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De Meyer A, Meuleman P. Preclinical animal models to evaluate therapeutic antiviral antibodies. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105843. [PMID: 38548022 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective preventative vaccines and potent small-molecule antiviral drugs, effective non-toxic prophylactic and therapeutic measures are still lacking for many viruses. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an antiviral context could fill this gap and provide effective virus-specific medical interventions. In order to develop these therapeutic antibodies, preclinical animal models are of utmost importance. Due to the variability in viral pathogenesis, immunity and overall characteristics, the most representative animal model for human viral infection differs between virus species. Therefore, throughout the years researchers sought to find the ideal preclinical animal model for each virus. The most used animal models in preclinical research include rodents (mice, ferrets, …) and non-human primates (macaques, chimpanzee, ….). Currently, antibodies are tested for antiviral efficacy against a variety of viruses including different hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rabies virus. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the preclinical animal models that are used for the evaluation of therapeutic antibodies for the abovementioned viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Pramod RK, Atul PK, Pandey M, Anbazhagan S, Mhaske ST, Barathidasan R. Care, management, and use of ferrets in biomedical research. Lab Anim Res 2024; 40:10. [PMID: 38532510 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-024-00197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is a small domesticated species of the family Mustelidae within the order Carnivora. The present article reviews and discusses the current state of knowledge about housing, care, breeding, and biomedical uses of ferrets. The management and breeding procedures of ferrets resemble those used for other carnivores. Understanding its behavior helps in the use of environmental enrichment and social housing, which promote behaviors typical of the species. Ferrets have been used in research since the beginning of the twentieth century. It is a suitable non-rodent model in biomedical research because of its hardy nature, social behavior, diet and other habits, small size, and thus the requirement of a relatively low amount of test compounds and early sexual maturity compared with dogs and non-human primates. Ferrets and humans have numerous similar anatomical, metabolic, and physiological characteristics, including the endocrine, respiratory, auditory, gastrointestinal, and immunological systems. It is one of the emerging animal models used in studies such as influenza and other infectious respiratory diseases, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, cardiac research, gastrointestinal disorders, neuroscience, and toxicological studies. Ferrets are vulnerable to many human pathogenic organisms, like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), because air transmission of this virus between them has been observed in the laboratory. Ferrets draw the attention of the medical community compared to rodents because they occupy a distinct niche in biomedical studies, although they possess a small representation in laboratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Kumar Pramod
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India.
| | - Pravin Kumar Atul
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - Mamta Pandey
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - S Anbazhagan
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - Suhas T Mhaske
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
| | - R Barathidasan
- ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500101, India
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3
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Zumbrun EE, Zak SE, Lee ED, Bowling PA, Ruiz SI, Zeng X, Koehler JW, Delp KL, Bakken RR, Hentschel SS, Bloomfield HA, Ricks KM, Clements TL, Babka AM, Dye JM, Herbert AS. SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol and Intranasal Exposure Models in Ferrets. Viruses 2023; 15:2341. [PMID: 38140582 PMCID: PMC10747480 DOI: 10.3390/v15122341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Animal models are extremely helpful for testing vaccines and therapeutics and for dissecting the viral and host factors that contribute to disease severity and transmissibility. Here, we report the assessment and comparison of intranasal and small particle (~3 µm) aerosol SARS-CoV-2 exposure in ferrets. The primary endpoints for analysis were clinical signs of disease, recovery of the virus in the upper respiratory tract, and the severity of damage within the respiratory tract. This work demonstrated that ferrets were productively infected with SARS-CoV-2 following either intranasal or small particle aerosol exposure. SARS-CoV-2 infection of ferrets resulted in an asymptomatic disease course following either intranasal or small particle aerosol exposure, with no clinical signs, significant weight loss, or fever. In both aerosol and intranasal ferret models, SARS-CoV-2 replication, viral genomes, and viral antigens were detected within the upper respiratory tract, with little to no viral material detected in the lungs. The ferrets exhibited a specific IgG immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 full spike protein. Mild pathological findings included inflammation, necrosis, and edema within nasal turbinates, which correlated to positive immunohistochemical staining for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Environmental sampling was performed following intranasal exposure of ferrets, and SARS-CoV-2 genomic material was detected on the feeders and nesting areas from days 2-10 post-exposure. We conclude that both intranasal and small particle aerosol ferret models displayed measurable parameters that could be utilized for future studies, including transmission studies and testing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Zumbrun
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Samantha E. Zak
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Eric D. Lee
- Division of Pathology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.D.L.); (X.Z.); (H.A.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Philip A. Bowling
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Sara I. Ruiz
- Division of Bacteriology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Division of Pathology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.D.L.); (X.Z.); (H.A.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.K.); (K.L.D.); (K.M.R.); (T.L.C.)
| | - Korey L. Delp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.K.); (K.L.D.); (K.M.R.); (T.L.C.)
| | - Russel R. Bakken
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Shannon S. Hentschel
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Holly A. Bloomfield
- Division of Pathology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.D.L.); (X.Z.); (H.A.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Keersten M. Ricks
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.K.); (K.L.D.); (K.M.R.); (T.L.C.)
| | - Tamara L. Clements
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.K.); (K.L.D.); (K.M.R.); (T.L.C.)
| | - April M. Babka
- Division of Pathology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.D.L.); (X.Z.); (H.A.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - John M. Dye
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
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4
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Shen J, Fan J, Zhao Y, Jiang D, Niu Z, Zhang Z, Cao G. Innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and predisposing factors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159326. [PMID: 37228604 PMCID: PMC10203583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has affected all countries worldwide. Although some symptoms are relatively mild, others are still associated with severe and even fatal clinical outcomes. Innate and adaptive immunity are important for the control of SARS-CoV-2 infections, whereas a comprehensive characterization of the innate and adaptive immune response to COVID-19 is still lacking and the mechanisms underlying immune pathogenesis and host predisposing factors are still a matter of scientific debate. Here, the specific functions and kinetics of innate and adaptive immunity involved in SARS-CoV-2 recognition and resultant pathogenesis are discussed, as well as their immune memory for vaccinations, viral-mediated immune evasion, and the current and future immunotherapeutic agents. We also highlight host factors that contribute to infection, which may deepen the understanding of viral pathogenesis and help identify targeted therapies that attenuate severe disease and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Shen
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Doming Jiang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyun Niu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Kane Y, Wong G, Gao GF. Animal Models, Zoonotic Reservoirs, and Cross-Species Transmission of Emerging Human-Infecting Coronaviruses. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2023; 11:1-31. [PMID: 36790890 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020420-025011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, coronavirus (CoV) diseases have impacted humans more than any other emerging infectious disease. The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), has resulted in huge economic disruptions and loss of human lives. The SARS-CoV-2 genome was found to mutate more rapidly due to sustained transmission in humans and potentially animals, resulting in variants of concern (VOCs) that threaten global human health. However, the primary difficulties are filling in the current knowledge gaps in terms of the origin and modalities of emergence for these viruses. Because many CoVs threatening human health are suspected to have a zoonotic origin, identifying the animal hosts implicated in the spillover or spillback events would be beneficial for current pandemic management and to prevent future outbreaks. In this review, wesummarize the animal models, zoonotic reservoirs, and cross-species transmission of the emerging human CoVs. Finally, we comment on potential sources of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOCs and the new SARS-CoV-2 recombinants currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakhouba Kane
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; , .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; ,
| | - George F Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; .,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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6
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SARS-CoV-2 and Endothelial Cells: Vascular Changes, Intussusceptive Microvascular Growth and Novel Therapeutic Windows. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092242. [PMID: 36140343 PMCID: PMC9496230 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial activation in infectious diseases plays a crucial role in understanding and predicting the outcomes and future treatments of several clinical conditions. COVID-19 is no exception. Moving from basic principles to novel approaches, an evolving view of endothelial activation provides insights into a better knowledge of the upstream actors in COVID-19 as a crucial future direction for managing SARS-CoV-2 and other infections. Assessing the function of resting and damaged endothelial cells in infection, particularly in COVID-19, five critical processes emerged controlling thrombo-resistance: vascular integrity, blood flow regulation, immune cell trafficking, angiogenesis and intussusceptive microvascular growth. Endothelial cell injury is associated with thrombosis, increased vessel contraction and a crucial phenomenon identified as intussusceptive microvascular growth, an unprecedented event of vessel splitting into two lumens through the integration of circulating pro-angiogenic cells. An essential awareness of endothelial cells and their phenotypic changes in COVID-19 inflammation is pivotal to understanding the vascular biology of infections and may offer crucial new therapeutic windows.
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7
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Lin Q, Lu C, Hong Y, Li R, Chen J, Chen W, Chen J. Animal models for studying coronavirus infections and developing antiviral agents and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2022; 203:105345. [PMID: 35605699 PMCID: PMC9122840 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has become the third deadly coronavirus that infects humans and causes the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). COVID-19 has already caused more than six million deaths worldwide and it is likely the biggest pandemic of this century faced by mankind. Although many studies on SARS-CoV-2 have been conducted, a detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 is still lacking. Animal models are indispensable for studying its pathogenesis and developing vaccines and antivirals. In this review, we analyze animal models of coronavirus infections and explore their applications on antivirals and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunni Lu
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yuqi Hong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Sefik E, Israelow B, Mirza H, Zhao J, Qu R, Kaffe E, Song E, Halene S, Meffre E, Kluger Y, Nussenzweig M, Wilen CB, Iwasaki A, Flavell RA. A humanized mouse model of chronic COVID-19. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:906-920. [PMID: 34921308 PMCID: PMC9203605 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that can present as an uncontrolled, hyperactive immune response, causing severe immunological injury. Existing rodent models do not recapitulate the sustained immunopathology of patients with severe disease. Here we describe a humanized mouse model of COVID-19 that uses adeno-associated virus to deliver human ACE2 to the lungs of humanized MISTRG6 mice. This model recapitulates innate and adaptive human immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection up to 28 days after infection, with key features of chronic COVID-19, including weight loss, persistent viral RNA, lung pathology with fibrosis, a human inflammatory macrophage response, a persistent interferon-stimulated gene signature and T cell lymphopenia. We used this model to study two therapeutics on immunopathology, patient-derived antibodies and steroids and found that the same inflammatory macrophages crucial to containing early infection later drove immunopathology. This model will enable evaluation of COVID-19 disease mechanisms and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haris Mirza
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michel Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Xiang R, Wang Y, Wang L, Deng X, Huo S, Jiang S, Yu F. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against highly pathogenic coronaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 53:101199. [PMID: 35038651 PMCID: PMC8716168 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a continuing worldwide threat to human health and social economy. Historically, SARS-CoV-2 follows SARS and MERS as the third coronavirus spreading across borders and continents, but far more dangerous with long-lasting symptomatic consequences. The current situation is strong evidence that coronaviruses will continue to be pathogens of consequence in the future, thus calling for the development of neutralizing antibody-based prophylactics and therapeutics for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and other human coronavirus diseases. This review summarized the progresses of developing neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against infection of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, and discussed their potential applications in prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and other human coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shanshan Huo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Baoding, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Baoding, China.
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10
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Francisco R, Hernandez SM, Mead DG, Adcock KG, Burke SC, Nemeth NM, Yabsley MJ. Experimental Susceptibility of North American Raccoons ( Procyon lotor) and Striped Skunks ( Mephitis mephitis) to SARS-CoV-2. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:715307. [PMID: 35097038 PMCID: PMC8790025 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent spillback events of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to animals has raised concerns about it becoming endemic in wildlife. A sylvatic cycle of SARS-CoV-2 could present multiple opportunities for repeated spillback into human populations and other susceptible wildlife. Based on their taxonomy and natural history, two native North American wildlife species -the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and the raccoon (Procyon lotor) -represent a high likelihood of susceptibility and ecological opportunity of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2. Eight skunks and raccoons were each intranasally inoculated with one of two doses of the virus (103 PFU and 105 PFU) and housed in pairs. To evaluate direct transmission, a naïve animal was added to each inoculated pair 48 h post-inoculation. Four control animals of each species were handled like the experimental groups. At predetermined intervals, we collected nasal and rectal swabs to quantify virus shed via virus isolation and detect viral RNA via rRT-PCR and blood for serum neutralization. Lastly, animals were euthanized at staggered intervals to describe disease progression through histopathology and immunohistochemistry. No animals developed clinical disease. All intranasally inoculated animals seroconverted, suggesting both species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The highest titers in skunks and raccoons were 1:128 and 1:64, respectively. Low quantities of virus were isolated from 2/8 inoculated skunks for up to day 5 post-inoculation, however no virus was isolated from inoculated raccoons or direct contacts of either species. Neither species had gross lesions, but recovering mild chronic pneumonia consistent with viral insult was recorded histologically in 5/8 inoculated skunks. Unlike another SARS-CoV-2 infection trial in these species, we detected neutralizing antibodies in inoculated raccoons; thus, future wildlife serologic surveillance results must be interpreted with caution. Due to the inability to isolate virus from raccoons, the lack of evidence of direct transmission between both species, and low amount of virus shed by skunks, it seems unlikely for SARS-CoV-2 to become established in raccoon and skunk populations and for virus to spillback into humans. Continued outbreaks in non-domestic species, wild and captive, highlight that additional research on the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife, especially musteloidea, and of conservation concern, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Francisco
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sonia M. Hernandez
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Daniel G. Mead
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kayla G. Adcock
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sydney C. Burke
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Nicole M. Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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11
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Yuan TZ, Garg P, Wang L, Willis JR, Kwan E, Hernandez AGL, Tuscano E, Sever EN, Keane E, Soto C, Mucker EM, Fouch ME, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Kailasan S, Aman MJ, Li H, Hooper JW, Saphire EO, Crowe JE, Liu Q, Axelrod F, Sato AK. Rapid discovery of diverse neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from large-scale synthetic phage libraries. MAbs 2022; 14:2002236. [PMID: 34967699 PMCID: PMC8726723 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2002236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an evolving global public health crisis in need of therapeutic options. Passive immunization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represents a promising therapeutic strategy capable of conferring immediate protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we describe the discovery and characterization of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 IgG and VHH antibodies from four large-scale phage libraries. Each library was constructed synthetically with shuffled complementarity-determining region loops from natural llama and human antibody repertoires. While most candidates targeted the receptor-binding domain of the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, we also identified a neutralizing IgG candidate that binds a unique epitope on the N-terminal domain. A select number of antibodies retained binding to SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Kappa and Delta. Overall, our data show that synthetic phage libraries can rapidly yield SARS-CoV-2 S1 antibodies with therapeutically desirable features, including high affinity, unique binding sites, and potent neutralizing activity in vitro, and a capacity to limit disease in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibody Specificity
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/metabolism
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Mesocricetus
- Peptide Library
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/metabolism
- Single-Domain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Z. Yuan
- Twist Biopharma, Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Linya Wang
- Twist Biopharma, Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jordan R. Willis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Kwan
- Twist Biopharma, Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Emily Tuscano
- Twist Biopharma, Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily N. Sever
- Twist Biopharma, Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica Keane
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric M. Mucker
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Haoyang Li
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiang Liu
- Twist Biopharma, Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fumiko Axelrod
- Twist Biopharma, Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron K. Sato
- Twist Biopharma, Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Singh S, Kumar A, Sharma H. In-vitro and In-vivo Experimental Models for MERS-CoV, SARSCoV, and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection: A Compendious Review. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:82-101. [PMID: 35068398 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220124101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family of coronaviruses. This novel virus has predominantly affected a vast world population and was declared a pandemic outbreak. The clinical and scientific communities strive to develop and validate potential treatments and therapeutic measures. The comparative study of existing synthetic drugs, evaluation of safety aspects, and the devel opment of novel vaccines can be efficiently achieved by using suitable animal models of primary infection and validating translational findings in human cell lines and tissues. The current paper explores varied animal and cell/tissue models employed and recapitulate various critical issues of ailment manifestation in humans to develop and evaluate novel therapeutic countermeasures and even include some novel patent developed in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, 17 km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh-281406, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, 17 km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh-281406, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, 17 km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh-281406, India
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13
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Khandker SS, Godman B, Jawad MI, Meghla BA, Tisha TA, Khondoker MU, Haq MA, Charan J, Talukder AA, Azmuda N, Sharmin S, Jamiruddin MR, Haque M, Adnan N. A Systematic Review on COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies, Their Effectiveness, and Issues. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1387. [PMID: 34960133 PMCID: PMC8708628 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines are indispensable, with the number of cases and mortality still rising, and currently no medicines are routinely available for reducing morbidity and mortality, apart from dexamethasone, although others are being trialed and launched. To date, only a limited number of vaccines have been given emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. There is a need to systematically review the existing vaccine candidates and investigate their safety, efficacy, immunogenicity, unwanted events, and limitations. The review was undertaken by searching online databases, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, with finally 59 studies selected. Our findings showed several types of vaccine candidates with different strategies against SARS-CoV-2, including inactivated, mRNA-based, recombinant, and nanoparticle-based vaccines, are being developed and launched. We have compared these vaccines in terms of their efficacy, side effects, and seroconversion based on data reported in the literature. We found mRNA vaccines appeared to have better efficacy, and inactivated ones had fewer side effects and similar seroconversion in all types of vaccines. Overall, global variant surveillance and systematic tweaking of vaccines, coupled with the evaluation and administering vaccines with the same or different technology in successive doses along with homologous and heterologous prime-booster strategy, have become essential to impede the pandemic. Their effectiveness appreciably outweighs any concerns with any adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Saif Khandker
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK;
- Division of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Md. Irfan Jawad
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Bushra Ayat Meghla
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Taslima Akter Tisha
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Mohib Ullah Khondoker
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Savar 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ahsanul Haq
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
| | - Jaykaran Charan
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India;
| | - Ali Azam Talukder
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Nafisa Azmuda
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
| | - Shahana Sharmin
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohd. Raeed Jamiruddin
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sugai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Nihad Adnan
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (S.S.K.); (M.U.K.); (M.A.H.); (M.R.J.)
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh; (M.I.J.); (B.A.M.); (T.A.T.); (A.A.T.); (N.A.)
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14
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Larijani B, Foroughi-Heravani N, Abedi M, Tayanloo-Beik A, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Adibi H, Arjmand B. Recent Advances of COVID-19 Modeling Based on Regenerative Medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:683619. [PMID: 34760882 PMCID: PMC8573217 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic since December 2019 that originated in Wuhan, China. Soon after that, the world health organization declared Coronavirus disease-2019 a global health concern. SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for a lethal respiratory infection as well as the involvement of other organs due to its large tropism spectrum such as neurologic, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, and renal systems. Since the behavior of the virus is not fully understood, a new manifestation of the infection is revealed every day. In order to be able to design more efficient drugs and vaccines to treat the infection, finding out the exact mechanism of pathogenicity would be necessary. Although there have been some big steps toward understanding the relevant process, there are still some deficiencies in this field. Accordingly, regenerative medicine (RM), can offer promising opportunities in discovering the exact mechanisms and specific treatments. For instance, since it is not always possible to catch the pathophysiology mechanisms in human beings, several modeling methods have been introduced in this field that can be studied in three main groups: stem cell-based models, organoids, and animal models. Regarding stem cell-based models, induced pluripotent stem cells are the major study subjects, which are generated by reprogramming the somatic stem cells and then directing them into different adult cell populations to study their behavior toward the infection. In organoid models, different cell lines can be guided to produce a 3D structure including liver, heart, and brain-like platforms. Among animal models, mice are the most common species in this field. However, in order for mice models to be permissive to the virus, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, the main receptor involved in the pathogenicity of the virus, should be introduced to the host cells through different methods. Here, the current known mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection, different suggested models, the specific response toward different manipulation as well as challenges and shortcomings in each case have been reviewed. Finally, we have tried to provide a quick summary of the present available RM-based models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, as an essential part of developing drugs, for future therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Foroughi-Heravani
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Abedi
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Tayanloo-Beik
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Adibi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Kandikattu HK, Yadavalli CS, Venkateshaiah SU, Mishra A. Vaccine efficacy in mutant SARS-CoV-2 variants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 4:1-12. [PMID: 34790972 PMCID: PMC8594908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus remain poorly understood, including its rapid mutation and its effects on populations of different ages. The present literature of review is focused on the effectiveness of current available vaccines in view of immerging several SARS-CoV-2 variants. The most dangerous and infectious SARS-CoV-2 strain, B117, was recently discovered in the United Kingdom, and another new variant, 501.V2, was discovered in South Africa. In countries such as the United States, Japan, India, and Brazil, the variant B117 spread far more quickly than the original strain. The new SARS-CoV-2 mutations have made producing a universal and effective vaccine more difficult. SARS-CoV-2's S protein, which aids in receptor identification and membrane fusion, is a primary target for vaccine development using its mRNA or inactivated virus. Currently, in the interval of few days new more infectious SARS-CoV-2 mutant is detected, started from SARS-CoV-2 Alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), delta (B.1.617.2), delta plus, gamma (P.1) and now variant lamda. The variant detected first in Peru and spread almost 27 countries including UK that accounts for 82% of new infections. These mutant variants are posing new challenge even to the fully vaccinated individuals and a challenge for the public health. Thus, a need to review current treatment vaccination guideline and strategy as early as possible. Reporting all new SARS-CoV-2 variants and their effectiveness in response to several available vaccines, we would like to draw the attention of health care provider, and all developed countries health care agencies including WHO to frame new guidelines for vaccination and immediate intervention to control the development of new SARS-CoV-2 variants from the third world countries by providing vaccines to the poor countries as early as possible.
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16
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Miersch S, Li Z, Saberianfar R, Ustav M, Brett Case J, Blazer L, Chen C, Ye W, Pavlenco A, Gorelik M, Garcia Perez J, Subramania S, Singh S, Ploder L, Ganaie S, Chen RE, Leung DW, Pandolfi PP, Novelli G, Matusali G, Colavita F, Capobianchi MR, Jain S, Gupta JB, Amarasinghe GK, Diamond MS, Rini J, Sidhu SS. Tetravalent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Show Enhanced Potency and Resistance to Escape Mutations. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167177. [PMID: 34329642 PMCID: PMC8316672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) hold promise as therapeutics against COVID-19. Here, we describe protein engineering and modular design principles that have led to the development of synthetic bivalent and tetravalent nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. The best nAb targets the host receptor binding site of the viral S-protein and tetravalent versions block entry with a potency exceeding bivalent nAbs by an order of magnitude. Structural studies show that both the bivalent and tetravalent nAbs can make multivalent interactions with a single S-protein trimer, consistent with the avidity and potency of these molecules. Significantly, we show that the tetravalent nAbs show increased tolerance to potential virus escape mutants and an emerging variant of concern. Bivalent and tetravalent nAbs can be produced at large-scale and are as stable and specific as approved antibody drugs. Our results provide a general framework for enhancing antiviral therapies against COVID-19 and related viral threats, and our strategy can be applied to virtually any antibody drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Miersch
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Levi Blazer
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chao Chen
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Ye
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Maryna Gorelik
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Serena Singh
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lynda Ploder
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Safder Ganaie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Renown Institute for Cancer, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Molecular Biotechnologies & Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - J B Gupta
- Virna Therapeutics, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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17
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Chen J, Ali F, Khan I, Zhu YZ. Recent progress in the development of potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100057. [PMID: 34870155 PMCID: PMC8437701 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerged and highly pathogenic coronavirus, is identified as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) in the late December 2019, in China. The virus has rapidly spread nationwide and spilled over to the other countries around the globe, resulting in more than 120 million infections and 2.6 million deaths until the time of this review. Unfortunately, there are still no specific drugs available against this disease, and it is very necessary to call upon more scientists to work together to stop a further spread. Hence, the recent progress in the development of drugs may help scientific community quickly understand current research status and further develop new effective drugs. Herein, we summarize the cellular entry and replication process of this virus and discuss the recent development of potential viral based drugs that target bio-macromolecules in different stages of the viral life cycle, especially S protein, 3CLPro, PLPro, RdRp and helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, No. 1133 Xueyuan Zhong Jie, 351100, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine (Putian University), No. 1133 Xueyuan Zhong Jie, 351100, Fujian Province University, Fujian, China
| | - Fayaz Ali
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
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18
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Jiang W, Wang J, Jiao S, Gu C, Xu W, Chen B, Wang R, Chen H, Xie Y, Wang A, Li G, Zeng D, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wang S, Wang M, Gui X. Characterization of MW06, a human monoclonal antibody with cross-neutralization activity against both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. MAbs 2021; 13:1953683. [PMID: 34313527 PMCID: PMC8317929 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1953683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in widespread social and economic disruption. Effective interventions are urgently needed for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have demonstrated their prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, and several have been granted authorization for emergency use. Here, we discover and characterize a fully human cross-reactive mAb, MW06, which binds to both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) and disrupts their interaction with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Potential neutralization activity of MW06 was observed against both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in different assays. The complex structure determination and epitope alignment of SARS-CoV-2 RBD/MW06 revealed that the epitope recognized by MW06 is highly conserved among SARS-related coronavirus strains, indicating the potential broad neutralization activity of MW06. In in vitro assays, no antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 infection was observed for MW06. In addition, MW06 recognizes a different epitope from MW05, which shows high neutralization activity and has been in a Phase 2 clinical trial, supporting the development of the cocktail of MW05 and MW06 to prevent against future escaping variants. MW06 alone and the cocktail show good effects in preventing escape mutations, including a series of variants of concern, B.1.1.7, P.1, B.1.351, and B.1.617.1. These findings suggest that MW06 recognizes a conserved epitope on SARS-CoV-2, which provides insights for the development of a universal antibody-based therapy against SARS-related coronavirus and emerging variant strains, and may be an effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Junchao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Shasha Jiao
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Chenjian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Chen
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongjuan Wang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - An Wang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Dadi Zeng
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.,Department of Antibody Discovery, Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xun Gui
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Development, Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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19
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Structure-based Design of a Specific, Homogeneous Luminescence Enzyme Reporter Assay for SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166983. [PMID: 33839165 PMCID: PMC8028696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies (Abs) against the SARS-CoV-2 virus hold promise for treatment of COVID-19 and high sensitivity and specific diagnostic assays. Here, we report engineering principles and realization of a Protein-fragment Complementation Assay (PCA) detector of SARS-CoV-2 antigen by coupling two Abs to complementary N- and C-terminal fragments of the reporter enzyme Gaussia luciferase (Gluc). Both Abs display comparably high affinities for distinct epitopes of viral Spike (S)-protein trimers. Gluc activity is reconstituted when the Abs are simultaneously bound to S-protein bringing the Ab-fused N- and C-terminal fragments close enough together (8 nm) to fold. We thus achieve high specificity both by requirement of simultaneous binding of the two Abs to the S-protein and also, in a steric configuration in which the two Gluc complementary fragments can fold and thus reconstitute catalytic activity. Gluc activity can also be reconstituted with virus-like particles that express surface S-protein with detectable signal over background within 5 min of incubation. Design principles presented here can be readily applied to develop reporters to virtually any protein with sufficient available structural details. Thus, our results present a general framework to develop reporter assays for COVID-19, and the strategy can be readily deployed in response to existing and future pathogenic threats and other diseases.
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20
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Heffron AS, McIlwain SJ, Amjadi MF, Baker DA, Khullar S, Armbrust T, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Sethi AK, Palmenberg AC, Shelef MA, O’Connor DH, Ong IM. The landscape of antibody binding in SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001265. [PMID: 34143766 PMCID: PMC8245122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for potential antibody-based diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics for pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has focused almost exclusively on the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Coronavirus membrane (M), ORF3a, and ORF8 proteins are humoral immunogens in other coronaviruses (CoVs) but remain largely uninvestigated for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we use ultradense peptide microarray mapping to show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust antibody responses to epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, particularly in M, in which 1 epitope achieved excellent diagnostic accuracy. We map 79 B cell epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome and demonstrate that antibodies that develop in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection bind homologous peptide sequences in the 6 other known human CoVs. We also confirm reactivity against 4 of our top-ranking epitopes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Illness severity correlated with increased reactivity to 9 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in S, M, N, and ORF3a in our population. Our results demonstrate previously unknown, highly reactive B cell epitopes throughout the full proteome of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Heffron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sean J. McIlwain
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maya F. Amjadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saniya Khullar
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tammy Armbrust
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ajay K. Sethi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ann C. Palmenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Irene M. Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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21
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Rouet R, Mazigi O, Walker GJ, Langley DB, Sobti M, Schofield P, Lenthall H, Jackson J, Ubiparipovic S, Henry JY, Abayasingam A, Burnett D, Kelleher A, Brink R, Bull RA, Turville S, Stewart AG, Goodnow CC, Rawlinson WD, Christ D. Potent SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralization through maturation of iconic SARS-CoV-1 antibodies. MAbs 2021; 13:1922134. [PMID: 34024246 PMCID: PMC8158043 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1922134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against coronavirus spike protein potently protect against infection and disease, but whether such protection can be extended to variant coronaviruses is unclear. This is exemplified by a set of iconic and well-characterized monoclonal antibodies developed after the 2003 SARS outbreak, including mAbs m396, CR3022, CR3014 and 80R, which potently neutralize SARS-CoV-1, but not SARS-CoV-2. Here, we explore antibody engineering strategies to change and broaden their specificity, enabling nanomolar binding and potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. Intriguingly, while many of the matured clones maintained specificity of the parental antibody, new specificities were also observed, which was further confirmed by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, indicating that a limited set of VH antibody domains can give rise to variants targeting diverse epitopes, when paired with a diverse VL repertoire. Our findings open up over 15 years of antibody development efforts against SARS-CoV-1 to the SARS-CoV-2 field and outline general principles for the maturation of antibody specificity against emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouet
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ohan Mazigi
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J Walker
- Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David B Langley
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meghna Sobti
- Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer Jackson
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie Ubiparipovic
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jake Y Henry
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arunasingam Abayasingam
- Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Burnett
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Kelleher
- Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Immunology Department, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Immunology Department, UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Novelli G, Biancolella M, Mehrian-Shai R, Colona VL, Brito AF, Grubaugh ND, Vasiliou V, Luzzatto L, Reichardt JKV. COVID-19 one year into the pandemic: from genetics and genomics to therapy, vaccination, and policy. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:27. [PMID: 33966626 PMCID: PMC8107019 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has engulfed the world and it will accompany us all for some time to come. Here, we review the current state at the milestone of 1 year into the pandemic, as declared by the WHO (World Health Organization). We review several aspects of the on-going pandemic, focusing first on two major topics: viral variants and the human genetic susceptibility to disease severity. We then consider recent and exciting new developments in therapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies, and in prevention strategies, such as vaccines. We also briefly discuss how advances in basic science and in biotechnology, under the threat of a worldwide emergency, have accelerated to an unprecedented degree of the transition from the laboratory to clinical applications. While every day we acquire more and more tools to deal with the on-going pandemic, we are aware that the path will be arduous and it will require all of us being community-minded. In this respect, we lament past delays in timely full investigations, and we call for bypassing local politics in the interest of humankind on all continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | | | - Ruty Mehrian-Shai
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Vito Luigi Colona
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Anderson F Brito
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Lucio Luzzatto
- Haematology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Juergen K V Reichardt
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland, 4878, Australia
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23
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Song LG, Xie QX, Lao HL, Lv ZY. Human coronaviruses and therapeutic drug discovery. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:28. [PMID: 33726861 PMCID: PMC7962087 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronaviruses (CoVs) are distributed worldwide and have various susceptible hosts; CoVs infecting humans are called human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Although HCoV-specific drugs are still lacking, many potent targets for drug discovery are being explored, and many vigorously designed clinical trials are being carried out in an orderly manner. The aim of this review was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current status of drug development against HCoVs, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Main text A scoping review was conducted by electronically searching research studies, reviews, and clinical trials in PubMed and the CNKI. Studies on HCoVs and therapeutic drug discovery published between January 2000 and October 2020 and in English or Chinese were included, and the information was summarized. Of the 3248 studies identified, 159 publication were finally included. Advances in drug development against HCoV, especially SARS-CoV-2, are summarized under three categories: antiviral drugs aimed at inhibiting the HCoV proliferation process, drugs acting on the host's immune system, and drugs derived from plants with potent activity. Furthermore, clinical trials of drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 are summarized. Conclusions During the spread of COVID-19 outbreak, great efforts have been made in therapeutic drug discovery against the virus, although the pharmacological effects and adverse reactions of some drugs under study are still unclear. However, well-designed high-quality studies are needed to further study the effectiveness and safety of these potential drugs so as to provide valid recommendations for better control of the COVID-19 pandemic. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Gui Song
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qing-Xing Xie
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Lin Lao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Yue Lv
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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24
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Cao M, Su X, Jiang S. Broad-Spectrum Anti-coronavirus Vaccines and Therapeutics to Combat the Current COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Coronavirus Disease Outbreaks. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:398-411. [PMID: 33691145 PMCID: PMC7940144 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is continuing, it may become worse in the coming winter months with a high potential for the emergence and spread of escape variants of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-related CoVs (SARSr-CoVs) from bats may also cause outbreaks of emerging coronavirus diseases in the future. These predictions call for the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus vaccines and therapeutics to combat the current COVID-19 pandemic and future emerging coronavirus disease epidemics. In this review, we describe advances and challenges in the development of broad-spectrum vaccines and neutralizing antibodies against lineage B betacoronaviruses (β-CoV-Bs), including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and SARSr-CoVs, as well as peptide-based pan-CoV fusion inhibitors and their potential in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and other human coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaojie Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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25
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Devaux CA, Pinault L, Osman IO, Raoult D. Can ACE2 Receptor Polymorphism Predict Species Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2? Front Public Health 2021; 8:608765. [PMID: 33643982 PMCID: PMC7902720 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.608765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in China in December 2019 and spread worldwide, causing more than 1.3 million deaths in 11 months. Similar to the human SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 shares strong sequence homologies with a sarbecovirus circulating in Rhinolophus affinis bats. Because bats are expected to be able to transmit their coronaviruses to intermediate animal hosts that in turn are a source of viruses able to cross species barriers and infect humans (so-called spillover model), the identification of an intermediate animal reservoir was the subject of intense researches. It was claimed that a reptile (Ophiophagus hannah) was the intermediate host. This hypothesis was quickly ruled out and replaced by the pangolin (Manis javanica) hypothesis. Yet, pangolin was also recently exonerated from SARS-CoV-2 transmission to humans, leaving other animal species as presumed guilty. Guided by the spillover model, several laboratories investigated in silico the species polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to find the best fits with the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding site. Following the same strategy, we used multi-sequence alignment, 3-D structure analysis, and electrostatic potential surface generation of ACE2 variants to predict their binding capacity to SARS-CoV-2. We report evidence that such simple in silico investigation is a powerful tool to quickly screen which species are potentially susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. However, possible receptor binding does not necessarily lead to successful replication in host. Therefore, we also discuss here the limitations of these in silico approaches in our quest on the origins of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Pinault
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ikram Omar Osman
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Fondation IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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26
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Hedman HD, Krawczyk E, Helmy YA, Zhang L, Varga C. Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface. Pathogens 2021; 10:180. [PMID: 33567598 PMCID: PMC7915269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermediate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans. To improve foundational knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, we are conducting a synthesis review of its host diversity and transmission pathways. To mitigate this COVID-19 pandemic, we strongly advocate for a systems-oriented scientific approach that comprehensively evaluates the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the human and animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Summit County Local Public Health Agency, Summit County, Frisco, CO 80443, USA;
| | - Eric Krawczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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27
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Servidio C, Stellacci F. Therapeutic approaches against coronaviruses acute respiratory syndrome. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00691. [PMID: 33378565 PMCID: PMC7773137 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses represent global health threat. In this century, they have already caused two epidemics and one serious pandemic. Although, at present, there are no approved drugs and therapies for the treatment and prevention of human coronaviruses, several agents, FDA-approved, and preclinical, have shown in vitro and/or in vivo antiviral activity. An in-depth analysis of the current situation leads to the identification of several potential drugs that could have an impact on the fight against coronaviruses infections. In this review, we discuss the virology of human coronaviruses highlighting the main biological targets and summarize the current state-of-the-art of possible therapeutic options to inhibit coronaviruses infections. We mostly focus on FDA-approved and preclinical drugs targeting viral conserved elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Servidio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutrition SciencesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
- Institute of MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of MaterialsEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
- Bioengineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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28
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Zhou P, Li Z, Xie L, An D, Fan Y, Wang X, Li Y, Liu X, Wu J, Li G, Li Q. Research progress and challenges to coronavirus vaccine development. J Med Virol 2021; 93:741-754. [PMID: 32936465 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are nonsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses highly pathogenic to humans. Some CoVs are known to cause respiratory and intestinal diseases, posing a threat to the global public health. Against this backdrop, it is of critical importance to develop safe and effective vaccines against these CoVs. This review discusses human vaccine candidates in any stage of development and explores the viral characteristics, molecular epidemiology, and immunology associated with CoV vaccine development. At present, there are many obstacles and challenges to vaccine research and development, including the lack of knowledge about virus transmission, pathogenesis, and immune response, absence of the most appropriate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Zhou
- Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linqing Xie
- Department of Guangzhou Cyanvaccine Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Yaohua Fan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng Li
- Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Guangzhou Cyanvaccine Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Ratre YK, Kahar N, Bhaskar LVKS, Bhattacharya A, Verma HK. Molecular mechanism, diagnosis, and potential treatment for novel coronavirus (COVID-19): a current literature review and perspective. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:94. [PMID: 33520580 PMCID: PMC7832422 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus which belongs to the Coronaviridae family. COVID-19 outbreak became evident after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the twenty-first century as the start of the third deadly coronavirus. Currently, research is at an early stage, and the exact etiological dimensions of COVID-19 are unknown. Several candidate drugs and plasma therapy have been considered and evaluated for the treatment of severe COVID-19 patients. These include clinically available drugs such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir. However, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of this virus is critical for predicting interaction with humans. Based on recent evidence, we have summarized the current virus biology in terms of the possible understanding of the various pathophysiologies, molecular mechanisms, recent efficient diagnostics, and therapeutic approaches to control the disease. In addition, we briefly reviewed the biochemistry of leading candidates for novel therapies and their current status in clinical trials. As information from COVID-19 is evolving rapidly, this review will help the researcher to consider new insights and potential therapeutic approaches based on up-to-date knowledge. Finally, this review illustrates a list of alternative therapeutic solutions for a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Namrata Kahar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | | | - Antaripa Bhattacharya
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology CNR, Naples, Italy
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30
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Yuan C, Li R, Liu G, Pan Y. Potential of Immune-Related Therapy in COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:609212. [PMID: 33574756 PMCID: PMC7870867 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.609212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of 2020, a sudden outbreak of new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), infections led to anxiety, panic, and crisis among people worldwide. The outbreak first occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019 and then spread rapidly across the globe, thus becoming a major public health emergency. Although the current epidemic situation in China tends to be stable, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread globally. At present, no specific therapeutic drugs and vaccines are available against COVID-19. Also, the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 is not fully clear. Human immunity is important in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studies have shown that excessive inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent induced uncontrolled cytokine storm are the main causes of disease deterioration and death of severe patients. Therefore, immune-related research is of great significance for the prevention, control, and prognosis of COVID-19. This study aimed to review the latest research on immune-related treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjue Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruoyun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunbao Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Among the animal superfamily Musteloidea, which includes those commonly known as mustelids, naturally occurring and species-specific alphacoronavirus infections have been observed in both mink (Mustela vison/Neovison vison) and domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV), in particular, has been associated with a rare but fatal systemic disease. In recent months, it has become apparent that both minks and ferrets are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a betacoronavirus and the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several mink farms have experienced SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, and experimental models have demonstrated susceptibility of ferrets to SARS-CoV-2. The potential for pet ferrets to become infected with SARS-CoV-2, however, remains elusive. During the 2002-2003 SARS epidemic, it was also apparent that ferrets were susceptible to SARS-CoV and could be utilized in vaccine development. From a comparative standpoint, understanding the relationships between different infections and disease pathogenesis in the animal superfamily Musteloidea may help elucidate viral infection and transmission mechanisms, as well as treatment and prevention strategies for coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Stout
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Qinghua Guo
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jean K Millet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ricardo de Matos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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32
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Fouladirad S, Bach H. Development of Coronavirus Treatments Using Neutralizing Antibodies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010165. [PMID: 33451069 PMCID: PMC7828509 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. This virus has led to 61.8 million cases worldwide being reported as of December 1st, 2020. Currently, there are no definite approved therapies endorsed by the World Health Organization for COVID-19, focusing only on supportive care. Treatment centers around symptom management, including oxygen therapy or invasive mechanical ventilation. Immunotherapy has the potential to play a role in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in particular, is a relatively new approach in the world of infectious diseases and has the benefit of overcoming challenges with serum therapy and intravenous immunoglobulins preparations. Here, we reviewed the articles published in PubMed with the purpose of summarizing the currently available evidence for the use of neutralizing antibodies as a potential treatment for coronaviruses. Studies reporting in vivo results were summarized and analyzed. Despite promising data from some studies, none of them progressed to clinical trials. It is expected that neutralizing antibodies might offer an alternative for COVID-19 treatment. Thus, there is a need for randomized trials to understand the potential use of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Fouladirad
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z, Canada;
| | - Horacio Bach
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z, Canada;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-727-9719; Fax: +1-604-875-4013
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33
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Heffron AS, McIlwain SJ, Amjadi MF, Baker DA, Khullar S, Sethi AK, Palmenberg AC, Shelef MA, O'Connor DH, Ong IM. The landscape of antibody binding in SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.10.10.334292. [PMID: 33052349 PMCID: PMC7553183 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.10.334292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The search for potential antibody-based diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics for pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has focused almost exclusively on the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Coronavirus membrane (M), ORF3a, and ORF8 proteins are humoral immunogens in other coronaviruses (CoVs) but remain largely uninvestigated for SARS-CoV-2. Here we use ultradense peptide microarray mapping to show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust antibody responses to epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, particularly in M, in which one epitope achieved excellent diagnostic accuracy. We map 79 B cell epitopes throughout the SARS-CoV-2 proteome and demonstrate that antibodies that develop in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection bind homologous peptide sequences in the six other known human CoVs. We also confirm reactivity against four of our top-ranking epitopes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Illness severity correlated with increased reactivity to nine SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in S, M, N, and ORF3a in our population. Our results demonstrate previously unknown, highly reactive B cell epitopes throughout the full proteome of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoV proteins.
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Majumder J, Minko T. Recent Developments on Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches for COVID-19. AAPS J 2021; 23:14. [PMID: 33400058 PMCID: PMC7784226 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made a serious public health threat worldwide with millions of people at risk in a growing number of countries. Though there are no clinically approved antiviral drugs and vaccines for COVID-19, attempts are ongoing for clinical trials of several known antiviral drugs, their combination, as well as development of vaccines in patients with confirmed COVID-19. This review focuses on the latest approaches to diagnostics and therapy of COVID-19. We have summarized recent progress on the conventional therapeutics such as antiviral drugs, vaccines, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody treatments, and convalescent plasma therapy which are currently under extensive research and clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19. The developments of nanoparticle-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches have been also discussed for COVID-19. We have assessed recent literature data on this topic and made a summary of current development and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Majumder
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08903, USA.
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
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Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model and evidence of protective immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:81. [PMID: 33398055 PMCID: PMC7782478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a vital need for authentic COVID-19 animal models to enable the pre-clinical evaluation of candidate vaccines and therapeutics. Here we report a dose titration study of SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model. After a high (5 × 106 pfu) and medium (5 × 104 pfu) dose of virus is delivered, intranasally, viral RNA shedding in the upper respiratory tract (URT) is observed in 6/6 animals, however, only 1/6 ferrets show similar signs after low dose (5 × 102 pfu) challenge. Following sequential culls pathological signs of mild multifocal bronchopneumonia in approximately 5–15% of the lung is seen on day 3, in high and medium dosed groups. Ferrets re-challenged, after virus shedding ceased, are fully protected from acute lung pathology. The endpoints of URT viral RNA replication & distinct lung pathology are observed most consistently in the high dose group. This ferret model of SARS-CoV-2 infection presents a mild clinical disease. SARS-CoV-2 induces mild infection in ferret model. Here, Ryan et al. characterise optimal infection dosage inducing upper respiratory tract (UTR) viral shedding, progression time of viral shedding, and pathology in ferrets and finally provide evidence for protection after re-challenge.
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36
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Nyayanit DA, Yadav PD, Kharde R, Cherian S. Natural Selection Plays an Important Role in Shaping the Codon Usage of Structural Genes of the Viruses Belonging to the Coronaviridae Family. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010003. [PMID: 33375017 PMCID: PMC7821998 DOI: 10.3390/v13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family have a single-stranded positive-sense RNA with a poly-A tail. The genome has a length of ~29.9 kbps, which encodes for genes that are essential for cell survival and replication. Different evolutionary constraints constantly influence the codon usage bias (CUB) of different genes. A virus optimizes its codon usage to fit the host environment on which it savors. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the CUB for the different genes encoded by viruses of the Coronaviridae family. Different methods including relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), an Effective number of codons (ENc), parity plot 2, and Neutrality plot, were adopted to analyze the factors responsible for the genetic evolution of the Coronaviridae family. Base composition and RSCU analyses demonstrated the presence of A-ended and U-ended codons being preferred in the 3rd codon position and are suggestive of mutational selection. The lesser ENc value for the spike ‘S’ gene suggests a higher bias in the codon usage of this gene compared to the other structural genes. Parity plot 2 and neutrality plot analyses demonstrate the role and the extent of mutational and natural selection towards the codon usage pattern. It was observed that the structural genes of the Coronaviridae family analyzed in this study were at the least under 84% influence of natural selection, implying a major role of natural selection in shaping the codon usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpal A. Nyayanit
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India; (D.A.N.); (P.D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India; (D.A.N.); (P.D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Rutuja Kharde
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India; (D.A.N.); (P.D.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Bioinformatics Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-20-260061213
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Miersch S, Li Z, Saberianfar R, Ustav M, Case JB, Blazer L, Chen C, Ye W, Pavlenco A, Gorelik M, Perez JG, Subramania S, Singh S, Ploder L, Ganaie S, Chen RE, Leung DW, Pandolfi PP, Novelli G, Matusali G, Colavita F, Capobianchi MR, Jain S, Gupta JB, Amarasinghe GK, Diamond MS, Rini J, Sidhu SS. Tetravalent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Show Enhanced Potency and Resistance to Escape Mutations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33398270 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.31.362848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) hold promise as effective therapeutics against COVID-19. Here, we describe protein engineering and modular design principles that have led to the development of synthetic bivalent and tetravalent nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. The best nAb targets the host receptor binding site of the viral S-protein and its tetravalent versions can block entry with a potency that exceeds the bivalent nAbs by an order of magnitude. Structural studies show that both the bivalent and tetravalent nAbs can make multivalent interactions with a single S-protein trimer, observations consistent with the avidity and potency of these molecules. Significantly, we show that the tetravalent nAbs show much increased tolerance to potential virus escape mutants. Bivalent and tetravalent nAbs can be produced at large-scale and are as stable and specific as approved antibody drugs. Our results provide a general framework for developing potent antiviral therapies against COVID-19 and related viral threats, and our strategy can be readily applied to any antibody drug currently in development.
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38
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Fagre AC, Manhard J, Adams R, Eckley M, Zhan S, Lewis J, Rocha SM, Woods C, Kuo K, Liao W, Li L, Corper A, Challa D, Mount E, Tumanut C, Tjalkens RB, Aboellail T, Fan X, Schountz T. A Potent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Reduces Viral Burden and Disease Severity in Syrian Hamsters. Front Immunol 2020; 11:614256. [PMID: 33391285 PMCID: PMC7775388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 has led to a pandemic that has caused millions of cases of disease, variable morbidity and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Currently, only remdesivir and dexamethasone have demonstrated limited efficacy, only slightly reducing disease burden, thus novel approaches for clinical management of COVID-19 are needed. We identified a panel of human monoclonal antibody clones from a yeast display library with specificity to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain that neutralized the virus in vitro. Administration of the lead antibody clone to Syrian hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2 significantly reduced viral load and histopathology score in the lungs. Moreover, the antibody interrupted monocyte infiltration into the lungs, which may have contributed to the reduction of disease severity by limiting immunopathological exacerbation. The use of this antibody could provide an important therapy for treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | | | - Miles Eckley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Shijun Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Juliette Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Savannah M. Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Karina Kuo
- AvantGen, Inc. San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Lin Li
- AvantGen, Inc. San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronald B. Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tawfik Aboellail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Tony Schountz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Chakraborty J, Banerjee I, Vaishya R, Ghosh S. Bioengineered in Vitro Tissue Models to Study SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Validation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6540-6555. [PMID: 33320635 PMCID: PMC7688047 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the various viral outbreaks in the 21st century, specifically the present pandemic situation arising from SARS-CoV-2 or the coronavirus, of unknown magnitude, there is an unmet clinical need to develop effective therapeutic and diagnostic strategies to combat this infectious disease worldwide. To develop precise anticoronavirus drugs and prophylactics, tissue engineering and biomaterial research strategies can serve as a suitable alternative to the conventional treatment options. Therefore, in this Review, we have highlighted various tissue engineering-based diagnostic systems for SARS-CoV-2 and suggested how these strategies involving organ-on-a-chip, organoids, 3D bioprinting, and advanced bioreactor models can be employed to develop in vitro human tissue models, for more efficient diagnosis, drug/vaccine development, and focusing on the need for patient-specific therapy. We believe that combining the basics of virology with tissue engineering techniques can help the researchers to understand the molecular mechanism underlying viral infection, which is critical for effective drug design. In addition, it can also serve to be a suitable platform for drug testing and delivery of small molecules that can lead to therapeutic tools in this dreaded pandemic situation. Additionally, we have also discussed the essential biomaterial properties which polarize the immune system, including dendritic cells and macrophages, toward their inflammatory phenotype, which can thus serve as a reference for exhibiting the role of biomaterial in influencing the adaptive immune response involving B and T lymphocytes to foster a regenerative tissue microenvironment. The situation arising from SARS-CoV-2 poses a challenge to scientists from almost all disciplines, and we feel that tissue engineers can thus provide new translational opportunities in this dreadful pandemic situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Chakraborty
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016,
India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali (IISER Mohali), Sector
81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali-140306, Punjab, India
| | - Raju Vaishya
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals
Delhi, Delhi Mathura Road, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi,
India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016,
India
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40
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Canedo-Marroquín G, Saavedra F, Andrade CA, Berrios RV, Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Opazo MC, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments. Front Immunol 2020; 11:569760. [PMID: 33362758 PMCID: PMC7759609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new infectious disease was named Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), and at October 2020, more than 39,000,000 cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected worldwide leading to near 1,100,000 deaths. Clinically, COVID-19 is characterized by clinical manifestations, such as fever, dry cough, headache, and in more severe cases, respiratory distress. Moreover, neurological-, cardiac-, and renal-related symptoms have also been described. Clinical evidence suggests that migration of immune cells to the affected organs can produce an exacerbated release of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to disease and render the immune response as a major player during the development of the COVID-19 disease. Due to the current sanitary situation, the development of vaccines is imperative. Up to the date, 42 prototypes are being tested in humans in different clinical stages, with 10 vaccine candidates undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. In the same way, the search for an effective treatment to approach the most severe cases is also in constant advancement. Several potential therapies have been tested since COVID-19 was described, including antivirals, antiparasitic and immune modulators. Recently, clinical trials with hydroxychloroquine-a promising drug in the beginning-were suspended. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved convalescent serum administration as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 patients. Moreover, monoclonal antibody therapy is also under development to neutralize the virus and prevent infection. In this article, we describe the clinical manifestations and the immunological information available about COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, we discuss current therapies under study and the development of vaccines to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Farides Saavedra
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roslye V. Berrios
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María C. Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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41
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Heinrich MA, Martina B, Prakash J. Nanomedicine strategies to target coronavirus. NANO TODAY 2020; 35:100961. [PMID: 32904707 PMCID: PMC7457919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
With the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, the middle east respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the 21st first century has so far faced the outbreak of three major coronaviruses (CoVs). In particular, SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly over the globe affecting nearly 25.000.000 people up to date. Recent evidences pointing towards mutations within the viral spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 that are considered the cause for this rapid spread and currently around 300 clinical trials are running to find a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nanomedicine, the application of nanocarriers to deliver drugs specifically to a target sites, has been applied for different diseases, such as cancer but also in viral infections. Nanocarriers can be designed to encapsulate vaccines and deliver them towards antigen presenting cells or function as antigen-presenting carriers themselves. Furthermore, drugs can be encapsulated into such carriers to directly target them to infected cells. In particular, virus-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs) such as self-assembled viral proteins, virus-like particles or liposomes, are able to replicate the infection mechanism and can not only be used as delivery system but also to study viral infections and related mechanisms. This review will provide a detailed description of the composition and replication strategy of CoVs, an overview of the therapeutics currently evaluated in clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2 and will discuss the potential of NP-based vaccines, targeted delivery of therapeutics using nanocarriers as well as using NPs to further investigate underlying biological processes in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Alexander Heinrich
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Byron Martina
- Artemis One Health Research Institute, 2629JD, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
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42
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Wang S, Peng Y, Wang R, Jiao S, Wang M, Huang W, Shan C, Jiang W, Li Z, Gu C, Chen B, Hu X, Yao Y, Min J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Gao G, Tang P, Li G, Wang A, Wang L, Zhang J, Chen S, Gui X, Yuan Z, Liu D. Characterization of neutralizing antibody with prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus monkeys. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5752. [PMID: 33188207 PMCID: PMC7666115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacious interventions are urgently needed for the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we report a monoclonal antibody (mAb), MW05, with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity by disrupting the interaction of receptor binding domain (RBD) with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Crosslinking of Fc with FcγRIIB mediates antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) activity by MW05. This activity is eliminated by introducing the LALA mutation to the Fc region (MW05/LALA). Potent prophylactic and therapeutic effects against SARS-CoV-2 are observed in rhesus monkeys. A single dose of MW05/LALA blocks infection of SARS-CoV-2 in prophylactic treatment and clears SARS-CoV-2 in three days in a therapeutic treatment setting. These results pave the way for the development of MW05/LALA as an antiviral strategy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
- Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co., Ltd, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rongjuan Wang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
- Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co., Ltd, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Shasha Jiao
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
- Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co., Ltd, 102206, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Zepeng Li
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunying Gu
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Chen
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanfeng Yao
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Min
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peipei Tang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - An Wang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Xun Gui
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Datao Liu
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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43
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Rattanapisit K, Shanmugaraj B, Manopwisedjaroen S, Purwono PB, Siriwattananon K, Khorattanakulchai N, Hanittinan O, Boonyayothin W, Thitithanyanont A, Smith DR, Phoolcharoen W. Rapid production of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike specific monoclonal antibody CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2020. [PMID: 33077899 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-27160/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which is a significant threat to global public health. The rapid spread of COVID-19 necessitates the development of cost-effective technology platforms for the production of vaccines, drugs, and protein reagents for appropriate disease diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we explored the possibility of producing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and an anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibody (mAb) CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Both RBD and mAb CR3022 were transiently produced with the highest expression level of 8 μg/g and 130 μg/g leaf fresh weight respectively at 3 days post-infiltration. The plant-produced RBD exhibited specific binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, the plant-produced mAb CR3022 binds to SARS-CoV-2, but fails to neutralize the virus in vitro. This is the first report showing the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD and mAb CR3022 in plants. Overall these findings provide a proof-of-concept for using plants as an expression system for the production of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and antibodies or similar other diagnostic reagents against SARS-CoV-2 rapidly, especially during epidemic or pandemic situation.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Humans
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Tobacco/metabolism
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Priyo Budi Purwono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narach Khorattanakulchai
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranicha Hanittinan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanuttha Boonyayothin
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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44
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Rattanapisit K, Shanmugaraj B, Manopwisedjaroen S, Purwono PB, Siriwattananon K, Khorattanakulchai N, Hanittinan O, Boonyayothin W, Thitithanyanont A, Smith DR, Phoolcharoen W. Rapid production of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike specific monoclonal antibody CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17698. [PMID: 33077899 PMCID: PMC7573609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) which is a significant threat to global public health. The rapid spread of COVID-19 necessitates the development of cost-effective technology platforms for the production of vaccines, drugs, and protein reagents for appropriate disease diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we explored the possibility of producing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and an anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibody (mAb) CR3022 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Both RBD and mAb CR3022 were transiently produced with the highest expression level of 8 μg/g and 130 μg/g leaf fresh weight respectively at 3 days post-infiltration. The plant-produced RBD exhibited specific binding to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, the plant-produced mAb CR3022 binds to SARS-CoV-2, but fails to neutralize the virus in vitro. This is the first report showing the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD and mAb CR3022 in plants. Overall these findings provide a proof-of-concept for using plants as an expression system for the production of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and antibodies or similar other diagnostic reagents against SARS-CoV-2 rapidly, especially during epidemic or pandemic situation.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Humans
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Plant Leaves/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Priyo Budi Purwono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narach Khorattanakulchai
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranicha Hanittinan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanuttha Boonyayothin
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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45
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Samrat SK, Tharappel AM, Li Z, Li H. Prospect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Potential role in vaccine and therapeutic development. Virus Res 2020; 288:198141. [PMID: 32846196 PMCID: PMC7443330 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has become a significant concern to public health care worldwide. As of August 19, 2020, more than 22,140,472 people are infected, and over 781,135 people have died due to this deadly virus. In the USA alone, over 5,482,602 people are currently infected, and more than 171,823 people have died. SARS-CoV-2 has shown a higher infectivity rate and a more extended incubation period as compared to previous coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 binds much more strongly than SARS-CoV to the same host receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Previously, several methods to develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV have been tried with limited success. Since SARS-CoV-2 uses the spike (S) protein for entry to the host cell, it is one of the most preferred targets for making vaccines or therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we have summarised the characteristics of the S protein, as well as the different approaches being used for the development of vaccines and/or therapeutics based on the S protein.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibody-Dependent Enhancement/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Patient Safety
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/immunology
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, DNA
- Vaccines, Subunit
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Kumar Samrat
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Anil M Tharappel
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
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46
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Drug screening and development from the affinity of S protein of new coronavirus with ACE2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 40:715-723. [PMID: 33034780 PMCID: PMC7545154 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various studies have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as the "doorknob" that can be bound by the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which conduces to its entrance to the host cells, and plays an important role in corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This paper aims to collect and sorts out the existing drugs, which exert the ability to block the binding of S protein and ACE2 so as to provide directions for the later drug development. By reviewing the existing literature, we expound the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 from the perspective of S protein and ACE2 binding, and summarize the drugs and compounds that can interfere with the interaction of spike protein and ACE2 receptor from different ways. We summarized five kinds of substances, including peptide P6, griffithsin, hr2p analogs, EK1, vaccine, monoclonal antibody, cholesterol-depleting agents, and extracts from traditional Chinese medicine. They can fight SARS-CoV-2 by specifically binding to ACE2 receptor, S protein, or blocking membrane fusion between the host and virus. ACE2 is the key point for SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cells, and it is also the focus of drug intervention. Our drug summary on this pathomechanism is expected to provide ideas for the drug research on SARS-CoV-2 and help to develop anti-coronavirus drugs of broad spectrum for future epidemics.
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47
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Khalaf K, Papp N, Chou JTT, Hana D, Mackiewicz A, Kaczmarek M. SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, and Advancements in Diagnostics and Treatment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570927. [PMID: 33123144 PMCID: PMC7573101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 has brought the world to a standstill. While less pathogenic than the 2002-2003 SARS-CoV, this novel betacoronavirus presents a global threat due to its high transmission rate, ability to invade multiple tissues, and ability to trigger immunological hyperactivation. The identification of the animal reservoir and intermediate host were important steps toward slowing the spread of disease, and its genetic similarity to SARS-CoV has helped to determine pathogenesis and direct treatment strategies. The exponential increase in cases has necessitated fast and reliable testing procedures. Although RT-PCR remains the gold standard, it is a time-consuming procedure, paving the way for newer techniques such as serologic tests and enzyme immunoassays. Various clinical trials using broad antiviral agents in addition to novel medications have produced controversial results; however, the advancement of immunotherapy, particularly monoclonal antibodies and immune modulators is showing great promise in clinical trials. Non-orthodox medications such as anti-malarials have been tested in multiple institutions but definitive conclusions are yet to be made. Adjuvant therapies have also proven to be effective in decreasing mortality in the disease course. While no formal guidelines have been established, the multitude of ongoing clinical trials as a result of unprecedented access to research data brings us closer to halting the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Khalaf
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Papp
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jadzia Tin-Tsen Chou
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Doris Hana
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
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48
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Hussain A, Hasan A, Nejadi Babadaei MM, Bloukh SH, Chowdhury MEH, Sharifi M, Haghighat S, Falahati M. Targeting SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain by Therapeutic Antibodies. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110559. [PMID: 32768882 PMCID: PMC7395593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the number of people infected with the newly identified 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) is continuously increasing every day, development of potential therapeutic platforms is vital. Based on the comparatively high similarity of receptor-binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV2 and SARS-CoV, it seems crucial to assay the cross-reactivity of anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with SARS-CoV2 spike (S)-protein. Indeed, developing mAbs targeting SARS-CoV2 S-protein RBD could show novel applications for rapid and sensitive development of potential epitope-specific vaccines (ESV). Herein, we present an overview on the discovery of new CoV followed by some explanation on the SARS-CoV2 S-protein RBD site. Furthermore, we surveyed the novel therapeutic mAbs for targeting S-protein RBD such as S230, 80R, F26G18, F26G19, CR3014, CR3022, M396, and S230.15. Afterwards, the mechanism of interaction of RBD and different mAbs were explained and it was suggested that one of the SARS-CoV-specific human mAbs, namely CR3022, could show the highest binding affinity with SARS-CoV2 S-protein RBD. Finally, some ongoing challenges and future prospects for rapid and sensitive advancement of therapeutic mAbs targeting S-protein RBD were discussed. In conclusion, it may be proposed that this review may pave the way for recognition of RBD and different mAbs to develop potential therapeutic ESV.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Vaccines
- Coronavirus/chemistry
- Coronavirus/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- Phylogeny
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Domains
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi Babadaei
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samir Haj Bloukh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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49
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Fagre AC, Manhard J, Adams R, Eckley M, Zhan S, Lewis J, Rocha SM, Woods C, Kuo K, Liao W, Li L, Corper A, Challa D, Mount E, Tumanut C, Tjalkens RB, Aboelleil T, Fan X, Schountz T. A potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that reduces viral burden and disease severity in Syrian hamsters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33024962 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.25.313601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 has led to a pandemic that has caused millions of cases of disease, variable morbidity and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Currently, only remdesivir and dexamethasone have demonstrated limited efficacy, only slightly reducing disease burden, thus novel approaches for clinical management of COVID-19 are needed. We identified a panel of human monoclonal antibody clones from a yeast display library with specificity to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain that neutralized the virus in vitro . Administration of the lead antibody clone to Syrian hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2 significantly reduced viral load and histopathology score in the lungs. Moreover, the antibody interrupted monocyte infiltration into the lungs, which may have contributed to the reduction of disease severity by limiting immunopathological exacerbation. The use of this antibody could provide an important therapy for treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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50
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Yu F, Xiang R, Deng X, Wang L, Yu Z, Tian S, Liang R, Li Y, Ying T, Jiang S. Receptor-binding domain-specific human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:212. [PMID: 32963228 PMCID: PMC7506210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, respectively, have posed severe threats to global public health and the economy. Treatment and prevention of these viral diseases call for the research and development of human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NMAbs). Scientists have screened neutralizing antibodies using the virus receptor-binding domain (RBD) as an antigen, indicating that RBD contains multiple conformational neutralizing epitopes, which are the main structural domains for inducing neutralizing antibodies and T-cell immune responses. This review summarizes the structure and function of RBD and RBD-specific NMAbs against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 currently under development.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/immunology
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/drug effects
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoqian Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhengsen Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shijun Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanbai Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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