, CaTDC3, from camptothecin-producing plant Camptotheca acuminata. The intact CaTDC3 was heterologously overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant CaTDC3 was purified to homogeneity. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data analyses of the CaTDC3-catalyzed reaction mixture confirmed the catalytically decarboxylative activity of CaTDC3. CaTDC3 shows strict stereoselectivity for L-tryptophan. Homology modeling and molecular docking implied CaTDC3's recognition of L-tryptophan derivatives and analogs. Substrate scope investigations revealed that the appropriate substituent groups on the indole ring, i.e., hydroxylated and halogenated L-tryptophans, could be recognized by CaTDC3 and the decarboxylation reactions generated the corresponding tryptamines. The Cβ -methyl-L-tryptophans were decarboxylated by CaTDC3 efficiently. 1-Thio-L-tryptophan, the NH group of the indole ring replaced by an S atom, could be decarboxylated by CaTDC3. CaTDC3 catalyzed the decarboxylation of 7-aza-L-tryptophan, an N displacement of the C on the aromatic ring, to afford 7-aza-tryptamine. L-Kynurenine, an L-tryptophan degradation product, could be decarboxylated by CaTDC3. The present works uncover a catalytically promiscuous TDC and the TDC is a versatile decarboxylase in synthetic biology for specialized pharmaceutically important substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiao
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfang Huang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinggang Luo
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuan F, Yin X, Zhao K, Lan X. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses of Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz Tuber, Stem, and Leaf Reveal the Presence of Important Metabolites and Key Pathways Controlling Their Biosynthesis. Front Genet 2022; 13:884224. [PMID: 35957691 PMCID: PMC9359469 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.884224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Codonopsisconvolvulacea Kurz. var. vinciflora (Kom.) L.T. Shen is a member of Campanulaceae, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, apart from a few Codonopsis species, no detailed knowledge is available on the metabolite composition and respective transcriptome signatures. We performed a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the tuber, stem, and leaf of C. convolvulacea and found 1,144 metabolites and 231,840 unigenes in three experimental groups. The analysis revealed considerable variations in the three tissues. Tubers were rich in amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, and organic acids, whereas the stems and leaves were rich in alkaloids and flavonoids, respectively. Transcriptome sequencing revealed candidate genes being involved in flavonoid, tryptophan, and alkaloid biosyntheses. In particular, we indicated that the variation in the isoflavone content is linked to the expressions of CHI, CYP73A, C3′H, F3H, CYP75B1, anthocyanidin synthase, and FLS. In a similar way, the levels of indole, L-tyrosine, and tryptamine were also consistent with the expressions of TDC/DDCs in the respective tissues. In addition, the expression levels of ASP5, ARO8, GOT, and AOC3 indicated that L-tryptophan is being converted to downstream metabolites. Overall, our datasets present a useful resource for future research on the uses of this medicinal plant and put forward many research questions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Comparative transcriptome analyses identify genes involved into the biosynthesis of forsythin and forsythoside A in Forsythia suspensa. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:731-741. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
15
|
Han SW, Shin JS. Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylases: mechanistic features and microbial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4445-4458. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
16
|
Rattan S, Kumar P, Kaur E, Sood A, Acharya V, Warghat AR. Comparative transcriptome and tissue-specific expression analysis of genes reveal tissue-cultured plants as an alternative source for phenylethanoids and phenylpropanoids in Rhodiola imbricata (Edgew.). Gene X 2022; 836:146672. [PMID: 35714804 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodiola imbricata (Crassulaceae) is a traditional trans-Himalayan endangered medicinal herb with immense therapeutic applications. Over the years, over-exploitation, un-managed harvesting, and lack of captive cultivation procedures persuaded threat to its wild habitat. Plant tissue culture and RNA-Seq-based molecular bioprospection of key regulatory genes aid the understanding of molecular dynamics involved in specialized metabolites (phenylethanoids and phenylpropanoids) biosynthesis and its sustainable production. Hence, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed using leaf and root tissues from the wild and tissue-cultured plants, revealing tissue-specific production of salidroside and rosavin. The transcriptome profiling resulted in 345 million high-quality reads yielding 92,380 unique transcripts with an N50 of 1260 bp. Tissue-specific gene expression analysis revealed that both phenylethanoids and phenylpropanoids biosynthesis are predominantly associated with the shikimate pathway. In addition to RNA-Seq data, the downstream biosynthesis pathways genes viz., phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase (DAHPS), 3-dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS), shikimate kinase (SK), chorismate mutase (CM), arogenate dehydrogenase (TYRAAT), aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase (TDC), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4-CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) showed higher expression pattern in wild plant tissues compared to tissue-cultured plants. The transcript fold expression determined by RT-qPCR results followed similar patterns as those observed in RNA-seq and targeted metabolite profiling data. Salidroside and rosavin content in wild plants exhibited 2.40 fold and 1.77 fold increase accumulation compared to the tissue-cultured plant. The present investigation explained the tissue and condition-specific significant differences between the expression of proposed biosynthetic pathway genes and salidroside and rosavin content. Additionally, NAC, bHLH, and ARF were the most abundant transcription factor families found in the transcriptomic analysis of R. imbricata. The generated transcriptome dataset provides a valuable gene(s)/transcription factors hub that can be used for the sustainable production of salidroside and rosavin in R. imbricata under tissue culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Rattan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ekjot Kaur
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Archit Sood
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashish R Warghat
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wine Faults: State of Knowledge in Reductive Aromas, Oxidation and Atypical Aging, Prevention, and Correction Methods. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113535. [PMID: 35684472 PMCID: PMC9182507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes the latest scientific findings and recommendations for the prevention of three very common wine faults of non-microbial origin. The first group, presented by the reductive aromas, is caused mainly by excessive H2S and other volatile sulfur compounds with a negative impact on wine quality. The most efficient prevention of undesirable reductive aromas in wine lies in creating optimal conditions for yeast and controlling the chemistry of sulfur compounds, and the pros and cons of correction methods are discussed. The second is browning which is associated especially with the enzymatic and non-enzymatic reaction of polyphenols and the prevention of this fault is connected with decreasing the polyphenol content in must, lowering oxygen access during handling, the use of antioxidants, and correction stands for the use of fining agents. The third fault, atypical aging, mostly occurs in the agrotechnics of the entire green land cover in the vineyard and the associated stress from lack of nutrients and moisture. Typical fox tones, naphthalene, or wet towel off-odors, especially in white wines are possible to prevent by proper moisture and grassland cover and alternating greenery combined with harmonious nutrition, while the correction is possible only partially with an application of fresh yeast. With the current knowledge, the mistakes in wines of non-microbial origin can be reliably prevented. Prevention is essential because corrective solutions for the faults are difficult and never perfect.
Collapse
|
18
|
Han SW, Choi Y, Jang Y, Kim JS, Shin JS. One-pot biosynthesis of aromatic D-amino acids and neuroactive monoamines via enantioselective decarboxylation under in situ product removal using ion exchange resin. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
19
|
Li Y, Wang Y, Huang L, Chen C, An N, Zheng X. Identification and Functional Characterization of Tyrosine Decarboxylase from Rehmannia glutinosa. Molecules 2022; 27:1634. [PMID: 35268735 PMCID: PMC8912026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa is an important medicinal plant that has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. Acteoside, one of the bioactive components from R. glutinosa, possessed various pharmacological activities for human health; however, the molecular mechanism of acteoside formation is not fully understood. In the current study, a novel tyrosine decarboxylase (designated as RgTyDC2) was identified from the R. glutinosa transcriptome. Biochemical analysis of RgTyDC2 showed RgTyDC2 uses tyrosine and dopa as the substrate to produce tyramine and dopamine, respectively, and it displays higher catalytic efficiency toward tyrosine than dopa. Moreover, the transcript level of RgTyDC2 was consistent with the accumulation pattern of acteoside in R. glutinosa, supporting its possible role in the biosynthesis of acteoside in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Longyu Huang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Anyang 455000, China;
| | - Chunrong Chen
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Na An
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (N.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kerbs A, Burgardt A, Veldmann KH, Schäffer T, Lee JH, Wendisch VF. Fermentative production of halogenated tryptophan derivatives with Corynebacterium glutamicum overexpressing tryptophanase or decarboxylase genes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200007. [PMID: 35224830 PMCID: PMC9315010 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acid l‐tryptophan serves as a precursor for many valuable compounds such as neuromodulators, indoleamines and indole alkaloids. In this work, tryptophan biosynthesis was extended by halogenation followed by decarboxylation to the respective tryptamines or cleavage to the respective indoles. Either the tryptophanase genes tnaAs from E. coli and Proteus vulgaris or the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase genes AADCs from Bacillus atrophaeus, Clostridium sporogenes, and Ruminococcus gnavus were expressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum strains producing (halogenated) tryptophan. Regarding indoles, final titers of 16 mg L−1 7‐Cl‐indole and 23 mg L−1 7‐Br‐indole were attained. Tryptamine production led to a much higher titer of 2.26 g L−1 upon expression of AADC from B. atrophaeus. AADC enzymes were shown to be active with halogenated tryptophan in vitro and in vivo and supported production of 0.36 g L−1 7‐Br‐tryptamine with a volumetric productivity of 8.3 mg L−1 h−1 in a fed‐batch fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kerbs
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld, Genetics of Prokaryotes, GERMANY
| | - Arthur Burgardt
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld, Genetics of Prokaryotes, GERMANY
| | - Kareen H Veldmann
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld, Genetisc of Prokaryotes, GERMANY
| | - Thomas Schäffer
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld, Fermentation Technology, GERMANY
| | - Jin-Ho Lee
- Kyungsung University, Food Science and Biotechnology, KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld, Genetics of Prokaryotes, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang YH, Yang MR, Zhu JY, Dong KW, Yi YJ, Li RF, Zeng L, Zhang CF. Functional characterization of tyrosine decarboxylase genes that contribute to acteoside biosynthesis in Rehmannia glutinosa. PLANTA 2022; 255:64. [PMID: 35147783 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The RgTyDCs possess typical decarboxylase functional activity in vitro and in vivo and participate in acteoside biosynthesis in R. glutinosa, positively controlling its production via activated acteoside/tyrosine-derived pathways. Acteoside is an important ingredient in Rehmannia glutinosa and an active natural component that contributes to human health. Tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) is thought to play an important role in acteoside biosynthesis. Several plant TyDC family genes have been functionally characterized and shown to play roles in some bioactive metabolites' biosynthesis by mediating the decarboxylation of L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); however, one TyDC (named RgTyDC1) in R. glutinosa has been identified to date, but the family genes that contribute to acteoside biosynthesis remain largely characterized. Here, by in silico and experimental analyses, we isolated and identified three RgTyDCs (RgTyDC2 to RgTyDC4) in this species; these genes' sequences showed 50.92-82.55% identity, included highly conserved domains with homologues in other plants, classified into two subsets, and encoded proteins that localized to the cytosol. Enzyme kinetic analyses of RgTyDC2 and RgTyDC4 indicated that they both efficiently catalysed L-tyrosine and L-dopa. The overexpression of RgTyDC2 and RgTyDC4 in R. glutinosa, which was associated with enhanced TyDC activity, significantly increased tyramine and dopamine contents, which was positively correlated with improved acteoside production; moreover, the overexpression of RgTyDCs led to upregulated expression of some other genes-related to acteoside biosynthesis. This result suggested that the overexpression of RgTyDCs can positively activate the molecular networks of acteoside pathways, enhancing the accumulation of tyramine and dopamine, and promoting end-product acteoside biosynthesis. Our findings provide an evidence that RgTyDCs play vital molecular roles in acteoside biosynthesis pathways, contributing to the increase in acteoside yield in R. glutinosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hui Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Mu Rong Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jian Yu Zhu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ke Wei Dong
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yan Jie Yi
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Rui Fang Li
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Chang Fu Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, High-Technology Zone, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nardin T, Roman T, Dekker S, Nicolini G, Thei F, Masina B, Larcher R. Evaluation of antioxidant supplementation in must on the development and potential reduction of different compounds involved in atypical ageing of wine using HPLC-HRMS. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
23
|
Wang Y, Chen Q, Zheng J, Zhang Z, Gao T, Li C, Ma F. Overexpression of the tyrosine decarboxylase gene MdTyDC in apple enhances long-term moderate drought tolerance and WUE. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111064. [PMID: 34763856 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress affects the apple yield and quality. Tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC) plays a fundamental role in many secondary metabolite reactions in higher plants (including those involving dopamine). Our aims of this study are: 1) to identify the role of TyDC in dopamine derivative biosynthesis and its function in long-term moderate drought conditions; and 2) to explore the role of MdTyDC in plant growth and development as well as the drought stress response. Wild type and three independently apple plants overexpression of MdTyDC were treated for long-term moderate drought stress. The growth and physiological parameters of apple plant, photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant enzymes activity, water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal behavior, amino acid content and dopamine content were detected under long-term moderate drought stress. Overexpression of MdTyDC (OE) in apple showed better growth performance, higher photosynthetic capacity and higher capacity for photochemical reactions than wild type lines (WT). Under long-term moderate drought stress, OE lines showed higher WUE, increased ABA content, decreased stomatal aperture, higher antioxidant activity, lower accumulation of ROS and increases in amino acids, such as proline, phenylalanine and lysine. In addition, qRT-PCR revealed higher gene expression of MdTyDC and dopamine content in OE compared with WT lines under long-term moderate drought stress. These results indicate that MdTyDC confers long-term moderate drought tolerance by improving photosynthetic capacity, WUE, antioxidant activity, dopamine content and changing the contents of amino acids (such as proline accumulation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Jiangzhu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Tengteng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Müllender M, Varrelmann M, Savenkov EI, Liebe S. Manipulation of auxin signalling by plant viruses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1449-1458. [PMID: 34420252 PMCID: PMC8518663 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Compatible plant-virus interactions result in dramatic changes of the plant transcriptome and morphogenesis, and are often associated with rapid alterations in plant hormone homeostasis and signalling. Auxin controls many aspects of plant organogenesis, development, and growth; therefore, plants can rapidly perceive and respond to changes in the cellular auxin levels. Auxin signalling is a tightly controlled process and, hence, is highly vulnerable to changes in the mRNA and protein levels of its components. There are several core nuclear components of auxin signalling. In the nucleus, the interaction of auxin response factors (ARFs) and auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins is essential for the control of auxin-regulated pathways. Aux/IAA proteins are negative regulators, whereas ARFs are positive regulators of the auxin response. The interplay between both is essential for the transcriptional regulation of auxin-responsive genes, which primarily regulate developmental processes but also modulate the plant immune system. Recent studies suggest that plant viruses belonging to different families have developed various strategies to disrupt auxin signalling, namely by (a) changing the subcellular localization of Aux/IAAs, (b) preventing degradation of Aux/IAAs by stabilization, or (c) inhibiting the transcriptional activity of ARFs. These interactions perturb auxin signalling and experimental evidence from various studies highlights their importance for virus replication, systemic movement, interaction with vectors for efficient transmission, and symptom development. In this microreview, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the interaction of plant viruses with auxin signalling components of their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Varrelmann
- Department of PhytopathologyInstitute of Sugar Beet ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Eugene I. Savenkov
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenter SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Center for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Sebastian Liebe
- Department of PhytopathologyInstitute of Sugar Beet ResearchGöttingenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nguyen VK, Kou KGM. The biology and total syntheses of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7535-7543. [PMID: 34524341 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review provides a concise overview of the biosynthetic pathway and pharmacology of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid (bisBIA) natural products. Additional emphasis is given to the methodologies in the total syntheses of both simpler acyclic diaryl ether dimers and their macrocyclic counterparts bearing two diaryl ether linkages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviene K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Kevin G M Kou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zheng S, Zhu Y, Liu C, Fan W, Xiang Z, Zhao A. Genome-wide identification and characterization of genes involved in melatonin biosynthesis in Morus notabilis (wild mulberry). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112819. [PMID: 34087504 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is recognized as an important regulator for human health and widely distributed in many plant species, including mulberry (Morus L.). Previous studies suggested mulberry contains high melatonin content, but the molecular mechanisms underlying melatonin biosynthesis in mulberry remain unclear. Here, 37 genes involved in melatonin biosynthesis were identified in mulberry genome, including a tryptophan decarboxylase gene (MnTDC), seven tryptophan 5-hydroxylase genes (MnT5Hs), six serotonin N-acetyltransferase genes (MnSNATs), 20 N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase genes (MnASMTs) and three caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase genes (MnCOMTs). Expression analysis showed that MnTDC, MnT5H2, MnSNAT5, MnASMT12 and MnCOMT1 from these genes had highest expression levels within their corresponding families. In vitro enzymatic assays indicated that MnTDC, MnT5H2, MnSNAT5, MnASMT12 and MnCOMT1 play important roles in melatonin biosynthesis. Multiple different pathways for melatonin biosynthesis in mulberry were discovered. In addition, mulberry ASMT showed distinct roles with those of ASTMs in Arabidopsis and rice. The class I ASMT, MnASMT12, and the class III ASMT, MnASMT20, catalyzed the conversion of N-acetylserotonin to melatonin and serotonin to 5-methoxytryptamine. Furthermore, the class II ASMT, MnASMT16, only catalyzed the conversion of N-acetylserotonin to melatonin. This study improved our knowledge on melatonin biosynthesis in mulberry and expands the repertoire of melatonin biosynthesis pathways in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yingxue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Changying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Negri S, Commisso M, Avesani L, Guzzo F. The case of tryptamine and serotonin in plants: a mysterious precursor for an illustrious metabolite. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5336-5355. [PMID: 34009335 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Indolamines are tryptophan-derived specialized metabolites belonging to the huge and ubiquitous indole alkaloids group. Serotonin and melatonin are the best-characterized members of this family, given their many hormonal and physiological roles in animals. Following their discovery in plants, the study of plant indolamines has flourished and their involvement in important processes, including stress responses, growth and development, and reproduction, has been proposed, leading to their classification as a new category of phytohormones. However, the complex indolamine puzzle is far from resolved, particularly the biological roles of tryptamine, the early serotonin precursor representing the central hub of many downstream indole alkaloids. Tryptophan decarboxylase, which catalyzes the synthesis of tryptamine, strictly regulates the flux of carbon and nitrogen from the tryptophan pool into the indolamine pathway. Furthermore, tryptamine accumulates to high levels in the reproductive organs of many plant species and therefore cannot be classed as a mere intermediate but rather as an end product with potentially important functions in fruits and seeds. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of tryptamine and its close relative serotonin, emphasizing the need for a clear understanding of the functions of, and mutual relations between, these indolamines and their biosynthesis pathways in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Negri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Commisso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Linda Avesani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavia Guzzo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oosterbeek M, Lozano-Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A. Sedentary Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Alter Auxin Homeostasis via Multiple Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668548. [PMID: 34122488 PMCID: PMC8193132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasites such as cyst and root-knot nematodes infect many important food crops and are major agro-economical pests worldwide. These plant-parasitic nematodes exploit endogenous molecular and physiological pathways in the roots of their host to establish unique feeding structures. These structures function as highly active transfer cells and metabolic sinks and are essential for the parasites' growth and reproduction. Plant hormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are a fundamental component in the formation of these feeding complexes. However, their underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are still elusive despite recent advances in the field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of known functions of various auxins in plant-parasitic nematode infection sites, based on a systematic analysis of current literature. We evaluate multiple aspects involved in auxin homeostasis in plants, including anabolism, catabolism, transport, and signalling. From these analyses, a picture emerges that plant-parasitic nematodes have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate auxin homeostasis to establish a successful parasitic relationship with their host. Additionally, there appears to be a potential role for auxins other than IAA in plant-parasitic nematode infections that might be of interest to be further elucidated.
Collapse
|
29
|
Wyatt M, Greathouse KL. Targeting Dietary and Microbial Tryptophan-Indole Metabolism as Therapeutic Approaches to Colon Cancer. Nutrients 2021; 13:1189. [PMID: 33916690 PMCID: PMC8066279 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism, via the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, and microbial transformation of tryptophan to indolic compounds are fundamental for host health; both of which are altered in colon carcinogenesis. Alterations in tryptophan metabolism begin early in colon carcinogenesis as an adaptive mechanism for the tumor to escape immune surveillance and metastasize. The microbial community is a key part of the tumor microenvironment and influences cancer initiation, promotion and treatment response. A growing awareness of the impact of the microbiome on tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in the context of carcinogenesis has prompted this review. We first compare the different metabolic pathways of Trp under normal cellular physiology to colon carcinogenesis, in both the host cells and the microbiome. Second, we review how the microbiome, specifically indoles, influence host tryptophan pathways under normal and oncogenic metabolism. We conclude by proposing several dietary, microbial and drug therapeutic modalities that can be utilized in combination to abrogate tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Wyatt
- Human Health, Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7346, USA;
| | - K. Leigh Greathouse
- Human Science and Design, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7346, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Choi Y, Han SW, Kim JS, Jang Y, Shin JS. Biochemical characterization and synthetic application of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase from Bacillus atrophaeus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2775-2785. [PMID: 33713143 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylases (AADCs) are ubiquitously found in higher organisms owing to their physiological role in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and alkaloids. However, bacterial AADC has not attracted much attention because of its rather limited availability and narrow substrate range. Here, we examined the biochemical properties of AADC from Bacillus atrophaeus (AADC-BA) and assessed the synthetic feasibility of the enzyme for the preparation of monoamine neurotransmitters. AADC-BA was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and the purified enzyme showed a specific activity of 2.6 ± 0.4 U/mg for 10 mM L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) at 37 °C. AADC-BA showed optimal pH and temperature ranges at 7-8 and 37-45 °C, respectively. The KM and kcat values for L-Phe were 7.2 mM and 7.4 s-1, respectively, at pH 7.0 and 37 °C. Comparison of the kinetic constants at different temperatures revealed that the temperature dependency of the enzyme was mainly determined by catalytic turnover rather than substrate binding. AADC-BA showed a broad substrate scope for various aromatic amino acids, including L-Phe, L-tryptophan (610% relative to L-Phe), L-tyrosine (12%), 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (24%), 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (L-HTP, 71%), 4-chloro-L-phenylalanine (520%), and 4-nitro-L-phenylalanine (450%). Homology modeling and docking simulations were carried out and were consistent with the observed substrate specificity. To demonstrate the synthetic potential of AADC-BA, we carried out the production of serotonin by decarboxylation of L-HTP. The reaction yield of serotonin reached 98% after 1 h at the reaction conditions of 50 mM L-HTP and 4 U/mL AADC-BA. Moreover, we carried out preparative-scale decarboxylation of L-Phe (100 mM in 40-mL reaction mixture) and isolated the resulting 2-phenylethylamine (51% recovery yield). We expect that the broad substrate specificity of AADC-BA can be exploited to produce various aromatic biogenic amines. KEY POINTS: • AADC-BA showed broad substrate specificity for various aromatic amino acids. • The substrate specificity was elucidated by in silico structural modeling. • The synthetic potential of AADC-BA was demonstrated for the production of biogenic amines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeri Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jun-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Youngho Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jong-Shik Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Salidroside: A review of its recent advances in synthetic pathways and pharmacological properties. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 339:109268. [PMID: 33617801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salidroside has been identified as one of the most potent compounds isolated from various Rhodiola plants, which have been used for a long time as adaptogens in traditional Chinese medicine. However, due to the severe growing environment of herbal medicine and large-scale excavation, the content of natural salidroside is extremely small. Most of the previous studies focused on herbal medicine, and there were few reviews on the synthesis of its main active ingredient salidroside. This paper presents different synthetic routes of salidroside to resolve the contradiction between supply and demand and lays the foundation for new drug research and development. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that salidroside, a promising environmentally-adapted drug with low toxicity and few side effects, possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, including activities on the cardiovascular system and central nervous system, anti-hypoxia, anti-fatigue and anti-aging activities, anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, antivirus and immune stimulation activities, antidiabetic activity, anti-osteoporotic activity, and so on. Although the former researches have summarized the pharmacological effects of salidroside, focusing on the central nervous system, diabetes, and cancer, the overall pharmacological aspects of it have not been analyzed. This review highlights biological characteristics and mechanisms of action from 2009 to now as well as toxicological and pharmacokinetic data of the analyzed compound reported so far, with a view to providing a reference for further development and utilization of salidroside.
Collapse
|
32
|
Cautela D, De Sio F, Balestrieri ML, Casale R, Laratta B, Castaldo D, Pastore A, Servillo L, DʼOnofrio N. Amino acids, betaines and related ammonium compounds in Neapolitan limmo, a Mediterranean sweet lime, also known as lemoncetta Locrese. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:981-988. [PMID: 32761816 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The so-called 'Neapolitan limmo' or 'lemoncetta Locrese' is an old and now rare Mediterranean sweet lime, similar to lemon but smaller. It is a fruit distinguished from orange, lemon, mandarin, and lime for its sweeter, watery, and non-acidic taste, with a pH between 5.6 and 5.9. No compositional studies are currently available for this citrus fruit. Here we report, for the first time, the distribution in the limmo juice of free amino acids and their main derivatives such as betaines and related ammonium compounds. RESULTS Seven proteinogenic amino acids (proline, asparagine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamine, alanine, and threonine) and a non-protein amino acid (γ-aminobutyric acid) characterize Neapolitan limmo juice. Proline betaine is the predominant betaine. The data were compared with those of other important citrus juices. CONCLUSION The specific 'taste quality' of Neapolitan limmo juice can be attributed to its peculiar composition in amino acids. The species-specific presence of the ammonium compound derivatives of the amino acid proline, with proline betaine as the predominant betaine, characterize the non-acidic varieties of Mediterranean sweet lime. Our study constitutes an important step towards the repopulation of this ancient plant and its exploitation in food industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Cautela
- Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi (SSEA) - Azienda Speciale CCIAA di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco De Sio
- Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Conserve Alimentari (SSICA) - Fondazione di Ricerca CCIAA di Parma, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Casale
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna Laratta
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Castaldo
- Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi (SSEA) - Azienda Speciale CCIAA di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e ProdALscarl, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (MiSE), Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Servillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia DʼOnofrio
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Aleya F, Xianmin C, Anthony H, Meriel J. Relative expression of putative genes involved in galanthamine and other Amaryllidaceae alkaloids biosynthesis in Narcissus field and in vitro tissues. Gene 2021; 774:145424. [PMID: 33434626 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton contains Amaryllidaceae alkaloids namely galanthamine, lycorine, homolycorine, narciclasine, which are noted for their pharmaceutical properties such as for the treatment of early to mid-stage Alzheimer's diseases, cancer, tumor etc. Alkaloid biosynthesis using plant in vitro systems has been considered as a tool for drug discovery and the pathways are starting to be understood but still far from complete. Therefore, the study was emphasized to observe the relative expressions of putative genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in field grown bulbs and developing cell culture systems in Narcissus. MS media fortified with growth regulators were used for the development of tissue culture from Carlton twin-scale explants. MS medium with high auxin, 20 mg/l NAA was the best medium for callus growth and maintenance while media with low auxin, 4 mg/l NAA and MS basal media gave the maximum bulblets. Field tissues showed a higher amount of galanthamine content; i.e. basal plate (1050-1310 µg Gal/g FW) and bulb (980-1150 µg Gal/g FW) than the culture derived samples; callus (1.0-7.0 µg Gal/g FW) and bulblets (12-215 µg Gal/g FW) on a fresh weight (FW) basis. GC-MS chromatograms of samples under study also showed the presence of other important alkaloids i.e. lycorine, homolycorine, lycorenine, haemanthamine, crinamine, lycoramine and tazettine. RNA extracted from in vitro callus, bulblets and field grown bulb, basal plate were used for PCR to detect the relative expression of putative genes; P450, PAL, TYDC and NpO4OMT normalized to actin. The selected transcripts for P450s and TYDC were expressed in both field and in vitro tissues. Higher expressions of PAL were observed in calli than field samples. The expression of NpN4OMT was notably higher in field samples than in vitro tissues. Therefore, in vitro tissues could be a good source for the reproducible and easy extraction of alkaloids from plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdausi Aleya
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Chang Xianmin
- Associate Pro-Vice Chancellor and Senior Lecturer, Crop Production Technology, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester Gloucestershire, GL7 6JS, United Kingdom.
| | - Hall Anthony
- Head of Plant Genomics, Anthony Hall Group, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UG, United Kingdom.
| | - Jones Meriel
- Honorary Senior Lecturer, Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, The Biosciences Building, Crown Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun C, Liu L, Wang L, Li B, Jin C, Lin X. Melatonin: A master regulator of plant development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:126-145. [PMID: 32678945 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule with multiple functions in plants. Since the discovery of melatonin in plants, numerous studies have provided insight into the biosynthesis, catabolism, and physiological and biochemical functions of this important molecule. Here, we describe the biosynthesis of melatonin from tryptophan, as well as its various degradation pathways in plants. The identification of a putative melatonin receptor in plants has led to the hypothesis that melatonin is a hormone involved in regulating plant growth, aerial organ development, root morphology, and the floral transition. The universal antioxidant activity of melatonin and its role in preserving chlorophyll might explain its anti-senescence capacity in aging leaves. An impressive amount of research has focused on the role of melatonin in modulating postharvest fruit ripening by regulating the expression of ethylene-related genes. Recent evidence also indicated that melatonin functions in the plant's response to biotic stress, cooperating with other phytohormones and well-known molecules such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Finally, great progress has been made towards understanding how melatonin alleviates the effects of various abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, extreme temperature, and heavy metal stress. Given its diverse roles, we propose that melatonin is a master regulator in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Luxuan Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Baohai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xianyong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Back K. Melatonin metabolism, signaling and possible roles in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:376-391. [PMID: 32645752 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional biomolecule found in both animals and plants. In this review, the biosynthesis, levels, signaling, and possible roles of melatonin and its metabolites in plants is summarized. Tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), which catalyzes the conversion of tryptamine into serotonin, has been proposed as a target to create a melatonin knockout mutant presenting a lesion-mimic phenotype in rice. With a reduced anabolic capacity for melatonin biosynthesis and an increased catabolic capacity for melatonin metabolism, all plants generally maintain low melatonin levels. Some plants, including Arabidopsis and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), do not possess tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), the first committed step enzyme required for melatonin biosynthesis. Major melatonin metabolites include cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (3-OHM) and 2-hydroxymelatonin (2-OHM). Other melatonin metabolites such as N1 -acetyl-N2 -formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) are also produced when melatonin is applied to Oryza sativa (rice). The signaling pathways of melatonin and its metabolites act via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, possibly with Cand2 acting as a melatonin receptor, although the integrity of Cand2 remains controversial. Melatonin mediates many important functions in growth stimulation and stress tolerance through its potent antioxidant activity and function in activating the MAPK cascade. The concentration distribution of melatonin metabolites appears to be species specific because corresponding enzymes such as M2H, M3H, catalases, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and N-acetylserotonin deacetylase (ASDAC) are differentially expressed among plant species and even among different tissues within species. Differential levels of melatonin and its metabolites can lead to differential physiological effects among plants when melatonin is either applied exogenously or overproduced through ectopic overexpression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bacterially Derived Tryptamine Increases Mucus Release by Activating a Host Receptor in a Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. iScience 2020; 23:101798. [PMID: 33299969 PMCID: PMC7702010 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies emphasize the role of microbial metabolites in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) physiology through activation of host receptors, highlighting the potential for inter-kingdom signaling in treating GI disorders. In this study, we show that tryptamine, a tryptophan-derived bacterial metabolite, stimulates mucus release from goblet cells via activation of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 5-HT4R. Germ-free mice colonized with engineered Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron optimized to produce tryptamine (Trp D+) exhibit decreased weight loss and increased mucus release following dextran sodium sulfate treatment when compared with mice colonized with control B. thetaiotaomicron (Trp D-). Additional beneficial effects in preventing barrier disruption and lower disease activity index were seen only in female mice, highlighting sex-specific effects of the bacterial metabolite. This study demonstrates potential for the precise modulation of mucus release by microbially produced 5-HT4 GPCR agonist as a therapeutic strategy to treat inflammatory conditions of the GI tract.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang M, Hu P, Zheng YC, Zeng BB, Chen Q, Zhang ZJ, Xu JH. Structure-guided engineering of Pseudomonas dacunhael-aspartate β-decarboxylase for l-homophenylalanine synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13876-13879. [PMID: 33094304 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Structure-guided engineering of Pseudomonas dacunhael-aspartate β-decarboxylase (AspBDC) resulted in a double mutant (R37A/T382G) with remarkable 15 400-fold improvement in specific activity reaching 216 mU mg-1, towards the target substrate 3(R)-benzyl-l-aspartate. A novel strategy for enzymatic synthesis of l-homophenylalanine was developed by using the variant as a biocatalyst affording 75% product yield within 12 h. Our results underscore the potential of engineered AspBDC for the biocatalytic synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant and value added unnatural l-amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jadaun JS, Kushwaha AK, Sangwan NS, Narnoliya LK, Mishra S, Sangwan RS. WRKY1-mediated regulation of tryptophan decarboxylase in tryptamine generation for withanamide production in Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1443-1465. [PMID: 32789542 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
WsWRKY1-mediated transcriptional modulation of Withania somnifera tryptophan decarboxylase gene (WsTDC) helps to regulate fruit-specific tryptamine generation for production of withanamides. Withania somnifera is a highly valued medicinal plant. Recent demonstration of novel indolyl metabolites called withanamides in its fruits (berries) prompted us to investigate its tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), as tryptophan is invariably a precursor for indole moiety. TDC catalyzes conversion of tryptophan into tryptamine, and the catalytic reaction constitutes a committed metabolic step for synthesis of an array of indolyl metabolites. The TDC gene (WsTDC) was cloned from berries of the plant and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized for its catalytic attributes. Catalytic and structural aspects of the enzyme indicated its regulatory/rate-limiting significance in generation of the indolyl metabolites. Novel tissue-wise and developmentally differential abundance of WsTDC transcripts reflected its preeminent role in withanamide biogenesis in the fruits. Transgenic lines overexpressing WsTDC gene showed accumulation of tryptamine at significantly higher levels, while lines silenced for WsTDC exhibited considerably depleted levels of tryptamine. Cloning and sequence analysis of promoter of WsTDC revealed the presence of W-box in it. Follow-up studies on isolation of WsWRKY1 transcription factor and its overexpression in W. somnifera revealed that WsTDC expression was substantially induced by WsWRKY1 resulting in overproduction of tryptamine. The study invokes a key role of TDC in regulating the indolyl secondary metabolites through enabling elevated flux/supply of tryptamine at multiple levels from gene expression to catalytic attributes overall coordinated by WsWRKY1. This is the first biochemical, molecular, structural, physiological and regulatory description of a fruit-functional TDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh Jadaun
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Amit Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India.
| | - Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Smrati Mishra
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cui J, Lamade E, Tcherkez G. Potassium deficiency reconfigures sugar export and induces catecholamine accumulation in oil palm leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110628. [PMID: 33180708 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic effects of potassium (K) deficiency have been described for nearly 70 years but specific effects of low K availability on sugar composition, sugar export rate and its relationship with other leaf metabolites are not very well documented. Having such pieces of information is nevertheless essential to identify metabolic signatures to monitor K fertilization. This is particularly true in oil-producing crop species such as oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), which is strongly K-demanding and involves high sugar dependence for fruit formation because of low carbon use efficiency in lipid synthesis. Here, we used metabolic analyses, measured sugar export rates with 13C isotopic labeling and examined the effects of K availability on both leaflet and rachis sugar metabolism in oil palm seedlings. We show that low K leads to a modification of sugar composition mostly in rachis and decreased sucrose and hexose export rates from leaflets. As a result, leaflets contained more starch and induced alternative pathways such as raffinose synthesis, although metabolites of the raffinose pathway remained quantitatively minor. The alteration of glycolysis by low K was compensated for by an increase in alternative sugar phosphate utilization by tyrosine metabolism, resulting in considerable amounts of tyramine and dopamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Lamade
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD),UPR Systèmes de Pérennes; Université de Montpellier, Systèmes de Pérennes, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fromm H. GABA signaling in plants: targeting the missing pieces of the puzzle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6238-6245. [PMID: 32761202 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of plants to unstable environments relies on their ability to sense their surroundings and to generate and transmit corresponding signals to different parts of the plant to evoke changes necessary for optimizing growth and defense. Plants, like animals, contain a huge repertoire of intra- and intercellular signals, including organic and inorganic molecules. The occurrence of neurotransmitter-like signaling molecules in plants has been an intriguing field of research. Among these, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was discovered in plants over half a century ago, and studies of its roles as a primary metabolite have been well documented, particularly in the context of stress responses. In contrast, evidence of the potential mechanism by which GABA acts as a signaling molecule in plants has only recently been reported. In spite of this breakthrough, the roles of GABA as a signaling molecule in plants have yet to be established and several aspects of the complexity of the GABA signaling system remain obscure. This review summarizes the uncertainties in GABA signaling in plants and suggests research directions and technologies that would help in answering unsolved questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hillel Fromm
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Oxygen reactivity with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzymes: biochemical implications and functional relevance. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1089-1105. [PMID: 32844248 PMCID: PMC7497351 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of reactions catalyzed by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) enzymes is largely due to the chemistry of their extraordinary catalyst. PLP is necessary for many reactions involving amino acids. Reaction specificity is controlled by the orientation of the external aldimine intermediate that is formed upon addition of the amino acidic substrate to the coenzyme. The breakage of a specific bond of the external aldimine gives rise to a carbanionic intermediate. From this point, the different reaction pathways diverge leading to multiple activities: transamination, decarboxylation, racemization, elimination, and synthesis. A significant novelty appeared approximately 30 years ago when it was reported that some PLP-dependent decarboxylases are able to consume molecular oxygen transforming an amino acid into a carbonyl compound. These side paracatalytic reactions could be particularly relevant for human health, also considering that some of these enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of important neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and serotonin, whose dysregulation under oxidative conditions could have important implications in neurodegenerative states. However, the reactivity of PLP enzymes with dioxygen is not confined to mammals/animals. In fact, some plant PLP decarboxylases have been reported to catalyze oxidative reactions producing carbonyl compounds. Moreover, other recent reports revealed the existence of new oxidase activities catalyzed by new PLP enzymes, MppP, RohP, Ind4, CcbF, PvdN, Cap15, and CuaB. These PLP enzymes belong to the bacterial and fungal kingdoms and are present in organisms synthesizing bioactive compounds. These new PLP activities are not paracatalytic and could only scratch the surface on a wider and unexpected catalytic capability of PLP enzymes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lichman BR. The scaffold-forming steps of plant alkaloid biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:103-129. [PMID: 32745157 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00031k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids from plants are characterised by structural diversity and bioactivity, and maintain a privileged position in both modern and traditional medicines. In recent years, there have been significant advances in elucidating the biosynthetic origins of plant alkaloids. In this review, I will describe the progress made in determining the metabolic origins of the so-called true alkaloids, specialised metabolites derived from amino acids containing a nitrogen heterocycle. By identifying key biosynthetic steps that feature in the majority of pathways, I highlight the key roles played by modifications to primary metabolism, iminium reactivity and spontaneous reactions in the molecular and evolutionary origins of these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Lichman
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li P, Xiao Z, Sun J, Oyang X, Xie X, Li Z, Tian X, Li J. Metabolic regulations in lettuce root under combined exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in hydroponic media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138382. [PMID: 32481221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been detected in many agricultural products in contaminated fields and in supply chains. Roots are the main organ in plants to uptake and bio-accumulate PFASs, but the changes of metabolic regulation in roots by PFASs are largely unexplored. Here, lettuce exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) at different concentrations (500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 ng/L) was investigated via metabolomics. Many key metabolites, such as antioxidants, lipids, amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, linolenic acid derivatives, purine and nucleosides, were significantly altered. Tyrosine metabolism, purine metabolism, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were altered in roots by PFOA and PFOS. Tricarboxylic acid cycle was perturbed by 5000 ng/L exposure. Activation of antioxidant defense pathways, reallocation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, regulation of energy metabolism and purine metabolism were reprogrammed in roots. Lettuce employed multiple strategies to increase tolerance to PFOA and PFOS, which includes the adjustment of membrane composition, elevation of inorganic nitrogen fixation and respiration, accumulation of sucrose and regulation of signaling molecules. The results of this study offer insights into the molecular reprogramming of plant roots in response to PFAS exposure and provide important information for the risk assessment of PFASs in environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xihui Oyang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessments for Agro-products on Environmental Factors (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 100029, China; Beijing Municipal Station of Agro-Environmental Monitoring, 100029, China
| | - Xiaocan Xie
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiujun Tian
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jiuyi Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhou Y, Liao L, Liu X, Liu B, Chen X, Guo Y, Huang C, Zhao Y, Zeng Z. Crystal structure of Oryza sativa TDC reveals the substrate specificity for TDC-mediated melatonin biosynthesis. J Adv Res 2020; 24:501-511. [PMID: 32595985 PMCID: PMC7306523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) is a type II Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent decarboxylase (PLP_DC) that could be used as a target to genetically improve crops. However, lack of accurate structural information on plant TDC hampers the understanding of its decarboxylation mechanisms. In the present study, the crystal structures of Oryza sativa TDC (OsTDC) in its complexes with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, tryptamine and serotonin were determined. The structures provide detailed interaction information between TDC and its substrates. The Y359 residue from the loop gate is a proton donor and forms a Lewis acid-base pair with serotonin/tryptamine, which is associated with product release. The H214 residue is responsible for PLP binding and proton transfer, and its proper interaction with Y359 is essential for OsTDC enzyme activity. The extra hydrogen bonds formed between the 5-hydroxyl group of serotonin and the backbone carboxyl groups of F104 and P105 explain the discrepancy between the catalytic activity of TDC in tryptophan and in 5-hydroxytryptophan. In addition, an evolutionary analysis revealed that type II PLP_DC originated from glutamic acid decarboxylase, potentially as an adaptive evolution of mechanism in organisms in extreme environments. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to present a detailed analysis of the crystal structure of OsTDC in these complexes. The information regarding the catalytic mechanism described here could facilitate the development of protocols to regulate melatonin levels and thereby contribute to crop improvement efforts to improve food security worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanze Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijing Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xikai Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Biao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuanlong Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhixiong Zeng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
You D, Feng Y, Wang C, Sun C, Wang Y, Zhao D, Kai G. Cloning, characterization, and enzymatic identification of a new tryptophan decarboxylase from Ophiorrhiza pumila. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:381-389. [PMID: 32353164 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC, EC 4.1.1.28) catalyzes tryptophan decarboxylation to form tryptamine through the cofactor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), a crucial stage in the production of the terpenoid indole alkaloids like camptothecin (CPT). A new gene encoding TDC was identified from the CPT-producing plant Ophiorrhiza pumila by transcriptome analysis, termed OpTDC2. It contained a 1,536 bp open reading frame that encodes a 511 amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 57.01 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.39. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed the closest similarity (85%) with the TDC from Mitragyna speciosa. Moreover, the highest expression of OpTDC2 was observed in the O. pumila root. To achieve high-efficiency expression of OpTDC2 in Escherichia coli, we fused the TF tag onto the N-terminal of the OpTDC2. Optimum enzymatic activity was observed at 45 °C, pH 8 and cofactor concentration of 0.1 mM. The catalytic reaction was strongly inhibited by metal ions of Cu2+ , Zn2+ , and Fe2+ . The l-tryptophan was particularly catalyzed compared with d-tryptophan. Besides, the Km and kcat of the OpTDC2 were 1.08 mM and 0.78 Sec-1 , respectively. The results provided information on new functional OpTDC2 that might be used in synthetic biology for the enhanced biosynthesis of CPT in O. pumila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei You
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Feng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengtao Sun
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Degang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering (CICMEAB), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Structural basis for divergent and convergent evolution of catalytic machineries in plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylase proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10806-10817. [PMID: 32371491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920097117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation of the plant pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) family has yielded an array of paralogous enzymes exhibiting divergent substrate preferences and catalytic mechanisms. Plant AAADs catalyze either the decarboxylation or decarboxylation-dependent oxidative deamination of aromatic l-amino acids to produce aromatic monoamines or aromatic acetaldehydes, respectively. These compounds serve as key precursors for the biosynthesis of several important classes of plant natural products, including indole alkaloids, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, hydroxycinnamic acid amides, phenylacetaldehyde-derived floral volatiles, and tyrosol derivatives. Here, we present the crystal structures of four functionally distinct plant AAAD paralogs. Through structural and functional analyses, we identify variable structural features of the substrate-binding pocket that underlie the divergent evolution of substrate selectivity toward indole, phenyl, or hydroxyphenyl amino acids in plant AAADs. Moreover, we describe two mechanistic classes of independently arising mutations in AAAD paralogs leading to the convergent evolution of the derived aldehyde synthase activity. Applying knowledge learned from this study, we successfully engineered a shortened benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathway to produce (S)-norcoclaurine in yeast. This work highlights the pliability of the AAAD fold that allows change of substrate selectivity and access to alternative catalytic mechanisms with only a few mutations.
Collapse
|
47
|
Xu JJ, Fang X, Li CY, Yang L, Chen XY. General and specialized tyrosine metabolism pathways in plants. ABIOTECH 2020; 1:97-105. [PMID: 36304719 PMCID: PMC9590561 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-019-00006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine metabolism pathway serves as a starting point for the production of a variety of structurally diverse natural compounds in plants, such as tocopherols, plastoquinone, ubiquinone, betalains, salidroside, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and so on. Among these, tyrosine-derived metabolites, tocopherols, plastoquinone, and ubiquinone are essential to plant survival. In addition, this pathway provides us essential micronutrients (e.g., vitamin E and ubiquinone) and medicine (e.g., morphine, salidroside, and salvianolic acid B). However, our knowledge of the plant tyrosine metabolism pathway remains rudimentary, and genes encoding the pathway enzymes have not been fully defined. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the tyrosine metabolism pathway, key enzymes, and important tyrosine-derived metabolites in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang H, Yu J, Satoh Y, Nakagawa Y, Tanaka R, Kato K, Yao M. Crystal structures clarify cofactor binding of plant tyrosine decarboxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:500-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
49
|
Luengo JM, Olivera ER. Catabolism of biogenic amines in Pseudomonas species. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1174-1192. [PMID: 31912965 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs; 2-phenylethylamine, tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, octopamine, histamine, tryptamine, serotonin, agmatine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine and certain aliphatic amines) are widely distributed organic molecules that play basic physiological functions in animals, plants and microorganisms. Pseudomonas species can grow in media containing different BAs as carbon and energy sources, a reason why these bacteria are excellent models for studying such catabolic pathways. In this review, we analyse most of the routes used by different species of Pseudomonas (P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. entomophila and P. fluorescens) to degrade BAs. Analysis of these pathways has led to the identification of a huge number of genes, catabolic enzymes, transport systems and regulators, as well as to understanding of their hierarchy and functional evolution. Knowledge of these pathways has allowed the design and collection of genetically manipulated microbes useful for eliminating BAs from different sources, highlighting the biotechnological applications of these studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Luengo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultades de Veterinaria y de Biología, Universidad de León, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Elías R Olivera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultades de Veterinaria y de Biología, Universidad de León, 24007, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang L, Jiao C, Cao Y, Cheng X, Wang J, Jin Q, Cai Y. Comparative Analysis and Expression Patterns of the PLP_deC Genes in Dendrobium officinale. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E54. [PMID: 31861760 PMCID: PMC6981363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that the type II pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase (PLP_deC) genes produce secondary metabolites and flavor volatiles in plants, and TDC (tryptophan decarboxylase), a member of the PLP_deC family, plays an important role in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). In this study, we identified eight PLP_deC genes in Dendrobium officinale (D. officinale) and six in Phalaenopsis equestris (P. equestris), and their structures, physicochemical properties, response elements, evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns were preliminarily predicted and analyzed. The results showed that PLP_deC genes play important roles in D. officinale and respond to different exogenous hormone treatments; additionally, the results support the selection of appropriate candidates for further functional characterization of PLP_deC genes in D. officinale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunyan Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (C.J.); (X.C.)
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Reserach Center for Development & Utilization of Regional Characteristic Plants, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| |
Collapse
|