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Macías-Cortés E. Understanding Why Homeopathic Medicines are Used for Menopause: Searching for Insights into Neuroendocrine Features. HOMEOPATHY 2024; 113:54-66. [PMID: 37399836 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1769734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menopause is a physiological event that marks the end of a woman's reproductive stage in life. Vasomotor symptoms and changes in mood are among its most important effects. Homeopathy has been used for many years in treating menopausal complaints, though clinical and pre-clinical research in this field is limited. Homeopathy often bases its prescription on neuropsychiatric symptoms, but it is unknown if homeopathic medicines (HMs) exert a neuroendocrine effect that causes an improvement in vasomotor symptoms and mood during menopause. OBJECTIVES The study's objectives were to address the pathophysiological changes of menopause that could help in the understanding of the possible effect of HMs at a neuroendocrine level, to review the current evidence for two of the most frequently prescribed HMs for menopause (Lachesis mutus and Sepia officinalis), and to discuss the future directions of research in this field. METHODS An extensive literature search for the pathophysiologic events of menopause and depression, as well as for the current evidence for HMs in menopause and depression, was performed. RESULTS Neuroendocrine changes are involved in the pathophysiology of vasomotor symptoms and changes in mood during menopause. Gonadal hormones modulate neurotransmitter systems. Both play a role in mood disorders and temperature regulation. It has been demonstrated that Gelsemium sempervirens, Ignatia amara and Chamomilla matricaria exert anxiolytic effects in rodent models. Lachesis mutus and Sepia officinalis are frequently prescribed for important neuropsychiatric and vasomotor symptoms. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in mood, is among the constituents of the ink of the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. CONCLUSION Based on all the pathophysiologic events of menopause and the improvement in menopausal complaints that certain HMs show in daily practice, these medicines might have a direct or indirect neuroendocrine effect in the body, possibly triggered via an as-yet unidentified biological mechanism. Many unanswered questions in this field require further pre-clinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Macías-Cortés
- Outpatient Homeopathy Service, Hospital Juárez de México, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
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Luo G, Ma H, Wang S, Yao C, Li Y, Sun D, Zhang X. Sex differences in prevalence and clinical correlates of suicide attempts in first-episode and drug-naïve patients with anxious depression in a Chinese Han population: A large-scale cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:252-260. [PMID: 37838263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Anxious depression (AD) has been extensively studied. However, fewer studies have examined sex differences in the prevalence of suicide attempts among AD patients. This study aimed to explore sex differences in suicide attempts and risk factors in patients with AD. METHODS 1380 first episode drug-naïve patients with AD were recruited. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were measured using a self-administered demographic questionnaire. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Inventory (HAMA), and positive subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess patients' clinical symptoms. We also measured the patient's blood glucose, lipids, and thyroid axis hormone levels. RESULTS There were no sex differences in the prevalence of suicide attempts in patients with FEDN anxious depression. In addition, binary logistic regression analysis showed that HAMA score, TSH levels, and TPOAb levels significantly predicted suicide attempts in both male and female patients with AD, while HAMD score significantly predicted suicide attempts in female patients with AD only. CONCLUSIONS The severity of anxiety and higher levels of TSH and TPOAb were associated with an increased risk for suicide attempts in both male and female patients with AD, whereas the severity of depression was only associated with suicide attempts in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Luo
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Hongyun Ma
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Cong Yao
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 3210 Humin Rd, Shanghai 201108, China
| | - Daliang Sun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Alateeq D, Binsuwaidan L, Alazwari L, Algarni M, Al Hussain M, Alzahrani R, Aljohani R. Dysmenorrhea and depressive symptoms among female university students: a descriptive study from Saudi Arabia. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2022; 58:106. [PMID: 36090615 PMCID: PMC9447356 DOI: 10.1186/s41983-022-00542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysmenorrhea has significantly increased in prevalence. There is also evidence of the coexistence of dysmenorrhea and psychological disorders. This study aims to explore the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and investigate its correlation with depressive symptoms among Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU) students. All participants (N = 487) in this cross-sectional study provided sociodemographic data, menstrual and medical history, and completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale and (working ability, location, intensity, days of pain, dysmenorrhea [WaLIDD]) scale on a self-administered online questionnaire. Results The mean age of the females was 20.64 ± 2.38 years, and 40.7% were from health colleges. Severe dysmenorrhea requiring medical attention and pain killers or herbs was reported by 30.8% of the students. Significant predictors of severe dysmenorrhea were: younger age, earlier menarche, pain killers and herbs used for menstrual pain, a doctor visit for menstrual pain, and depression. In addition, significant protective factors of depression were: later menarche age, having a regular menstrual cycle, and longer duration. Conclusions Students with severe dysmenorrhea have a higher risk of depression than other students. The findings stress the importance of awareness, education, a multidisciplinary approach to women's health, and early detection to prevent future complications.
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Estibeiro V, Juntunen A, Bond JC, Harlow BL. Menstrual Cycle Characteristics and Vulvodynia. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022; 31:1127-1136. [PMID: 35041490 PMCID: PMC9419961 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.9011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The menstrual cycle may influence vulvodynia through hormonal pathways or vulvar irritation due to menstruation or menstrual hygiene. We assessed menstrual cycle characteristics in those with and without clinically confirmed vulvodynia. Materials and Methods: Participants were recruited from the administrative database of a health care network serving ∼27% of Minneapolis-Saint Paul residents. For 220 clinically confirmed cases and 224 controls, menstrual cycle characteristics were retrospectively assessed at three time points: before age 18, the year before onset of vulvar pain, and 3 months before study participation. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between menstrual characteristics at all three time points and vulvodynia. Models adjusted for prespecified confounders were evaluated against crude effect estimates. Results: Women with heavier menstrual flows had higher odds of vulvodynia compared with women with lighter menstrual flows during their adolescent years (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.91-2.86), the year before onset of vulvar pain (OR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.10-4.02), and during the 3 months before study participation (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 0.91-3.06). Women with more severe cramps also had higher odds of vulvodynia compared with women with no or mild cramps during their adolescent years (OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.45-4.15), the year before onset of vulvar pain (OR = 3.30, 95% CI 1.67-6.51), and during the 3 months before study participation (OR = 4.96, 95% CI 1.99-12.36). Women with specific premenstrual symptoms also reported higher odds of vulvodynia. Among those with vulvodynia, half reported a change in vulvar pain across the menstrual cycle, with 60% of these reporting greater pain just before and during menstruation. Furthermore, we observe a trend of decreased tampon use and increased use of sanitary pads as women with vulvodynia moved closer to their date of diagnosis. Conclusions: Menstrual cycle characteristics were associated with vulvodynia, and associations were consistent across different phases of the reproductive life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Estibeiro
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison Juntunen
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia C Bond
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernard L Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Dvornyk V, Churnosov M, Deng HW. Polymorphisms of the TNF, LTA, and TNFRSF1B genes are associated with onsets of menarche and menopause in US women of European ancestry. Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:400-405. [PMID: 34595982 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1987519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TNF, LTA and TNFRSF1B genes have been implicated in various traits related to menarche and menopause. AIM To analyse the TNF, LTA and TNFRSF1B genes for their association with ages at menarche (AM) and natural menopause (ANM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 314 unrelated females of European ancestry. Twenty SNPs located in and near the genes were analysed using various statistical methods. In addition, the functional significance of the loci associated with AM and ANM was analysed in silico. RESULTS Locus rs2229094 of the LTA gene was associated with AM according to the additive (β = -0.295, pperm = 0.016) and recessive (β = -0.940, pperm = 0.016) genetic models. Haplotype GG rs1148459-rs590368 of the TNFRSF1B gene was associated with AM (β = 0.307, pperm = 0.023). Haplotype GCA rs2844484-rs2229094-rs1799964 was associated with ANM after adjustment for covariates (β = -1.020, pperm = 0.035). All studied loci were associated with ANM after adjustment for breastfeeding (raw p < 0.05). In addition, eight of the most significant models of interlocus interactions were associated with AM and five with ANM. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that the TNF, LTA and TNFRSF1B genes are associated with AM and ANM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Dvornyk
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane Centre of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Takmaz T, Gundogmus I, Okten SB, Gunduz A. The impact of COVID-19-related mental health issues on menstrual cycle characteristics of female healthcare providers. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:3241-3249. [PMID: 34137123 PMCID: PMC8447072 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the association between menstrual cycle regularity in healthcare providers and COVID‐19 pandemic‐related anxiety, depression, stress. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted by administrating online questionnaires to female healthcare workers in Turkey. Women aged 18–40 years with regular menstrual cycles for more than 1 year before the beginning of the pandemic were included in the study and they were divided into two groups according to menstrual cycle regularity during the pandemic. The questionnaires included sociodemographic characteristics, medical and reproductive history, lifestyle information of participants, COVID‐19 Stress Scales (CSS), and a short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS‐21). Results A total of 952 women were included in the study, 679 had regular menstrual cycles, and 273 had irregular menstrual cycles. The prevalence of irregular menses among Turkish women healthcare workers aged 18–40 years was 28.7%. The CSS subdimensions and total scores were significantly higher in the irregular menstruation group than in women with regular menstruation (p < 0.001). The DASS‐21 depression, anxiety, and stress subdimensions were likewise significantly higher in women with irregular menstruation (p < 0.001). Besides, both the univariable and the multivariable logistic regression results showed the relationship between irregular menstruation and CSS total score. Conclusion The current study showed the association between the COVID‐19 pandemic‐induced anxiety, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and increased prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularity among healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Takmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bezmialem University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Gundogmus
- Department of Psychiatry, Kırıkkale Yüksek İhtisas Hospital, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Sabri Berkem Okten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anil Gunduz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Does premenstrual syndrome before pregnancy increase the risk of postpartum depression? Findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. J Affect Disord 2021; 279:143-148. [PMID: 33049432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous literature suggests a positive association between history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and development of postpartum depression (PPD); however, limited evidence has come from prospective population-based studies and whether history of depression affects this association is unknown. METHODS This study included 5479 women from the 1973-78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health and estimated the association between pre-pregnancy PMS and PPD. Participants were followed from 22-27 years in 2000 to 37-42 years in 2015. PMS was collected from a 4-category Likert-scale reporting on frequency of PMS in the last 12 months (never, rarely, sometimes, or often) at the survey preceding an index birth. PPD was ascertained from reports of doctor diagnoses for each birth. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the association of interest. The role of history of depression was assessed by testing its interaction with pre-pregnancy PMS. RESULTS During 15 years' follow-up, 15.4% of participating women reported PPD; and 55.1% reported PMS (rarely: 17.2%, sometimes: 25.7%, and often: 12.2%). Compared to women who had no PMS before pregnancy, those who rarely had PMS had similar risk of PPD (1.03, 0.82-1.30); whereas those who sometimes or often had PMS had significantly higher risk of PPD (1.31, 1.09-1.57 and 1.51, 1.22-1.87, respectively). History of depression did not affect the association. LIMITATIONS PMS was self-reported. PMS severity was not collected. CONCLUSIONS This large population-based study provides evidence of a dose-response relationship between PMS prior to pregnancy and PPD, independent of history of depression. Evidence to date suggests PMS has the potential to help identify women at increased risk of PPD before pregnancy.
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Miyamoto M, Hanatani Y, Shibuya K. Dietary intake and menstrual cycle changes in international level young athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:851-856. [PMID: 33146493 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the influence of nutritional status and mental stress on menstrual cycle characteristics. The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of low energy availability (EA) and mental health problems on the menstrual cycles of elite female rowing competitors during a survey period. METHODS We enrolled sixteen subjects (16-18 years old) who were elite female rowing competitors preparing for an international competition. This study provides the first long-term assessment of dietary intake, body mass/composition, state of anxiety, and menstrual cycle in international level female athletes. RESULTS Dietary energy intake increased significantly during the investigation period (P<0.001). CHO intake increased significantly during the investigation period (P<0.005). EA significantly increased during the investigation period (P<0.01). The percentage of athletes with menstrual dysfunction was 20.0% in April 2018 (2 of 10), but none of the athletes reported menstrual dysfunction in October 2019. The mental status measured by state anxiety index (STAI) did not change significantly during this survey period (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS There was no athlete who has menstrual disfunction after sufficient CHO intake during this survey period. These findings of this study suggest that adequate EA levels and sufficient CHO intake might lead to improved menstrual function. In addition, the impact of psychological factors on menstrual dysfunction at normal levels may be less than the effects of nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Miyamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan -
| | | | - Kenichi Shibuya
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.,Japan Rowing Association, Tokyo, Japan
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Badiya PK, Siddabattuni S, Dey D, Javvaji SK, Nayak SP, Hiremath AC, Upadhyaya R, Madras L, Nalam RL, Prabhakar Y, Vaitheswaran S, Manjjuri AR, Jk KK, Subramaniyan M, Raghunatha Sarma R, Ramamurthy SS. Identification of clinical and psychosocial characteristics associated with perinatal depression in the south Indian population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020; 66:161-170. [PMID: 32871347 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longitudinal perinatal depression (PND) data is sparsely available in the Indian population. We have employed Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to assess the prevalence and identify characteristics associated with PND in the south Indian population. PND was assessed longitudinally using EPDS scores with traditional cut-off approach as well as a novel method of latent class mixture modeling (LCMM). The LCMM method, to the best of our knowledge, has been used for the first time in the Indian population. METHODS Three hundred and forty seven women, predominantly from economically-weaker sections of rural and urban South India were longitudinally assessed for antenatal depression (AD) and postnatal depression (PD) using EPDS cutoff-scores ≥13 and ≥10, respectively. Uni/multivariable analyses were used to identify PND associated characteristics. LCMM was then implemented, followed by risk characteristics identification. RESULTS PND prevalence from traditional approach was 24.50 % (12.68 % AD; 18.16% PD). Characteristics associated with PND were urban-site and recent adverse life events. Irregular menstrual history and chronic health issues were associated with AD and PD, respectively. Three distinct PND trajectories were observed from LCMM-analysis: low-risk (76.08%), medium-risk (19.89%) and high-risk (4.04%). Urban-site, recent adverse life events, irregular menstrual history and pregnancy complications were associated with medium-risk/high-risk trajectories. LIMITATIONS EPDS is a screening tool and not a diagnostic tool for depression. Since the study population included women from economically-weaker sections, the results need verification in other socio-economic groups. CONCLUSIONS Both the traditional cut-off-based approach and LCMM provided very similar conclusions regarding the prevalence of PND and characteristics associated with it. Higher PND prevalence was observed in urban women compared to rural women. In low-income countries, identifying risk characteristics associated with PND is a critical component in designing prevention strategies for PND related conditions because of the limited access to mental health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Badiya
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, 515134 Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sasidhar Siddabattuni
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, 515134 Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sai Kiran Javvaji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Cardiology, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Sai Prasad Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Brindavan Campus, Kadugodi, Bangalore 560067, Karnataka, India
| | - Akkamahadevi C Hiremath
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Rajani Upadhyaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital, Prasanthi Nilayam, 515134 Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Loukya Madras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital, Prasanthi Nilayam, 515134 Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Lakshmi Nalam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital, Prasanthi Nilayam, 515134 Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Yendluri Prabhakar
- Department of Psychiatry, Government medical college/Government general hospital, Anantapur 515001, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sridhar Vaitheswaran
- Dementia Care, Schizophrenia Research Foundation, Chennai 600101, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A R Manjjuri
- College of Nursing, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Jk
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Brindavan Campus, Kadugodi, Bangalore 560067, Karnataka, India
| | - M Subramaniyan
- Department of Telemedicine & Hospital Management Information Systems, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Whitefield, 560066 Bangalore, India
| | - R Raghunatha Sarma
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, 515134 Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, 515134 Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Moustafa AA, Crouse JJ, Herzallah MM, Salama M, Mohamed W, Misiak B, Frydecka D, Al-Dosari NF, Megreya AM, Mattock K. Depression Following Major Life Transitions in Women: A Review and Theory. Psychol Rep 2019; 123:1501-1517. [PMID: 31470771 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119872209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression can occur due to common major life transitions, such as giving birth, menopause, retirement, empty-nest transition, and midlife crisis. Although some of these transitions are perceived as positive (e.g., giving birth), they may still lead to depression. We conducted a systematic literature review of the factors underlying the occurrence of depression following major life transition in some individuals. This review shows that major common life transitions can cause depression if they are sudden, major, and lead to loss (or change) of life roles (e.g., no longer doing motherly or fatherly chores after children leave family home). Accordingly, we provide a theoretical framework that explains depression caused by transitions in women. One of the most potential therapeutic methods of ameliorating depression associated with life transitions is either helping individuals accept their new roles (e.g., accepting new role as a mother to ameliorate postpartum depression symptoms) or providing them with novel life roles (e.g., volunteering after retirement or children leave family home) may help them overcome their illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacob J Crouse
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohammad M Herzallah
- Palestinian Neuroscience Initiative, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine; Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mohamed Salama
- School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed
- International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Malaysia; Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University and American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Karen Mattock
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Li F, He F, Sun Q, Li Q, Zhai Y, Wang X, Zhang T, Lin J. Reproductive history and risk of depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional study in eastern China. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:174-181. [PMID: 30583142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there are potential mechanisms of female hormones in depression, conflicting results still exist in epidemiological studies. This study aimed to determine whether reproductive history, an important indicator of estrogen exposure across the lifetime, is associated with risk of depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women. METHODS We analyzed the baseline data from Zhejiang Ageing and Health Cohort Study including 5537 postmenopausal women. Depressive symptoms were assessed through the application of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale (PHQ-9). Logistic regression models, controlling for an extensive range of potential confounders, were generated to examine the association between reproductive history and risk of depressive symptoms in later life. RESULTS Longer reproductive period (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.972, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.955-0.989), regular menstrual cycle (OR = 0.723, 95% CI 0.525-0.995), later age at first gave birth (OR = 0.953, 95% CI 0.919-0.988) were significantly associated with a reduced risk of late-life depressive symptoms. Among women with regular menstrual cycle, longer cycle length increased the risk (OR = 1.050, 95% CI 1.016-1.085). Meanwhile, more full-term pregnancies and more incomplete pregnancies were related to higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. Women who underwent tubal sterilization as only type of contraceptive surgery were found less likely to suffer depressive symptoms in later life (OR = 0.433, 95% CI 0.348-0.538). LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional data could not make a causation conclusion. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that reproductive factors were significantly associated with risk of depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women. Further longitudinal studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Tongxiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Tongxiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junfen Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Nillni YI, Wesselink AK, Hatch EE, Mikkelsen EM, Gradus JL, Rothman KJ, Wise LA. Mental health, psychotropic medication use, and menstrual cycle characteristics. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:1073-1082. [PMID: 30214312 PMCID: PMC6118267 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s152131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the influence of depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and psychotropic medication use on prospectively assessed menstrual cycle regularity and length. Participants and methods Data were obtained from Pregnancy Study Online, a prospective cohort study of pregnancy planners from North America. At baseline, women reported information on demographics, anthropometrics, lifestyle, and medical history, including their use of psychotropic medications. They also completed the Major Depression Inventory and the Perceived Stress Scale. Every 8 weeks for up to 12 months or until conception, women completed follow-up questionnaires to assess changes in psychotropic medication use, perceived stress, and menstrual cycle characteristics (ie, cycle regularity and length). Women who completed at least one follow-up questionnaire from 2013 to 2018 (n=3,346) were included in the primary analyses. A total of 5,439 women were included in secondary analyses utilizing baseline data only. Primary analyses estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% CIs using log-binomial regression models. Results Women with severe depressive symptoms at baseline, regardless of psychotropic medication use, had an 80% greater prevalence of irregular cycles during follow-up than women with no or low depressive symptoms (PR =1.80, 95% CI =1.48–2.19). Perceived stress was also associated with the prevalence of irregular cycles during follow-up (PR =1.33, 95% CI =1.14–1.55). Psychotropic medication use was not appreciably associated with menstrual characteristics after controlling for history of diagnosed depression and/or anxiety. Depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and psychotropic medication use showed little association with menstrual cycle length. Conclusion Higher levels of depressive symptoms and perceived stress were associated with irregular menstrual cycles, but not appreciably associated with menstrual cycle length. Use of psychotropic medications was not meaningfully associated with cycle regularity or length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael I Nillni
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, .,National Center for PTSD, Women's Health Sciences Division at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA,
| | - Amelia K Wesselink
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Hatch
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen M Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jaimie L Gradus
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, .,National Center for PTSD, Women's Health Sciences Division at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA, .,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Rothman
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Tondo L, Pinna M, Serra G, De Chiara L, Baldessarini RJ. Age at menarche predicts age at onset of major affective and anxiety disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 39:80-85. [PMID: 27992810 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menarche age has been associated inconsistently with the occurrence, timing or severity of major depressive disorder (MDD), but rarely studied in women with bipolar (BDs) or anxiety disorders. METHODS We investigated women patients at a Sardinian mood disorder center for associations of age at menarche with age at illness onset for major affective or anxiety disorders, year of birth, and other selected factors, using bivariate comparisons and multivariate regression modeling. RESULTS Among women (n=1139) with DSM-IV MDD (n=557), BD-I (n=223), BD-II (n=178), or anxiety disorders (n=181), born in 1904-1998, of mean age 42.9 years, menarche age averaged 12.8 [CI: 12.7-12.9] years. Illness onset age averaged 30.9 [30.1-31.8] years, ranking: BD-I, 25.8; anxiety disorders, 28.0; BD-II, 30.3; MDD, 34.1 years. Menarche age declined secularly over birth years, and was associated with younger illness-onset, having no or fewer siblings, more psychiatrically ill first-degree relatives, living in rural environments, being suicidal, substance abuse, and being unemployed. Earlier menarche and earlier illness-onset were significantly associated for onset age groups of ≤ 20, 20-39, and > 40 years. Menarche age versus diagnosis ranked: BD-II<BD-I<anxiety disorders<MDD. CONCLUSIONS Age at menarche in Sardinia, as elsewhere, has declined over the past decades. It was strongly associated with age at onset of bipolar and anxiety, as well as major depressive disorders across the age range, suggesting sustained effects of biological maturational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tondo
- International Consortium for Psychotic & Mood Disorders Research, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Lucio Bini Mood Disorder Centers, Cagliari and Rome, Italy.
| | - M Pinna
- Lucio Bini Mood Disorder Centers, Cagliari and Rome, Italy
| | - G Serra
- International Consortium for Psychotic & Mood Disorders Research, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; NESMOS Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University (Sapienza) of Rome, Rome, Italy; Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Children Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - L De Chiara
- NESMOS Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University (Sapienza) of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - R J Baldessarini
- International Consortium for Psychotic & Mood Disorders Research, Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Vulser H, Wiernik E, Hoertel N, Thomas F, Pannier B, Czernichow S, Hanon O, Simon T, Simon JM, Danchin N, Limosin F, Lemogne C. Association between depression and anemia in otherwise healthy adults. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134:150-60. [PMID: 27238642 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It remains debated whether anemia is associated with depression, independently of physical health factors. We report a large-scale cross-sectional study examining this association in adults free of chronic disease and medication from the general population. METHOD Hemoglobin levels were measured among 44 173 healthy participants [63% men; mean [standard deviation] age = 38.4 (11.1) years] from the 'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques' (IPC) cohort study. Depression was measured with the Questionnaire of Depression 2nd version, Abridged. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between anemia and depression, while adjusting for a wide range of sociodemographic characteristics and health-related factors (i.e., sex, age, living status, education level, occupational status, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, and body mass index). RESULTS Depressed participants were significantly more likely to have anemia compared to non-depressed participants, even after adjustment for sociodemographic and health-related variables [odds ratio = 1.36; 95% confidence interval = (1.18; 1.57)]. Anemia prevalence increased with depression severity, suggesting a dose-response relationship (P for trend <0.001). CONCLUSION In healthy adults from the general population, we found a significant and robust association between depression and anemia. Further studies are needed to assess the longitudinal relationship between both conditions and determine the mechanisms underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Vulser
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - E Wiernik
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Versailles St-Quentin University, Versailles, France
| | - N Hoertel
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U894, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - F Thomas
- Research Department, IPC Center, Paris, France
| | - B Pannier
- Research Department, IPC Center, Paris, France.,Department of Cardiology, Manhes Hospital, Fleury-Mérogis, France
| | - S Czernichow
- Versailles St-Quentin University, Versailles, France.,Population-based Epidemiologic Cohorts, UMS 11, Inserm, Villejuif, France.,Department of Nutrition, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - O Hanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - T Simon
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France.,Department of Pharmacology, St Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - J-M Simon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - N Danchin
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Cardiology, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - F Limosin
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U894, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - C Lemogne
- Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U894, Inserm, Paris, France
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O'Connor EE, Langer DA, Tompson MC. Maternal Depression and Youth Internalizing and Externalizing Symptomatology: Severity and Chronicity of Past Maternal Depression and Current Maternal Depressive Symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 45:557-568. [PMID: 27401880 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maternal depression is a well-documented risk factor for youth depression, and taking into account its severity and chronicity may provide important insight into the degree of risk conferred. This study explored the degree to which the severity/chronicity of maternal depression history explained variance in youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms above and beyond current maternal depressive symptoms among 171 youth (58 % male) ages 8 to 12 over a span of 3 years. Severity and chronicity of past maternal depression and current maternal depressive symptoms were examined as predictors of parent-reported youth internalizing and externalizing symptomatology, as well as youth self-reported depressive symptoms. Severity and chronicity of past maternal depression did not account for additional variance in youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms at Time 1 beyond what was accounted for by maternal depressive symptoms at Time 1. Longitudinal growth curve modeling indicated that prior severity/chronicity of maternal depression predicted levels of youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms at each time point when controlling for current maternal depressive symptoms at each time point. Chronicity of maternal depression, apart from severity, also predicted rate of change in youth externalizing symptoms over time. These findings highlight the importance of screening and assessing for current maternal depressive symptoms, as well as the nature of past depressive episodes. Possible mechanisms underlying the association between severity/chronicity of maternal depression and youth outcomes, such as residual effects from depressive history on mother-child interactions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E O'Connor
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - David A Langer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Martha C Tompson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 648 Beacon Street, 4th Floor, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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16
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Lee JY, Park YK, Cho KH, Kim SM, Choi YS, Kim DH, Nam GE, Han KD, Kim YH. Suicidal ideation among postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) from 2010 to 2012. J Affect Disord 2016; 189:214-9. [PMID: 26451506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a major public health problem around the world. Some studies have found that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with depression in postmenopausal women. Depression is a well-known risk factor for suicide; therefore, we investigated the relationship between HRT and suicidal ideation in postmenopausal Korean women. METHODS We included 2286 postmenopausal women with or without HRT from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012. The use and duration of HRT and mental health status, including stress, depressive mood, and suicidal ideation and attempts, were assessed by self-report questionnaires. RESULTS The proportion of participants with depressive mood and suicidal ideation was higher in the HRT group than the non-HRT group (all p values<0.05). As the duration of HRT increased, the percentage of participants with suicidal ideation increased (p for trend=0.006). After adjusting for all covariates, the odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for suicidal ideation was 1.742 (1.223-2.482) in the women with HRT, compared to women without HRT. HRT duration longer than 10 years was associated with suicidal ideation (odds ratio=2.089 and 95% confidence intervals=1.069-4.084). LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design, a possibility of incorrect answer about menopausal status, and no assessment of the type of HRT are the main limitations of this study. CONCLUSION Postmenopausal women receiving HRT, especially for more than 10 years, showed increased suicidal ideation compared with postmenopausal women without HRT. Physicians should pay attention to mood symptoms and suicidal ideation in postmenopausal women with HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Park
- Department of Medical Statistics, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Mee Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youn-Seon Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Nam
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Do Han
- Department of Medical Statistics, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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17
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Jing MJ, Wang JJ, Lin WQ, Lei YX, Wang PX. A community-based cross-sectional study of fatigue in middle-aged and elderly women. J Psychosom Res 2015; 79:288-94. [PMID: 26028605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue has been widely studied in the general population; however, limited studies have investigated it in the female population. The objectives of this community-based study were to (1) investigate the prevalence of fatigue, (2) explore the relationship between gynecological history and experiences of fatigue, and (3) identify risk factors for fatigue in middle-aged and elderly women. METHODS Based on a cross-sectional health study that employed a multi-instrument questionnaire, 1272 women aged 45years or older dwelling in the community were included. The Chinese version of Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS) was used to assess fatigue, and socio-demographic, health-related, and gynecological data were also collected. Fatigue was defined as a total CFS score≥4. RESULTS The prevalence of fatigue among women aged over 45years was 33.9%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that older age, single marital status, lower education level, the presence of chronic diseases, underweight, hospitalization in the last year, postmenopause, and a higher number of live births were associated with an increased risk of fatigue (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that fatigue was common in middle-aged and elderly females. Being postmenopausal and having more than three live births were the particular gynecological factors contributing to fatigue in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Juan Jing
- Institute of Public Health, School of Nursing, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Jia-Ji Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wei-Quan Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yi-Xiong Lei
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Pei-Xi Wang
- Institute of Public Health, School of Nursing, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Jung SJ, Shin A, Kang D. Hormone-related factors and post-menopausal onset depression: results from KNHANES (2010-2012). J Affect Disord 2015; 175:176-83. [PMID: 25622021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although hypotheses have been proposed regarding the biological mechanisms of hormonal fluctuations in mood disorders, few epidemiological studies have addressed this issue. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hormone-related life events and postmenopausal depression. METHODS Of 13,918 women who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V, a total of 4869 post-menopausal women who had completed information on depression onset age and additional reproductive factors were included in the analysis. A multivariate logistic regression was applied to calculate the odds ratios between reproductive factors and post-menopausal onset depression. RESULTS A total of 276 women (5.7%) were diagnosed with depression after menopause. Longer reproductive years were associated with a reduced risk of depression (for more than 35 reproductive years: OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.27-0.62, P-trend<0.001). Similarly, a later age of menopause (52 years and older) corresponded to a decreased risk of depression (OR=0.35, 95% CI: 0.22-0.55) compared to the women with a menopausal age younger than 46 years. Greater numbers of pregnancies and exogenous hormone use were also associated with increased risk of depression. LIMITATIONS All data were collected from interviews using questionnaires. There may be some inaccuracies in recall of lifetime reproductive events, but women generally recalled their hormonal events correctly. CONCLUSION Early menopause and the use of exogenous hormones were associated with the risk of post-menopausal depression. Clinicians should closely monitor and consider further screening for depressed women who undergo early menopause or those with exogenous hormone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aesun Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Kang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Sex differences in the stress response in SD rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:231-7. [PMID: 25687843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences play an important role in depression, the basis of which is an excessive stress response. We aimed at revealing the neurobiological sex differences in the same study in acute- and chronically-stressed rats. Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), acute foot shock (FS) and controls, animals in all 3 groups were sacrificed in proestrus or diestrus. Male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: CUMS, FS and controls. Comparisons were made of behavioral changes in CUMS and control rats, plasma levels of corticosterone (CORT), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2), and of the hypothalamic mRNA-expression of stress-related molecules, i.e. estrogen receptor α and β, androgen receptor, aromatase, mineralocorticoid receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and oxytocin. CUMS resulted in disordered estrus cycles, more behavioral and hypothalamic stress-related molecules changes and a stronger CORT response in female rats compared with male rats. Female rats also showed decreased E2 and T levels after FS and CUMS, while male FS rats showed increased E2 and male CUMS rats showed decreased T levels. Stress affects the behavioral, endocrine and the molecular response of the stress systems in the hypothalamus of SD rats in a clear sexual dimorphic way, which has parallels in human data on stress and depression.
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20
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Balık G, Ustüner I, Kağıtcı M, Sahin FK. Is there a relationship between mood disorders and dysmenorrhea? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014; 27:371-4. [PMID: 25256879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Menstrual problems are common among adolescent females. Mood changes are related to menstrual problems (menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and abnormal menstrual cycle length). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between depressive symptoms, anxiety, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) with dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls. METHODS A total of 159 adolescent girls (aged 13-19 y) with regular menstrual cycles presenting to the gynecology clinic with any complaints were included in the study during April-May 2013. All of the participants filled up the sociodemographic data collection form, FACES Pain Rating Scale, Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and a questionnaire form on criteria for PMS. Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 67.9%. The mean BAI and BDI scores of the patients were 13.64 ± 12.81 and 11.88 ± 10.83, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between patients and control groups on the BAI and BDI scoring (P < .05). At least 1 of the symptoms of the PMS was detected in all of the participants and 29 (18.2%) of them were diagnosed as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). The mean BAI score of the patients with PMS and PMDD were 9.65 ± 9.28 and 21.31 ± 15.75, respectively. The mean BDI score of the patients with PMS and PMDD were 8.39 ± 8.62 and 19.1 ± 11.85, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between PMS/PMDD and BAI/BDI scoring (P = .00). CONCLUSION Adolescent girls with dysmenorrhea have an increased risk of depression and anxiety. These results of our study are significant in emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to primary dysmenorrhea follow-up and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülşah Balık
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Işık Ustüner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kağıtcı
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University School of Medicine, Turkey.
| | - Figen Kır Sahin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University School of Medicine, Turkey
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Early menarche predicts increased depressive symptoms and cortisol levels in Quebec girls ages 11 to 13. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 25:1017-27. [PMID: 24229546 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579413000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Earlier age of menarche is believed to confer greater vulnerability to depressive symptoms via increased reactivity to stressors associated with adolescence. In this longitudinal study, we measured depressive symptoms and salivary cortisol levels in 198 boys and 142 girls between the ages of 11 and 13 tested four times during Grade 7 as they transitioned from elementary school to secondary school as per Quebec's education system. Results showed that girls who had already reached menarche before starting secondary school had significantly higher depressive symptoms and salivary cortisol levels across the school year in comparison to girls who had not reached menarche, who in turn presented higher depressive scores than boys. When we divided menarcheal girls as a function of menarcheal timing in subanalyses, we found that girls with early menarche presented consistently elevated depressive symptoms across the school year while girls with on-time menarche presented transient depressive symptoms but no differences in salivary cortisol levels. Collectively, these results show that early menarche is associated with high depressive symptoms and cortisol levels in adolescent girls. This developmental milestone may render girls more vulnerable to environmental stressors and therefore represents a critical period to intervene to promote mental health.
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22
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Lifetime endogenous reproductive factors and severe depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2013; 20:1154-63. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Xiang YT, Wang G, Guo T, Hu C, Ungvari GS, Kilbourne AM, Lai KYC, Wong SYS, Si TM, Zheng QW, Chen DF, Fang YR, Lu Z, Yang HC, Hu J, Chen ZY, Huang Y, Sun J, Wang XP, Li HC, Zhang JB, Chiu HFK. Gender differences in demographic and clinical features and prescribing patterns of psychotropic medications in patients with major depressive disorder in China. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:1198-202. [PMID: 23856389 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about gender differences associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) in China. This study examined gender differences associated with other demographic and clinical characteristics and psychotropic drug treatment in Chinese patients with MDD. METHODS A total of 1178 patients with MDD from 13 psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric units of general hospitals in China nationwide were enrolled. Cross-sectional data including patients' demographic and clinical characteristics and prescriptions of psychotropic medications were recorded using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure. RESULTS The sample consisted of 793 female and 385 male patients. Univariate analyses revealed that male patients were younger than female patients, had a younger age of onset of depression, had less lifetime depressive episodes and had more bipolar features (i.e. patients who screened positive for hypomanic symptoms on the 32-item Hypomania Checklist, but did not meet the diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV bipolar disorders as measured by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). Also, men were more likely to be employed than women and less likely to have depressive episodes following stressful life events. In multivariate analyses, being employed, having bipolar features and not having depressive episodes following stressful life events were independently associated with being a male patient with major depressive disorder. There was no difference in use of psychotropic medications by gender. CONCLUSIONS Most gender differences in MDD patients in this study are not consistent with findings of Western studies suggesting that gender differences in MDD may be determined by both biological and sociocultural differences among ethnically different patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tao Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Mood Disorders Center, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Deardorff J, Berry-Millett R, Rehkopf D, Luecke E, Lahiff M, Abrams B. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and age at menarche in daughters. Matern Child Health J 2013; 17:1391-8. [PMID: 23054446 PMCID: PMC3582726 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Life course theory suggests that early life experiences can shape health over a lifetime and across generations. Associations between maternal pregnancy experience and daughters' age at menarche are not well understood. We examined whether maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) were independently related to daughters' age at menarche. Consistent with a life course perspective, we also examined whether maternal GWG, birth weight, and prepubertal BMI mediated the relationship between pre-pregnancy BMI and daughter's menarcheal age. We examined 2,497 mother-daughter pairs from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards was used to estimate whether maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m(2)) and GWG adequacy (inadequate, recommended, and excessive) were associated with risk for earlier menarche among girls, controlling for important covariates. Analyses were conducted to examine the mediating roles of GWG adequacy, child birth weight and prepubertal BMI. Adjusting for covariates, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (HR = 1.20, 95 % CI 1.06, 1.36) and excess GWG (HR = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.01, 1.27) were associated with daughters' earlier menarche, while inadequate GWG was not. The association between maternal pre-pregnancy weight and daughters' menarcheal timing was not mediated by daughter's birth weight, prepubertal BMI or maternal GWG. Maternal factors, before and during pregnancy, are potentially important determinants of daughters' menarcheal timing and are amenable to intervention. Further research is needed to better understand pathways through which these factors operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Deardorff
- Division of Community Health and Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Delahanty RJ, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Long JR, Gao YT, Lu W, Xiang YB, Zheng Y, Ji BT, Wen WQ, Cai QY, Zheng W, Shu XO. Evaluation of GWAS-identified genetic variants for age at menarche among Chinese women. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:1135-43. [PMID: 23406970 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do genetic polymorphisms which influence age at menarche in women of European ancestry also influence women of Chinese ancestry? SUMMARY ANSWER Many genetic variants influencing age at menarche in European populations appear to impact Chinese populations in a similar manner. WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Prior genome-wide association studies have uncovered 42 SNPs associated with age at menarche in European populations. This study is the first to demonstrate that many of the genetic determinants of age at menarche are shared between European and Chinese women. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We evaluated 37 of 42 SNPs identified as associated with age at menarche from a recent, large meta-analysis, consisting primarily of women of European ancestry, in a population of 6929 Chinese women from Shanghai, China. We also constructed weighted genetic risk scores (GRSs) combining the number of effect variants for all 37 SNPs, or only the SNPs associated with age at menarche among our study population, to evaluate their joint influence on age at menarche. MAIN RESULTS For 32 of the 37 evaluated variants, the direction of the allele associations were the same between women of European ancestry and women of Chinese ancestry (P = 3.71 × 10(-6), binomial sign test); 9 of these were statistically significant. Subjects in the highest quintile of GRSs began menarche ∼5 months later than those in the lowest quintile. BIAS, LIMITATIONS AND GENERALIZABILITY TO OTHER POPULATIONS: Age at menarche was obtained by self-report, which can be subject to recall errors. The current analysis was restricted to loci which met or approached GWAS significance thresholds and did not evaluate loci which may act predominantly or exclusively in the Chinese population. The smaller sample size for our meta-analysis compared with meta-analyses conducted in European populations reduced the power to detect significant results. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was supported, in part, by grants from US National Institutes of Health (grants R01CA124558, R01CA090899, R01CA070867; R01CA064277 and R01CA092585 and UL1 RR024975), Ingram professorship funds and Allen Foundation funds. There are no competing interests to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Delahanty
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 600 (IMPH), Nashville, TN 37203-1738, USA
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Thorp JM. Public Health Impact of Legal Termination of Pregnancy in the US: 40 Years Later. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:980812. [PMID: 24278765 PMCID: PMC3820464 DOI: 10.6064/2012/980812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During the 40 years since the US Supreme Court decision in Doe versus Wade and Doe versus Bolton, restrictions on termination of pregnancy (TOP) were overturned nationwide. The use of TOP was much wider than predicted and a substantial fraction of reproductive age women in the U.S. have had one or more TOPs and that widespread uptake makes the downstream impact of any possible harms have broad public health implications. While short-term harms do not appear to be excessive, from a public perspective longer term harm is conceiving, and clearly more study of particular relevance concerns the associations of TOP with subsequent preterm birth and mental health problems. Clearly more research is needed to quantify the magnitude of risk and accurately inform women with the crisis of unintended pregnancy considering TOP. The current US data-gathering mechanisms are inadequate for this important task.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Thorp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Bromberger JT, Schott LL, Matthews KA, Kravitz HM, Randolph JF, Harlow S, Crawford S, Green R, Joffe H. Association of past and recent major depression and menstrual characteristics in midlife: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause 2012; 19:959-66. [PMID: 22510936 PMCID: PMC3404212 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318248f2d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association of a history of major depression (MD) with menstrual problems in a multiethnic sample of midlife women. METHODS Participants were 934 women enrolled in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a multisite study of menopause and aging. The outcomes were menstrual bleeding problems and premenstrual symptoms in the year before study entry. The Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnosis of DSM-IV Axis I Disorders was conducted to determine recent and past psychiatric diagnoses. Covariates included sociodemographic, behavioral, and gynecologic factors. RESULTS One third of the participants reported heavy bleeding, 20% reported other abnormal bleeding, and 18% reported premenstrual symptoms. One third had past and 11% had recent MD. Past MD was associated with an increased likelihood of heavy bleeding (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.25-2.85), adjusting for recent MD, menopause status, and other covariates. Past MD was not associated with other abnormal bleeding or premenstrual symptoms in the final analysis that adjusted for recent MD. CONCLUSIONS Midlife women with a history of MD are more likely to report heavy bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce T. Bromberger
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Laura L. Schott
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Karen A. Matthews
- Departments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Howard M. Kravitz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - John F. Randolph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sioban Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sybil Crawford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA
| | - Robin Green
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology & Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jersey City, NJ
| | - Hadine Joffe
- Center for Women’s Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Cizza G, Ronsaville DS, Kleitz H, Eskandari F, Mistry S, Torvik S, Sonbolian N, Reynolds JC, Blackman MR, Gold PW, Martinez PE. Clinical subtypes of depression are associated with specific metabolic parameters and circadian endocrine profiles in women: the power study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28912. [PMID: 22235252 PMCID: PMC3250402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with adverse medical consequences, including cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Patients with MDD may be classified as having melancholic, atypical, or undifferentiated features. The goal of the present study was to assess whether these clinical subtypes of depression have different endocrine and metabolic features and consequently, varying medical outcomes. METHODS Premenopausal women, ages 21 to 45 years, with MDD (N = 89) and healthy controls (N = 44) were recruited for a prospective study of bone turnover. Women with MDD were classified as having melancholic (N = 51), atypical (N = 16), or undifferentiated (N = 22) features. Outcome measures included: metabolic parameters, body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and 24 hourly sampling of plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, and leptin. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, women with undifferentiated and atypical features of MDD exhibited greater BMI, waist/hip ratio, and whole body and abdominal fat mass. Women with undifferentiated MDD characteristics also had higher lipid and fasting glucose levels in addition to a greater prevalence of low BMD at the femoral neck compared to controls. Elevated ACTH levels were demonstrated in women with atypical features of depression, whereas higher mean 24-hour leptin levels were observed in the melancholic subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Pre-menopausal women with various features of MDD exhibit metabolic, endocrine, and BMD features that may be associated with different health consequences. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00006180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cizza
- Section on Neuroendocrinology of Obesity, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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Pan R, Liu YZ, Deng HW, Dvornyk V. Association analyses suggest the effects of RANK and RANKL on age at menarche in Chinese women. Climacteric 2011; 15:75-81. [PMID: 22023082 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2011.587556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age at menarche (AAM), the time of the first menstrual bleeding, is an important developmental milestone in the female life. It marks the beginning of the reproductive period. AAM is implicated in the risk of many health complications in later life. In this study, we conducted an analysis for association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and common haplotypes of two candidate genes, RANK (receptor activator of the NF-κB) and RANKL (receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand), with AAM in 825 unrelated Chinese women. METHODS In total, 73 SNPs of RANKL and 23 SNPs of RANK were genotyped. The SNPs and common haplotypes were then analyzed for their association with AAM. Age and age( 2 ) were used as covariates. RESULTS We found five individual SNPs (rs7239261, rs8094884, rs3826620, rs8089829, and rs9956850) of RANK significantly associated with AAM (p < 0.05). Although no significant association was identified for the RANKL gene, three polymorphisms showed nearly significant (0.05 < p < 0.08) association with AAM. Seven haplotypes of RANK were significantly associated with AAM (p < 0.05); the most significant association of the AT haplotype composed by rs1805034 and rs4524034 (p = 9.4 × 10(-4)) remained significant (p = 0.0235) after the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Three haplotypes of RANKL were significantly associated with AAM (p < 0.05). Importantly, the association of rs3826620 replicated our previous findings for Caucasian females. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that the RANK and RANKL are two candidate genes for AAM in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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Clayton AH, Ninan PT. Depression or menopause? Presentation and management of major depressive disorder in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. PRIMARY CARE COMPANION TO THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY 2011; 12:PCC.08r00747. [PMID: 20582297 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.08r00747blu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to examine the risk of depression onset in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, discuss the importance and rationale for screening for major depressive disorder (MDD) in women in the menopausal transition, and review therapeutic options for management of MDD in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched (1970 to 2008) using combinations of the following terms: major depressive disorder, perimenopause, postmenopause, mood disorder, risk factors, reproductive period, family practice, differential diagnosis, hormone, estrogen replacement therapy, reuptake inhibitors, and neurotransmitter. STUDY SELECTION All relevant articles identified via the search terms reporting original data and published in English were considered for inclusion. Twenty-two cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were utilized to evaluate the relationship between the menopausal transition and risk of mood disorders and to formulate recommendations for screening and management of MDD in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. DATA EXTRACTION RESEARCH STUDIES UTILIZED THE FOLLOWING MEASURES: postal questionnaires, Women's Health Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, Modified Menopause Symptom Inventory, 12-item symptom questionnaire, or Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. DATA SYNTHESIS Menopause is a normal, and for most women largely uneventful, part of life. For some women, however, the menopausal transition is a period of biologic vulnerability with noticeable physiologic, psychological, and somatic symptoms. The perimenopausal period is associated with a higher vulnerability for depression, with risk rising from early to late perimenopause and decreasing during postmenopause. Women with a history of depression are up to 5 times more likely to have a MDD diagnosis during this time period. CONCLUSIONS Routine screening of this at-risk population followed by careful assessment for depressive symptoms can help identify the presence of MDD in the menopausal transition. Recognition of menopausal symptoms, with or without depression, is important given their potential impact on quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita H Clayton
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, and Pfizer Inc, formerly Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
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31
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Freed RD, Tompson MC. Predictors of parental locus of control in mothers of pre- and early adolescents. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 40:100-10. [PMID: 21229447 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2011.533410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Parental locus of control refers to parents' perceived power and efficacy in child-rearing situations. This study explored parental locus of control and its correlates in 160 mothers of children ages 8 to 14 cross-sectionally and 1 year later. Maternal depression, maternal expressed emotion, and child internalizing and externalizing behavior were examined, along with a number of sociodemographic factors. Cross-sectional analyses indicated that external parental locus of control was associated with child externalizing behavior, maternal depression, less maternal education, lower income, and older maternal age. Longitudinal analyses showed that child age and externalizing behavior also predicted increases in external parental locus of control 1 year later. Finally, lower income and less parental perceived control predicted increases in child externalizing behavior over time.
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Almela M, Hidalgo V, Villada C, Espín L, Gómez-Amor J, Salvador A. The impact of cortisol reactivity to acute stress on memory: sex differences in middle-aged people. Stress 2011; 14:117-27. [PMID: 21034293 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2010.514671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has been identified as a main factor involved in the cognitive changes that occur during the aging process. This study investigated sex differences in the relationship between the magnitude of the acute stress-induced salivary cortisol response and memory performance among middle-aged people. To this end, 16 men and 16 women (aged 54-72 years) were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test and a control condition in a crossover design. Afterwards their memory performance was measured using a standardized memory test (Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test). Only among women, there was an acute impact of stress on memory performance and a significant relationship between a higher cortisol response to the stressor and poorer memory performance in both the stress and control conditions. Additionally, a poorer memory performance was related to earlier timing of sexual maturation (age at menarche), which was also marginally related to higher cortisol reactivity to stress. These results confirm that sex is a critical factor in the relationship between cortisol and poor memory performance. Furthermore, the findings emphasize a strong link between the individual cortisol response to stress and memory functioning among postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Almela
- Laboratory of Social Neuroscience, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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Unsal A, Tozun M, Ayranci U. Prevalence of depression among postmenopausal women and related characteristics. Climacteric 2010; 14:244-51. [DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2010.510912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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34
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Silva IV, Rezende LCD, Lanes SP, Souza LS, Madeira KP, Cerri MF, Paes MF, Daltoé RD, Chambô-Filho A, Guimarães MCC, Graceli JB, Rangel LBA. Evaluation of PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) in relation to menstrual cycle timing and reproductive parameters in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 2010; 67:363-7. [PMID: 20884142 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of -397T>C and -351A>G single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) - also called PvuII and XbaI, respectively - located on estrogen receptor alpha (ERS1) gene with age at menarche, menopause onset, fertility and miscarriage in a population of post-menopausal women. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study with 273 healthy, high miscegenated, post-menopausal women (mean age of 63.1±9.7 years old). Subjects were genotyped for PvuII and XbaI SNPs by PCR-RFLP and confirmed by automatic sequencing. Reproduction informations (age at menarche, age at menopause, number of pregnancies, fertility rate and miscarriages) were obtained by retrospective study using a questionnaire. RESULT(S) Age at menarche, menopause onset, number of pregnancies, total fertility rate, and parity did not seem to be influenced by any of the studied genotypes (chi-square, p>0.05). However, women carrying the xx genotype showed a 44% higher chance of miscarriage, whereas this value did not trespass 16% for any other genotype analyzed. It has been also observed a higher occurrence of miscarriage in association with combined xxpp genotype of ERS1 gene (chi-square, p<0.01). CONCLUSION(S) The present data indicate that the studied SNPs on ERS1 gene do not influence the menstrual cycle timing and parity but there is a strong relationship between the xx ERS1 SNP genotype and the incidence of miscarriage in the post-menopausal population analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Victor Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia/RENORBIO, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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35
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Lu Y, Liu P, Recker RR, Deng HW, Dvornyk V. TNFRSF11A and TNFSF11 are associated with age at menarche and natural menopause in white women. Menopause 2010; 17:1048-54. [PMID: 20531232 PMCID: PMC2939156 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181d5d523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Menarche and menopause mark the lower and upper limits of the female reproductive period. The timing of these events influences women's health in later life. The onsets of menarche and menopause have a strong genetic basis. We tested two genes, TNFRSF11A (RANK) and TNFSF11 (RANKL), for their association with age at menarche (AM) and age at natural menopause (ANM). METHODS Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TNFRSF11A and 12 SNPs of TNFSF11 were genotyped in a random sample of 306 unrelated white women. This sample was analyzed for the association of the SNPs and common haplotypes with AM. Then, a subsample of 211 women with natural menopause was analyzed for the association of both genes with ANM. Smoking, alcohol intake, and duration of lactation were applied as covariates in the association analyses. RESULTS Three polymorphisms of TNFSF11 were associated with AM: rs2200287 (P = 0.005), rs9525641 (P = 0.039), and rs1054016 (P = 0.047). Two SNPs of this gene, rs346578 and rs9525641, showed an association with ANM (P = 0.007 and P = 0.011, respectively). Two SNPs of TNFRSF11A were associated with AM (rs3826620; P = 0.022) and ANM (rs8086340; P = 0.015). Multiple SNP-SNP and SNP-environment interaction effects on AM and ANM were detected for both genes. One polymorphism of TNFRSF11A, rs4436867, was not directly associated with either trait but indicated significant interactions with four TNFSF11 polymorphisms on ANM. Two other TNFRSF11A polymorphisms, rs4941125 and rs7235803, showed interaction effects with several TNFSF11 polymorphisms on AM. Both genes manifested significant interaction with the duration of breast-feeding in their effect on ANM. CONCLUSIONS The TNFRSF11A and TNFSF11 genes are associated with the onset of AM and ANM in white women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 8109, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 8109, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert R. Recker
- Osteoporosis Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Volodymyr Dvornyk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Yli-Kuha AN, Gissler M, Klemetti R, Luoto R, Koivisto E, Hemminki E. Psychiatric disorders leading to hospitalization before and after infertility treatments. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:2018-23. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tompson MC, Pierre CB, Boger KD, McKowen JW, Chan PT, Freed RD. Maternal depression, maternal expressed emotion, and youth psychopathology. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:105-17. [PMID: 19693663 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Across development, maternal depression has been found to be a risk factor for youth psychopathology generally and youth depression specifically. Maternal Expressed Emotion (EE) has been examined as a predictor of outcome among youth with depression. The present study explored the associations between youth psychopathology and two predictors-maternal depression within the child's lifetime and maternal EE-in a study of children at risk for depression. One hundred and seventy-one youth, ages 8-12, and their mothers participated. To assess maternal and youth psychopathology, dyads were administered structured diagnostic assessments, and mothers and children completed self-report measures of their own depressive symptoms. In addition, mothers completed the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist-Parent Report Version (CBCL) for their children. Maternal EE was assessed based on the Five Minute Speech Sample. History of maternal depression was associated with high maternal EE, and the combination of maternal depression history and maternal EE was associated with children's own reports of higher depressive symptoms. Current maternal depressive symptoms were associated with mothers' reports of children's Internalizing scores on the CBCL, and maternal depression history, current maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal EE were strongly associated with mothers' reports of children's Externalizing and Total Problem scores on the CBCL. History of maternal depression and a rating of high or borderline Critical EE (characterized by maternal critical comments and/or reports of a negative relationship) were independently associated with children's depression diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Tompson
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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38
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Liu P, Lu Y, Recker RR, Deng HW, Dvornyk V. Association analyses suggest multiple interaction effects of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms on timing of menarche and natural menopause in white women. Menopause 2010; 17:185-90. [PMID: 19593234 PMCID: PMC2806497 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181aa2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene are associated with age at menarche and age at natural menopause in white women. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, a total of 305 randomly selected unrelated white women were genotyped for six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MTHFR gene (including one common replacement, rs1801133). This sample was comprehensively analyzed for the association of the SNPs with age at menarche. Then a subsample of 210 women who experienced natural menopause was analyzed for the association of the MTHFR gene with age at natural menopause. RESULTS Duration of breast-feeding was a significant predictor of earlier natural menopause (P < 0.05). No individual SNPs were associated with either age at menarche or age at natural menopause. However, three significant (P < 0.05) SNP-SNP interaction effects (rs2066470/rs1476413, rs2066470/rs4846049, and rs17037390/rs4846049) on the onset of menarche were determined. Three haplotypes were significantly associated with age at menopause (P < 0.05). Four SNPs (rs2066470, rs17037390, rs1801133, and rs4846048) indicated significant interaction effects with various lifestyle factors on age at natural menopause. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that the MTHFR gene may influence the onset of menarche and natural menopause. This effect is probably due to the multiple SNP-SNP and SNP-environment interactions. More independent studies are needed to further clarify the possible contribution of this gene to the timing of menarche and menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 8109, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 8109, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert R. Recker
- Osteoporosis Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Volodymyr Dvornyk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Robinson GE, Stotland NL, Russo NF, Lang JA, Occhiogrosso M. Is there an "abortion trauma syndrome"? Critiquing the evidence. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2009; 17:268-90. [PMID: 19637075 DOI: 10.1080/10673220903149119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to identify and illustrate methodological issues in studies used to support claims that induced abortion results in an "abortion trauma syndrome" or a psychiatric disorder. After identifying key methodological issues to consider when evaluating such research, we illustrate these issues by critically examining recent empirical studies that are widely cited in legislative and judicial testimony in support of the existence of adverse psychiatric sequelae of induced abortion. Recent studies that have been used to assert a causal connection between abortion and subsequent mental disorders are marked by methodological problems that include, but not limited to: poor sample and comparison group selection; inadequate conceptualization and control of relevant variables; poor quality and lack of clinical significance of outcome measures; inappropriateness of statistical analyses; and errors of interpretation, including misattribution of causal effects. By way of contrast, we review some recent major studies that avoid these methodological errors. The most consistent predictor of mental disorders after abortion remains preexisting disorders, which, in turn, are strongly associated with exposure to sexual abuse and intimate violence. Educating researchers, clinicians, and policymakers how to appropriately assess the methodological quality of research about abortion outcomes is crucial. Further, methodologically sound research is needed to evaluate not only psychological outcomes of abortion, but also the impact of existing legislation and the effects of social attitudes and behaviors on women who have abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Erlick Robinson
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M M5G2C4.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of intergenerational influences on age at menarche has not been explored far beyond the association between mothers' and daughters' menarcheal ages. Small size at birth and childhood obesity have been associated with younger age at menarche, but the influence of maternal overweight or obesity on daughters' age at menarche has not been thoroughly examined. METHODS In a follow-up study of the prospective Collaborative Perinatal Project, grown daughters were asked in 1987-1991 for their age at menarche. Data from the original Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959-1966) included their mothers' height and prepregnancy weight. In the follow-up study, 597 of 627 daughters had complete menarche and maternal data available and were included in the present analysis. We used polytomous logistic regression to examine the association between maternal overweight (body mass index [BMI] = 25-29.9 km/m) or obesity (BMI >or= 30) and daughter's age at menarche ( RESULTS Compared with those whose mothers had a BMI less than 25, daughters of obese mothers experienced younger age at menarche (OR for menarche at CONCLUSIONS Maternal obesity is associated with younger menarcheal age among daughters in this study, possibly via unmeasured shared factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Keim
- National Children's Study Program Office, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C. Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:434-45. [PMID: 19401723 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3737] [Impact Index Per Article: 249.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress hormones, whether it occurs during the prenatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood or aging, has an impact on brain structures involved in cognition and mental health. However, the specific effects on the brain, behaviour and cognition emerge as a function of the timing and the duration of the exposure, and some also depend on the interaction between gene effects and previous exposure to environmental adversity. Advances in animal and human studies have made it possible to synthesize these findings, and in this Review a model is developed to explain why different disorders emerge in individuals exposed to stress at different times in their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia J Lupien
- Université de Montréal, Mental Health Research Centre, Fernand Seguin Hôpital Louis-H Lafontaine, Quebec, Canada.
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Dorn LD, Negriff S, Huang B, Pabst S, Hillman J, Braverman P, Susman EJ. Menstrual symptoms in adolescent girls: association with smoking, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. J Adolesc Health 2009; 44:237-43. [PMID: 19237109 PMCID: PMC2667342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysmenorrhea affects quality of life and contributes to absenteeism from school and work, thereby diminishing opportunities for successful psychosocial and cognitive development during adolescence. In adults, depression, anxiety, and smoking have an impact on menstrual cycles and dysmenorrhea. Associations between these problems have not been examined in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine relations between depressive symptoms and anxiety with menstrual symptoms. Smoking was examined as a moderator of this association. METHODS This study enrolled 154 postmenarcheal girls from a sample of 207 girls age 11, 13, 15, and 17 years (mean = 15.4 years [+/-1.9]). Self-reported measures included the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ), Children's Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and smoking behavior. Generalized linear regression modeled MSQ outcomes separately for depressive symptoms and anxiety. RESULTS More depressive symptoms/anxiety were related to higher numbers of menstrual symptoms (r = 0.23-0.44, p < .05). Smoking status (ever) was related to higher MSQ scores. Moderating effects of smoking and depressive symptoms or anxiety on menstrual symptoms were consistent across most MSQ factors where effects were stronger in never smokers. CONCLUSION This is the first study in adolescents showing smoking status and depressive symptoms/anxiety are related to menstrual symptoms, and that the impact of depressive symptoms/anxiety on menstrual symptoms is stronger in never smokers. The dynamic and complex nature of smoking, moods, and dysmenorrhea cannot be disentangled without longitudinal analyses. Efforts to reduce menstrual symptoms should begin at a young gynecological age and include consideration of mood and smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorah D. Dorn
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Sonya Negriff
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Bin Huang
- Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Stephanie Pabst
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Jennifer Hillman
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
| | - Paula Braverman
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
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VIEIRA A. A THEORETICAL PROPOSAL FOR LATE LUTEAL PHASE BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES IN AN EVOLUTIONARY CONTEXT. PSYCHOLOGIA 2009. [DOI: 10.2117/psysoc.2009.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Deecher D, Andree TH, Sloan D, Schechter LE. From menarche to menopause: exploring the underlying biology of depression in women experiencing hormonal changes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:3-17. [PMID: 18063486 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data consistently report an elevated prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in women. This increase begins during adolescence and continues through the menopausal transition. Population-based clinical studies report an increase in the incidence of MDD during perimenopause compared to either the premenopausal or postmenopausal period. Evidence suggests that fluctuations and decline of hormonal levels are correlated with this observed increase in risk for MDD. A strong predictor of depression in the perimenopausal period is a previous history of MDD. However, recent studies revealed an increased risk of new onset depression in perimenopausal women without a history of MDD. Additionally, recent reports have indicated that the presence of vasomotor symptoms may be associated with an increased the risk for MDD. The objective of this paper is to review evidence that would support our hypothesis that neurotransmitter systems are affected by changes in hormonal status over the course of a woman's life, leading to increase vulnerability to perimenopausal depression. Relevant data from nonclinical experiments will be discussed in the context of observed clinical evidence of the risk for MDD before, during, and after the menopausal transition. A testable hypothesis will be proposed to advance our understanding of hormonal effects on mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Deecher
- Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Rd, RN3164, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Karaçam Z. Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding of healthy babies aged zero to four months: a community-based study of Turkish women. J Clin Nurs 2007; 17:341-9. [PMID: 18005124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding of healthy babies aged 0-4 months. BACKGROUND Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF recommend feeding babies of 0-6 months exclusively with breast milk and starting complementary foods after the sixth month. In Turkey, however, a vast majority of babies 1-5 months of age (89.4%) are given complementary foods. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in central Ankara province, with a sampling of 514 individuals who were selected using the convenience sampling method. RESULTS Of the 514 mothers who participated in my research, 260 (50.6%) were found to be feeding their babies exclusively with breast milk; 77 (15.0%), with breast milk + water; 87 (16.9%), with breast milk + baby formula; 70 (13.6%), with breast milk + baby formula + other foods; and 20 (3.9%), baby formula + other foods. Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis results, the mother's employment [odds ratio (OR) = 0.488; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.288-0.827) considerably reduced the incidence of complementary foods, while frequent crying of the baby (OR = 1.687; 95% CI = 1.125-2.530) significantly increased the use of supplementary foods in infant nutrition. CONCLUSION This study concluded that frequent crying of the baby increases the likelihood of giving the baby complementary foods. Midwives and nurses can encourage exclusive breastfeeding behaviour by providing individual education and counselling to women whose babies cry frequently. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Exclusive breastfeeding of babies aged 0-6 months is crucial for the development and growth of the baby and instrumental in reducing infant morbidities and mortalities. One factor that increases the likelihood of provision of complementary foods is frequent crying of the baby. Midwives and nurses can encourage exclusive breastfeeding behaviour by providing individual education and counselling to women whose babies cry frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekiye Karaçam
- Adnan Menderes University, Aydin School of Health, Aydin, Turkey.
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Williams KE, Marsh WK, Rasgon NL. Mood disorders and fertility in women: a critical review of the literature and implications for future research. Hum Reprod Update 2007; 13:607-16. [PMID: 17895237 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmm019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A medline literature review of fertility and mood disorder articles published since 1980 was performed in order to critically review the literature regarding a relationship between mood disorders, fertility and infertility treatment. Previous studies suggests that mood disorders, both in the bipolar and unipolar spectrum, may be associated with decreased fertility rates. Most studies report that women seeking treatment for infertility have an increased rate of depressive symptoms and possibly major depression (none showed evaluated mood elevations). Many, but not all, studies found that depressive symptoms may decrease the success rate of fertility treatment. Treatments for infertility may independently influence mood through their effects on estrogen and progesterone, which have been shown to influence mood through their actions on serotonin. Studies are limited in scope and confounding variables are many, limiting the strength of the results. In conclusion, a range of existing studies suggests that fertility and mood disorders are related in a complex way. Future studies should use clinical interviews and standardized and validated measures to confirm the diagnosis of mood disorders and control for the variables of medication treatment, desire for children, frequency of sexual intercourse, age, FSH levels, menstrual cycle regularity in assessing an interrelationship between mood disorders and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Williams
- Stanford Center for Neuroscience in Women's Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University and Hospitals, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Bennett HA, Boon HS, Romans SE, Grootendorst P. Becoming the best mom that I can: women's experiences of managing depression during pregnancy--a qualitative study. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2007; 7:13. [PMID: 17848199 PMCID: PMC2048943 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this constructivist grounded theory study was to develop a theoretical model that explains women's processes of managing diagnosed depression when pregnant. Methods We explored the experiences of 19 women in Ontario who were diagnosed with depression during their pregnancy. Results The model that emerged from the analysis was becoming the best mom that I can. Becoming the best mom that I can explains the complex process of the women's journey as they travel from the depths of despair, where the depression is perceived to threaten their pregnancy and their ability to care for the coming baby, to arrive at knowing the self and being in a better place. In order to reground the self and regain control of their lives, the women had to recognize the problem, overcome shame and embarrassment, identify an understanding healthcare provider, and consider the consequences of the depression and its management. When confronting and confining the threat of depression, the women employed strategies of overcoming barriers, gaining knowledge, and taking control. As a result of counseling, medication, or a combination of both, women felt that they had arrived at a better place. Conclusion For many women, the idea that depression could occur during pregnancy was antithetical to their vision of the pregnant self. The challenge for a pregnant woman who is diagnosed with depression, is that effective care for her may jeopardize her baby's future health. This provides a dilemma for about-to-be parents and their healthcare providers. Improved awareness of depression during pregnancy on the part of healthcare professionals is needed to improve the women's understanding of this disorder and their ability to recognize and seek help with depression should it occur during the prenatal period. Further qualitative research is needed to determine the specific aspects that need to be addressed in such classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Bennett
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Heather S Boon
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sarah E Romans
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Research in Women's Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Grootendorst
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Economics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Allsworth JE, Clarke J, Peipert JF, Hebert MR, Cooper A, Boardman LA. The influence of stress on the menstrual cycle among newly incarcerated women. Womens Health Issues 2007; 17:202-9. [PMID: 17560123 PMCID: PMC2170522 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to estimate the association of stressful life events on menstrual function in incarcerated women. METHODS Project CONNECT is a study of reproductive health needs of incarcerated women conducted between June 2002 and December 2003. This analysis examines menstrual function in 446 women from this cohort who were under the age of 45. Regularity was defined as menses between 26 and 35 days long. Amenorrhea was defined as > or =90 days since last menstruation. Measures included stressful experiences and deprivation (e.g., physical or sexual abuse, stressful living conditions, exchanging sex for drugs or money, or having had an incarcerated parent). RESULTS Menstrual dysfunction was common in this population. Nine percent reported amenorrhea, and 33% reported menstrual irregularity. A number of stressors were associated with menstrual irregularity, including having a parent with history of alcohol or drug problems (relative risk [RR] = 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.80), childhood physical or sexual abuse (RR = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.03-2.13), or any sexual abuse (RR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.03-2.14) after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, and recent drug use. These effects were attenuated somewhat when excluding women who had reported any hormonal contraceptive use in the past 3 months. CONCLUSION Incarcerated women have high rates of amenorrhea and menstrual irregularity and the prevalence may be associated with certain stresses. Further research on the causes and consequences of menstrual dysfunction in this underserved population is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer E Allsworth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Ancelin ML, Scali J, Ritchie K. Hormonal therapy and depression: are we overlooking an important therapeutic alternative? J Psychosom Res 2007; 62:473-85. [PMID: 17383500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aimed to examine evidence for the role of hormonal changes in the onset and course of depressive symptomatology and to assess the possible future role of hormonal therapies in the treatment of depression. METHODS A Medline and PsycINFO search of the literature published between 1965 and 2006 was made of studies of depressive symptoms and hormonal treatment in women at all stages of reproductive life. RESULTS The cyclic fluctuation of gonadal steroids at menarche coincides with the beginning of gender-based differences in depression rates, which continue throughout reproductive life until menopause. Modifications in hormonal status, whether related to endogenous or exogenous exposure or to hormone deprivation, appear to be associated with affective disorder in a subgroup of women. For these women, a growing body of evidence indicates a biological pattern of vulnerability to mood disorders in response to hormonal fluctuations. This could have three major implications: that women vary in vulnerability to mood disorder when abrupt change in steroid levels occur, that these effects could be cumulative across the female life span, and that women do not arrive at menopause with equal risk of mood disorders or equal susceptibility to the effects of hormonal replacement therapy as has been assumed by current clinical research and practice. CONCLUSION While hormonal therapies could have positive effects in the treatment and prevention of depressive disorders, further research is required to differentiate hormone-responsive subgroups of women for whom specific hormonal treatments may be most beneficial. To this end, we suggest that a multifactorial model of cumulative vulnerability, which takes into account hormonal exposure throughout life, genetic vulnerability, and environmental factors, may provide better prediction of treatment response.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A variety of results from both population and laboratory studies suggest that stress and hot flashes (HFs) are correlated and that HFs are more severe in women with lower coping abilities. The objective of this pilot study was to obtain information on the feasibility and effect of participation in a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program on HF severity and menopause-related quality of life. DESIGN Fifteen women volunteers reporting a minimum of seven moderate to severe HFs per day at study intake attended the eight weekly MBSR classes at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Participants were assessed for menopause-related quality of life before beginning and at the conclusion of the MBSR program. Women also kept a daily log of their HFs through the course of the 7 weeks of the MBSR program and for 4 weeks after it. RESULTS Women's scores on quality-of-life measures increased significantly, and the median reported HF severity, calculated as the weekly average of a daily HF severity score, decreased 40% over the course of the 11 weeks of the assessment period. The women were individually interviewed at the completion of their participation, and the results of the interviews were consistent with the results from daily diaries. CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary positive evidence of the feasibility and efficacy of MBSR in supporting women who are experiencing severe HFs, and it warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Carmody
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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