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Hui L. Quantitative evaluation of the role of aging and non-aging factors for predicting threats from major chronic diseases and developing control strategies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34224. [PMID: 39092255 PMCID: PMC11292258 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Various indicators exist to assess the threat of chronic diseases. This paper presents new ones to evaluate the role of aging and non-aging factors for predicting threats from major chronic diseases. Age at zero mortality (AM0) and age at average mortality (AMa) can be calculated by regressing age and mortality (the intercept indicates AM0, the slope indicates the observed slope and r indicates random non-aging factors). A regression equation can be created using AMa at the age of 72 and mortality at the age of 82; thus, the expected slope can be obtained for the aging factor without considering non-aging factors. It is possible to distinguish between aging and non-aging factors using the observed and expected slopes, which should be multiplied by r to produce an index of aging (IA). The lower the AM0, AMa or IA of a disease is, the greater the threat it poses to a population. The AM0 and IA were calculated using data from China (2004 and 2019) for various diseases [cancer, heart disease (HD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)]. We found the severity of threat was highest for cancer, CVD, other chronic diseases, HD and COPD in descending order in 2019. The results suggest that changes in threats may be related to socioeconomic development. Cancer was found to be the greatest threat to younger age groups, with IA<0.5, suggesting that non-aging risk factors may play an important role in cancers. Conversely, aging may play an important role in other chronic diseases, including HD, CVD, and COPD. Compared to 2004, the AM0 of cancer showed the greatest change. In conclusions, the different indicators explain different aspects of the problem and it would be beneficial to conduct in-depth research on the theoretical basis for the association of threats of disease with socioeconomic development in order to develop prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hui
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
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Müllerová H, Chan JSK, Heatley H, Carter V, Townend J, Skinner D, Franzén S, Marshall J, Price D. Budesonide/Glycopyrrolate/Formoterol for the Management of COPD in a UK Primary Care Population: Real-World Use and Early Medication Success. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2024; 19:1153-1166. [PMID: 38813078 PMCID: PMC11134059 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s452624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Real-life research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol (BGF) in routine COPD primary care management. We assessed the frequency of medication success among patients with COPD who initiated BGF using real-world data. Patients and Methods Patients with a recorded diagnostic COPD code who started BGF with ≥2 prescriptions within 90-days were identified in the UK Optimum Patient Care Research Database and followed from first prescription until censoring at the end of follow-up (180-days), death, leaving database or end of data at 24/10/2022. The primary outcome was medication success at 90-days post-BGF initiation, defined as no major cardiac or respiratory event (ie no complicated COPD exacerbation, hospitalization for any respiratory event, myocardial infarction, new/hospitalized heart failure, and death) and no incidence of pneumonia. Medication success was also assessed at 180-days post-BGF initiation. Overall real-life medication success was claimed if the lower 95% confidence interval (CI) for the proportion of patients meeting the primary outcome was ≥70% (defined a priori). Results Two hundred eighty-five patients were included. Prior to BGF initiation, these patients often had severe airflow obstruction (mean ppFEV1: 54.5%), were highly symptomatic (mMRC ≥2: 77.9% (n = 205/263); mean CAT score: 21.7 (SD 7.8)), with evidence of short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) over-use (≥3 inhalers/year: 62.1%, n=179/285), repeat OCS prescriptions (≥2 courses/year: 33.0%, n = 95/285) and multiple primary care consultations (≥2 visits/year: 61.1%, n = 174/285). Overall, 39.6% of patients (n = 113/285) switched from previous triple therapies. Real-life medication success was achieved by 96.5% of patients (n = 275/285 [95% CI: 93.6, 98.3]) during 90-days treatment with BGF and by 91.8% (n = 169/184 [95% CI: 86.9, 95.4]) of patients at 180-days. The prescribed daily dose of SABA remained stable over the study period. Conclusion The majority of patients initiating BGF experienced real-life medication success reflecting the absence of severe cardiopulmonary events. These benefits were apparent after 90-days of treatment and sustained over 180-days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Müllerová
- Medical Evidence Strategy, Biopharmaceuticals R&I Medical, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Heath Heatley
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victoria Carter
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Townend
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Derek Skinner
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stefan Franzén
- BPM Evidence Statistics, Biopharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marshall
- Global Medical Affairs, Biopharmaceuticals R&I Medical, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Price
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre of Academic Primary Care, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Naughton F, Hope A, Siegele-Brown C, Grant K, Notley C, Colles A, West C, Mascolo C, Coleman T, Barton G, Shepstone L, Prevost T, Sutton S, Crane D, Greaves F, High J. A smoking cessation smartphone app that delivers real-time 'context aware' behavioural support: the Quit Sense feasibility RCT. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 12:1-99. [PMID: 38676391 DOI: 10.3310/kqyt5412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During a quit attempt, cues from a smoker's environment are a major cause of brief smoking lapses, which increase the risk of relapse. Quit Sense is a theory-guided Just-In-Time Adaptive Intervention smartphone app, providing smokers with the means to learn about their environmental smoking cues and provides 'in the moment' support to help them manage these during a quit attempt. Objective To undertake a feasibility randomised controlled trial to estimate key parameters to inform a definitive randomised controlled trial of Quit Sense. Design A parallel, two-arm randomised controlled trial with a qualitative process evaluation and a 'Study Within A Trial' evaluating incentives on attrition. The research team were blind to allocation except for the study statistician, database developers and lead researcher. Participants were not blind to allocation. Setting Online with recruitment, enrolment, randomisation and data collection (excluding manual telephone follow-up) automated through the study website. Participants Smokers (323 screened, 297 eligible, 209 enrolled) recruited via online adverts on Google search, Facebook and Instagram. Interventions Participants were allocated to 'usual care' arm (n = 105; text message referral to the National Health Service SmokeFree website) or 'usual care' plus Quit Sense (n = 104), via a text message invitation to install the Quit Sense app. Main outcome measures Follow-up at 6 weeks and 6 months post enrolment was undertaken by automated text messages with an online questionnaire link and, for non-responders, by telephone. Definitive trial progression criteria were met if a priori thresholds were included in or lower than the 95% confidence interval of the estimate. Measures included health economic and outcome data completion rates (progression criterion #1 threshold: ≥ 70%), including biochemical validation rates (progression criterion #2 threshold: ≥ 70%), recruitment costs, app installation (progression criterion #3 threshold: ≥ 70%) and engagement rates (progression criterion #4 threshold: ≥ 60%), biochemically verified 6-month abstinence and hypothesised mechanisms of action and participant views of the app (qualitative). Results Self-reported smoking outcome completion rates were 77% (95% confidence interval 71% to 82%) and health economic data (resource use and quality of life) 70% (95% CI 64% to 77%) at 6 months. Return rate of viable saliva samples for abstinence verification was 39% (95% CI 24% to 54%). The per-participant recruitment cost was £19.20, which included advert (£5.82) and running costs (£13.38). In the Quit Sense arm, 75% (95% CI 67% to 83%; 78/104) installed the app and, of these, 100% set a quit date within the app and 51% engaged with it for more than 1 week. The rate of 6-month biochemically verified sustained abstinence, which we anticipated would be used as a primary outcome in a future study, was 11.5% (12/104) in the Quit Sense arm and 2.9% (3/105) in the usual care arm (estimated effect size: adjusted odds ratio = 4.57, 95% CIs 1.23 to 16.94). There was no evidence of between-arm differences in hypothesised mechanisms of action. Three out of four progression criteria were met. The Study Within A Trial analysis found a £20 versus £10 incentive did not significantly increase follow-up rates though reduced the need for manual follow-up and increased response speed. The process evaluation identified several potential pathways to abstinence for Quit Sense, factors which led to disengagement with the app, and app improvement suggestions. Limitations Biochemical validation rates were lower than anticipated and imbalanced between arms. COVID-19-related restrictions likely limited opportunities for Quit Sense to provide location tailored support. Conclusions The trial design and procedures demonstrated feasibility and evidence was generated supporting the efficacy potential of Quit Sense. Future work Progression to a definitive trial is warranted providing improved biochemical validation rates. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN12326962. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme (NIHR award ref: 17/92/31) and is published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 12, No. 4. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Naughton
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Aimie Hope
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Chloë Siegele-Brown
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kelly Grant
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Caitlin Notley
- Addiction Research Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Antony Colles
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Claire West
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Cecilia Mascolo
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Coleman
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Garry Barton
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lee Shepstone
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Toby Prevost
- Nightingale-Saunders Clinical Trials and Epidemiology Unit, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Sutton
- Behavioural Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Crane
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Felix Greaves
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Juliet High
- Norwich Clinical Trials Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Xue A, Zhu Z, Wang H, Jiang L, Visscher PM, Zeng J, Yang J. Unravelling the complex causal effects of substance use behaviours on common diseases. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:43. [PMID: 38472333 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use behaviours (SUB) including smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee intake are associated with many health outcomes. However, whether the health effects of SUB are causal remains controversial, especially for alcohol consumption and coffee intake. METHODS In this study, we assess 11 commonly used Mendelian Randomization (MR) methods by simulation and apply them to investigate the causal relationship between 7 SUB traits and health outcomes. We also combine stratified regression, genetic correlation, and MR analyses to investigate the dosage-dependent effects. RESULTS We show that smoking initiation has widespread risk effects on common diseases such as asthma, type 2 diabetes, and peripheral vascular disease. Alcohol consumption shows risk effects specifically on cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, and hypertensive diseases. We find evidence of dosage-dependent effects of coffee and tea intake on common diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis). We observe that the minor allele effect of rs4410790 (the top signal for tea intake level) is negative on heavy tea intake ( b ̂ G W A S = - 0.091 , s . e . = 0.007 , P = 4.90 × 10 - 35 ) but positive on moderate tea intake ( b ̂ G W A S = 0.034 , s . e . = 0.006 , P = 3.40 × 10 - 8 ) , compared to the non-tea-drinkers. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the complexity of the health effects of SUB and informs design for future studies aiming to dissect the causal relationships between behavioural traits and complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angli Xue
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, 8210, Denmark
| | - Huanwei Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Longda Jiang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
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Tjandra PM, Ripplinger CM, Christiansen BA. The heart-bone connection: relationships between myocardial infarction and osteoporotic fracture. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H845-H856. [PMID: 38305753 PMCID: PMC11062618 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00576.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) and osteoporotic fracture (Fx) are two of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although these traumatic injuries are treated as if they are independent, there is epidemiological evidence linking the incidence of Fx and MI, thus raising the question of whether each of these events can actively influence the risk of the other. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, the chronic conditions leading to MI and Fx, are known to have shared pathoetiology. Furthermore, sustained systemic inflammation after traumas such as MI and Fx has been shown to exacerbate both underlying chronic conditions. However, the effects of MI and Fx outside their own system have not been well studied. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the complement system initiate a systemic response after MI that could lead to subsequent changes in bone remodeling through osteoclasts. Similarly, SNS and complement system activation following fracture could lead to heart tissue damage and exacerbate atherosclerosis. To determine whether damaging bone-heart cross talk may be important comorbidity following Fx or MI, this review details the current understanding of bone loss after MI, cardiovascular damage after Fx, and possible shared underlying mechanisms of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla M Tjandra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Crystal M Ripplinger
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis Health, Davis, California, United States
| | - Blaine A Christiansen
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, United States
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Fitzgerald N, Egan M, O'Donnell R, Nicholls J, Mahon L, de Vocht F, McQuire C, Angus C, Purves R, Henney M, Mohan A, Maani N, Shortt N, Bauld L. Public health engagement in alcohol licensing in England and Scotland: the ExILEnS mixed-method, natural experiment evaluation. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-76. [PMID: 38345369 DOI: 10.3310/fsrt4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background International systematic reviews suggest an association between alcohol availability and increased alcohol-related harms. Alcohol availability is regulated through separate locally administered licensing systems in England and Scotland, in which local public health teams have a statutory role. The system in Scotland includes a public health objective for licensing. Public health teams engage to varying degrees in licensing matters but no previous study has sought to objectively characterise and measure their activity, examine their effectiveness, or compare practices between Scotland and England. Aim To critically assess the impact and mechanisms of impact of public health team engagement in alcohol premises licensing on alcohol-related harms in England and Scotland. Methods We recruited 39 diverse public health teams in England (n = 27) and Scotland (n = 12). Public health teams more active in licensing were recruited first and then matched to lower-activity public health teams. Using structured interviews (n = 66), documentation analysis, and expert consultation, we developed and applied the Public Health Engagement In Alcohol Licensing (PHIAL) measure to quantify six-monthly activity levels from 2012 to 2019. Time series of PHIAL scores, and health and crime outcomes for each area, were analysed using multivariable negative binomial mixed-effects models to assess correlations between outcome and exposure, with 18-month average PHIAL score as the primary exposure metric. In-depth interviews (n = 53) and a workshop (n = 10) explored public health team approaches and potential mechanisms of impact of alcohol availability interventions with public health team members and licensing stakeholders (local authority licensing officers, managers and lawyers/clerks, police staff with a licensing remit, local elected representatives). Findings Nineteen public health team activity types were assessed in six categories: (1) staffing; (2) reviewing and (3) responding to licence applications; (4) data usage; (5) influencing licensing stakeholders/policy; and (6) public involvement. Usage and intensity of activities and overall approaches varied within and between areas over time, including between Scotland and England. The latter variation could be explained by legal, structural and philosophical differences, including Scotland's public health objective. This objective was felt to legitimise public health considerations and the use of public health data within licensing. Quantitative analysis showed no clear evidence of association between level of public health team activity and the health or crime outcomes examined, using the primary exposure or other metrics (neither change in, nor cumulative, PHIAL scores). Qualitative data suggested that public health team input was valued by many licensing stakeholders, and that alcohol availability may lead to harms by affecting the accessibility, visibility and norms of alcohol consumption, but that the licensing systems have limited power to act in the interests of public health. Conclusions This study provides no evidence that public health team engagement in local licensing matters was associated with measurable downstream reductions in crime or health harms, in the short term, or over a 7-year follow-up period. The extensive qualitative data suggest that public health team engagement is valued and appears to be slowly reorienting the licensing system to better address health (and other) harms, especially in Scotland, but this will take time. A rise in home drinking, alcohol deliveries, and the inherent inability of the licensing system to reduce - or in the case of online sales, to contain - availability, may explain the null findings and will continue to limit the potential of these licensing systems to address alcohol-related harms. Future work Further analysis could consider the relative success of different public health team approaches in terms of changing alcohol availability and retailing. A key gap relates to the nature and impact of online availability on alcohol consumption, harms and inequalities, alongside development and study of relevant policy options. A national approach to licensing data and oversight would greatly facilitate future studies and public health input to licensing. Limitations Our interview data and therefore PHIAL scores may be limited by recall bias where documentary evidence of public health activity was not available, and by possible variability in grading of such activity, though steps were taken to minimise both. The analyses would have benefited from additional data on licensing policies and environmental changes that might have affected availability or harms in the study areas. Study registration The study was registered with the Research Registry (researchregistry6162) on 26 October 2020. The study protocol was published in BMC Medical Research Methodology on 6 November 2018. Funding This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme as award number 15/129/11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Fitzgerald
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Matt Egan
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- NIHR School for Public Health Research, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Rachel O'Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - James Nicholls
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura Mahon
- Alcohol Focus Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Frank de Vocht
- NIHR School for Public Health Research, Tyne and Wear, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West, Bristol, UK
| | - Cheryl McQuire
- NIHR School for Public Health Research, Tyne and Wear, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Colin Angus
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard Purves
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Madeleine Henney
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrea Mohan
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Nason Maani
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Niamh Shortt
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Amin U, Jiang R, Raza SM, Fan M, Liang L, Feng N, Li X, Yang Y, Guo F. Gut-joint axis: Oral Probiotic ameliorates Osteoarthritis. J Tradit Complement Med 2024; 14:26-39. [PMID: 38223812 PMCID: PMC10785157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) etiology is multifactorial, and its prevalence is growing globally. The Gut microbiota shapes our immune system and impacts all aspects of health and disease. The idea of utilizing probiotics to treat different conditions prevails. Concerning musculoskeletal illness and health, current data lack the link to understand the interactions between the host and microbiome. We report that S. thermophilus, L. pentosus (as probiotics), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) harbour against osteoarthritis in vivo and alleviate IL-1β induced changes in chondrocytes in vitro. We examined the increased GABA concentration in mice's serum and small intestine content followed by bacterial treatment. The treatment inhibited the catabolism of cartilage and rescued mice joints from degradation. Furthermore, the anabolic markers upregulated and decreased inflammatory markers in mice knee joints and chondrocytes. This study is the first to represent GABA's chondrogenic and chondroprotective effects on joints and human chondrocytes. This data provides a foundation for future studies to elucidate the role of GABA in regulating chondrocyte cell proliferation. These findings opened future horizons to understanding the gut-joint axis and OA treatment. Thus, probiotic/GABA therapy shields OA joints in mice and could at least serve as adjuvant therapy to treat osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Amin
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Shahid Masood Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mengtian Fan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Liang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Naibo Feng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyou Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengjin Guo
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Tsapekos D, Strawbridge R, Cella M, Goldsmith K, Kalfas M, Taylor RH, Swidzinski S, Marwaha S, Grey L, Newton E, Shackleton J, Harrison PJ, Browning M, Harmer C, Hartland H, Cousins D, Barton S, Wykes T, Young AH. Cognitive Remediation in Bipolar (CRiB2): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial assessing efficacy and mechanisms of cognitive remediation therapy compared to treatment as usual. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:842. [PMID: 37968619 PMCID: PMC10652583 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of people with bipolar disorder (BD) experience persistent cognitive difficulties associated with impairments in psychosocial functioning and a poorer disorder course. Emerging evidence suggests that cognitive remediation (CR), a psychological intervention with established efficacy in people with schizophrenia, can also benefit people with BD. Following a proof-of-concept trial showing that CR is feasible and potentially beneficial for people with BD, we are conducting an adequately powered trial in euthymic people with BD to 1) determine whether an individual, therapist-supported, computerised CR can reduce cognitive difficulties and improve functional outcomes; and 2) explore how CR exerts its effects. METHODS CRiB2 is a two-arm, assessor-blind, multi-site, randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing CR to treatment-as-usual (TAU). Participants are people with a diagnosis of BD, aged between 18 and 65, with no neurological or current substance use disorder, and currently euthymic. 250 participants will be recruited through primary, secondary, tertiary care, and the community. Participants will be block-randomised (1:1 ratio, stratified by site) to continue with their usual care (TAU) or receive a 12-week course of therapy and usual care (CR + TAU). The intervention comprises one-on-one CR sessions with a therapist supplemented with independent cognitive training for 30-40 h in total. Outcomes will be assessed at 13- and 25-weeks post-randomisation. Efficacy will be examined by intention-to-treat analyses estimating between-group differences in primary (i.e., psychosocial functioning at week 25 measured with the Functional Assessment Short Test) and secondary outcomes (i.e., measures of cognition, mood, patient-defined goals, and quality of life). Global cognition, metacognitive skills, affect fluctuation, and salivary cortisol levels will be evaluated as putative mechanisms of CR through mediation models. DISCUSSION This study will provide a robust evaluation of efficacy of CR in people with BD and examine the putative mechanisms by which this therapy works. The findings will contribute to determining the clinical utility of CR and potential mechanisms of action. TRIAL REGISTRATION Cognitive Remediation in Bipolar 2 (CRiB2): ISRCTN registry: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN10362331 . Registered 04 May 2022. Overall trial status: Ongoing; Recruitment status: Recruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Tsapekos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK.
| | - Rebecca Strawbridge
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Matteo Cella
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
| | - Kimberley Goldsmith
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michail Kalfas
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Rosie H Taylor
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Samuel Swidzinski
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Steven Marwaha
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Libby Grey
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Newton
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julie Shackleton
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Cousins
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen Barton
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Til Wykes
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 103 Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
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9
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Turner RR, Epuru Reddy S, Byrne-Davis LMT, Bull ER, Hart J. An interview study to explore applied psychologists' experiences of implementing health psychology in global health partnerships: The Change Exchange. Br J Health Psychol 2023; 28:1076-1096. [PMID: 37169735 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health partnerships in global health aim to build capacity by strengthening training and education. Health psychology has an important role to play, as traditionally health partnerships focus upon increasing capability such as increasing knowledge but do not tackle opportunity and motivation. The Change Exchange recruits applied psychologist volunteers to utilize health psychology in global health partnerships, which is a novel approach. This study aimed to understand the experiences of applied psychologist volunteers working in health partnerships and how such interventions were implemented. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were carried out. Interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis to explore the translation and implementation of health psychology in health partnerships. A deductive approach was then taken using the higher level constructs of the Normalization Process Theory to inform and interpret the themes into recommendations. RESULTS Fifteen applied psychologists, all of whom were from the UK and had volunteered in health partnerships between the UK and low- to middle-income countries participated. Key themes and sub-themes were identified: (1) The challenges of the application of behavioural science within the health partnerships, (2) Building relationships within the health partnership, (3) Exploring the communal and individual effort carried out within the health partnership and (4) Reflecting on the work carried out within the health partnership. DISCUSSION Barriers exist in regards to the implementation of health psychology in health partnerships but capacity building is possible. Recommendations suggest, future work should establish clear roles for applied psychologists in health partnerships and critical evaluation of current psychological models, methods and measures for use outside of Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Turner
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shreya Epuru Reddy
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lucie M T Byrne-Davis
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eleanor R Bull
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jo Hart
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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10
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Toonders SAJ, van der Meer HA, van Bruxvoort T, Veenhof C, Speksnijder CM. Effectiveness of remote physiotherapeutic e-Health interventions on pain in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2023; 45:3620-3638. [PMID: 36369923 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2135775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically review the literature on effectiveness of remote physiotherapeutic e-Health interventions on pain in patients with musculoskeletal disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using online data sources PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane in adults with musculoskeletal disorders with a pain-related complaint. Remote physiotherapeutic e-Health interventions were analysed. Control interventions were not specified. Outcomes on effect of remote e-Health interventions in terms of pain intensity. RESULTS From 11,811 studies identified, 27 studies were included. There is limited evidence for the effectiveness for remote e-Health for patients with back pain based on five articles. Twelve articles studied chronic pain and the effectiveness was dependent on the control group and involvement of healthcare providers. In patients with osteoarthritis (five articles), total knee surgery (two articles), and knee pain (three articles) no significant effects were found for remote e-Health compared to control groups. CONCLUSIONS There is limited evidence for the effectiveness of remote physiotherapeutic e-Health interventions to decrease pain intensity in patients with back pain. There is some evidence for effectiveness of remote e-Health in patients with chronic pain. For patients with osteoarthritis, after total knee surgery and knee pain, there appears to be no effect of e-Health when solely looking at reduction of pain. Implications for rehabilitationThis review shows that e-Health can be an effective way of reducing pain in some populations.Remote physiotherapeutic e-Health interventions may decrease pain intensity in patients with back pain.Autonomous e-Health is more effective than no treatment in patients with chronic pain.There is no effect of e-Health in reduction of pain for patients with osteoarthritis, after total knee surgery and knee pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suze A J Toonders
- Department of Health Innovation and Technology, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Center for Physical Therapy Research and Innovation in Primary Care, Leidsche Rijn Julius Health Care Centers, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science and Sport, Physical Therapy Research Group, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig A van der Meer
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Disfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs van Bruxvoort
- Product Management, Thijs van Bruxvoort, Founda B.V, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy Veenhof
- Center for Physical Therapy Research and Innovation in Primary Care, Leidsche Rijn Julius Health Care Centers, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science and Sport, Physical Therapy Research Group, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Research Group Innovation of Human Movement Care, HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline M Speksnijder
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Donoghue K, Boniface S, Brobbin E, Byford S, Coleman R, Coulton S, Day E, Dhital R, Farid A, Hermann L, Jordan A, Kimergård A, Koutsou ML, Lingford-Hughes A, Marsden J, Neale J, O'Neill A, Phillips T, Shearer J, Sinclair J, Smith J, Strang J, Weinman J, Whittlesea C, Widyaratna K, Drummond C. Adjunctive Medication Management and Contingency Management to enhance adherence to acamprosate for alcohol dependence: the ADAM trial RCT. Health Technol Assess 2023; 27:1-88. [PMID: 37924307 PMCID: PMC10641712 DOI: 10.3310/dqkl6124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acamprosate is an effective and cost-effective medication for alcohol relapse prevention but poor adherence can limit its full benefit. Effective interventions to support adherence to acamprosate are therefore needed. Objectives To determine the effectiveness of Medication Management, with and without Contingency Management, compared to Standard Support alone in enhancing adherence to acamprosate and the impact of adherence to acamprosate on abstinence and reduced alcohol consumption. Design Multicentre, three-arm, parallel-group, randomised controlled clinical trial. Setting Specialist alcohol treatment services in five regions of England (South East London, Central and North West London, Wessex, Yorkshire and Humber and West Midlands). Participants Adults (aged 18 years or more), an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, diagnosis of alcohol dependence, abstinent from alcohol at baseline assessment, in receipt of a prescription for acamprosate. Interventions (1) Standard Support, (2) Standard Support with adjunctive Medication Management provided by pharmacists via a clinical contact centre (12 sessions over 6 months), (3) Standard Support with adjunctive Medication Management plus Contingency Management that consisted of vouchers (up to £120) to reinforce participation in Medication Management. Consenting participants were randomised in a 2 : 1 : 1 ratio to one of the three groups using a stratified random permuted block method using a remote system. Participants and researchers were not blind to treatment allocation. Main outcome measures Primary outcome: self-reported percentage of medication taken in the previous 28 days at 6 months post randomisation. Economic outcome: EuroQol-5 Dimensions, a five-level version, used to calculate quality-adjusted life-years, with costs estimated using the Adult Service Use Schedule. Results Of the 1459 potential participants approached, 1019 (70%) were assessed and 739 (73 consented to participate in the study, 372 (50%) were allocated to Standard Support, 182 (25%) to Standard Support with Medication Management and 185 (25%) to Standard Support and Medication Management with Contingency Management. Data were available for 518 (70%) of participants at 6-month follow-up, 255 (68.5%) allocated to Standard Support, 122 (67.0%) to Standard Support and Medication Management and 141 (76.2%) to Standard Support and Medication Management with Contingency Management. The mean difference of per cent adherence to acamprosate was higher for those who received Standard Support and Medication Management with Contingency Management (10.6%, 95% confidence interval 19.6% to 1.6%) compared to Standard Support alone, at the primary end point (6-month follow-up). There was no significant difference in per cent days adherent when comparing Standard Support and Medication Management with Standard Support alone 3.1% (95% confidence interval 12.8% to -6.5%) or comparing Standard Support and Medication Management with Standard Support and Medication Management with Contingency Management 7.9% (95% confidence interval 18.7% to -2.8%). The primary economic analysis at 6 months found that Standard Support and Medication Management with Contingency Management was cost-effective compared to Standard Support alone, achieving small gains in quality-adjusted life-years at a lower cost per participant. Cost-effectiveness was not observed for adjunctive Medication Management compared to Standard Support alone. There were no serious adverse events related to the trial interventions reported. Limitations The trial's primary outcome measure changed substantially due to data collection difficulties and therefore relied on a measure of self-reported adherence. A lower than anticipated follow-up rate at 12 months may have lowered the statistical power to detect differences in the secondary analyses, although the primary analysis was not impacted. Conclusions Medication Management enhanced with Contingency Management is beneficial to patients for supporting them to take acamprosate. Future work Given our findings in relation to Contingency Management enhancing Medication Management adherence, future trials should be developed to explore its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness with other alcohol interventions where there is evidence of poor adherence. Trial registration This trial is registered as ISRCTN17083622 https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN17083622. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 27, No. 22. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Donoghue
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sadie Boniface
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Alcohol Studies, London, UK
| | - Eileen Brobbin
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Byford
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Economics, King's College London, London UK
| | - Rachel Coleman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Simon Coulton
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Edward Day
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ranjita Dhital
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- Arts and Sciences Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anum Farid
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- What Works for Children's Social Care, London, UK
| | - Laura Hermann
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Amy Jordan
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- Black Country Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, West Bromwich, UK
| | - Andreas Kimergård
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anne Lingford-Hughes
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Marsden
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joanne Neale
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aimee O'Neill
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas Phillips
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Clinical and Applied Health Research (ICAHR), University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - James Shearer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's Health Economics, King's College London, London UK
| | - Julia Sinclair
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joanna Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - John Strang
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Weinman
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cate Whittlesea
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kideshini Widyaratna
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Colin Drummond
- National Addictions Centre, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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12
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Masoli JAH, Todd O, Burton JK, Wolff C, Walesby KE, Hewitt J, Conroy S, van Oppen J, Wilkinson C, Evans R, Anand A, Hollinghurst J, Bhanu C, Keevil VL, Vardy ERLC. New horizons in the role of digital data in the healthcare of older people. Age Ageing 2023; 52:afad134. [PMID: 37530442 PMCID: PMC10394991 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are national and global moves to improve effective digital data design and application in healthcare. This New Horizons commentary describes the role of digital data in healthcare of the ageing population. We outline how health and social care professionals can engage in the proactive design of digital systems that appropriately serve people as they age, carers and the workforce that supports them. KEY POINTS Healthcare improvements have resulted in increased population longevity and hence multimorbidity. Shared care records to improve communication and information continuity across care settings hold potential for older people. Data structure and coding are key considerations. A workforce with expertise in caring for older people with relevant knowledge and skills in digital healthcare is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A H Masoli
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Healthcare for Older People, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Oliver Todd
- Academic Unit for Ageing and Stroke Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jennifer K Burton
- School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher Wolff
- Healthcare for Older People, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Katherine E Walesby
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Simon Conroy
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - James van Oppen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Chris Wilkinson
- Hull-York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, UK
- Academic Cardiovascular Unit, South Tees NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Ruth Evans
- Academic Unit for Ageing and Stroke Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Atul Anand
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joe Hollinghurst
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Cini Bhanu
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Victoria L Keevil
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma R L C Vardy
- Department of Ageing and Complex Medicine, Salford Care Organisation, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Network, School of Health Sciences, and National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration Greater Manchester, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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13
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The burden and trend of diseases and their risk factors in Australia, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8:e585-e599. [PMID: 37516475 PMCID: PMC10400798 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comprehensive understanding of temporal trends in the disease burden in Australia is lacking, and these trends are required to inform health service planning and improve population health. We explored the burden and trends of diseases and their risk factors in Australia from 1990 to 2019 through a comprehensive analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. METHODS In this systematic analysis for GBD 2019, we estimated all-cause mortality using the standardised GBD methodology. Data sources included primarily vital registration systems with additional data from sample registrations, censuses, surveys, surveillance, registries, and verbal autopsies. A composite measure of health loss caused by fatal and non-fatal disease burden (disability-adjusted life-years [DALYs]) was calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years of life lived with disability (YLDs). Comparisons between Australia and 14 other high-income countries were made. FINDINGS Life expectancy at birth in Australia improved from 77·0 years (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 76·9-77·1) in 1990 to 82·9 years (82·7-83·1) in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, the age-standardised death rate decreased from 637·7 deaths (95% UI 634·1-641·3) to 389·2 deaths (381·4-397·6) per 100 000 population. In 2019, non-communicable diseases remained the major cause of mortality in Australia, accounting for 90·9% (95% UI 90·4-91·9) of total deaths, followed by injuries (5·7%, 5·3-6·1) and communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (3·3%, 2·9-3·7). Ischaemic heart disease, self-harm, tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer, stroke, and colorectal cancer were the leading causes of YLLs. The leading causes of YLDs were low back pain, depressive disorders, other musculoskeletal diseases, falls, and anxiety disorders. The leading risk factors for DALYs were high BMI, smoking, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, and drug use. Between 1990 and 2019, all-cause DALYs decreased by 24·6% (95% UI 21·5-28·1). Relative to similar countries, Australia's ranking improved for age-standardised death rates and life expectancy at birth but not for YLDs and YLLs between 1990 and 2019. INTERPRETATION An important challenge for Australia is to address the health needs of people with non-communicable diseases. The health systems must be prepared to address the increasing demands of non-communicable diseases and ageing. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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14
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Nascimento Leite M, Kamper SJ, O'Connell NE, Michaleff ZA, Fisher E, Viana Silva P, Williams CM, Yamato TP. Physical activity and education about physical activity for chronic musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 7:CD013527. [PMID: 37439598 PMCID: PMC10339856 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013527.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is a major health and socioeconomic burden, which is prevalent in children and adolescents. Among the most widely used interventions in children and adolescents are physical activity (including exercises) and education about physical activity. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of physical activity, education about physical activity, or both, compared with usual care (including waiting-list, and minimal interventions, such as advice, relaxation classes, or social group meetings) or active medical care in children and adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PEDro, and LILACS from the date of their inception to October 2022. We also searched the reference lists of eligible papers, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared physical activity or education about physical activity, or both, with usual care (including waiting-list and minimal interventions) or active medical care, in children and adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently determined the eligibility of the included studies. Our primary outcomes were pain intensity, disability, and adverse events. Our secondary outcomes were depression, anxiety, fear avoidance, quality of life, physical activity level, and caregiver distress. We extracted data at postintervention assessment, and long-term follow-up. Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias for each study, using the RoB 1. We assessed the overall certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We reported continuous outcomes as mean differences, and determined clinically important differences from the literature, or 10% of the scale. MAIN RESULTS We included four studies (243 participants with juvenile idiopathic arthritis). We judged all included studies to be at unclear risk of selection bias, performance bias, and detection bias, and at high risk of attrition bias. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence for each outcome to very low due to serious or very serious study limitations, inconsistency, and imprecision. Physical activity compared with usual care Physical activity may slightly reduce pain intensity (0 to 100 scale; 0 = no pain) compared with usual care at postintervention (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.82 to -0.08; 2 studies, 118 participants; recalculated as a mean difference (MD) -12.19, 95% CI -21.99 to -2.38; I² = 0%; very low-certainty evidence). Physical activity may slightly improve disability (0 to 3 scale; 0 = no disability) compared with usual care at postintervention assessment (MD -0.37, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.19; I² = 0%; 3 studies, 170 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We found no clear evidence of a difference in quality of life (QoL; 0 to 100 scale; lower scores = better QoL) between physical activity and usual care at postintervention assessment (SMD -0.46, 95% CI -1.27 to 0.35; 4 studies, 201 participants; very low-certainty evidence; recalculated as MD -6.30, 95% CI -18.23 to 5.64; I² = 91%). None of the included studies measured adverse events, depression, or anxiety for this comparison. Physical activity compared with active medical care We found no studies that could be analysed in this comparison. Education about physical activity compared with usual care or active medical care We found no studies that could be analysed in this comparison. Physical activity and education about physical activity compared with usual care or active medical care We found no studies that could be analysed in this comparison. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are unable to confidently state whether interventions based on physical activity and education about physical activity are more effective than usual care for children and adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain. We found very low-certainty evidence that physical activity may reduce pain intensity and improve disability postintervention compared with usual care, for children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. We did not find any studies reporting educational interventions; it remains unknown how these interventions influence the outcomes in children and adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Treatment decisions should consider the current best evidence, the professional's experience, and the young person's preferences. Further randomised controlled trials in other common chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions, with high methodological quality, large sample size, and long-term follow-up are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Nascimento Leite
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven J Kamper
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Neil E O'Connell
- Department of Health Sciences, Centre for Health and Wellbeing Across the Lifecourse, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Zoe A Michaleff
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emma Fisher
- Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group, Pain Research Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Tiê P Yamato
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Lyng KD, Sørensen LB, Olesen JL, Rathleff MS, Holden S. Do adolescents with Osgood-Schlatter display nociplastic pain manifestations compared to controls: A cross-sectional study. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00085-3. [PMID: 37391284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osgood-Schlatter disease is an overuse musculoskeletal pain condition. The pain mechanism is considered nociceptive, but no studies have investigated nociplastic manifestations. This study investigated pain sensitivity and inhibition evaluated through exercise-induced hypoalgesia in adolescents with and without Osgood-Schlatter. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Adolescents underwent a baseline assessment comprising clinical history, demographics, sports participation, and pain severity rated (0-10) during a 45-second anterior knee pain provocation test, consisting of an isometric single leg squat. Pressure pain thresholds were assessed bilaterally at the quadriceps, tibialis anterior muscle, and the patella tendon before and after a three-minute wall squat. RESULTS Forty-nine adolescents (27 Osgood-Schlatter, 22 controls) were included. There were no differences in the exercise-induced hypoalgesia effect between Osgood-Schlatter and controls. Overall, an exercise-induced hypoalgesia effect was detected at the tendon only in both groups with a 48 kPa (95 % confidence interval 14 to 82) increase in pressure pain thresholds from before to after exercise. Controls had higher pressure pain thresholds at the patellar tendon (mean difference 184 kPa 95 % confidence interval 55 to 313), tibialis anterior (mean difference 139 kPa 95 % confidence interval 24 to 254), and rectus femoris (mean difference 149 kPa 95 % confidence interval 33 to 265). Higher anterior knee pain provocation severity was associated with lower exercise-induced hypoalgesia at the tendon (Pearson correlation = 0.48; p = 0.011) in participants with Osgood-Schlatter. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with Osgood-Schlatter display increased pain sensitivity locally, proximally, and distally but similar endogenous pain modulation compared to healthy controls. Greater Osgood-Schlatter severity appears to be associated with less efficient pain inhibition during the exercise-induced hypoalgesia paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Damgaard Lyng
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Denmark. https://twitter.com/kristianlyng_
| | - Line Bay Sørensen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark. https://twitter.com/LineBaySrensen1
| | | | - Michael Skovdal Rathleff
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Denmark; Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. https://twitter.com/MichaelRathleff
| | - Sinead Holden
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; UCD Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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16
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Halpin DM, Dickens AP, Skinner D, Murray R, Singh M, Hickman K, Carter V, Couper A, Evans A, Pullen R, Menon S, Morris T, Muellerova H, Bafadhel M, Chalmers J, Devereux G, Gibson M, Hurst JR, Jones R, Kostikas K, Quint J, Singh D, van Melle M, Wilkinson T, Price D. Identification of key opportunities for optimising the management of high-risk COPD patients in the UK using the CONQUEST quality standards: an observational longitudinal study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 29:100619. [PMID: 37131493 PMCID: PMC10149261 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background This study compared management of high-risk COPD patients in the UK to national and international management recommendations and quality standards, including the COllaboratioN on QUality improvement initiative for achieving Excellence in STandards of COPD care (CONQUEST). The primary comparison was in 2019, but trends from 2000 to 2019 were also examined. Methods Patients identified in the Optimum Patient Care Research Database were categorised as newly diagnosed (≤12 months after diagnosis), already diagnosed, and potential COPD (smokers having exacerbation-like events). High-risk patients had a history of ≥2 moderate or ≥1 severe exacerbations in the previous 12 months. Findings For diagnosed patients, the median time between diagnosis and first meeting the high-risk criteria was 617 days (Q1-Q3: 3246). The use of spirometry for diagnosis increased dramatically after 2004 before plateauing and falling in recent years. In 2019, 41% (95% CI 39-44%; n = 550/1343) of newly diagnosed patients had no record of spirometry in the previous year, and 45% (95% CI 43-48%; n = 352/783) had no record of a COPD medication review within 6 months of treatment initiation or change. In 2019, 39% (n = 6893/17,858) of already diagnosed patients had no consideration of exacerbation rates, 46% (95% CI 45-47%; n = 4942/10,725) were not offered or referred for pulmonary rehabilitation, and 41% (95% CI 40-42%; n = 3026/7361) had not had a COPD review within 6 weeks of respiratory hospitalization. Interpretation Opportunities for early diagnosis of COPD patients at high risk of exacerbations are being missed. Newly and already diagnosed patients at high-risk are not being assessed or treated promptly. There is substantial scope to improve the assessment and treatment optimisation of these patients. Funding This study is conducted by the Observational & Pragmatic Research International Ltd and was co-funded by Optimum Patient Care and AstraZeneca. No funding was received by the Observational & Pragmatic Research Institute Pte Ltd (OPRI) for its contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M.G. Halpin
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Mukesh Singh
- General Practice, Horse Fair Practice Group, Rugeley, Staffordshire, UK
- Keele University Medical School, Keele, UK
- Staffordshire Integrated Care System, UK
| | - Katherine Hickman
- National Asthma and COPD Audit Programme, Care Quality Improvement Department (CQID), RCP, London, UK
- Low Moor Medical Practice, Bradford, UK
- Leeds and Bradford Clinical Commissioning Groups, UK
| | | | - Amy Couper
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Rachel Pullen
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Shruti Menon
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, AstraZeneca, London, UK
| | - Tamsin Morris
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, AstraZeneca, London, UK
| | | | - Mona Bafadhel
- School of Immunology & Microbial Science, King's College, London, UK
| | - James Chalmers
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Martin Gibson
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust & Chief Executive Officer of NorthWest EHealth, UK
| | - John R. Hurst
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jennifer Quint
- Respiratory Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, London, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marije van Melle
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore
- Connecting Medical Dots BV, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- ORTEC, Zoetermeer, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilkinson
- University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - David Price
- Observational and Pragmatic Research Institute, Singapore
- Optimum Patient Care, UK
- Centre of Academic Primary Care, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Corresponding author. Academic Primary Care, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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17
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Debiec R, Lawday D, Bountziouka V, Beeston E, Greengrass C, Bramley R, Sehmi S, Kharodia S, Newton M, Marshall A, Krzeminski A, Zafar A, Chahal A, Heer A, Khunti K, Joshi N, Lakhani M, Farooqi A, Patel R, Samani NJ. Evaluating the clinical effectiveness of the NHS Health Check programme: a prospective analysis in the Genetics and Vascular Health Check (GENVASC) study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068025. [PMID: 37253489 PMCID: PMC10230936 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the clinical effectiveness of the national cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention programme-National Health Service Health Check (NHSHC) in reduction of CVD risk. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING 147 primary care practices in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire in England, UK. PARTICIPANTS 27 888 individuals undergoing NHSHC with a minimum of 18 months of follow-up data. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes were NHSHC attributed detection of CVD risk factors, prescription of medications, changes in values of individual risk factors and frequency of follow-up. RESULTS At recruitment, 18% of participants had high CVD risk (10%-20% 10-year risk) and 4% very high CVD risk (>20% 10-year risk). New diagnoses or hypertension (HTN) was made in 2.3% participants, hypercholesterolaemia in 0.25% and diabetes mellitus in 0.9%. New prescription of stains and antihypertensive medications was observed in 5.4% and 5.4% of participants, respectively. Total cholesterol was decreased on average by 0.38 mmol/L (95% CI -0.34 to -0.41) and 1.71 mmol/L (-1.48 to -1.94) in patients with initial cholesterol >5 mmol/L and >7.5 mmol/L, respectively. Systolic blood pressure was decreased on average by 2.9 mm Hg (-2.3 to -3.7), 15.7 mm Hg (-14.1 to -17.5) and 33.4 mm Hg (-29.4 to -37.7), in patients with grade 1, 2 and 3 HTN, respectively. About one out of three patients with increased CVD risk had no record of follow-up or treatment. CONCLUSIONS Majority of patients identified with increased CVD risk through the NHSHC were followed up and received effective clinical interventions. However, one-third of high CVD risk patients had no follow-up and therefore did not receive any treatment. Our study highlights areas of focus which could improve the effectiveness of the programme. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04417387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Debiec
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Daniel Lawday
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Vasiliki Bountziouka
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Emma Beeston
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Chris Greengrass
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Bramley
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sue Sehmi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Shireen Kharodia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michelle Newton
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrea Marshall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Azhar Zafar
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Medicine General Practice Alliance Federation Research and Training Academy, Northampton, UK
| | - Anuj Chahal
- South Leicestershire Medical Group, Kibworth Beauchamp, UK
| | | | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Mayur Lakhani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Azhar Farooqi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Riyaz Patel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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18
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Hinkson A, Lally H, Gibson H, Jones R, Rowe IA, Shinkins B, Parker R. Meta-analysis: Enhanced liver fibrosis test to identify hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2023; 57:750-762. [PMID: 36650720 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with liver disease can be stratified for risk of liver-related ill health by degree of hepatic fibrosis. The Enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test was developed to quantify hepatic fibrosis non-invasively and is widely used. The objective of this review was to identify and synthesise the evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of the ELF test for staging of hepatic fibrosis. APPROACH & RESULTS Searches of PubMed and EMBASE were conducted between October 2020 and November 2021 to identify studies reporting the diagnostic accuracy of the ELF test compared to histology in liver disease patients. QUADAS-2 was used to assess risk of bias in each study. Meta-analysis using the multiple thresholds model described by Steinhauser S, Schumacher M, Rücker G. Modelling multiple thresholds in meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2016;16. 10.1186/s12874-016-0196-1 allowed synthesis of 2 × 2 data at different cut-offs. Sixty-three studies were included in this review. These studies included 19,285 patients with or at risk of liver disease from viral hepatitis, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Alcohol-related Liver Disease and other mixed chronic liver diseases. The prevalence of significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis was 47.5%, 39.2% and 4.4%, respectively. Cut-offs with maximal Youden index were generated with AUROC = 0.811 (95% CI: 0.736-0.870), 0.812 (95% CI: 0.758-0.856) and 0.810 (95% CI: 0.694-0.888) to detect significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy of the ELF test varied between different liver diseases and cut-offs to detect each stage with 95% sensitivity or specificity were also generated. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis revealed considerable variability in the ability of ELF to stage fibrosis across disease aetiologies. Research has mostly focused on viral hepatitis and NAFLD. There is currently a lack of data on the value of the ELF test in Alcohol-related liver disease and patients in primary care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinkson
- Leeds Liver Unit, St James' University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Liver Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute for Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hannah Lally
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Jones
- Leeds Liver Unit, St James' University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian A Rowe
- Leeds Liver Unit, St James' University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Liver Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute for Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Bethany Shinkins
- Test Evaluation Group, Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard Parker
- Leeds Liver Unit, St James' University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Liver Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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19
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Jones J, Durey A, Strobel N, McAuley K, Edmond K, Coffin J, McAullay D. Perspectives of health service providers in delivering best-practice care for Aboriginal mothers and their babies during the postnatal period. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:8. [PMID: 36604651 PMCID: PMC9814443 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that Aboriginal babies in Western Australia are not receiving adequate primary health care in their first 3 months of life, leading to questions about enablers and constraints to delivering such care. This paper presents findings from a qualitative research project investigating health providers' perceptions and experiences of best and current practice in discharge planning, postnatal care and health education for Aboriginal mothers and their newborn babies. METHODS Constructivist grounded theory guided this research involving 58 semi-structured interviews conducted with health providers who deliver care to Aboriginal mothers and infants. Participants were recruited from hospital-based and primary health sites in metropolitan Perth, and regional and remote locations in Western Australia. RESULTS Structural factors enabling best practice in discharge planning, postnatal care, and health education for mothers included health providers following best practice guidelines and adequate staffing levels. Organisational enablers included continuity of care throughout pregnancy, birth and postnatally. In particular, good communication between services around discharge planning, birth notifications, and training in culturally respectful care. Structural and organisational constraints to delivering best practice and compromising continuity of care were identified as beyond individual control. These included poor communication between different health and social services, insufficient hospital staffing levels leading to early discharge, inadequate cultural training, delayed receipt of birth notifications and discharge summaries received by Aboriginal primary health services. CONCLUSION Findings highlight the importance of examining current policies and practices to promote best practice in postnatal care to improve health outcomes for mothers and their Aboriginal babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Jones
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, WA, Perth, Australia.
| | - Angela Durey
- grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, WA Perth, Australia
| | - Natalie Strobel
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302Kurongkurl Katitjin, Edith Cowan University, WA Perth, Australia
| | - Kimberley McAuley
- grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, WA Perth, Australia
| | - Karen Edmond
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Juli Coffin
- grid.414659.b0000 0000 8828 1230Telethon Kids Institute, WA Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel McAullay
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302Kurongkurl Katitjin, Edith Cowan University, WA Perth, Australia
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20
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Pay (for it) as you go: Prepaid energy meters and the heat-or-eat dilemma. Soc Sci Med 2022; 315:115498. [PMID: 36371931 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The "heat-or-eat" dilemma, a trade-off typically between food consumption and heating, may elevate public health concerns during the 2022 energy-price crisis. Our paper contributes to the literature by exploring the role of domestic energy prepayment meters (PPMs) in the heat-or-eat dilemma, focusing on the association between PPM use and fruit and vegetable consumption. Using a representative sample of 24,811 individuals residing in Great Britain (January 2019-May 2021), we find robust evidence of lower fruit and vegetable consumption amongst individuals using PPMs, compared to those using post-payment energy bill payment methods. On average, our point estimates suggest that individuals using a PPM consume 2.7 fewer portions of fruit and vegetables per week. Our findings hold when bounding analysis is employed to account for omitted variable bias. Using a suite of IV approaches to further alleviate endogeneity concerns we found that our ordinary least squares results are consistent as opposed to IV models. Further robustness analyses highlight the deleterious impact of PPMs on people's healthy eating habits relevant to the consumption of enough fruit and vegetables. Our results suggest that targeted support for PPM users may have beneficial effects on people's fruit and vegetable consumption patterns.
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21
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Barker AB, Parkin M, Sinha S, Wilson E, Murray RL. A content analysis of 'junk food' content in children's TV programmes: a comparison of UK broadcast TV and video-on-demand services. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022; 44:e506-e513. [PMID: 35731995 PMCID: PMC9715287 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exposure to high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) food imagery is associated with unhealthy consumption, and subsequently obesity, among young people. We report and compare the results of two content analyses, one of popular children's television channels in the UK and the other of a selection of children's programmes available on video-on-demand (VOD) services. METHODS Content analysis of 3 days' worth of programmes on two popular children's television channels broadcast on UK television (CBeebies and Milkshake as well as a sample of children's programmes available on the VOD platforms (Netflix and Amazon Prime) using 1-min interval coding. RESULTS In children's television channels, HFSS content was seen in 181 episodes (36%) and in 417 intervals (13%) on terrestrial television, 'Milkshake' had a significantly higher proportion of broadcasts, which contained HFSS content than 'CBeebies'. In VOD platforms, HFSS content was seen in 82 episodes (72% of the total number of episodes), across 459 intervals (19% of the total number of intervals), with no significant difference in the proportion of programmes containing HFSS content between Netflix and Amazon Prime. CONCLUSIONS HFSS content is common in both popular UK children's television channels and children programmes on VOD services and is likely having an effect on HFSS consumption in children. Legislative opportunities to prevent this exposure are being missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Barker
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Megan Parkin
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Shreesh Sinha
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Emma Wilson
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Rachael L Murray
- Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
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22
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Effects of lifestyle risk behaviour clustering on cardiovascular disease among UK adults: latent class analysis with distal outcomes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17349. [PMID: 36253519 PMCID: PMC9576714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle risk behaviours such as smoking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet account for a considerable disease burden globally. These risk behaviours tend to cluster within an individual, which could have detrimental health effects. In this study, we aimed to examine the clustering effect of lifestyle risk behaviours on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk among adults in the United Kingdom (UK). We performed a latent class (LC) analysis with distal outcomes using the UK Biobank baseline (2006-2010) data. First, we estimated LC measurement models, followed by an auxiliary model conditional on LC variables. We reported continuous (mean difference-MD) and binary (odds ratio-OR) outcomes with 95% confidence intervals. We included 283,172 and 174,030 UK adults who had data on CVD and CVD risk, respectively. Multiple lifestyle risk behaviour clustering (physically inactive, poor fruit & vegetable intake, high alcohol intake, and prolonged sitting) had a 3.29 mean increase in CVD risk compared to high alcohol intake. In addition, adults with three risk behaviours (physically inactive, poor fruit & vegetable intake, and high alcohol intake) had 25.18 higher odds of having CVD than those with two risk behaviours (physically inactive, and poor fruit and vegetable intake). Social deprivation, gender and age were also associated with CVD. Individuals' LC membership with two or more lifestyle risk behaviours negatively affects CVD. Interventions targeting multiple lifestyle behaviours and social circumstances should be prioritized to reduce the CVD burden.
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23
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Dixon P, Harrison S, Hollingworth W, Davies NM, Davey Smith G. Estimating the causal effect of liability to disease on healthcare costs using Mendelian Randomization. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2022; 46:101154. [PMID: 35803012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of the effects of disease status on healthcare costs is important in the pragmatic evaluation of interventions but is complicated by endogeneity bias. Mendelian Randomization, the use of random perturbations in germline genetic variation as instrumental variables, can avoid these limitations. We used a novel Mendelian Randomization analysis to model the causal impact on inpatient hospital costs of liability to six prevalent diseases and health conditions: asthma, eczema, migraine, coronary heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and depression. We identified genetic variants from replicated genome-wide associations studies and estimated their association with inpatient hospital costs on over 300,000 individuals. There was concordance of findings across varieties of sensitivity analyses, including stratification by sex and methods robust to violations of the exclusion restriction. Results overall were imprecise and we could not rule out large effects of liability to disease on healthcare costs. In particular, genetic liability to coronary heart disease had substantial impacts on costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraig Dixon
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Sean Harrison
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neil M Davies
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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24
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Zeng ZH, Chen HX, Liu XC, Yang Q, He GW. Functional significance of novel variants of the MEF2C gene promoter in congenital ventricular septal defects. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2397-2405. [PMID: 35719119 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common congenital heart disease. Although the coding region of MEF2C is highly relevant to cardiac malformations, the role of MEF2C gene promoter variants in VSD patients has not been genetically investigated. We investigated the role of MEF2C gene promoter variants in 400 Han Chinese subjects (200 patients with isolated and sporadic VSD and 200 healthy controls). The promoter region of the MEF2C gene was sequenced that identified 10 variants. Expression vectors encompassing the variants and the firefly luciferase reporter gene plasmid (pGL3-basic) were constructed and subsequently transfected into HEK-293 cells. The luciferase activities were measured by Dual-luciferase reporter assay system. MEF2C gene promoter transcriptional activity was significantly reduced in 4 of the 10 variants in HEK-293 cells (P < 0.05). In addition, the JASPAR database was used to perform bioinformatics analysis, which showed that these variants disrupt the putative binding sites of transcription factors and affected the expression of MEF2C protein. This study for the first time identified the variants in the promoter of the MEF2C gene in Han Chinese population and revealed the role of these variants in the formation of VSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Zeng
- The Institute of Cardiovascualr Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan-Xin Chen
- The Institute of Cardiovascualr Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Liu
- The Institute of Cardiovascualr Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- The Institute of Cardiovascualr Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Wei He
- The Institute of Cardiovascualr Diseases & Department of Cardiovascular surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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25
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Clarkson JE, Ramsay CR, Mannocci F, Jarad F, Albadri S, Ricketts D, Tait C, Banerjee A, Deery C, Boyers D, Marshman Z, Goulao B, Hamilton AR, Banister K, Bell R, Brown L, Conway DI, Donaldson P, Duncan A, Dunn K, Fee P, Forrest M, Glenny AM, Gouick J, Gupta E, Jacobsen E, Kettle J, MacLennan G, Macpherson L, McGuff T, Mitchell F, van der Pol M, Moazzez R, Roberston D, Wojewodka G, Young L, Lamont T, Lamont T. Pulpotomy for the Management of Irreversible Pulpitis in Mature Teeth (PIP): a feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:77. [PMID: 35366952 PMCID: PMC8976106 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression of dental caries can result in irreversible pulpal damage. Partial irreversible pulpitis is the initial stage of this damage, confined to the coronal pulp whilst the radicular pulp shows little or no sign of infection. Preserving the pulp with sustained vitality and developing minimally invasive biologically based therapies are key themes within contemporary clinical practice. However, root canal treatment involving complete removal of the pulp is often the only option (other than extraction) given to patients with irreversible pulpitis, with substantial NHS and patient incurred costs. The European Society of Endodontology's (ESE 2019) recent consensus statement recommends full pulpotomy, where the inflamed coronal pulp is removed with the goal of keeping the radicular pulp vital, as a more minimally invasive technique, potentially avoiding complex root canal treatment. Although this technique may be provided in secondary care, it has not been routinely implemented or evaluated in UK General Dental Practice. METHOD This feasibility study aims to identify and assess in a primary care setting the training needs of general dental practitioners and clinical fidelity of the full pulpotomy intervention, estimate likely eligible patient pool and develop recruitment materials ahead of the main randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of full pulpotomy compared to root canal treatment in pre/molar teeth of adults 16 years and older showing signs indicative of irreversible pulpitis. The feasibility study will recruit and train 10 primary care dentists in the full pulpotomy technique. Dentists will recruit and provide full pulpotomy to 40 participants (four per practice) with indications of partial irreversible pulpitis. DISCUSSION The Pulpotomy for the Management of Irreversible Pulpitis in Mature Teeth (PIP) study will address the lack of high-quality evidence in the treatment of irreversible pulpitis, to aid dental practitioners, patients and policymakers in their decision-making. The PIP feasibility study will inform the main study on the practicality of providing both training and provision of the full pulpotomy technique in general dental practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN17973604 . Registered on 28 January 2021. Protocol version Protocol version: 1; date: 03.02.2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E. Clarkson
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK ,grid.451102.30000 0001 0164 4922NHS Education for Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Craig R. Ramsay
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Francesco Mannocci
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Centre for clinical and translational sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Fadi Jarad
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sondos Albadri
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Ricketts
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Carol Tait
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Avijit Banerjee
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Services, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Deery
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dwayne Boyers
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Zoe Marshman
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Beatriz Goulao
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alice R. Hamilton
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Katie Banister
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Patient and Public Involvement Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rosanne Bell
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Lori Brown
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - David I. Conway
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pina Donaldson
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Anne Duncan
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Katharine Dunn
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Edinburgh Dental Institute, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick Fee
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Mark Forrest
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Glenny
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Division of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill Gouick
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Ekta Gupta
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Elisabet Jacobsen
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jennifer Kettle
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Graeme MacLennan
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lorna Macpherson
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Tina McGuff
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Fiona Mitchell
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Marjon van der Pol
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rebecca Moazzez
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Oral Clinical Research Unit, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas Roberston
- grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSchool of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gabriella Wojewodka
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Services, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Linda Young
- grid.451102.30000 0001 0164 4922NHS Education for Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Lamont
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Thomas Lamont
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
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26
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Schuster-Bruce J, Jani C, Goodall R, Kim D, Hughes W, Salciccioli JD, Marshall D, Shalhoub J. A Comparison of the Burden of Thyroid Cancer Among the European Union 15+ Countries, 1990-2019: Estimates From the Global Burden of Disease Study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 148:350-359. [PMID: 35266977 PMCID: PMC8914910 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.4549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Importance The global incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing rapidly, and this increase has had an attendant burden on health systems. However, it is unclear how the burden of this disease differs among the pre-2004 countries of the European Union (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK), US, Australia, Canada, and Norway (EU15+). Objective To assess the trends in mortality, incidence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with thyroid cancer between 1990 and 2019 in EU15+ nations. Data analysis was conducted from July 11 to October 11, 2021. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational cross-sectional analysis of the incidence of thyroid cancer was conducted using data obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study database. Nineteen countries of the EU15+ were included. Exposures Thyroid cancer. Main Outcomes and Measures Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) and DALYs were extracted for individual EU15+ countries per sex for each of the years from 1990 to 2019, and mortality-to-incidence indexes were computed. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to describe the trends. Results Thirteen of 19 countries (68%) showed an average annual percentage change increase in ASIR across the study period (range, 0.2%-2.5%). Joinpoint regression analysis revealed largely plateauing ASIR trends in recent years across most EU15+ nations since 1990. Between 2011 and 2019, the estimated annual percentage change in the US was 0. Australia, Denmark, and the US were the only countries with increasing ASMR trends with positive average annual percentage changes: Australia, 0.6 (95% CI, 0.2-1.0); Denmark, 1.0 (95% CI, 0.8-1.3); and US, 0.4 (95% CI, 0.4-0.5); the remaining 16 countries showed negative trends (range, -0.2 to -2.1). Disability-adjusted life-years decreased in all EU15+ countries except Australia, Denmark, and the US. Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional analysis found that overall, the burden of thyroid cancer across EU15+ countries appears to be decreasing, evidenced by plateauing incidence rates and reductions in mortality and DALYs over the 30-year study period. However, the US and Australia appear to have increasing ASMR and DALY trends. Ongoing observation is required to monitor how changes in international clinical practice guidelines affect thyroid cancer DALYs and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Schuster-Bruce
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat and Head & Neck Surgery, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chinmay Jani
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Goodall
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dae Kim
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat and Head & Neck Surgery, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Hughes
- St Andrews Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Justin D. Salciccioli
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dominic Marshall
- Critical Care Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Shalhoub
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Bermejo JL, Valldecabres R, Villarrasa-Sapiña I, Monfort-Torres G, Marco-Ahulló A, Ribeiro Do Couto B. Increased cortisol levels caused by acute resistance physical exercise impair memory and learning ability. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13000. [PMID: 35345590 PMCID: PMC8957269 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute physical exercise works as an activator of the responses of the human organism to stress. This is based on the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, affecting physical, physiological and psychological levels. This study aimed to analyse the effects of a single bout of high-intensity resistance exercise on cognitive-behavioural responses: visuo-spatial path learning and memory, as well as physiological responses (salivary cortisol levels). Nineteen healthy male military-trained powerlifting subjects were tested in a within-subject design on two experimental days with an interval of 48 h. The stress and cognitive variables were measured by cortisol levels and Ruff-Light trail-learning test (RULIT) test scores, respectively. The results showed the immediate influence of acute exercise on cortisol, with significantly higher cortisol levels found in subjects after completion of the acute resistance exercise. In addition, this study found a significant deterioration of memory and learning ability after a dose of intense resistance exercise. In conclusion, the study highlights the relative effects of resistance exercise on cortisol and cognitive performance depending on the intensity and type of the exercise, the moment of measurement and the cerebral areas implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Bermejo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Human Movement Analysis Research Group - HuMAG (GIUV2016-306), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Valldecabres
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Education, Valencia International University - VIU, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gonzalo Monfort-Torres
- Human Movement Analysis Research Group - HuMAG (GIUV2016-306), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad de Educación, Florida Universitaria, Catarroja, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrià Marco-Ahulló
- Departamento de Neuropsicología, metodología, psicología social y básica. Facultad de Psicología. Universidad Católica de Valencia
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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28
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Global trends in incidence and death of neonatal disorders and its specific causes in 204 countries/territories during 1990–2019. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:360. [PMID: 35183143 PMCID: PMC8858498 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal disorders (ND) are a significant global health issue. This article aimed to track the global trends of neonatal disorders in 204 countries/territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods Data was explored from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and age-standardized rate (ASR) were calculated to quantify the trends of neonatal disorders and their specific causes, mainly included neonatal preterm birth (NPB), neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma (NE), neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections (NS), and hemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice (HD). Results In 2019, there were 23,532.23 × 103 incident cases of ND, and caused 1882.44 × 103 death worldwide. During 1990–2019, trends in the overall age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of ND was relatively stable, but that of age-standardized death rate (ASDR) declined (EAPC = -1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.66 to -1.36). Meanwhile, decreasing trends of ASDR were observed in most regions and countries, particularly Cook Islands and Estonia, in which the respective EAPCs were -9.04 (95%CI: -9.69 to -8.38) and -8.12 (95%CI: -8.46 to -7.77). Among the specific four causes, only the NPB showed decreasing trends in the ASIR globally (EAPC = -0.19, 95%CI: -0.26 to -0.11). Decreasing trends of ASDR caused by ND underlying specific causes were observed in most regions, particularly the HD in Armenia, with the EAPC was -13.08 (95%CI: -14.04 to -12.11). Conclusions Decreasing trends of death caused by neonatal disorders were observed worldwide from 1990 to 2019. However, the burden of neonatal disorders is still a considerable challenge, especially in low-resource settings, which need more effective health strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12765-1.
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Sivan M, Cirasanambati M, Okirie E, Jeddi F, Smith M, Basu B, Watve S, Bose R, Balakrishnan S, Salawu A, Jagatsinh Y, Williams V, Kolli S, Simpson R, Shaw S, Swarna S, Kolli V. A Proposal for Expansion of the Medical Specialty of Rehabilitation Medicine. Rehabil Process Outcome 2022; 11:11795727221137213. [DOI: 10.1177/11795727221137213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The workforce of the medical specialty of Rehabilitation Medicine (RM) in the UK is 10 times less than the European average for the specialty of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM). This can be explained partly by the difference in the scope of practice within the specialty between the UK and other European countries and USA. This opinion paper aims to compare the rehabilitation needs in chronic medical conditions and compare the scope of practice between countries within Europe and other regions of the world. The potential advantages of a broader remit specialty to improve rehabilitation care for patients by involving rehabilitation physicians in various medical conditions is explored. Recommendations have been put forward in the Rehabilitation Medicine Expansion Proposal (RMEP), which is likely to make the medical specialty of RM/ PRM more satisfying for the doctors working in the specialty and a more attractive career choice for those entering training in the specialty. There is a need for an international universal framework for the scope of the specialty to have a greater impact on improving the lives of those with chronic medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sivan
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mahesh Cirasanambati
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine,University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Elie Okirie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Warwick, UK
| | - Faraz Jeddi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Matthew Smith
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Bhaskar Basu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sachin Watve
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Renjith Bose
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Abayomi Salawu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Yogendra Jagatsinh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, North Cumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Carlisle, UK
| | - Vicki Williams
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Lincoln, UK
| | - Sreedhar Kolli
- Welsh Spinal Injuries Unit, Cardiff and Vale University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robert Simpson
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simon Shaw
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shyam Swarna
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK
| | - Vijay Kolli
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, St.George’s University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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30
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Anderson NC, Kesten JM, Ayres R, Hickman M, Amlôt R, Michie S, Lorencatto F. Acceptability of, and barriers and facilitators to, a pilot physical health service for people who inject drugs: A qualitative study with service users and providers. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 99:103437. [PMID: 34600415 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who inject drugs may experience difficulty accessing or maintaining involvement with traditional healthcare services. This is associated with increased health inequalities and bio-psychosocial difficulties. Embedding physical healthcare services within community-based drug services may provide a practical and feasible approach to increase access and delivery of healthcare. This study explored the acceptability of, and barriers and facilitators to, embedding a pilot physical healthcare service within a community-based drug service in the United Kingdom (Bristol, England). METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with service users (people who inject drugs) (n = 13), and a focus group was conducted with service providers (n = 11: nine harm reduction workers, two nurses, one service manager). Topic guides included questions to explore barriers and facilitators to using and delivering the service (based on the COM-B Model), and acceptability of the service (using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability). Transcripts were analysed using a combined deductive framework and inductive thematic analysis approach. RESULTS The service was viewed as highly acceptable. Service users and providers were confident they could access and provide the service respectively, and perceived it to be effective. Barriers included competing priorities of service users (e.g. drug use) and the wider service (e.g. equipment), and the potential impact of the service being removed in future was viewed as a barrier to overall healthcare access. Both service users and providers viewed embedding the physical health service within an existing community-based drug service as facilitating accessible and holistic care which reduced stigma and discrimination. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated embedding a physical health service within an existing community-drug based and alcohol service was acceptable and beneficial. Future studies are required to demonstrate cost-effectiveness and ensure long-term sustainability, and to determine transferability of findings to other settings, organisations and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall C Anderson
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Joanna M Kesten
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK; NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West (ARC West), Bristol, BS1 2NT, UK
| | | | - Matthew Hickman
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Richard Amlôt
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK; Health Protection Agency, Public Health England, Bristol, BS1 6EH, UK; Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health England, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Susan Michie
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Fabiana Lorencatto
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
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31
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Berkelbach van der Sprenkel EE, Nijhof SL, Dalmeijer GW, Onland-Moret NC, de Roos S, Lesscher HMB, van de Putte EM, van der Ent CK, Finkenauer C, Stevens GWJM. Psychosocial functioning in adolescents growing up with chronic disease: The Dutch HBSC study. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:763-773. [PMID: 34595612 PMCID: PMC8821406 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-04268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many adolescents worldwide (indirectly) grow up with a chronic disease, which may impact their functioning and wellbeing. The objective of this study is to assess whether adolescents with a (family member with a) chronic disease differ from their healthy counterparts in terms of psychosocial functioning. Data from the Dutch 2013 HBSC-survey were used, including 7168 adolescents (Meanage = 13.7, SD = 1.57, 50.5% female). Participants indicated whether they or one of their family members had a long-term (> 3 months) disease or disability (mental/physical) and were categorized into four groups based on disease presence (none, other, self, both). Psychosocial functioning was assessed in terms of life satisfaction, self-rated health, psychosomatic health, mental health problems, support, substance use, physical exercise, screen time, and school liking. Chronically diseased adolescents (n = 162) reported lower life satisfaction, self-rated and psychosomatic health, more mental health problems, lower peer support, more substance use, and less physical exercise compared to healthy peers. Chronically diseased adolescents who also had a family member with a chronic disease (n = 74) showed comparable outcomes on these life domains, although they did not differ from their healthy peers regarding peer support, substance use, and physical activity. Healthy adolescents with a chronically diseased family member (n = 737) reported significantly lower life satisfaction, self-rated and psychosomatic health, more mental health problems, and less family support compared to healthy peers who grew up in healthy families; however, they reported more positive outcomes than adolescents who had a chronic disease themselves.Conclusion: Having a (family member with a) chronic disease is associated with impaired psychosocial functioning on various life domains. Our findings aid in understanding the psychosocial associates of chronic disease and imply that caregivers should be observant of psychosocial problems among vulnerable adolescents to provide appropriate guidance. What is Known: • Adolescents who grow up with a (family member with a) chronic disease encounter numerous challenges that may be related to poorer developmental outcomes on the long term. What is New: • This study adds a comprehensive overview of the psychosocial functioning of adolescents with a (family member with a) chronic disease, as compared to healthy counterparts that grow up in a healthy family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanne L. Nijhof
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje W. Dalmeijer
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N. Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | -
Simone
A. de Roos
- The Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP), Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi M. B. Lesscher
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elise M. van de Putte
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis K. van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catrin Finkenauer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke W. J. M. Stevens
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kesten JM, Holder E, Ayres R, Ellis P, Taylor S, Hickman M, Henderson G. Changes in the development of opioid tolerance on re-exposure among people who use heroin: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269379. [PMID: 35737700 PMCID: PMC9223324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This qualitative study aimed to explore how the development of tolerance to both the psychoactive and respiratory depressant effects of heroin on re-exposure are experienced by people who use heroin. METHODS Semi-structured one-to-one interviews were conducted with 20 adults who currently or previously used heroin (for at least 6 months), with any type of administration (injected, smoked) and experience of abstinence (at least 2 weeks) and relapse. Topic guides explored the participants understanding of tolerance, their experience of developing tolerance to heroin and of tolerance following relapse. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was used to generate salient themes. RESULTS The analysis produced three broad themes: lay understanding of tolerance; tolerating tolerance; and rapid tolerance development following relapse. Tolerance was defined as the body adapting to regular drug use, so that the drug no longer produced the same level of effect. Tolerance was experienced as interacting and co-developing with physical dependence and the symptoms of withdrawal. Indeed, several participants did not differentiate between tolerance and dependence. Most participants did not notice tolerance to respiratory depression. Tolerance levels fluctuated-increasing over periods of regular use and reducing when abstinent. Using more drug was the most common response to increasing tolerance to the desired effects. On re-use following abstinence, tolerance was experienced as developing more quickly in the most recent relapse compared to the first. Tolerance was also perceived to return more quickly with each abstinence-relapse cycle. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative accounts of tolerance report that tolerance returns more quickly with each relapse episode. By elucidating the mechanism(s) involved and potentially discovering how they could be switched on prior to relapse occurring we might be able to develop a beneficial harm reduction treatment for people in abstinence that would protect against overdose occurring on subsequent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna May Kesten
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) West at University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ed Holder
- Bristol Drugs Project, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pete Ellis
- Bristol Drugs Project, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Developing Health and Independence, Brunswick Court, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Taylor
- Alcohol & Drugs Treatment & Recovery, Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Department of Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hickman
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Gao T, Agho KE, Piya MK, Simmons D, Osuagwu UL. Analysis of in-hospital mortality among people with and without diabetes in South Western Sydney public hospitals (2014-2017). BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1991. [PMID: 34732173 PMCID: PMC8567571 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a major public health problem affecting about 1.4 million Australians, especially in South Western Sydney, a hotspot of diabetes with higher than average rates for hospitalisations. The current understanding of the international burden of diabetes and related complications is poor and data on hospital outcomes and/or what common factors influence mortality rate in people with and without diabetes in Australia using a representative sample is lacking. This study determined in-hospital mortality rate and the factors associated among people with and without diabetes. METHODS Retrospective data for 554,421 adult inpatients was extracted from the population-based New South Wales (NSW) Admitted Patient Data over 3 financial years (from 1 July 2014-30 June 2015 to 1 July 2016-30 June 2017). The in-hospital mortality per 1000 admitted persons, standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated. Binary logistic regression was performed, adjusting for potential covariates and co-morbidities for people with and without diabetes over three years. RESULTS Over three years, 8.7% (48,038 people) of admissions involved people with diabetes. This increased from 8.4% in 2014-15 to 8.9% in 2016-17 (p = 0.007). Across all age groups, in-hospital mortality rate was significantly greater in people with diabetes (20.6, 95% Confidence intervals CI 19.3-21.9 per 1000 persons) than those without diabetes (11.8, 95%CI 11.5-12.1) and more in men than women (23.1, 95%CI 21.2-25.0 vs 17.9, 95%CI 16.2-19.8) with diabetes. The SMR for those with and without diabetes were 3.13 (95%CI 1.78-4.48) and 1.79 (95%CI 0.77-2.82), respectively. There were similarities in the factors associated with in hospital mortality in both groups including: older age (> 54 years), male sex, marital status (divorced/widowed), length of stay in hospital (staying longer than 4 days), receiving intensive care in admission and being admitted due to primary respiratory and cardiovascular diagnoses. The odds of death in admission was increased in polymorbid patients without diabetes (28.68, 95%CI 23.49-35.02) but not in those with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In-patients with diabetes continue to have higher mortality rates than those without diabetes and the Australian population. Overall, similar factors influenced mortality rate in people with and without diabetes, but significantly more people with diabetes had two or more co-morbidities, suggesting that hospital mortality may be driven by those with pre-existing health/comorbidities. Urgent measures in primary care to prevent admissions among people with multiple co-morbidities are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Gao
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Kingsley E Agho
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
- African Vision Research Institute (AVRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Milan K Piya
- Macarthur Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Camden and Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - David Simmons
- Macarthur Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Camden and Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Uchechukwu L Osuagwu
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.
- African Vision Research Institute (AVRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
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Donoghue K. The correlates and extent of prescribing of medications for alcohol relapse prevention in England. Addiction 2021; 116:3019-3026. [PMID: 33788332 DOI: 10.1111/add.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the pattern and extent of prescribing of medications for alcohol relapse prevention (ARP) in England. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Specialist drug and alcohol treatment providers in England reporting to the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System. PARTICIPANTS Service users aged 18+, with alcohol the primary substance of dependence, completing a treatment journey between April 2013 and March 2016 (n = 188 152). MEASUREMENTS Prescription of medications for ARP during a treatment journey. Data on service users' demographics, treatment and clinical characteristics were extracted. FINDINGS The rate of prescribing medications for ARP was 2.1% in 2013/14, 6.8% in 2014/15 and 7.8% in 2015/16. A greater likelihood of prescription was associated with treatment journey year [2014/15; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.269, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 3.044-3.510, 2015/16; aOR = 3.823, CI = 3.560-4.106], age (25-34; aOR = 1.622, CI = 1.380-1.907, 35-54; aOR = 1.901, CI = 1.628-2.220 or 55+; aOR = 1.700, CI = 1.446-1.999), female gender (aOR = 1.129, CI = 1.077-1.184), white ethnicity (aOR = 1.219, CI = 1.077-1.380), regional prevalence of alcohol dependence (middle rate; aOR = 1.121, CI = 1.024-1.228), severity of alcohol dependence (moderate dependence without complex needs; aOR = 1.329, CI = 1.244-1.419, severe dependence without complex needs; aOR = 1.308, CI = 1.188-1.441, moderate/severe dependence with complex needs; aOR = 1.131, CI = 1.020-1.255), treatment setting (inpatient; aOR = 10.512, CI = 9.950-11.104, primary care; aOR = 2.264, CI = 2.050-2.500, residential; aOR = 3.216, CI = 2.807-3.685), prior treatment for alcohol dependence (aOR = 1.242, CI = 1.183-1.304), longer treatment journey (aOR = 1.002, CI = 1.002-1.002), more drinking days in the prior 28 days (aOR = 1.021, CI = 1.018-1.024) and drinking a higher number of alcohol units in the prior 28 days (aOR = 1.002 CI = 1.001-1.004). Living in a region of England with the lowest alcohol prevalence was associated with a lower likelihood of prescription of medication for aRP (AOR = 0.491, CI = 0.436-0.552). CONCLUSIONS In England, medications for alcohol relapse prevention are rarely prescribed (e.g. 7.8% in 2015/16) and those prescriptions appear to be associated with specific service user demographics, treatment and clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Donoghue
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.,Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Liver transplantation for alcohol-related liver disease in the UK: revised UK Liver Advisory Group recommendations for referral. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:947-955. [PMID: 34626562 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease, of which liver cirrhosis is the most advanced stage, constitutes the fourth most common cause of life-years lost in men and women younger than 75 years in England, where mortality rates from liver disease have increased by 25% in the past decade. Alcohol consumption is the most common modifiable risk factor for disease progression in these individuals, but within the UK, there is substantial variation in the distribution, prevalence, and outcome of alcohol-related liver disease, and no equity of access to tertiary transplantation services. These revised recommendations were agreed by an expert panel convened by the UK Liver Advisory Group, with the purpose of providing consensus on referral for transplant assessment in patients with alcohol-related disease, and clarifying the terminology and definitions of alcohol use in liver injury. By standardising clinical management in these patients, it is hoped that there will be an improvement in the quality of care and better access to liver transplant assessment for patients with alcohol-related liver disease in the UK.
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Predicting cognitive function based on physical performance: findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:2723-2735. [PMID: 33677738 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical performance tests are simple means of predicting an individual's risk of cognitive decline. AIMS This study aimed to assess the predictive value of physical performance tests and develop predictive models for cognitive function. METHODS Cognitive function was tested biennially and calculated for mental intactness, episodic memory, and global cognition. Using a generalized estimating equation (GEE), we examined each baseline physical performance test as a predictor of cognitive decline. Using a multivariate linear regression model (MLRM), we developed predictive models for cognitive function. Bland-Altman analysis was performed to analyze the agreement between estimated and measured cognition. We validated the predictive model internally with 1000 bootstrap resamples. RESULTS Better physical performance test results, except for standing balance, were associated with a slower cognitive decline over time and better cognitive function at follow-up. Regarding the predictive models, all physical performance tests were included in men; only five chair stands test was included in women. Bland-Altman analysis showed that measured cognition was equivalent to estimated cognition in men (mean bias, 0; 95% limits of agreement, - 8.56 to 8.56) and women (mean bias, 0; 95% limits of agreement - 8.79 to 8.7). Bootstrap analysis showed that predictors were selected in 78.4-100% for men and 64.5-100% for women. DISCUSSION Bland-Altman and bootstrap analysis demonstrated good agreement and stability of the predictive models. CONCLUSIONS Physical performance tests are simple, easily obtainable, and clinically relevant markers for cognitive function with aging; predictive models based on physical performance can be used to predict cognitive function.
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Reddington M, Baxter S, Walters SJ. A qualitative exploration of patient experiences of medication for sciatica. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2021; 55:102419. [PMID: 34186473 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2021.102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sciatica is often a painful and disabling condition, with medication routinely the first line of management. It is important to describe patients experiences of taking medication for sciatica, the reasons for commencing and reasons for cessation, the effects of the medication in symptom management and any other potential positive or deleterious effects. OBJECTIVES To describe patient experiences of medication for the relief of symptoms of sciatica. STUDY DESIGN Qualitative analysis of data from a mixed-methods randomised controlled pilot study. METHODS A total of 46 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 33 consenting participants (19 female) recruited from 14 GP practices. A purposive sampling strategy ensured a range of age, severity of pain and disability. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim prior to thematic analysis, which aimed to identify the important, interesting or divergent views within the data. FINDINGS Participant experiences of pain were often severe with significant disability and fear. The use of a combination of medications was common, including the use of opioids and other medication inconsistent with national (NICE) guidance. Most participants found medication ineffective and reported significant side-effects, often necessitating cessation of the drugs or the use of alternatives. Despite the regularity of participants stopping all medication for sciatica, their pain levels still significantly eased over the 6-month period of the study. CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted a lack of perceived effectiveness for prescribed medication, often with concomitant side-effects. Clinicians should be cognisant of the fears that patients hold in terms of the cause and severity of sciatica, as well as fears of prescribed medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reddington
- Therapy Services Outpatient Department Northern General Hospital Herries Road Sheffield, S5 7AU, UK.
| | - Susan Baxter
- Section of Public Health ScHARR, University of Sheffield 30 Regents Court Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK.
| | - Stephen J Walters
- Designs, Trials and Statistics, ScHARR, University of Sheffield, 30 Regents Court, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK.
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Master H, Thoma LM, Dunlop DD, Christiansen MB, Voinier D, White DK. Joint Association of Moderate-to-vigorous Intensity Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior With Incident Functional Limitation: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative. J Rheumatol 2021; 48:1458-1464. [PMID: 33526619 PMCID: PMC8325705 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.201250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the joint association of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior with the risk of developing functional limitation 4 years later in adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Using 48-month (baseline) accelerometry data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, we classified participants as Active-Low Sedentary (≥ 1 10-min bout/week of MVPA, lowest tertile for standardized sedentary time), Active-High Sedentary (≥ 1 10-min bout/week of MVPA, top 2 tertiles for standardized sedentary time), Inactive-Low Sedentary (zero 10-min bouts/week of MVPA, lowest tertile for standardized sedentary time), and Inactive-High Sedentary (zero 10-minute bouts/week of MVPA, top 2 tertiles for standardized sedentary time) groups. Functional limitation was defined as > 12 seconds for the 5-repetition sit-to-stand test (5XSST) and < 1.22 m/s gait speed during the 20-meter walk test. To investigate the association of exposure groups with risk of developing functional limitation 4 years later, we calculated adjusted risk ratios (aRR; adjusted for potential confounders). RESULTS Of 1091 and 1133 participants without baseline functional limitation, based on the 5XSST and 20-meter walk test, respectively, 15% and 21% developed functional limitation 4 years later. The Inactive-Low Sedentary and Inactive-High Sedentary groups had increased risk of developing functional limitations compared to the Active-Low Sedentary and Active-High Sedentary groups. The Inactive-Low Sedentary group had 72% (aRR 1.72, 95% CI 1.00-2.94) and 52% (aRR 1.52, 95% CI 1.03-2.25) more risk of developing functional limitation based on the 5XSST and 20-meter walk test, respectively, compared to the Active-Low Sedentary group. CONCLUSION Regardless of sedentary category, being inactive (zero 10-min bouts/week in MVPA) may increase the risk of developing functional limitation in adults with knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral Master
- H. Master, PT, PhD, MPH, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, and Biomechanics and Movement Science Interdisciplinary Program, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Louise M Thoma
- L.M. Thoma, PT, DPT, PhD, Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dorothy D Dunlop
- D.D. Dunlop, PhD, Department of Medicine, and Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Dana Voinier
- D. Voinier, PT, DPT, D.K. White, PT, ScD, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, and Biomechanics and Movement Science Interdisciplinary Program, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Daniel K White
- D. Voinier, PT, DPT, D.K. White, PT, ScD, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, and Biomechanics and Movement Science Interdisciplinary Program, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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Future life expectancy with disability among elderly Chinese individuals: a forecast based on trends in stroke and dementia. Public Health 2021; 198:62-68. [PMID: 34364000 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to predict the life expectancy with disability (LED) of the elderly in China from 2010 to 2030 based on trends in stroke and dementia. STUDY DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study. METHODS Data for 28,667 eligible individuals aged 65+ years were derived from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2002 to 2014. A discrete-time probabilistic Markov model was constructed with nine different health states characterized by the presence or absence of stroke, dementia, disability, or death. Binomial logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of state transition every 3 years based on the survey interval in the CLHLS. The number of disabled individuals was predicted in 2030 using Chinese population data from World Population Prospects 2019 and trends in the incidence and mortality for stroke and dementia as recorded in the CLHLS. A multistate life table was used to predict LED in 2030. RESULTS It is predicted that disability in those aged 65+ years in China will increase from 11.4 million in 2010 to 34.8 million in 2030. Cases associated with stroke and dementia are predicted to increase by 297.9% and 167.8%, respectively, for the 65-79 years age group, and by 402.1% and 247.0%, respectively, for the 80+ year age group. Life expectancy (LE) and LED for 65-year-old individuals are predicted to be 16.1 and 2.2 years in 2030, respectively, with increases of 11.8% and 57.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS LED in the elderly is predicted to increase more rapidly than LE from 2010 to 2030, both stroke and dementia increasing the risk of disability.
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Eustachio Colombo P, Milner J, Scheelbeek PFD, Taylor A, Parlesak A, Kastner T, Nicholas O, Elinder LS, Dangour AD, Green R. Pathways to "5-a-day": modeling the health impacts and environmental footprints of meeting the target for fruit and vegetable intake in the United Kingdom. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:530-539. [PMID: 33871601 PMCID: PMC8326030 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit and vegetable consumption in the United Kingdom is currently well below recommended levels, with a significant associated public health burden. The United Kingdom has committed to reducing its carbon emissions to net zero by 2050, and this transition will require shifts towards plant-based diets. OBJECTIVE The aim was to quantify the health effects, environmental footprints, and cost associated with 4 different pathways to meeting the United Kingdom's "5-a-day" recommendation for fruit and vegetable consumption. METHODS Dietary data based on 18,006 food diaries from 4528 individuals participating in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2012/13-2016/17) constituted the baseline diet. Linear programming was used to model the hypothetical adoption of the 5-a-day (400 g) recommendation, which was assessed according to 4 pathways differing in their prioritization of fruits versus vegetables and UK-produced versus imported varieties. Increases in fruit and vegetable consumption were substituted for consumption of sweet snacks and meat, respectively. Changes in life expectancy were assessed using the IOMLIFET life table model. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs), blue water footprint (WF), and total diet cost were quantified for each 5-a-day diet. RESULTS Achieving the 5-a-day target in the United Kingdom could increase average life expectancy at birth by 7-8 mo and reduce diet-related GHGEs by 6.1 to 12.2 Mt carbon dioxide equivalents/y; blue WFs would change by -0.14 to +0.07 km3/y. Greater reductions in GHGEs were achieved by prioritizing increased vegetable consumption over fruit, whereas the greatest reduction in WF was obtained by prioritizing vegetable varieties produced in the United Kingdom. All consumption pathways increased diet cost (£0.34-£0.46/d). CONCLUSIONS Benefits to both population and environmental health could be expected from consumption pathways that meet the United Kingdom's 5-a-day target for fruit and vegetables. Our analysis identifies cross-sectoral trade-offs and opportunities for national policy to promote fruit and vegetable consumption in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Milner
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline F D Scheelbeek
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandr Parlesak
- Global Nutrition and Health, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kastner
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Owen Nicholas
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liselotte S Elinder
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan D Dangour
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Green
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Monk AP, Gill HS, Gibbons CLMH, Price AJ, Vollrath F, Rees JL, Murray DW. Anterior knee pain from the evolutionary perspective. Knee 2021; 31:1-10. [PMID: 34098487 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper describes the evolutionary changes in morphology and orientation of the PFJ using species present through our ancestry over 340 million years. METHODS 37 specimens from the Devonian period to modern day were scanned using a 64-slice CT scanner. 3D geometries were created following routine segmentation and anatomical measurements taken from standardised bony landmarks. RESULTS Findings are described according to gait strategy and age. The adoption of an upright bi-pedal stance caused a dramatic change in the loading of the PFJ which has subsequently led to changes in the arrangement of the PFJ. From Devonian to Miocene periods, our sprawling and climbing ancestors possessed a broad knee with a shallow, centrally located trochlea. A more rounded knee was present from the Paleolithic period onwards in erect and bipedal gait types (aspect ratio 0.93 vs 1.2 in late Devonian), with the PFJ being placed lateral to the midline compared to the medial position in quadrapeds. The depth of the trochlea groove was maximal in the Miocene period of the African ground apes with associated acute sulcus angles in Gorilla (117°) becoming more flattened towards the modern human (138°). CONCLUSIONS The evolving bipedal gait lead to anteriorisation of the patellofemoral joint, flattening of the trochlea sulcus, in a more lateral, dislocation prone arrangement. Ancestral developments might help explain the variety of presentations of anterior knee pain and patellofemoral instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paul Monk
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
| | - Harinderjit S Gill
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom; Centre for Therapeutic Innovation/Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
| | - C L Max H Gibbons
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew J Price
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
| | - Fritz Vollrath
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3ZS, United Kingdom.
| | - Jonathan L Rees
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
| | - David W Murray
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
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Simpson EL, de Bruin-Weller M, Bansal A, Chen Z, Nelson L, Whalley D, Prescilla R, Guillemin I, Delevry D. Definition of Clinically Meaningful Within-Patient Changes in POEM and CDLQI in Children 6 to 11 Years of Age with Severe Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:1415-1422. [PMID: 34046851 PMCID: PMC8322340 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) assesses patient-reported severity of atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms, whereas the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) measures how AD affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children. Although the POEM and CDLQI have established thresholds for clinically meaningful within-patient change in adolescents (aged 12-17 years), there are no defined within-patient responder thresholds for clinically meaningful change in children aged 6-11 years. METHODS Data from the LIBERTY AD PEDS phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dupilumab in children aged 6-11 years with severe AD were used to define the threshold for within-patient meaningful change in POEM and CDLQI scores. Anchor-based methods were applied to estimate mean change in POEM and CDLQI scores from baseline to week 16, with anchors of a 1-point improvement in the Patient Global Impression of Disease (PGID) scale and an improvement in score of ''A little better'' on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale. The distribution-based methods, a one-half standard deviation (SD) at baseline and a standard error mean (SEM) were also used. RESULTS The mean POEM change scores associated with the anchors were a change of - 8.40 with the PGID anchor and - 6.30 with the PGIC anchor. Distribution-based estimates for POEM were one-half SD at baseline of 2.76, with a SEM of 3.32. Mean CDLQI change scores corresponding to the PGID and PGIC anchors were - 7.30 and - 6.80, respectively, while distribution-based estimates for CDLQI were a one-half SD at baseline of 3.69, with a SEM of 3.52. CONCLUSIONS In children with severe AD, an appropriate minimum threshold of clinically meaningful within-patient change was estimated as 6 points for both the POEM and CDLQI scores. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03345914. What is the clinically meaningful within-person change in Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure and Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index scores in children 6 to 11 years old with severe atopic dermatitis? (MP4 289443 KB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Simpson
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | | | | | - Zhen Chen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
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Clarkson JE, Ramsay CR, Ricketts D, Banerjee A, Deery C, Lamont T, Boyers D, Marshman Z, Goulao B, Banister K, Conway D, Dawett B, Baker S, Sherriff A, Young L, van der Pol M, MacLennan G, Floate R, Braid H, Fee P, Forrest M, Gouick J, Mitchell F, Gupta E, Dakri R, Kettle J, McGuff T, Dunn K. Selective Caries Removal in Permanent Teeth (SCRiPT) for the treatment of deep carious lesions: a randomised controlled clinical trial in primary care. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:336. [PMID: 34243733 PMCID: PMC8267238 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is one of the most prevalent non-communicable disease globally and can have serious health sequelae impacting negatively on quality of life. In the UK most adults experience dental caries during their lifetime and the 2009 Adult Dental Health Survey reported that 85% of adults have at least one dental restoration. Conservative removal of tooth tissue for both primary and secondary caries reduces the risk of failure due to tooth-restoration, complex fracture as well as remaining tooth surfaces being less vulnerable to further caries. However, despite its prevalence there is no consensus on how much caries to remove prior to placing a restoration to achieve optimal outcomes. Evidence for selective compared to complete or near-complete caries removal suggests there may be benefits for selective removal in sustaining tooth vitality, therefore avoiding abscess formation and pain, so eliminating the need for more complex and costly treatment or eventual tooth loss. However, the evidence is of low scientific quality and mainly gleaned from studies in primary teeth. METHOD This is a pragmatic, multi-centre, two-arm patient randomised controlled clinical trial including an internal pilot set in primary dental care in Scotland and England. Dental health professionals will recruit 623 participants over 12-years of age with deep carious lesions in their permanent posterior teeth. Participants will have a single tooth randomised to either the selective caries removal or complete caries removal treatment arm. Baseline measures and outcome data (during the 3-year follow-up period) will be assessed through clinical examination, patient questionnaires and NHS databases. A mixed-method process evaluation will complement the clinical and economic outcome evaluation and examine implementation, mechanisms of impact and context. The primary outcome at three years is sustained tooth vitality. The primary economic outcome is net benefit modelled over a lifetime horizon. Clinical secondary outcomes include pulp exposure, progession of caries, restoration failure; as well as patient-centred and economic outcomes. DISCUSSION SCRiPT will provide evidence for the most clinically effective and cost-beneficial approach to managing deep carious lesions in permanent posterior teeth in primary care. This will support general dental practitioners, patients and policy makers in decision making. Trial Registration Trial registry: ISRCTN. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN76503940. Date of Registration: 30.10.2019. URL of trial registry record: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN76503940?q=ISRCTN76503940%20&filters=&sort=&offset=1&totalResults=1&page=1&pageSize=10&searchType=basic-search .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Clarkson
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK.,NHS Education for Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Craig R Ramsay
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Ricketts
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Avijit Banerjee
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Services, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Chris Deery
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Lamont
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK.
| | - Dwayne Boyers
- Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Zoe Marshman
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Beatriz Goulao
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Katie Banister
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Conway
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bhupinder Dawett
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Hafren House Dental Practice, Alfreton, Derbyshire, UK
| | - Sarah Baker
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrea Sherriff
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Graeme MacLennan
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ruth Floate
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Hazel Braid
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Patrick Fee
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Mark Forrest
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jill Gouick
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Fiona Mitchell
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Riz Dakri
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Services, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Kettle
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tina McGuff
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Katharine Dunn
- Dental Health Services Research Unit, Dundee Dental School, The University of Dundee, 9th Floor, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
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Hussain N, Hansson PO, Persson CU. Prediction of fear of falling at 6 months after stroke based on 279 individuals from the Fall Study of Gothenburg. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13503. [PMID: 34188105 PMCID: PMC8241879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The early identification of individuals at risk of fear of falling after stroke is crucial in order to individualise preventive actions and interventions. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of, and baseline factors in acute stroke that are associated with fear of falling at 6 months after stroke. Fear of falling was assessed by one question, which was answered by 279 of 452 eligible individuals. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors that were associated with fear of falling. The dependent variable was fear of falling at 6 months after stroke. The independent variables were related to function, activity and participation, including personal and environmental factors. Fear of falling was reported by 117 (41.9%) individuals. Poor postural control in acute stroke, measured using the modified version of the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (odds ratio [OR]: 2.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26–5.36), and being physically inactive prior to the stroke, measured using the Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Scale (OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.01–4.12), were found to be associated with fear of falling at 6 months after stroke. The findings in this study are useful in clinical practice to optimise rehabilitation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netha Hussain
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden.
| | - Per-Olof Hansson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | - Carina U Persson
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Rehabilitation Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
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45
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Dyson H, Van Gestel R, van Doorslaer E. The relative importance and stability of disease burden causes over time: summarizing regional trends on disease burden for 290 causes over 28 years. Popul Health Metr 2021; 19:30. [PMID: 34112193 PMCID: PMC8190735 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-021-00257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD) has become more comprehensive, data for hundreds of causes of disease burden, measured using Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), have become increasingly available for almost every part of the world. However, undergoing any systematic comparative analysis of the trends can be challenging given the quantity of data that must be presented. METHODS We use the GBD data to describe trends in cause-specific DALY rates for eight regions. We quantify the extent to which the importance of 'major' DALY causes changes relative to 'minor' DALY causes over time by decomposing changes in the Gini coefficient into 'proportionality' and 'reranking' indices. RESULTS The fall in regional DALY rates since 1990 has been accompanied by generally positive proportionality indices and reranking indices of negligible magnitude. However, the rate at which DALY rates have been falling has slowed and, at the same time, proportionality indices have tended towards zero. These findings are clearest where the focus is exclusively upon non-communicable diseases. Notably, large and positive proportionality indices are recorded for sub-Saharan Africa over the last decade. CONCLUSION The positive proportionality indices show that disease burden has become less concentrated around the leading causes over time, and this trend has become less prominent as the DALY rate decline has slowed. The recent decline in disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa is disproportionally driven by improvements in DALY rates for HIV/AIDS, as well as for malaria, diarrheal diseases, and lower respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Dyson
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raf Van Gestel
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management & Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eddy van Doorslaer
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management & Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kalinovic S, Stamm P, Oelze M, Steven S, Kröller-Schön S, Kvandova M, Zielonka J, Münzel T, Daiber A. Detection of extracellular superoxide in isolated human immune cells and in an animal model of arterial hypertension using hydropropidine probe and HPLC analysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 168:214-225. [PMID: 33823245 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide formation is a hallmark of cardiovascular disease with the involvement of different tissues and cell types. Identification of the cellular sources and subcellular localization of superoxide formation is important to understand the underlying disease pathomechanisms. In the present study, we used HPLC quantification of the superoxide-specific oxidation products of hydroethidine (HE or DHE) and its derivative hydropropidine (HPr+) for measurement of intra- and extracellular superoxide formation in isolated leukocytes and tissues of hypertensive rats. Superoxide generation by isolated leukocytes from human subjects as well as tissue samples of hypertensive rats (infusion of angiotensin-II for 7 days) was investigated using HPr+ and HE fluorescent probes with HPLC or plate reader detection. Both fluorescent dyes were used to test for intra- and extracellular superoxide formation using the supernatant or cell/tissue pellet for analysis. We demonstrate the correlation of impaired functional parameters (blood pressure, vascular function, and oxidative burst) and increased superoxide formation in different organ systems of hypertensive rats using the HPr+/HPLC method. In the cell model, the differences between HE and HPr+ and especially the advantage of the extracellular specificity of HPr+, due to its cell impermeability, became evident. Plate reader-based assays showed much higher background signal and were inferior to HPLC based methods. In conclusion, the HPr+/HPLC assay for superoxide determination is highly reliable in isolated immune cells and an animal model of arterial hypertension. In particular, the cell impermeability of HPr+ made it possible to differentiate between intra- and extracellular superoxide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanela Kalinovic
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1 - Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Stamm
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1 - Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1 - Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1 - Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Swenja Kröller-Schön
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1 - Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Miroslava Kvandova
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1 - Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Cancer Center Redox & Bioenergetics Shared Resource, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1 - Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1 - Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Family-Centered Social Cognitive Factors Preventing Primary Tooth Caries in Children Based on Intervention Mapping Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6626090. [PMID: 34113680 PMCID: PMC8154306 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6626090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Given the increasing prevalence of primary tooth caries in Iran and the importance of providing evidence- and theory-based family-centered prevention programs, the present study is aimed at determining the family-centered social cognitive factors preventing deciduous tooth caries among children using the intervention mapping protocol. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 240 Iranian mothers in Ilam who were randomly selected to participate in the study. The data were collected using a self-designed questionnaire including items on demographic information and social cognitive constructs (knowledge, attitude, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, practice guidance, perceived self-efficacy, behavior intention, subjective norms, and social norms). The questionnaire was completed by mothers, and the data were analyzed by performing one-way analysis of variance and linear regression. Results The results obtained from linear regression analysis showed that perceived self-efficacy (B = 0.295, p < 0.001), perceived barriers (B = 0.084, p < 0.028), practice guidance (B = 0.774, p < 0.001), and social norms (B = 0.137, p < 0.020) accounted for 71% of the behavioral intention variance and were the most important predictors for preventing primary tooth caries among children. Conclusion The findings suggest that perceived self-efficacy, perceived barriers, practice guidance, and social norms are essential for developing family-centered programs to prevent primary tooth caries in children.
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Hussain A, Patel PJ, Rhodes F, Srivastava A, Patch D, Rosenberg W. Decompensated cirrhosis is the commonest presentation for NAFLD patients undergoing liver transplant assessment. Clin Med (Lond) 2021; 20:313-318. [PMID: 32414722 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2019-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) accounts for 10-15% of orthotopic liver transplants (OLTs) in the UK. Index presentations with cirrhotic decompensation represent missed opportunities for preventive treatment leaving OLT or palliation as the only options.We retrospectively reviewed patient records for all NAFLD patients undergoing assessment for OLT between January 2003 and December 2017.Data were available for 81 patients with NAFLD as the primary diagnosis. Fifty-two patients had decompensated cirrhosis at first presentation; 91.7% presented to secondary care compared to 52.7% referred from primary care (p=0.001). Cirrhosis was not suspected at the time of referral to hospital in 24.7% of patients subsequently assessed for OLT. Most patients undergoing assessment for OLT for NAFLD had decompensated cirrhosis at their first diagnosis of chronic liver disease. These data highlight the plight of patients with NAFLD cirrhosis in whom chronic liver disease is diagnosed late.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hussain
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Preya J Patel
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Freya Rhodes
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
| | | | - David Patch
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
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Wellburn S, Ryan CG, Coxon A, Dickson AJ, Dickson DJ, Fatoye F, Ferguson D, Green PW, Greenhough C, Hamilton S, Jess MA, Jones A, Peat G, Martin DJ. Long-term improvements following a residential combined physical and psychological programme for chronic low back pain. BMJ Open Qual 2021; 10:e001068. [PMID: 33972364 PMCID: PMC8112434 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2020-001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate the outcomes and explore experiences of patients undergoing a residential combined physical and psychological programme (CPPP) for chronic low back pain. DESIGN A longitudinal observational cohort design, with a parallel qualitative design using semistructured interviews. SETTING Residential, multimodal rehabilitation. PARTICIPANTS 136 adults (62 male/74 female) referred to the CPPP, 100 (44 male/56 female) of whom completed the programme, during the term of the study. Ten (2 male/8 female) participated in the qualitative evaluation. INTERVENTION A 3-week residential CPPP. OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measures were the STarT Back screening tool score; pain intensity-11-point Numerical Rating Scale; function-Oswestry Disability Index (ODI); health status/quality of life-EQ-5D-5L EuroQol five-Dimension-five level; anxiety-Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7; depression-Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Secondary outcome measures were the Global Subjective Outcome Scale; National Health Service Friends and Family Test;. RESULTS At discharge, 6 and 12 months follow ups, there were improvements from baseline that were greater than minimum clinically important differences in each of the outcomes (with the sole exception of ODI at discharge). At 12 months, the majority of people considered themselves a lot better (57%) and were extremely likely (86%) to recommend the programme to a friend. The qualitative data showed praise for the residential nature of the intervention and the opportunities for interaction with peers and peer support. There were testimonies of improvements in understanding of pain and how to manage it better. Some participants said they had reduced, or stopped, medication they had been taking to manage their pain. CONCLUSIONS Participants improved, and maintained long term, beyond minimum clinically important differences on a wide range of outcomes. Participants reported an enhanced ability to self-manage their back pain and support for the residential setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Wellburn
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Cormac G Ryan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Andrew Coxon
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Alastair J Dickson
- Primary Care Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Medicine Society, Northallerton, UK
| | - D John Dickson
- Primary Care Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Medicine Society, Northallerton, UK
| | - Francis Fatoye
- Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK
| | | | - Paul W Green
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - Sharon Hamilton
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | | - Andrea Jones
- Darlington and Hartlepool and Stockton Clinical Commisioning Group, Darlington, UK
| | - Glynis Peat
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Denis J Martin
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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O'Flaherty M, Lloyd-Williams F, Capewell S, Boland A, Maden M, Collins B, Bandosz P, Hyseni L, Kypridemos C. Modelling tool to support decision-making in the NHS Health Check programme: workshops, systematic review and co-production with users. Health Technol Assess 2021; 25:1-234. [PMID: 34076574 PMCID: PMC8201571 DOI: 10.3310/hta25350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local authorities in England commission the NHS Health Check programme to invite everyone aged 40-74 years without pre-existing conditions for risk assessment and eventual intervention, if needed. However, the programme's effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and equity impact remain uncertain. AIM To develop a validated open-access flexible web-based model that enables local commissioners to quantify the cost-effectiveness and potential for equitable population health gain of the NHS Health Check programme. OBJECTIVES The objectives were as follows: (1) co-produce with stakeholders the desirable features of the user-friendly model; (2) update the evidence base to support model and scenario development; (3) further develop our computational model to allow for developments and changes to the NHS Health Check programme and the diseases it addresses; (4) assess the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and equity of alternative strategies for implementation to illustrate the use of the tool; and (5) propose a sustainability and implementation plan to deploy our user-friendly computational model at the local level. DESIGN Co-production workshops surveying the best-performing local authorities and a systematic literature review of strategies to increase uptake of screening programmes informed model use and development. We then co-produced the workHORSE (working Health Outcomes Research Simulation Environment) model to estimate the health, economic and equity impact of different NHS Health Check programme implementations, using illustrative-use cases. SETTING Local authorities in England. PARTICIPANTS Stakeholders from local authorities, Public Health England, the NHS, the British Heart Foundation, academia and other organisations participated in the workshops. For the local authorities survey, we invited 16 of the best-performing local authorities in England. INTERVENTIONS The user interface allows users to vary key parameters that represent programme activities (i.e. invitation, uptake, prescriptions and referrals). Scenarios can be compared with each other. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Disease cases and case-years prevented or postponed, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, net monetary benefit and change in slope index of inequality. RESULTS The survey of best-performing local authorities revealed a diversity of effective approaches to maximise the coverage and uptake of NHS Health Check programme, with no distinct 'best buy'. The umbrella literature review identified a range of effective single interventions. However, these generally need to be combined to maximally improve uptake and health gains. A validated dynamic, stochastic microsimulation model, built on robust epidemiology, enabled service options analysis. Analyses of three contrasting illustrative cases estimated the health, economic and equity impact of optimising the Health Checks, and the added value of obtaining detailed local data. Optimising the programme in Liverpool can become cost-effective and equitable, but simply changing the invitation method will require other programme changes to improve its performance. Detailed data inputs can benefit local analysis. LIMITATIONS Although the approach is extremely flexible, it is complex and requires substantial amounts of data, alongside expertise to both maintain and run. CONCLUSIONS Our project showed that the workHORSE model could be used to estimate the health, economic and equity impact comprehensively at local authority level. It has the potential for further development as a commissioning tool and to stimulate broader discussions on the role of these tools in real-world decision-making. FUTURE WORK Future work should focus on improving user interactions with the model, modelling simulation standards, and adapting workHORSE for evaluation, design and implementation support. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42019132087. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 35. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O'Flaherty
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Simon Capewell
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Angela Boland
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michelle Maden
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brendan Collins
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Piotr Bandosz
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lirije Hyseni
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Kypridemos
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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