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Makhoul Z, Ndonji M, Long JM, Moore C, Lunda E, Mwandileya W, Taren D. The nutritional and feeding status of children living in selected residential child care facilities in Zambia: implications for programs and policies. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1331907. [PMID: 39296847 PMCID: PMC11408226 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1331907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition and risk of feeding difficulties and describe common feeding practices for children from birth to 10 years of age living in residential care in Zambia. Methods This was a secondary analysis of de-identified cross-sectional data on 397 children living in 22 residential care facilities in four provinces. Child demographics, anthropometrics, hemoglobin levels, risk for feeding difficulties, and facility-level feeding practices were collected by a trained study team using Count Me In, a digital health app. Interviews with staff were conducted at 15 residential care facilities. Results Around half of the study sample were boys (53.4%) and <5 years old (55.4%). Special healthcare needs were reported in 10.3% of the children, with cerebral palsy being the most common (3.5%). Underweight, stunting, wasting (using weight-for-length/height), and anemia were found in 22.4, 28.0, 7.1 and 54.7% of children, respectively, with higher rates in children with special healthcare needs and children <24 months old. Duration of residential care was positively associated with length/height-for-age but not weight-for-age or weight-for-length/height z-scores. A risk for feeding difficulties was found in 41.4 and 26.0% of children with and without special healthcare needs, respectively. Suboptimal bottle-feeding practices, including the use of altered nipples and poor caregiver-infant interactions, were observed for infants <12 months old. Residential care staff reported suboptimal diets in their facilities and gaps in knowledge and resources to meet children's nutritional needs. Conclusion These results demonstrate that a large proportion of children living in residential care in Zambia are at high risk for undernutrition and feeding difficulties and contribute to the small body of literature on children living in residential care, both in Zambia and globally. In the context of Zambia's efforts to improve child nutrition and reform its alternative care, these findings can inform programming and policies for children living in residential care to fulfill their rights to health and family care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie M Long
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | | | | | - Douglas Taren
- SPOON, Portland, OR, United States
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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Yavaslar Dogru Y, Koc-Arik G, Doğru OC, Kazak Berument S. Receptive and expressive vocabulary performance in 2- to 5-year-olds in care: The role of different care types and temperament. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 243:105924. [PMID: 38642417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The detrimental role of institutionalization in children's development has prompted the introduction of alternative care types designed to offer more personalized care. The current study aimed to test whether children in alternative care types (care villages, care homes, and foster care) performed better on vocabulary than those in institutions. The role of temperament, specifically perceptual sensitivity and frustration, and the interaction between temperament and care types on vocabulary performance were also explored. The study involved 285 2- to 5-year-old children from different care types, and they were assessed through receptive and expressive vocabulary tests and temperament scales. The results of the linear mixed model revealed that children in alternative care types exhibited significantly higher vocabulary scores compared with those in institutions. Moreover, perceptual sensitivity showed a positive association with receptive and expressive vocabulary skills and seemed to act as a protective factor by mitigating the lower vocabulary scores in institutions. Frustration moderated vocabulary outcomes differently for children in institutions and foster care, aligning with the diathesis-stress model and vantage sensitivity theory, respectively. The findings emphasize the positive role of alternative care types in vocabulary performance and the importance of children's temperamental traits in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Yavaslar Dogru
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Karabuk University, Demir Celik Campus, 78050 Karabuk, Turkiye.
| | - Gizem Koc-Arik
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkiye
| | - Onur Cem Doğru
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Ahmet Necdet Sezer Campus, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkiye
| | - Sibel Kazak Berument
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkiye
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Mawoyo T, Steventon Roberts KJ, Laurenzi C, Skeen S, Toit SD, Hisham R, Cluver L, Sherr L, Tomlinson M. How do new crises impact HIV risk behaviour - exploring HIV risk behaviour according to COVID-19-related orphanhood status in South Africa? AIDS Care 2024; 36:126-136. [PMID: 38709951 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2024.2333435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in high death rates globally, and over 10.5 million children lost a parent or primary caregiver. Because HIV-related orphanhood has been associated with elevated HIV risk, we sought to examine HIV risk in children affected by COVID-19 orphanhood. Four hundred and twenty-one children and adolescents were interviewed, measuring seven HIV risk behaviours: condom use, age-disparate sex, transactional sex, multiple partners, sex associated with drugs/alcohol, mental health and social risks. Approximately 50% (211/421) experienced orphanhood due to COVID-19, 4.8% (20/421) reported living in an HIV-affected household, and 48.2% (203/421) did not know the HIV status of their household. The mean age of the sample was 12.7 years (SD:2.30), of whom 1.2% (5/421) were living with HIV. Eighty percent (337/421) reported at least one HIV risk behaviour. HIV sexual risk behaviours were more common among children living in HIV-affected households compared to those not living in HIV-affected households and those with unknown household status (35.0% vs. 13.6% vs.10.8%, X2 = 9.25, p = 0.01). Children living in HIV-affected households had poorer mental health and elevated substance use (70.0% vs. 48.5%, X2 = 6.21, p = 0.05; 35.0% vs. 19.9%, X2 = 4.02, p = 0.1306, respectively). HIV-affected households may require specific interventions to support the health and well-being of children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Mawoyo
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Christina Laurenzi
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sarah Skeen
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefani Du Toit
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ramsha Hisham
- Department for Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department for Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, UK
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Pollock NJ, Ouédraogo AM, Trocmé N, Hovdestad W, Miskie A, Crompton L, Campeau A, Tanaka M, Zhang C, Laprise C, Tonmyr L. Rates of out-of-home care among children in Canada: an analysis of national administrative child welfare data. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2024; 44:152-165. [PMID: 38353943 PMCID: PMC11097748 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.44.4.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a part of the public health approach to child welfare, data about children placed in out-of-home care are needed to assess population trends, understand drivers of social and health inequities, and examine outcomes for children and families. We analyzed administrative data from Canada to describe the population of children in out-of-home care, and estimate and compare rates of out-of-home care by province/territory, year, sex/gender, age group and placement type. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of point-in-time data from all provinces and territories for the period 2013/2014 to 2021/2022. We used frequencies and percentages to describe the population of children (and youth up to age 21 years) in out-of-home care and estimated overall and stratified rates and rate ratios. RESULTS An estimated 61 104 children in Canada were in out-of-home care on 31 March 2022. The national rate of out-of-home care was 8.24 children per 1000 population. Rate variations by province/territory were substantial and changed over time. Rates were highest among males and children aged 1 to 3 and 16 to 17 years. Foster homes were the most common type of placement, although kinship homes accounted for an increasing share. CONCLUSION This analysis demonstrated that administrative data can be used to generate national indicators about children involved in the child welfare system. These data can be used for tracking progress towards health and social equity for children and youth in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Pollock
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Arctic and Subarctic Studies, Labrador Campus, Memorial University, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Ouédraogo
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nico Trocmé
- School of Social Work, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wendy Hovdestad
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Miskie
- Ministry of Children and Family Services, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lindsay Crompton
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aimée Campeau
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindy Zhang
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudie Laprise
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- École de santé publique, Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lil Tonmyr
- Family Violence Epidemiology Section, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Nelson CA, Sullivan E, Engelstad AM. Annual Research Review: Early intervention viewed through the lens of developmental neuroscience. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:435-455. [PMID: 37438865 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The overarching goal of this paper is to examine the efficacy of early intervention when viewed through the lens of developmental neuroscience. We begin by briefly summarizing neural development from conception through the first few postnatal years. We emphasize the role of experience during the postnatal period, and consistent with decades of research on critical periods, we argue that experience can represent both a period of opportunity and a period of vulnerability. Because plasticity is at the heart of early intervention, we next turn our attention to the efficacy of early intervention drawing from two distinct literatures: early intervention services for children growing up in disadvantaged environments, and children at elevated likelihood of developing a neurodevelopmental delay or disorder. In the case of the former, we single out interventions that target caregiving and in the case of the latter, we highlight recent work on autism. A consistent theme throughout our review is a discussion of how early intervention is embedded in the developing brain. We conclude our article by discussing the implications our review has for policy, and we then offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eileen Sullivan
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne-Michelle Engelstad
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Sutherland SC, Shannon HS, Ayuku D, Streiner DL, Saarela O, Atwoli L, Hogan J, Braitstein P. Resilience and associated factors in orphaned and separated adolescents in Kenya: Understanding the relationship with care environment and HIV risks. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2271970. [PMID: 38252788 PMCID: PMC10832302 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2271970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Orphans are at higher risk of HIV infection and several important HIV risk factors than non-orphans; however, this may be due to a combination of related social, psychological, and economic factors, as well as care environment, rather than orphan status alone. Understanding these complex relationships may aid policy makers in supporting evidence-based, cost-effective programming for this vulnerable population. This longitudinal study uses a causal effect model to examine, through decomposition, the relationship between care environment and HIV risk factors in orphaned and separated adolescents and youths (OSAY) in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya; considering resilience, social, peer, or family support, volunteering, or having one's material needs met as potential mediators. We analysed survey responses from 1105 OSAY age 10-26 living in Charitable Children's Institutions (CCI) (orphanages) and family-based care settings (FBS). Follow-up time was 7-36 months. Care in CCIs (vs. FBS) was associated with a decreased likelihood of engaging in forced, exchange, and consensual sex. Excess relative risks (ERR) attributable to the indirect pathway, mediation, or interaction were not significant in any model. Care environment was not statistically associated with differences in substance use. Our findings support the direct, unmediated, association between institutional care and HIV risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Sutherland
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 3M7, Toronto, Canada
| | - Harry S. Shannon
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 3M7, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Canada
| | - David Ayuku
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - David L. Streiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 100 West 5th, L8N 3K7, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th floor, M5T 1R8, Toronto, Canada
| | - Olli Saarela
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 3M7, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
- Brain and Mind Institute and the Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Medical College, East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Hogan
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, 121 S Main St, Providence, RI 02912, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Paula Braitstein
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 3M7, Toronto, Canada
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
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Leal ASM, Alba LA, Cummings KK, Jung J, Waizman YH, Moreira JFG, Saragosa-Harris NM, Ninova E, Waterman JM, Langley AK, Tottenham N, Silvers JA, Green SA. Sensory processing challenges as a novel link between early caregiving experiences and mental health. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1968-1981. [PMID: 36523255 PMCID: PMC10734795 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Early caregiving adversity (ECA) is associated with elevated psychological symptomatology. While neurobehavioral ECA research has focused on socioemotional and cognitive development, ECA may also increase risk for "low-level" sensory processing challenges. However, no prior work has compared how diverse ECA exposures differentially relate to sensory processing, or, critically, how this might influence psychological outcomes. We examined sensory processing challenges in 183 8-17-year-old youth with and without histories of institutional (orphanage) or foster caregiving, with a particular focus on sensory over-responsivity (SOR), a pattern of intensified responses to sensory stimuli that may negatively impact mental health. We further tested whether sensory processing challenges are linked to elevated internalizing and externalizing symptoms common in ECA-exposed youth. Relative to nonadopted comparison youth, both groups of ECA-exposed youth had elevated sensory processing challenges, including SOR, and also had heightened internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Additionally, we found significant indirect effects of ECA on internalizing and externalizing symptoms through both general sensory processing challenges and SOR, covarying for age and sex assigned at birth. These findings suggest multiple forms of ECA confer risk for sensory processing challenges that may contribute to mental health outcomes, and motivate continuing examination of these symptoms, with possible long-term implications for screening and treatment following ECA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura A. Alba
- Graduate School of Education, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin K. Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yael H. Waizman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Emilia Ninova
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jill M. Waterman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Audra K. Langley
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Pritzker Center for Strengthening Children and Families, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Silvers
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shulamite A. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane & Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cumming C, Bell MF, Segal L, Spittal MJ, Kinner SA, Dennison S, Dawe S, Preen DB. Maternal incarceration increases the risk of self-harm but not suicide: a matched cohort study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2023; 32:e33. [PMID: 37161898 PMCID: PMC10227533 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796023000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Children of incarcerated mothers are at increased risk of experiencing multiple adversity such as poverty, mental illness and contact with child protection services (CPS), including being taken into out of home care (OOHC). However, little is known about whether these children are at increased risk of suicide or self-harm compared to children not exposed to maternal incarceration or about the factors that may contribute to this. We aimed to investigate differences in the risk of suicide and self-harm between children exposed to maternal incarceration and those not exposed and examine how socio-demographic factors, maternal mental illness and CPS contact (with or without OOHC) may affect these outcomes. METHODS We used a retrospective matched cohort study design, comparing 7674 children exposed to maternal incarceration with 7674 non-exposed children. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to compare the risk of suicide and self-harm between exposed and non-exposed groups, controlling for geographical remoteness, CPS contact and maternal mental illness. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the rate of suicide (rate ratio [RR] = 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78, 2.87) or risk of suicide (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.43, 1.96) between the two groups. However, the exposed group had a significantly higher rate of self-harm (RR = 2.83; 95% CI: 2.50, 3.21) and a significantly higher risk of self-harm (aHR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.45, 2.09) compared to those non-exposed. CPS contact with or without OOHC was independently associated with an increased risk of self-harm for both groups. CONCLUSION Children exposed to maternal incarceration are at an increased risk of self-harm and should be prioritized to receive targeted, multimodal support that continues after the mother's release from prison. The association between CPS contact and self-harm warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Cumming
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Megan F. Bell
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Leonie Segal
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Susan Dennison
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sharon Dawe
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- The Hopkins Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David B. Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Ayaya S, DeLong A, Embleton L, Ayuku D, Sang E, Hogan J, Kamanda A, Atwoli L, Makori D, Ott MA, Ombok C, Braitstein P. Prevalence, incidence and chronicity of child abuse among orphaned, separated, and street-connected children and adolescents in western Kenya: What is the impact of care environment? CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 139:104920. [PMID: 33485648 PMCID: PMC8289926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of different types of care environment on orphaned and separated children and adolescents' (OSCA) experiences of abuse in sub-Saharan Africa is uncertain. OBJECTIVE Our two primary objectives were 1) to compare recent child abuse (physical, emotional, and sexual) between OSCA living in institutional environments and those in family-based care; and 2) to understand how recent child abuse among street-connected children and youth compared to these other vulnerable youth populations. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This project followed a cohort of OSCA in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya (2009-2019). This analysis includes 2393 participants aged 18 years and below, 1017 from institutional environments, 1227 from family-based care, and 95 street-connected participants. METHODS The primary outcome of interest was recent abuse. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of recent abuse at baseline, follow-up, and chronically for each abuse domain and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) between care environments, controlling for multiple factors. RESULTS In total, 47 % of OSCA reported ever experiencing any kind of recent abuse at baseline and 54 % in follow-up. Compared to those in family-based care, street-connected participants had a much higher reported prevalence of all types of recent abuse at baseline (AOR: 5.01, 95 % CI: 2.89, 9.35), in follow-up (AOR: 5.22, 95 % CI: 2.41, 13.98), and over time (AOR: 3.44, 95 % CI: 1.93, 6.45). OSCA in institutional care were no more likely than those in family-based care of reporting any recent abuse at baseline (AOR: 0.85 95 % CI: 0.59-1.17) or incident abuse at follow-up (AOR: 0.91, 95 % CI: 0.61-1.47). CONCLUSION OSCA, irrespective of care environment, reported high levels of recent physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Street-connected participants had the highest prevalence of all kinds of abuse. OSCA living in institutional care did not experience more child abuse than those living in family-based care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ayaya
- Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Allison DeLong
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lonnie Embleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Ayuku
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Edwin Sang
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Joseph Hogan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Aga Khan University Medical College, East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dominic Makori
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Mary A Ott
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Caroline Ombok
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Paula Braitstein
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya; Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya.
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The Relationship Between Spirituality and Resilience and Well-being: a Study of 529 Care Leavers from 11 Nations. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2023; 4:177-190. [PMID: 36816809 PMCID: PMC9918825 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Research has found that individuals who were separated from parental care and experienced alternative care settings during childhood are more likely to have poor outcomes as adults. This highlights the importance of understanding factors that are related to resilience and well-being for care leavers. A growing body of research has supported the importance of spirituality in our understanding of resilience and well-being. However, little work to date has examined the relationship of spirituality to outcomes in care leavers. The current study investigated the relationships between spirituality, resilience, well-being, and health in a sample of 529 care leavers from 11 nations. It also examined how different themes of spirituality were related to specific outcome variables. Data revealed that spirituality was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, better mental and physical health, and more resilience even when accounting for current age, gender, age at separation, Human Development Index scores, and childhood adversity. Furthermore, findings indicate that different themes of spirituality are related to specific outcome variables, even when accounting for demographic information. Findings indicate that spirituality may play an important role in resilience and well-being for care leavers. Implications and limitations are discussed.
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11
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McCall RB, Groark CJ, Jabbar A, Muhamedrahimov RJ, Palmov OI, Hawk BN, Chen AP, Spear CF, Mason L. Case report: Improving quality of care in Kazakhstan institutions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:944729. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.944729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This project is a community case study implemented by local professionals and caregivers to improve the quality of caregiving in two Kazakhstan institutions for infants and toddlers. Local professionals first received comprehensive training by an international team experienced in relevant research-based practices, and then the locals trained institutional staff. Over nearly 2 years, one institution progressively implemented changes in three wards and the other institution in one ward. The changes attempted to make the institution more family-like (e.g., smaller groups and fewer and more consistent caregivers) and caregivers behave more parent-like (e.g., more warm, sensitive, responsive interactions and relationships) without changing nutrition or medical care. Of the 45 children given some exposure to the emerging new wards, 11 experienced the fully revised wards for at least 4 months during their first 2 years of life. They displayed substantial increases in their physical growth, especially those entering in their first year of life, in contrast to the unchanging developmental patterns of 165 children who were reared in the two institutions before the ward changes were made. Physical growth is a commonly used standard of developmental well-being in institutions. Research shows it is sensitive to infants' psychosocial environment, and improvements in physical growth are related to children's cognitive and social-emotional development. Although this pilot community case study had only a few infants fully exposed to the complete ward changes and lacked characteristics of a research experiment, these results are consistent with children's developmental improvements reported in larger scientific studies of similar interventions. This project is an example of how some research-based practices are likely to be implemented in communities in the future. Specifically, it shows that local communities can successfully improve the rearing conditions within institutions, which improve the children's development, and may contribute to the success of their subsequent foster placement and adoption.
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Neagoe IM, Papasteri CC. Adverse Childhood Experiences in Residential Care: Predicting Accumulation and Exploring Clustering of Adversity in Romanian Care Facilities. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Effect of care environment on educational attainment among orphaned and separated children and adolescents in Western Kenya. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:123. [PMID: 35042503 PMCID: PMC8764770 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are approximately 140 million orphaned and separated children (OSCA) around the world. In Kenya, many of these children live with extended family while others live in institutions. Despite evidence that orphans are less likely to be enrolled in school than non-orphans, there is little evidence regarding the role of care environment. This evidence is vital for designing programs and policies that promote access to education for orphans, which is not only their human right but also an important social determinant of health. The purpose of this study was to compare educational attainment among OSCA living in Charitable Children’s Institutions and family-based settings in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Methods This study analyses follow up data from a cohort of OSCA living in 300 randomly selected households and 17 institutions. We used Poisson regression to estimate the effect of care environment on primary school completion among participants age ≥ 14 as well as full and partial secondary school completion among participants age ≥ 18. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using a bootstrap method with 1000 replications. Results The analysis included 1406 participants (495 from institutions, 911 from family-based settings). At baseline, 50% were female, the average age was 9.5 years, 54% were double orphans, and 3% were HIV-positive. At follow-up, 76% of participants age ≥ 14 had completed primary school and 32% of participants age ≥ 18 had completed secondary school. Children living in institutions were significantly more likely to complete primary school (aRR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.10–1.28) and at least 1 year of secondary school (aRR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.18–1.39) than children in family-based settings. Children living in institutions were less likely to have completed all 4 years secondary school (aRR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.43–1.18) than children in family-based settings. Conclusion Children living in institutional environments were more likely to complete primary school and some secondary school than children living in family-based care. Further support is needed for all orphans to improve primary and secondary school completion. Policies that require orphans to leave institution environments upon their eighteenth birthday may be preventing these youth from completing secondary school.
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Gray CL, Whetten K, Daniels JL, Hudgens MG, Pettifor AE, Hobbie AM, Thielman NM, Dubie ME, Itemba D, Madan I, Vann V, Wasonga AI, Manongi R, Ostermann J, Whetten RA, Pence BW. Family Composition and Stability for Orphans: A Longitudinal Study of Well-Being in 5 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Int J Public Health 2022; 66:1604057. [PMID: 34992514 PMCID: PMC8724025 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.1604057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Many orphaned children in low- and middle-income countries live with family. Yet, their household composition and its stability are not well-characterized, nor is impact of stability on longer-term outcomes. Methods: We used the longitudinal, multi-country Positive Outcomes for Orphans cohort to describe adult family living with orphans. Stability was measured by changes in presence of six familial relations over time, and related to three outcomes: 1) incident abuse, 2) cognitive functioning, 3) emotional difficulties. Associations were estimated using generalized linear models fit with generalized estimating equations. For abuse, Poisson regression estimated risk ratios. For continuous scores of cognitive functioning and emotional difficulties, linear models estimated mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Among 1,359 orphans, 53–61% reported living with their mother each year; 7–13% with father; nearly 60% reported ≥1 change in composition over follow-up. Compared to 0 changes, difficulties increased with 1 change [MD: 0.23 (−0.33, 0.79)], 2 changes [MD: 0.57 (0.00, 1.16)] and ≥3 changes [MD: 0.73 (0.18, 1.29)]. No associations were found with abuse or cognitive functioning. Conclusion: Orphan well-being may be improved through supports stabilizing household composition or targeting emotional resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kathryn Whetten
- Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Julie L Daniels
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Audrey E Pettifor
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Amy M Hobbie
- Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nathan M Thielman
- Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Ira Madan
- Sahara Centre for Residential Care and Rehabilitation, New Delhi, India
| | - Vanroth Vann
- Development for Cambodian Children, Battambang, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Jan Ostermann
- Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Rachel A Whetten
- Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brian W Pence
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Mukerji CE, Wade M, Fox NA, Zeanah CH, Nelson CA. Growth in self-regulation over the course of adolescence mediates the effects of foster care on psychopathology in post-institutionalized children: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Psychol Sci 2021; 9:810-822. [PMID: 34888125 DOI: 10.1177/2167702621993887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Children reared in institutions experience severe psychosocial deprivation, with lasting consequences for social and emotional development. This study evaluated growth trajectories of self-regulation from ages 8 to 16 among institutionally-reared children randomized to foster care (foster care group; FCG) or to remain in institutional care (care as usual group; CAUG), compared to a never-institutionalized group (NIG). We then tested a developmental pathway by which growth in self-regulation reduces general psychopathology at 16 for FCG versus CAUG. FCG experienced modest growth in self-regulation over adolescence and "caught up" to NIG by age 16. The beneficial effect of foster care on psychopathology operated through growth in self-regulation; part of this effect was further mediated by reduced peer difficulties for FCG. Findings reveal that the effects of foster care on self-regulation emerge over adolescence and that growth in self-regulation is a mechanism by which foster care mitigates the impact of institutionalization on psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora E Mukerji
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.,Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mark Wade
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON MS5 1V6, Canada
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Charles H Zeanah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, 13 Appian Way, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Yu HJ, Liu X, Liu MW, Zhang MZ, Zheng M, He QQ. Sex-Related Difference in the Association Between Child Neglect and the Accuracy of Body Weight Perception Among Chinese Primary Schoolchildren. Front Public Health 2021; 9:769604. [PMID: 34888287 PMCID: PMC8650602 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.769604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Body weight perception (BWP) directly determines weight management behaviors. Although child neglect is a well-established risk factor for managing body weight, little is known about its association with the accuracy of BWP. This study aimed to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between child neglect and BWP accuracy in primary schoolchildren, and explore how these differ based on the sex of the child. Methods: The sample included 1,063 primary schoolchildren (557 boys and 506 girls, aged 8-10 years) from a two-wave observational study between 2018 and 2019 in Wuhan, China. Child neglect and BWP were investigated using self-administered questionnaires. The accuracy of BWP was defined by comparing the BWP and actual body weight, and it was categorized into three groups-consistent, underestimated, and overestimated. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted with fitting child neglect as the independent variable and the accuracy of BWP as the dependent variable. Results: The prevalence of weight misperception was ~44% at baseline (underestimation 40%; overestimation 4%) in Chinese primary schoolchildren. In the cross-sectional analysis, children with a higher level of neglect were more likely to misperceive their body weight. Moreover, there was an apparent sex-related difference that boys who experienced a higher level of neglect significantly reported more underestimation, while girls reported more overestimation. There was no significant longitudinal association between child neglect and the change in BWP accuracy. Conclusions: This study revealed that a higher level of neglect was significantly associated with underestimated BWP in boys and overestimated BWP in girls. The mechanisms of sex-related difference and whether child neglect is involved in the change in BWP, merit further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-jie Yu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Ming-wei Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- The Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Min-zhe Zhang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VC, Australia
| | - Qi-qiang He
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Braitstein P, DeLong A, Ayuku D, Ott M, Atwoli L, Galárraga O, Sang E, Hogan J. Association of Care Environment With HIV Incidence and Death Among Orphaned, Separated, and Street-Connected Children and Adolescents in Western Kenya. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2125365. [PMID: 34529063 PMCID: PMC8446813 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In 2015, there were nearly 140 million orphaned children globally, particularly in low- and middle-income regions, and millions more for whom the street is central to their everyday lives. A total of 16.6 million children were orphaned because of deaths associated with HIV/AIDS, of whom 90% live in sub-Saharan Africa. Although most orphaned and separated children and adolescents in this region are cared for by extended family, the large number of children requiring care has produced a proliferation of institutional care. Few studies have investigated the association between care environment and physical health among orphaned and separated youths in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of care environment with incident HIV and death among orphaned and separated children and adolescents who were living in charitable children's institutions, family-based settings, and street settings in western Kenya over almost 10 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Orphaned and Separated Children's Assessments Related to Their Health and Well-Being (OSCAR) project was an observational prospective cohort study conducted in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The cohort comprised 2551 orphaned, separated, and street-connected children from communities within 8 administrative locations, which included 300 randomly selected households (family-based settings) caring for children who were orphaned from all causes, 19 charitable children's institutions (institutional settings), and a convenience sample of 100 children who were practicing self-care on the streets (street settings). Participants were enrolled from May 31, 2010, to April 24, 2013, and were followed up until November 30, 2019. EXPOSURES Care environment (family-based, institutional, or street setting). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Survival regression models were used to investigate the association between care environment and incident HIV, death, and time to incident HIV or death. RESULTS Among 2551 participants, 1230 youths were living in family-based settings, 1230 were living in institutional settings, and 91 were living in street settings. Overall, 1321 participants (51.8%) were male, with a mean (SD) age at baseline of 10.4 (4.8) years. Most participants who were living in institutional (1047 of 1230 youths [85.1%]) or street (71 of 91 youths [78.0%]) settings were double orphaned (ie, both parents had died). A total of 59 participants acquired HIV infection or died during the study period. After adjusting for sex, age, and baseline HIV status, living in a charitable children's institution was not associated with death (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.26; 95% CI, 0.07-1.02) or incident HIV (AHR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.46-4.83). Compared with living in a family-based setting, living in a street setting was associated with death (AHR, 5.46; 95% CI, 2.30-12.94), incident HIV (AHR, 17.31; 95% CI, 5.85-51.25), and time to incident HIV or death (AHR, 7.82; 95% CI, 3.48-17.55). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, after adjusting for potential confounders, no association was found between care environment and HIV incidence or death among youths living in institutional vs family-based settings. However, living in a street setting vs a family-based setting was associated with both HIV incidence and death. This study's findings suggest that strengthening of child protection systems and greater investment in evidence-based family support systems that improve child and adolescent health and prevent youth migration to the street are needed for safe and beneficial deinstitutionalization to be implemented at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Braitstein
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Program, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Allison DeLong
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - David Ayuku
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Mary Ott
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
- Dean’s Office, Aga Khan University Medical College, East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omar Galárraga
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Edwin Sang
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) Program, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Joseph Hogan
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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18
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Mundt AP, Irarrázaval M, Martínez P, Fernández O, Martínez V, Rojas G. Telepsychiatry Consultation for Primary Care Treatment of Children and Adolescents Receiving Child Protective Services in Chile: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e25836. [PMID: 34292164 PMCID: PMC8367295 DOI: 10.2196/25836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children and adolescents living under the supervision of child protective services have complex mental health care needs. The scarcity and uneven distribution of specialized mental health teams in Chile may limit the provision and quality of care for this vulnerable population. Telepsychiatry can address such health inequities. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a telepsychiatry consultation program for primary health care (PHC) treatment of children and adolescents living under the supervision of child protective services. Methods We developed a telepsychiatry consultation program for two rural PHC clinics located in central Chile (Valparaíso Region) and evaluated its implementation using a mixed methods study design. The program consisted of videoconferencing mental health consultation sessions scheduled twice per month (each 90 minutes long), over a 6-month period, delivered by child and adolescent psychiatrists based in Santiago, Chile. We described the number of mental health consultation sessions, participant characteristics, perceived usefulness and acceptability, and experiences with the telepsychiatry consultation program. Results During the 6-month study period, 15 videoconferencing mental health consultation sessions were held. The telepsychiatry consultation program assisted PHC clinicians in assigning the most adequate diagnoses and making treatment decisions on pharmacotherapy and/or psychotherapy of 11 minors with complex care needs. The intervention was perceived to be useful by PHC clinicians for improving the resolution capacity in the treatments of this patient population. Limitations such as connectivity issues were resolved in most sessions. Conclusions The telepsychiatry consultation program was feasible and potentially useful to support PHC clinicians in the management of institutionalized children and adolescents with complex psychosocial care needs living in a poorly resourced setting. A larger scale trial should assess clinical outcomes in the patient population. Regulations and resources for this service model are needed to facilitate sustainability and large-scale implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Mundt
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Irarrázaval
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Salud Mental, Ministerio de Salud, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute for Depression and Personality Research (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Martínez
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute for Depression and Personality Research (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
| | - Olga Fernández
- Millennium Institute for Depression and Personality Research (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Psiquiatria Infantil y del Adolescente, Departamento Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vania Martínez
- Millennium Institute for Depression and Personality Research (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Salud Reproductiva y Desarrollo Integral del Adolescente (CEMERA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Graciela Rojas
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute for Depression and Personality Research (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Santiago, Chile
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Omari F, Chrysanthopoulou SA, Embleton LE, Atwoli L, Ayuku DO, Sang E, Braitstein P. The impact of care environment on the mental health of orphaned, separated and street-connected children and adolescents in western Kenya: a prospective cohort analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2020-003644. [PMID: 33789867 PMCID: PMC8016077 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effect of care environment on orphaned and separated children and adolescents’ (OSCA) mental health is not well characterised in sub-Saharan Africa. We compared the risk of incident post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and suicidality among OSCA living in Charitable Children’s Institutions (CCIs), family-based care (FBC) and street-connected children and youth (SCY). Methods This prospective cohort followed up OSCA from 300 randomly selected households (FBC), 19 CCIs and 100 SCY in western Kenya from 2009 to 2019. Annual data were collected through standardised assessments. We fit survival regression models to investigate the association between care environment and mental health diagnoses. Results The analysis included 1931 participants: 1069 in FBC, 783 in CCIs and 79 SCY. At baseline, 1004 participants (52%) were male with a mean age (SD) of 13 years (2.37); 54% were double orphans. In adjusted analysis (adjusted HR, AHR), OSCA in CCIs were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with PTSD (AHR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.97), depression (AHR 0.48 95% CI 0.24 to 0.97), anxiety (AHR 0.56, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.68) and suicidality (AHR 0.73, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.95) compared with those in FBC. SCY were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD (AHR 4.52, 95% CI 4.10 to 4.97), depression (AHR 4.72, 95% CI 3.12 to 7.15), anxiety (AHR 4.71, 95% CI 1.56 to 14.26) and suicidality (AHR 3.10, 95% CI 2.14 to 4.48) compared with those in FBC. Conclusion OSCA living in CCIs in this setting were significantly less likely to have incident mental illness, while SCY were significantly more, compared with OSCA in FBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Omari
- Mental Health, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Lonnie E Embleton
- Epidemiology, University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Mental Health, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - David O Ayuku
- Behavioral Sciences, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Edwin Sang
- Data Management and Biostatistics, Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Paula Braitstein
- Epidemiology, University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hanson JL, Nacewicz BM. Amygdala Allostasis and Early Life Adversity: Considering Excitotoxicity and Inescapability in the Sequelae of Stress. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:624705. [PMID: 34140882 PMCID: PMC8203824 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.624705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA), such as child maltreatment or child poverty, engenders problems with emotional and behavioral regulation. In the quest to understand the neurobiological sequelae and mechanisms of risk, the amygdala has been of major focus. While the basic functions of this region make it a strong candidate for understanding the multiple mental health issues common after ELA, extant literature is marked by profound inconsistencies, with reports of larger, smaller, and no differences in regional volumes of this area. We believe integrative models of stress neurodevelopment, grounded in "allostatic load," will help resolve inconsistencies in the impact of ELA on the amygdala. In this review, we attempt to connect past research studies to new findings with animal models of cellular and neurotransmitter mediators of stress buffering to extreme fear generalization onto testable research and clinical concepts. Drawing on the greater impact of inescapability over unpredictability in animal models, we propose a mechanism by which ELA aggravates an exhaustive cycle of amygdala expansion and subsequent toxic-metabolic damage. We connect this neurobiological sequela to psychosocial mal/adaptation after ELA, bridging to behavioral studies of attachment, emotion processing, and social functioning. Lastly, we conclude this review by proposing a multitude of future directions in preclinical work and studies of humans that suffered ELA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brendon M. Nacewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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21
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da Silveira AC, Leite ÁJM, Cabral PC, de Oliveira AC, de Oliveira KA, de Lira PIC. Toxic stress, health and nutrition among Brazilian children in shelters. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:112. [PMID: 33676454 PMCID: PMC7936454 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Living in a shelter is an adverse experience that generates toxic stress. This situation can cause the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and exert a negative impact on health.The aim of the present study was to determine the association between toxic stress and social, clinical and nutritional characteristics in children at welfare institutions in a city of northeastern of Brazil. Methods An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted with male and female children up to 60 months of age who live in shelters. Hair cortisol was used for the assessment of stress (immunoassay). The anthropometric data collected were height for age, body mass index for age, arm circumference for age, and head circumference for age (expressed in z-scores). We also evaluated food intake using markers proposed by the Brazilian Dietary and Nutritional Vigilance Surveillance System as well as the occurrence of dental caries and anemia. Results Sixty-three children one to 60 months of age participated in the present study. Asthma was the most frequent disease (11.1%). The prevalence of short stature, anemia and dental caries in the sample was 22.2, 22.2 and 9.4%, respectively. Cortisol levels ranged from 0.93 pg/mg to 391.29 pg/mg (median: 6.17 pg/mg). Higher cortisol levels were found in children with illnesses (p = 0.012) and those who had been hospitalized after being admitted to the institutions (p = 0.001). Conclusions The majority of children had unhealthy eating behavior. The cortisol concentrations found in the present study were suggestive of dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Hypercortisolism was associated with illness and hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Poliana Coelho Cabral
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ariclécio Cunha de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism of the Institute of Biological Sciences of the State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Kochukhova O, Dyagileva Y, Mikhailova A, Orekhova L, Makhin S, Pavlenko V. Better Language - Faster Helper: The Relation Between Spontaneous Instrumental Helping Action and Language Ability in Family-Reared and Institutionalized Toddlers. PSYCHOLOGY IN RUSSIA: STATE OF ART 2021; 14:78-93. [PMID: 36733814 PMCID: PMC9888043 DOI: 10.11621/pir.2021.0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prosocial behavior is the key component of social and interpersonal relations. One of the elements of prosociality is helping behavior, which emerges already in early childhood. Researchers have identified several domains of helping behavior: instrumental helping, comforting another person, and sharing resources with others. The development of helping behavior can depend on a number of factors: children's age, the social situation of development, communication skills, and the ability to understand the feelings and needs of another person. Objective In Study 1, the main goal was to determine the effects of age and cognitive, language, and motor development on instrumental helping skills in early childhood. The goal of Study 2 was to estimate the effects of rearing in an adverse social environment by comparing the capacity for instrumental helping in family-raised and institutionalized children. Design The authors examined toddlers' (N = 198) ability to initiate spontaneous helping and the factors that may influence it. Cognitive, language, and fine motor skills were measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Child Development, 3rd edition. Children's instrumental helping behavior was assessed according to the procedure presented by Warneken and Tomasello, with a few modifications. Results Study 1 demonstrated that children's ability to initiate helping was dependent on their age: the non-helpers were significantly younger than the helpers. Children's language skills also played a significant role in their helping behavior. The children with higher language skills helped the adult more often and more quickly. Study 2 demonstrated that institutional placement per se was not related to toddlers' ability to initiate helping. Language ability was associated with helping behavior both in institution- and family-reared toddlers. Conclusion Instrumental helping in early childhood is related to children's age, language skills, and rearing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kochukhova
- Department of Psychology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Yulia Dyagileva
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Mikhailova
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Lilia Orekhova
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Makhin
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Pavlenko
- V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russian Federation
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Neurodevelopmental effects of childhood malnutrition: A neuroimaging perspective. Neuroimage 2021; 231:117828. [PMID: 33549754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately one in five children worldwide suffers from childhood malnutrition and its complications, including increased susceptibility to inflammation and infectious diseases. Due to improved early interventions, most of these children now survive early malnutrition, even in low-resource settings (LRS). However, many continue to exhibit neurodevelopmental deficits, including low IQ, poor school performance, and behavioral problems over their lifetimes. Most studies have relied on neuropsychological tests, school performance, and mental health and behavioral measures. Few studies, in contrast, have assessed brain structure and function, and to date, these have mainly relied on low-cost techniques, including electroencephalography (EEG) and evoked potentials (ERP). The use of more advanced methods of neuroimaging, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), has been limited by cost factors and lack of availability of these technologies in developing countries, where malnutrition is nearly ubiquitous. This report summarizes the current state of knowledge and evidence gaps regarding childhood malnutrition and the study of its impact on neurodevelopment. It may help to inform the development of new strategies to improve the identification, classification, and treatment of neurodevelopmental disabilities in underserved populations at the highest risk for childhood malnutrition.
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24
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Lannen P, Sand H, Sticca F, Ruiz Gallego I, Bombach C, Simoni H, Wehrle FM, Jenni OG. Development and Health of Adults Formerly Placed in Infant Care Institutions - Study Protocol of the LifeStories Project. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:611691. [PMID: 33551778 PMCID: PMC7854920 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.611691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing volume of research from global data demonstrates that institutional care under conditions of deprivation is profoundly damaging to children, particularly during the critical early years of development. However, how these individuals develop over a life course remains unclear. This study uses data from a survey on the health and development of 420 children mostly under the age of three, placed in 12 infant care institutions between 1958 and 1961 in Zurich, Switzerland. The children exhibited significant delays in cognitive, social, and motor development in the first years of life. Moreover, a follow-up of a subsample of 143 children about 10 years later revealed persistent difficulties, including depression, school related-problems, and stereotypies. Between 2019 and 2021, these formerly institutionalized study participants were located through the Swiss population registry and invited to participate once again in the research project. Now in their early sixties, they are studied for their health, further development, and life-course trajectories. A mixed-methods approach using questionnaires, neuropsychological assessments, and narrative biographical interviews was implemented by a multidisciplinary team. Combining prospective and retrospective data with standardized quantitative and biographical qualitative data allows a rich reconstruction of life histories. The availability of a community sample from the same geographic location, the 1954-1961 cohort of the Zurich Longitudinal Studies, described in detail in a paper in this issue (Wehrle et al., 2020), enables comparison with an unaffected cohort. This article describes the study design and study participants in detail and discusses the potential and limitations of a comparison with a community sample. It outlines a set of challenges and solutions encountered in the process of a lifespan longitudinal study from early childhood into the cusp of old age with a potentially vulnerable sample and summarizes the lessons learned along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lannen
- Marie Meierhofer Children’s Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Sand
- Marie Meierhofer Children’s Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Sticca
- Marie Meierhofer Children’s Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Ruiz Gallego
- Marie Meierhofer Children’s Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clara Bombach
- Marie Meierhofer Children’s Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Simoni
- Marie Meierhofer Children’s Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia M. Wehrle
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G. Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Humphreys KL, Machlin LS, Guyon-Harris KL, Nelson CA, Fox NA, Zeanah CH. Psychosocial deprivation and receptive language ability: a two-sample study. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:36. [PMID: 33327936 PMCID: PMC7745465 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The quality of early caregiving experiences is a known contributor to the quality of the language experiences young children receive. What is unknown is whether, and if so, how psychosocial deprivation early in life is associated with long-lasting receptive language outcomes. Methods Two prospective longitudinal studies examining early psychosocial deprivation/neglect in different contexts (i.e., deprivation due to institutional care or deprivation experienced by children residing within US families) and receptive language as assessed via the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) were used to assess the magnitude of these associations. First, 129 participants from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, a randomized controlled trial of foster care as an alternative to institutional care in Romania, completed a receptive language assessment at age 18 years. Second, from the USA, 3342 participants from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were assessed from infancy until middle childhood. Results Children exposed to early institutional care, on average, had lower receptive language scores than their never institutionalized counterparts in late adolescence. While randomization to an early foster care intervention had no long-lasting association with PPVT scores, the duration of childhood exposure to institutional care was negatively associated with receptive language. Psychosocial deprivation in US families was also negatively associated with receptive language longitudinally, and this association remained statistically significant even after accounting for measures of socioeconomic status. Conclusion Experiences of psychosocial deprivation may have long-lasting consequences for receptive language ability, extending to age 18 years. Psychosocial deprivation is an important prospective predictor of poorer receptive language. Trial registration Bucharest Early Intervention Project ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00747396
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Humphreys
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA. .,Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.
| | | | | | - Charles A Nelson
- Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, USA
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26
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Murray ET, Lacey R, Maughan B, Sacker A. Non-parental care in childhood and health up to 30 years later: ONS Longitudinal Study 1971-2011. Eur J Public Health 2020; 30:1121-1127. [PMID: 32683447 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children who spend time in non-parental care report worse health later in life on average, but less is known about differences by type of care. We examined whether self-rated health of adults who had been in non-parental care up to 30 years later varied by type of care. METHODS We used longitudinal data from the office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study. Participants were aged <18 and never-married at baseline of each census year from 1971 to 2001. Separately for each follow-up period (10, 20 and 30 years later), multi-level logistic regression was used to compare self-rated health outcomes by different care types. RESULTS For combined census years, sample sizes were 157 896 dependent children with 10 years of follow-up, 166 844 with 20 years of follow-up and 173 801 with 30 years of follow-up. For all follow-up cohorts, longitudinal study members who had been in care in childhood, had higher odds of rating their health as 'not good' vs. 'good'; with highest odds for residential care. For example, 10-year follow-up odds ratios were 3.5 (95% confidence interval: 2.2-5.6) for residential care, 2.1 (1.7-2.5) for relative households and 2.6 (2.1-3.3) for non-relative households, compared with parental households after adjustment for childhood demographics. Associations were weakest for 10-year, and strongest for 20-year, follow-up. Additional adjustment for childhood social circumstances reduced, but did not eliminate, associations. CONCLUSION Decades after children and young people are placed in care, they are still more likely to report worse health than children who grew up in a parental household.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily T Murray
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Lacey
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Maughan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Sacker
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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27
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Allen R, Nakonechnyi A, Benedetti MS. Anna's Story: How a Ukrainian Orphan's Acquisition of English as a Second Language Transformed Her Life. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1891/jcep-d-19-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a case study of an adult Ukrainian orphan, Anna, who acquired English as a second and accessed U.S. higher education despite the fact that adopted children or aged out orphans face a unique constellation of educational and psychological challenges in language learning. This article presents Anna's story in her own voice and advocates for the specialized needs of the underserved, often voiceless thousands of older orphans in war-stricken Ukraine. This article suggests that access to institutional agents and social capital played a key role in Anna's success. Of interest to researchers, the article postulates common, current language learning theory perhaps may not fully explain the distinct processes of language acquisition by institutionalized, language-delayed children. The article also offers tangible lessons for educators of victims of trauma, and would thus be of interest to practitioners as well as researchers in the areas of language acquisition and educational psychology.
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28
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Frenkel TI, Donzella B, Frenn KA, Rousseau S, Fox NA, Gunnar MR. Moderating the Risk for Attention Deficits in Children with Pre-Adoptive Adversity: The Protective Role of Shorter Duration of out of Home Placement and Children's Enhanced Error Monitoring. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1115-1128. [PMID: 32607754 PMCID: PMC7424597 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Early institutional-deprivation has been found to increase risk for inattention/hyperactivity (ADHD). Notably, studies suggest that children with a history of adversity evidencing an enhanced ERP (the error-related-negativity; ERN) may be protected against attention problems. However, such protective effects of the ERN have been studied in children whom typically experienced residential instability. It is unknown whether error-monitoring is similarly protective for children with stable post-deprivation placements. The present study examined the protective effect of the ERN in a sample of children who experienced at least 3-years of stable, relatively enriched caregiving after being internationally-adopted as infants/toddlers from institutional-care. We included two groups of children adopted internationally before age three, one group adopted from institutional-care (PI:n = 80) and one comparison group adopted from foster-care (FC;n = 44). A second comparison group consisted of non-adopted children (NA;n = 48) from demographically comparable families. At five-years of age, we assessed child ADHD symptoms (parent-report) and behavioral performance and neural correlates of error-monitoring (Go/No-Go task). PI children displayed lower Go/No-Go accuracy relative to FC children, and higher levels of ADHD symptoms relative to NA controls. In both FC and PI groups, longer duration of pre-adoptive out-of-home placement was associated with inattention, especially for children with deficits in error-monitoring. Enhancing cognitive control in the form of error monitoring might be a useful intervention target to protect children from some of the negative outcomes associated with adverse early care. Furthermore, results underscore that regardless of type of pre-adoptive care, we should aim to place children in stable/permanent homes as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahl I Frenkel
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Ziama Arkin Infancy Institute, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kristin A Frenn
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sofie Rousseau
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Ziama Arkin Infancy Institute, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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29
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Barrero-Castillero A, Morton SU, Nelson CA, Smith VC. Psychosocial Stress and Adversity: Effects from the Perinatal Period to Adulthood. Neoreviews 2020; 20:e686-e696. [PMID: 31792156 DOI: 10.1542/neo.20-12-e686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early exposure to stress and adversity can have both immediate and lasting effects on physical and psychological health. Critical periods have been identified in infancy, during which the presence or absence of experiences can alter developmental trajectories. There are multiple explanations for how exposure to psychosocial stress, before conception or early in life, has an impact on later increased risk for developmental delays, mental health, and chronic metabolic diseases. Through both epidemiologic and animal models, the mechanisms by which experiences are transmitted across generations are being identified. Because psychosocial stress has multiple components that can act as stress mediators, a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between multiple adverse or beneficial experiences and their ultimate effects on health is essential to best identify interventions that will improve health and outcomes. This review outlines what is known about the biology, transfer, and effects of psychosocial stress and early life adversity from the perinatal period to adulthood. This information can be used to identify potential areas in which clinicians in neonatal medicine could intervene to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Barrero-Castillero
- Division of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah U Morton
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Graduate School of Education, Boston, MA
| | - Vincent C Smith
- Division of Neonatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Boston University, Boston, MA
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Yousafzai AK. If not now, then when? The importance of intervening early to provide family-based environments for all children. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:565-566. [PMID: 32589872 PMCID: PMC7311353 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha K Yousafzai
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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31
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Institutionalisation and deinstitutionalisation of children 2: policy and practice recommendations for global, national, and local actors. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:606-633. [PMID: 32589873 PMCID: PMC7311356 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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32
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Murray ET, Lacey R, Maughan B, Sacker A. Association of childhood out-of-home care status with all-cause mortality up to 42-years later: Office of National Statistics Longitudinal Study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:735. [PMID: 32434479 PMCID: PMC7238620 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adverse life-long consequences of being looked-after as a child are well recognised, but follow-up periods for mortality risk have mostly ended in young adulthood and mortality suggested to differ by age of placement, gender and cohort in small samples. Methods Data on 353,601 Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study (LS) members during census years 1971–2001, and Cox proportional hazards regression models with time-varying covariates (age as the timescale), were used to examine whether childhood out-of-home care was associated with all-cause mortality until the end of 2013. After adjusting for baseline age and age2, gender, born outside the United Kingdom, number of census observations in childhood and baseline census year we tested whether mortality risk varied for those in care by age, gender and baseline census year, by separate assessment of interaction terms. Supplementary analyses assessed robustness of findings. Results Adults who had been in care at any census (maximum of two) had an adjusted all-cause mortality hazard ratio 1.62 (95% CI 1.43, 1.86) times higher than adults who had never been in care. The excess mortality was mainly attributable to deaths categorised as self-harm, accidents and mental & behavioural causes. Mortality risk was elevated if the LS member was initially assessed in 1981 or 2001, compared to 1971. There was no significant variation in mortality risk for those in care by age or gender. The main findings were consistent irrespective of choice of comparison group (whole population, disadvantaged population), care placement (residential, non-residential) and age at death (all ages, adulthood only). Conclusions In this large, nationally representative study of dependent children resident in England and Wales, those who had been in care during childhood had a higher risk of mortality long after they had left care on average, mainly from unnatural causes. No differences by age or gender were found. Children in care have not benefitted from the general decline in mortality risk over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily T Murray
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, LONDON, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Lacey
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, LONDON, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Maughan
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Amanda Sacker
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, LONDON, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Desmond C, Watt K, Saha A, Huang J, Lu C. Prevalence and number of children living in institutional care: global, regional, and country estimates. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:370-377. [PMID: 32151317 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children living in institutionalised settings are at risk of negative health and developmental outcomes, as well as physical and emotional abuse, yet information on their numbers is scarce. Therefore, the aim of our study was to estimate global-level, regional-level, and country-level numbers and percentages of children living in institutional care. METHODS In this estimation study, we did a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications and a comprehensive review of surveys and unpublished literature to construct a dataset on children living in institutional care from 136 countries between 2001 and 2018. We applied a wide range of methods to estimate the number and percentages of children living in institutional care in 191 countries in 2015, the year the Sustainable Development Goals were adopted. We generated 98 sets of estimates for each dataset, with possible combinations of imputation methods for countries with different available data points. Of these 98 sets, we report here five types of global-level estimates: estimates with the highest values, those with the lowest values, those with median values, those with uncertainty levels, and those derived from methods with the smallest root-mean-square errors (RMSE). FINDINGS Global estimates of children living in institutions in 2015 was highly sensitive to the methods and data used, ranging from 3·18 million to 9·42 million children, with a median estimate of 5·37 million. When selecting the method with the lowest RMSE, the global estimate was 4·21 million, whereas with negative binomial regression with bootstrapping, the global estimate was 7·52 (95% CI 7·48-7·56) million. We also observed large variations in country-level estimates. Compared with other regions, estimates in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America had larger variations in values when switching between estimation methods. High-income countries had the highest average prevalence of institutionalisation, whereas low-income countries had the lowest average prevalence. Estimates from the full data with the smallest RMSE method showed that south Asia had the largest estimated number of children living in institutions (1·13 million), followed by Europe and central Asia (1·01 million), east Asia and Pacific (0·78 million), sub-Saharan Africa (0·65 million), Middle East and North Africa (0·30 million), Latin America and the Caribbean (0·23 million), and North America (0·09 million). North America consistently had the lowest estimates among all regions. INTERPRETATION Worldwide, institutional care places millions of children at elevated risk of negative health and developmental outcomes, highlighting the need for deinstitutionalisation. However, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the number of children living in institutions. To improve estimates of the size of this population, we need to standardise the definition of institutional care and improve data collection, particularly in countries with large child populations. FUNDING Lumos Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Desmond
- Centre for Liberation Studies, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Kathryn Watt
- Centre for Liberation Studies, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Anamika Saha
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jialin Huang
- National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunling Lu
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Background The Haitian orphanage sector receives more than 70 million United States Dollars (USD) in foreign aid annually and continues grow; there are over 500 orphanages in Port-Au-Prince alone. An estimated 80% of the 30,000 children living in Haitian orphanages have at least one living parent. Objectives This research seeks to identify factors contributing to maternal-child separation in Port-Au-Prince to understand motivations and attitudes surrounding maternal-child separation. We hypothesized that poverty, health status, and current state of the family unit are influential in the mother's decision to separate from her child. Methods From June to August 2017, a chain referral sampling study was conducted in Port-Au-Prince and the surrounding metropolitan area. Seventy interviews were conducted with (1) Mothers - separated (n = 8) and non-separated (n = 48) - and (2) Community leaders exposed to maternal-child separation (n = 18). The semi-structured interview consisted of questions about (1) exposure to maternal-child separation, (2) circumstances surrounding maternal-child separation, and (3) factors contributing to maternal-child separation. Additionally, all mothers completed a survey including demographic information and multiple validated surveys: Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and PTSD Checklist (PCL) to address quality of life, depression, and PTSD, respectively. Findings This study found separation to be associated with poor economic means compounded with other factors, most notably access to education, ability to care for disabled children, insufficient support, and poor maternal mental health. Additional themes identified include negative stigma towards maternal-child separation and sparse education surrounding family planning. Quantitative findings revealed separated mothers experienced significantly higher rates of PTSD compared to non-separated, small but statistically worse quality of life, and no difference in rates of major depression. Conclusion This research finds economic means to be insufficient in predicting maternal-child separation, with access to education being the most salient contributing factor mentioned after economics. Findings from this study will inform development of programming focusing on education, family planning, and social support in Port-Au-Prince.
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Richter L, Black M, Britto P, Daelmans B, Desmond C, Devercelli A, Dua T, Fink G, Heymann J, Lombardi J, Lu C, Naicker S, Vargas-Barón E. Early childhood development: an imperative for action and measurement at scale. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001302. [PMID: 31297254 PMCID: PMC6590994 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiences during early childhood shape biological and psychological structures and functions in ways that affect health, well-being and productivity throughout the life course. The science of early childhood and its long-term consequences have generated political momentum to improve early childhood development and elevated action to country, regional and global levels. These advances have made it urgent that a framework, measurement tools and indicators to monitor progress globally and in countries are developed and sustained. We review progress in three areas of measurement contributing to these goals: the development of an index to allow country comparisons of young children’s development that can easily be incorporated into ongoing national surveys; improvements in population-level assessments of young children at risk of poor early development; and the production of country profiles of determinants, drivers and coverage for early childhood development and services using currently available data in 91 countries. While advances in these three areas are encouraging, more investment is needed to standardise measurement tools, regularly collect country data at the population level, and improve country capacity to collect, interpret and use data relevant to monitoring progress in early childhood development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Richter
- Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | - Maureen Black
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pia Britto
- Early Childhood Development, Unicef USA, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Bernadette Daelmans
- Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris Desmond
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amanda Devercelli
- Early Childhood Development, World Bank Group, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Tarun Dua
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Günther Fink
- Household Economics and Health Systems, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Global Health and Population, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jody Heymann
- Fielding School of Public Health and WORLD Policy Analysis Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joan Lombardi
- Early Opportunities, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Chunling Lu
- Division of Global Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Naicker
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Gayapersad A, Ombok C, Kamanda A, Tarus C, Ayuku D, Braitstein P. The Production and Reproduction of Kinship in Charitable Children’s Institutions in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Moffa M, Cronk R, Fejfar D, Dancausse S, Padilla LA, Bartram J. A systematic scoping review of hygiene behaviors and environmental health conditions in institutional care settings for orphaned and abandoned children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:1161-1174. [PMID: 30677980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate hygiene behaviors and environmental health conditions are fundamental to children's health, development, and well-being. They are especially important in institutional care settings for orphaned and abandoned children, a particularly vulnerable population whose basic needs are often not met. OBJECTIVES We systematically reviewed the evidence about hygiene behaviors and environmental health conditions in institutional care settings for children and associated health outcomes; interventions to improve these behaviors, conditions, and outcomes; and obstacles to improvement. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCOhost were searched for studies in the peer-reviewed and grey literature. Studies were included if they reported primary data on one or more environmental health condition or hygiene behavior in an institutional care setting for orphaned and abandoned children. RESULTS Forty-five publications reporting on over 500 institutions in 29 countries were included. The most documented concern was poor personal hygiene behaviors followed by inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure and overcrowding. Protozoan, helminthic, viral infections, and diarrheal illness among institutionalized children were the most commonly documented associated health outcomes. DISCUSSION More studies documented the status of hygiene and environmental health in children's institutions than interventions to improve behaviors and conditions. Insufficient finances and expertise or involvement of caregivers are reported barriers to implementing improvements in children's institutions. The development of guidelines for essential environmental health standards in orphanages, monitoring of facility conditions, accountability for facility deficiencies, and implementation research to identify improvement opportunities would contribute to and promote the health and development of orphaned and abandoned children worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Moffa
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ryan Cronk
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Donald Fejfar
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sarah Dancausse
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Njelesani J. "A child who is hidden has no rights": Responses to violence against children with disabilities. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 89:58-69. [PMID: 30634100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to understand how best to prevent and respond to violence against children with disabilities as they are at a high risk for violence because they are marginalized, isolated, and targeted and have little power within their communities. OBJECTIVE Guided by social-ecological theory, this study explores responses to violence against children with disabilities, including preventative measures and treatment of victims in the West African countries of Guinea, Niger, Sierra Leone, and Togo. PARTICIPANTS Participants were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling from the following three groups: disability stakeholders including representatives from local, national, and international organizations and governments; community members including parents, teachers, and leaders; and children with disabilities. METHODS A qualitative study design guided data generation, that included document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups across the four countries. In total, 419 people participated. Of those participants, 191 took part in an interview and the rest participated in one of 55 focus groups. FINDINGS Responses to disability-based violence are driven at the mesosystem and exosystem levels. Prevailing views indicated that national level policies and laws are not always considered part of solutions, communities are leading responses to violence, and children with disabilities are hidden at home or in institutions for both their own and their family's safety. Conclusions The findings can inform development of prevention and intervention programs that will protect children with disabilities from violence in contexts with high levels of disability stigma, social conflict, violence, and poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Njelesani
- Department of Occupational Therapy, New York University, Pless Hall, 82 Washington Square East, 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10012, United States.
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39
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Gabatz RIB, Schwartz E, Milbrath VM. Institutional caregiver experiences in child care. ESCOLA ANNA NERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2018-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: to know the experience of institutional caregivers in child care. Method: qualitative research that used the Attachment Theory and the Symbolic Interactionism. Fifteen caregivers were interviewed, in 2015, in a child care institution based in a municipality in the south of Brazil. Data were analyzed through content analysis. Results: two categories emerged from the study: Embracing the children in the institution; Helping children adapt to institutionalization. Institutionalization imposes several social ills, such as abandonment and violence. These must be faced by caregivers, generating sadness and revolt. In addition, institutionalization leaves a mark on the child’s life, which belongs to no one, nor has his individuality and subjectivity preserved. Conclusion and Implications for practice: it is necessary to provide caregivers psychological support and Permanent Education so that they are supported in the work, improving the conditions of care offered to the child.
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Humphreys KL. Future Directions in the Study and Treatment of Parent-Child Separation. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 48:166-178. [PMID: 30556737 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1534209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Children require adult caregivers to survive and thrive. In the absence of committed and nurturing care, children face increased risk for a number of difficulties, including internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, cognitive and language deficits, and social difficulties. Recent changes in the U.S. immigration system have resulted in a large number of children removed from their parents, drawing increased scrutiny to the impact of parent-child separation and best practices for caring for children who have been separated. Drawing from work on children exposed to institutional care, as well as research on children separated from caregivers due to validated abuse and neglect, it is clear that children belong in families that are safe and supportive and that some forms of substitute care (i.e., institutional or group-based care) are insufficient to meet children's needs. However, it is difficult to know the specific impact of parent-child separation on child outcomes given that stressors often cluster and pre-separation experiences and post-separation placements also contribute to the experience of separation from a parent and subsequent functioning. Attempts to parse the specific contributions of each separation-related stressor, examining sensitive periods in the impact of separation, studying the mechanisms by which separations affect children, and consideration of the broader social and political context are useful future directions for moving this area of study forward. We must also more fully probe the roles that caregivers play in child development. Lastly, we must endeavor to cease practices of removing children from loving and capable caregivers and, when necessary, provide support to parents and children who have experienced separation.
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Early Caregiver–Child Interaction and Children’s Development: Lessons from the St. Petersburg-USA Orphanage Intervention Research Project. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2018; 22:208-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s10567-018-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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42
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Effects of early institutionalization on emotion processing in 12-year-old youth. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 29:1749-1761. [PMID: 29162181 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examined facial emotion recognition in 12-year-olds in a longitudinally followed sample of children with and without exposure to early life psychosocial deprivation (institutional care). Half of the institutionally reared children were randomized into foster care homes during the first years of life. Facial emotion recognition was examined in a behavioral task using morphed images. This same task had been administered when children were 8 years old. Neutral facial expressions were morphed with happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotional facial expressions, and children were asked to identify the emotion of each face, which varied in intensity. Consistent with our previous report, we show that some areas of emotion processing, involving the recognition of happy and fearful faces, are affected by early deprivation, whereas other areas, involving the recognition of sad and angry faces, appear to be unaffected. We also show that early intervention can have a lasting positive impact, normalizing developmental trajectories of processing negative emotions (fear) into the late childhood/preadolescent period.
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43
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Collins PY, Pringle B, Alexander C, Darmstadt GL, Heymann J, Huebner G, Kutlesic V, Polk C, Sherr L, Shih A, Sretenov D, Zindel M. Global services and support for children with developmental delays and disabilities: Bridging research and policy gaps. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002393. [PMID: 28922419 PMCID: PMC5603146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pamela Collins and colleagues explain the research and policy approaches needed globally to ensure children with developmental delays and disabilities are fully included in health and education services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Y. Collins
- Office for Research on Disparities & Global Mental Health, US National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Beverly Pringle
- Office for Research on Disparities & Global Mental Health, US National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charlee Alexander
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Darmstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jody Heymann
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, WORLD Policy Analysis Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gillian Huebner
- Maestral International, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Vesna Kutlesic
- Office of Global Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Polk
- HighScope Educational Research Foundation, Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Shih
- Autism Speaks, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dragana Sretenov
- Early Childhood Program, Open Society Foundations, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Zindel
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington DC, United States of America
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Berens AE, Jensen SKG, Nelson CA. Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications. BMC Med 2017; 15:135. [PMID: 28724431 PMCID: PMC5518144 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic or community violence, have been associated in epidemiological studies with increased lifetime risk of adverse outcomes, including diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and psychiatric illnesses. Additional work has shed light on the potential molecular mechanisms by which early adversity becomes "biologically embedded" in altered physiology across body systems. This review surveys evidence on such mechanisms and calls on researchers, clinicians, policymakers, and other practitioners to act upon evidence. OBSERVATIONS Childhood psychosocial adversity has wide-ranging effects on neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic physiology. Molecular mechanisms broadly implicate disruption of central neural networks, neuroendocrine stress dysregulation, and chronic inflammation, among other changes. Physiological disruption predisposes individuals to common diseases across the life course. CONCLUSIONS Reviewed evidence has important implications for clinical practice, biomedical research, and work across other sectors relevant to public health and child wellbeing. Warranted changes include increased clinical screening for exposures among children and adults, scale-up of effective interventions, policy advocacy, and ongoing research to develop new evidence-based response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Berens
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah K G Jensen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA. .,Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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Sherr L, Macedo A, Cluver LD, Meinck F, Skeen S, Hensels IS, Sherr LTS, Roberts KJ, Tomlinson M. Parenting, the other oldest profession in the world - a cross-sectional study of parenting and child outcomes in South Africa and Malawi. Health Psychol Behav Med 2017; 5:145-165. [PMID: 30221074 PMCID: PMC6135096 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2016.1276459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenting quality is important in child development. In the presence of HIV poverty and life stress, parenting may be challenged and child development affected. METHODS This study examines cross-sectional associations of situational factors such as poverty, mental health, HIV status, living with a biological parent, and stigma with good parenting and child outcomes (n=989; age=4-13 years) within the Child Community Care study (South Africa and Malawi). A parenting measure was created from 10 variables comprising 6 child and 4 parent ratings. These were highly correlated. Total parenting score was generated on a 10 point continuous scale, with a good parenting cut off then defined as >=8 out of a possible 10. RESULTS Five factors were associated with good parenting. Positively associated with good parenting were being the biological parent of the child, parental mental health and dwelling in households with multiple adults. Poverty and stigma were negatively associated with good parenting. Using multiple mediation analysis, a positive direct effect of good parenting was found on child self-esteem, child behaviour and educational risks with a partial mediation via child depression and trauma. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight possible intervention points. Influences on parenting could be seen through being the biological parent, parental mental health, poverty and stigma. In these challenging environments, health, nutrition, mental health, education, and treatment to keep parents alive are all clearly identified as potential pathways to ensure child well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sherr
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Macedo
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - L D Cluver
- Department of Social Policy & Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F Meinck
- Department of Social Policy & Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Skeen
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - I S Hensels
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - L T S Sherr
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - K J Roberts
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Tomlinson
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Abstract
Institutions are not necessarily good environments for children. In the face of challenges such as HIV, Ebola, poverty, conflict and disaster the numbers have grown rather than reduced. Some countries have closed institutions down -driven by findings that cognitive developmental delay is associated with institutional care. Yet insight into abuse and violence within institutionalised settings is neglected. Maltreatment -violence and abuse -may be an issue. This systematic review series addresses violence and abuse experiences in institutionalised care, exploring firstly the frequency of abuse/violence in institutions, secondly any interventions to reduce such violence or abuse and thirdly the perpetrators of such violence or abuse. The final systematic review updates the findings on cognitive delay associated with institutionalised care. With a violence lens, cognitive delay may well be considered under the umbrella of neglect. Maltreatment and abuse may be a driver of cognitive delay. The keyword search covered several electronic databases and studies were included for data abstraction if they met adequacy criteria. Eight studies were identified on the prevalence of abuse in institutions and a further three studies reported on interventions. Only one study was identified documenting peer on peer violence in institutions. Sixty-six studies were identified examining cognitive development for institutionalised children. All but two of these record cognitive deficits associated with institutionalisation. Only two asked about violence or abuse which was found to be higher in institutionalised children. Overall the abuse experiences of children in institutions are poorly recorded, and in one study violence was associated with high suicidal attempts. The major intervention pathway for ameliorating cognitive challenge seems to be placement out of the institutions which shows benefits and redresses some cognitive outcomes - yet not a total panacea. The single study providing training and monitoring of harsh punishment and maltreatment showed immediate and decided reductions. This data suggest, despite the paucity of studies, violence and abuse, by commission or omission is prevalent in institutions, has an effect on child well-being and is amenable to intervention. Simple training or more complex structures to place children within conducive alternative environments (or to avoid institutionalised placements in the first place) seem to be the main pathway of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Sherr
- a Department of Infection & Population Health , University College London , London , UK
| | - Kathryn J Roberts
- a Department of Infection & Population Health , University College London , London , UK
| | - Natasha Gandhi
- a Department of Infection & Population Health , University College London , London , UK
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Black MM, Walker SP, Fernald LCH, Andersen CT, DiGirolamo AM, Lu C, McCoy DC, Fink G, Shawar YR, Shiffman J, Devercelli AE, Wodon QT, Vargas-Barón E, Grantham-McGregor S. Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. Lancet 2017; 389:77-90. [PMID: 27717614 PMCID: PMC5884058 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1177] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early childhood development programmes vary in coordination and quality, with inadequate and inequitable access, especially for children younger than 3 years. New estimates, based on proxy measures of stunting and poverty, indicate that 250 million children (43%) younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries are at risk of not reaching their developmental potential. There is therefore an urgent need to increase multisectoral coverage of quality programming that incorporates health, nutrition, security and safety, responsive caregiving, and early learning. Equitable early childhood policies and programmes are crucial for meeting Sustainable Development Goals, and for children to develop the intellectual skills, creativity, and wellbeing required to become healthy and productive adults. In this paper, the first in a three part Series on early childhood development, we examine recent scientific progress and global commitments to early childhood development. Research, programmes, and policies have advanced substantially since 2000, with new neuroscientific evidence linking early adversity and nurturing care with brain development and function throughout the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen M Black
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; RTI International, Research Park, NC, USA.
| | - Susan P Walker
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Lia C H Fernald
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Chunling Lu
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dana C McCoy
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Günther Fink
- Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yusra R Shawar
- School of Social Policy and Practice, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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48
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Friedman SL, Norwood KW. Out-of-Home Placement for Children and Adolescents With Disabilities-Addendum: Care Options for Children and Adolescents With Disabilities and Medical Complexity. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-3216. [PMID: 27940748 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and adolescents with significant intellectual and developmental disabilities and complex medical problems require safe and comprehensive care to meet their medical and psychosocial needs. Ideally, such children and youth should be cared for by their families in their home environments. When this type of arrangement is not possible, there should be exploration of appropriate, alternative noncongregate community-based settings, especially alternative family homes. Government funding sources exist to support care in the community, although there is variability among states with regard to the availability of community programs and resources. It is important that families are supported in learning about options of care. Pediatricians can serve as advocates for their patients and their families to access community-based services and to increase the availability of resources to ensure that the option to live in a family home is available to all children with complex medical needs.
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49
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Kochukhova O, Mikhailova A, Dyagileva J, Makhin S, Pavlenko V. Temperament differences between institution- and family-reared toddlers. Infant Behav Dev 2016; 45:91-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Gray CL, Pence BW, Messer LC, Ostermann J, Whetten RA, Thielman NM, O'Donnell K, Whetten K. Civic engagement among orphans and non-orphans in five low- and middle-income countries. Global Health 2016; 12:61. [PMID: 27729052 PMCID: PMC5057410 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-016-0202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Communities and nations seeking to foster social responsibility in their youth are interested in understanding factors that predict and promote youth involvement in public activities. Orphans and separated children (OSC) are a vulnerable population whose numbers are increasing, particularly in resource-poor settings. Understanding whether and how OSC are engaged in civic activities is important for community and world leaders who need to provide care for OSC and ensure their involvement in sustainable development. METHODS The Positive Outcomes for Orphans study (POFO) is a multi-country, longitudinal cohort study of OSC randomly sampled from institution-based care and from family-based care, and of non-OSC sampled from the same study regions. Participants represent six sites in five low-and middle-income countries. We examined civic engagement activities and government trust among subjects > =16 years old at 90-month follow-up (approximately 7.5 years after baseline). We calculated prevalences and estimated the association between key demographic variables and prevalence of regular volunteer work using multivariable Poisson regression, with sampling weights to accounting for the complex sampling design. RESULTS Among the 1,281 POFO participants > =16 who were assessed at 90-month follow-up, 45 % participated in regular community service or volunteer work; two-thirds of those volunteers did so on a strictly voluntary basis. While government trust was fairly high, at approximately 70 % for each level of government, participation in voting was only 15 % among those who were > =18 years old. We did not observe significant associations between demographic characteristics and regular volunteer work, with the exception of large variation by study site. CONCLUSION As the world's leaders grapple with the many competing demands of global health, economic security, and governmental stability, the participation of today's youth in community and governance is essential for sustainability. This study provides a first step in understanding the degree to which OSC from different care settings across multiple low- and middle-income countries are engaged in their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB #7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Brian W Pence
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB #7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.,Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lynne C Messer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB #7435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.,Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,School of Community Health, College of Urban and Public Affairs, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR, 97207, USA
| | - Jan Ostermann
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Rachel A Whetten
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Nathan M Thielman
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Department of Medicine, DUMC #3152, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Karen O'Donnell
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Center for Child and Family Health, Duke University, 411 West Chapel Hill Street, Suite 908, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Whetten
- Center for Health Policy, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Box 90239, Duke University, Box 90239, Durham, NC, 27708-0239, USA
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