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Ma Z, Zhu W, Kang J, Ma X, Jiang G. A comprehensive study on the ecotoxicity of ivermectin to earthworms (Eisenia fetida). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115709. [PMID: 37979365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is a dewormer commonly utilized in animal farming. Nevertheless, there is a deficiency of research on the bioecotoxicity of IVM in soil. In this study, earthworms were utilized as test animals to investigate the ecotoxicological impacts of IVM. The experiment lasted 28 days and involved adding varied doses of IVM to a culture substrate of soil mixed with cow dung and feeding it to earthworms. The experiment entailed recording earthworm weight, number of earthworm cocoons, histological damage, oxidative stress indicators, and gene expression levels. The analysis results showed that earthworm growth and reproduction were hampered by IVM. Moreover, pathological damage to the earthworms increased with increasing IVM concentration, which caused increased oxidative damage to the earthworms. These findings offer a summary of the impact of IVM on earthworms and a reference point for future research examining the ecological implications of IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfei Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Jungang Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Guojun Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China.
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2
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Rahman MF, Billah MM, Kline RJ, Rahman MS. Effects of elevated temperature on 8-OHdG expression in the American oyster ( Crassostrea virginica): Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular apoptosis, DNA damage and γH2AX signaling pathways. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 4:100079. [PMID: 36589260 PMCID: PMC9798191 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Global temperature is increasing due to anthropogenic activities and the effects of elevated temperature on DNA lesions are not well documented in marine organisms. The American oyster (Crassostrea virginica, an edible and commercially important marine mollusk) is an ideal shellfish species to study oxidative DNA lesions during heat stress. In this study, we examined the effects of elevated temperatures (24, 28, and 32 °C for one-week exposure) on heat shock protein-70 (HSP70, a biomarker of heat stress), 8‑hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, a biomarker of pro-mutagenic DNA lesion), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), γ-histone family member X (γH2AX, a molecular biomarker of DNA damage), caspase-3 (CAS-3, a key enzyme of apoptotic pathway) and Bcl-2-associated X (BAX, an apoptosis regulator) protein and/or mRNA expressions in the gills of American oysters. Immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR results showed that HSP70, 8-OHdG, dsDNA, and γH2AX expressions in gills were significantly increased at high temperatures (28 and 32 °C) compared with control (24°C). In situ TUNEL analysis showed that the apoptotic cells in gill tissues were increased in heat-exposed oysters. Interestingly, the enhanced apoptotic cells were associated with increased CAS-3 and BAX mRNA and/or protein expressions, along with 8-OHdG levels in gills after heat exposure. Moreover, the extrapallial (EP) fluid (i.e., extracellular body fluid) protein concentrations were lower; however, the EP glucose levels were higher in heat-exposed oysters. Taken together, these results suggest that heat shock-driven oxidative stress alters extracellular body fluid conditions and induces cellular apoptosis and DNA damage, which may lead to increased 8-OHdG levels in cells/tissues in oysters.
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Key Words
- 8-OHdG, 8‑hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
- BAX, bcl-2-associate X
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CAS-3, caspase-3
- Caspase 3
- DSBs, double-stranded breaks
- EP, extrapallial
- Extrapallial fluid
- HSP70
- HSP70, heat shock protein 70
- Heat stress
- Marine mollusks
- PBS, Phosphate buffer saline
- SSBs, single-stranded breaks
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling
- dsDNA breaks
- dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- ssDNA, single-stranded DNA
- γ-H2AX, γ-histone family member X
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Faizur Rahman
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad Maruf Billah
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Richard J. Kline
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA,Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Md Saydur Rahman
- School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA,Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1 West University Blvd., Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA.
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Habibi P, Ostad SN, Heydari A, Aliebrahimi S, Montazeri V, Foroushani AR, Monazzam MR, Ghazi-Khansari M, Golbabaei F. Effect of heat stress on DNA damage: a systematic literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2147-2158. [PMID: 36178536 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02351-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stress has a direct effect on various types of DNA damage, which depends on the stage of the cell cycle when the cell is exposed to different climate conditions. A literature review was conducted to systematically investigate and assess the overall effect of heat stress and DNA damage following heat exposure. In this study, electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to find relevant literature on DNA damage in different ambient temperatures. Outcomes included (1) measurement of DNA damage in heat exposure, (2) three different quantification methods (comet assay, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and γ-H2AX), and (3) protocols used for moderate (31) and high temperatures (42). The evidence shows that long exposure and very high temperature can induce an increase in DNA damage through aggregate in natural proteins, ROS generation, cell death, and reproductive damage in hot-humid and hot-dry climate conditions. A substantial increase in DNA damage occurs following acute heat stress exposure, especially in tropical and subtropical climate conditions. The results of this systematic literature review showed a positive association between thermal stress exposure and inhibition of repair of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peymaneh Habibi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Naser Ostad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Heydari
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergencies, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Shima Aliebrahimi
- Artificial Intelligence Department, Smart University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Montazeri
- Artificial Intelligence Department, Smart University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Monazzam
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Golbabaei
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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El-Samad LM, El-Gerbed MS, Hussein HS, Flaven-Pouchon J, El Wakil A, Moussian B. Imidacloprid-induced pathophysiological damage in the midgut of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the field. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:57644-57655. [PMID: 35353308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are modern insecticides widely used in agriculture worldwide. Their impact on target (nervous system) and non-target (midgut) tissues has been well studied in beneficial insects including honeybees under controlled conditions. However, their detailed effects on pest insects on the field are missing to date. Here, we have studied the effects of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid on the midgut of the pest insect Locusta migratoria caught in the field. We found that in the midgut of imidacloprid-exposed locusts the activity of enzymes involved in reactive oxygen metabolism was perturbed. By contrast, the activity of P450 enzymes that have been shown to be activated in a detoxification response and that were also reported to produce reactive oxygen species was elevated. Probably as a consequence, markers of oxidative stress including protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation accumulated in midgut samples of these locusts. Histological analyses revealed that their midgut epithelium is disorganized and that the brush border of the epithelial cells is markedly reduced. Indeed, microvilli are significantly shorter, misshapen and possibly non-functional in imidacloprid-treated locusts. We hypothesize that imidacloprid induces oxidative stress in the locust midgut, thereby changing the shape of midgut epithelial cells and probably in turn compromising their physiological function. Presumably, these effects reduce the survival rate of imidacloprid-treated locusts and the damage they cause in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia M El-Samad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S El-Gerbed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Hanaa S Hussein
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Justin Flaven-Pouchon
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abeer El Wakil
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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Scudeler EL, Carvalho SFD, Garcia ASG, Santorum M, Padovani CR, Santos DCD. Midgut and fat body: Multisystemic action of pyriproxyfen on non-target organism Ceraeochrysa claveri (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118580. [PMID: 34843850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Morphological tools can assist in the evaluation of effects of insecticides on non-target insects. Pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analog, is known to interfere with growth and metamorphosis of insects. However, there are studies showing indirect effects on natural enemies, including green lacewings. Few prior studies describe morphological effects of pyriproxyfen on target insect organs, especially on natural enemies. Through morphological tools, this study aimed to characterize the midgut and fat body, both important organs of digestion and great metabolic activity respectively, of the predator Ceraeochrysa claveri after chronic exposure to pyriproxyfen. Larvae of C. claveri were fed Diatraea saccharalis egg clusters treated with pyriproxyfen in solution of 50 or 100 mg a.i. L-1 throughout the larval stage. The biological data revealed significant increases in development time, especially in the third instar, and in cumulative mortality from the prepupal into the pupal stage. Morphological analysis of adult midgut (≤24 h old) showed damage including formation of epithelial folds, intercellular spaces, emission of cytoplasmic protrusions. Both fat body regions presented decrease of lipid droplets, vacuolization of trophocytes and mitochondrial injury featuring a multisystemic action. In both organs, pyriproxyfen exposure induced significant oxidative stress by mitochondrial superoxide production. Cytoprotective responses were induced in midgut and fat body cells by augmenting the number of cytoplasmic granules containing calcium and expression of HSP 90. Both organs proved to be efficient in presenting histopathological alterations, showing the sensitivity and applicability of this morphological tool for evaluating other insecticides in non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Luiz Scudeler
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Shelly Favorito de Carvalho
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Silvia Gimenes Garcia
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marilucia Santorum
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Piccini C, Cai G, Dias MC, Araújo M, Parri S, Romi M, Faleri C, Cantini C. Olive Varieties under UV-B Stress Show Distinct Responses in Terms of Antioxidant Machinery and Isoform/Activity of RubisCO. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011214. [PMID: 34681874 PMCID: PMC8538740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, atmospheric pollution led to a progressive reduction of the ozone layer with a consequent increase in UV-B radiation. Despite the high adaptation of olive trees to the Mediterranean environment, the progressive increase of UV-B radiation is a risk factor for olive tree cultivation. It is therefore necessary to understand how high levels of UV-B radiation affect olive plants and to identify olive varieties which are better adapted. In this study we analyzed two Italian olive varieties subjected to chronic UV-B stress. We focused on the effects of UV-B radiation on RubisCO, in terms of quantity, enzymatic activity and isoform composition. In addition, we also analyzed changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPox) to get a comprehensive picture of the antioxidant system. We also evaluated the effects of UV-B on the enzyme sucrose synthase. The overall damage at biochemical level was also assessed by analyzing changes in Hsp70, a protein triggered under stress conditions. The results of this work indicate that the varieties (Giarraffa and Olivastra Seggianese) differ significantly in the use of specific antioxidant defense systems, as well as in the activity and isoform composition of RubisCO. Combined with a different use of sucrose synthase, the overall picture shows that Giarraffa optimized the use of GPox and opted for a targeted choice of RubisCO isoforms, in addition to managing the content of sucrose synthase, thereby saving energy during critical stress points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Piccini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.P.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (C.F.)
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, 58022 Follonica, Italy;
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.P.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-057-723-2392; Fax: +39-057-723-2861
| | - Maria Celeste Dias
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.D.); (M.A.)
| | - Márcia Araújo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.D.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sara Parri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.P.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Marco Romi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.P.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.P.); (S.P.); (M.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudio Cantini
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, 58022 Follonica, Italy;
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Pereira BVR, da Silva-Zacarin ECM, Costa MJ, Dos Santos ACA, Nunes B. Immunodetection of heat shock protein 70 and cell death in liver of a neotropical fish acutely and chronically exposed to acetaminophen and propranolol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11233-11244. [PMID: 33113063 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of pharmaceutical drugs ends frequently in their inappropriate disposal and treatment at waste water treatment plants, which is the cause of their widespread presence in the environment. Yet, there is limited understanding or knowledge of their effects to non-target aquatic organisms. The drugs acetaminophen (analgesic and antipyretic) and propranolol (β-blocker) are widely found in the aquatic environment, where they can interact with non-target exposed organisms, causing adverse effects. Heat shock proteins (namely HSP70) are molecular chaperones which help to refold misfolded cellular proteins, and the increase in their in vivo levels indicates a change in the cell to counteract the proteotoxic effects of the triggered stress, namely which is consequent to exposure to toxicants. The objective of this study was to quantify the levels of liver HSP70 proteins in individuals of the neotropical fish species Phalloceros harpagos, acutely and chronically exposed to concentrations of acetaminophen and propranolol, in the range of those already determined to occur in the wild. Fish acutely exposed to acetaminophen (concentrations of 8, 80, 800, and 8000 μg L-1) and to propranolol (levels of 1, 10, and 1000 μg L-1) evidenced increased intensity of HSP70 immunolabeling in liver cells. Similarly, animals chronically exposed to propranolol, at concentrations of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 μg L-1, showed a comparable trend. This finding suggests the triggering of a cytoprotective effect that was effective in preventing cell death in exposed groups in relation to the control group. In contrast, chronic exposure to acetaminophen caused a decrease in HSP70 labeling intensity in fish hepatocytes (animals exposed to 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg L-1), with no induction of DNA fragmentation in the nuclei of hepatocytes of these fish. Some of the hepatic HSP70 responses observed in this study were obtained at levels already reported to occur in the wild. Finally, this study showed how levels of acetaminophen at microliter concentration can exert side effects on non-target organisms after chronic exposure, suggesting that environmentally exposed organisms may be subjected to adverse conditions that modify the typical response pattern of HSP70 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vieira Ramos Pereira
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cristina Mathias da Silva-Zacarin
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil.
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil.
| | - Monica Jones Costa
- Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - André Cordeiro Alves Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Roat TC, Santos-Pinto JRAD, Miotelo L, de Souza CL, Palma MS, Malaspina O. Using a toxicoproteomic approach to investigate the effects of thiamethoxam into the brain of Apis mellifera. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127362. [PMID: 32947664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids have been described as toxic to bees. In this context, the A. mellifera foragers were exposed to a sublethal concentration of thiamethoxam (LC50/100: 0,0227 ng de thiamethoxam/μL-1 diet), a neurotoxic insecticide, for 8 days; and it was decided to investigate the insecticide effect on the brain by a shotgun proteomic approach followed by label-free quantitative-based proteomics. A total of 401 proteins were identified in the control group (CG); and a total of 350 proteins in the thiamethoxam exposed group (TMX). Quantitative proteomics data showed up 251 proteins with significant quantitative values in the TMX group. These findings demonstrated the occurrence of shared and unique proteins with altered expression in the TMX group, such as ATP synthase subunit beta, heat shock protein cognate 4, spectrin beta chain-like, mushroom body large-type Kenyon cell-specific protein 1-like, tubulin alpha-1 chain-like, arginine kinase, epidermal growth factor receptor, odorant receptor, glutamine synthetase, glutamate receptor, and cytochrome P450 4c3. Meanwhile, the proteins that were expressed uniquely in the TMX group are involved mainly in the phosphorylation, cellular protein modification, and cell surface receptor signalling processes. Interaction network results showed that identified proteins are present in five different metabolic pathways - oxidative stress, cytoskeleton control, visual process, olfactory memory, and glutamate metabolism. Our scientific outcomes demonstrated that a sublethal concentration of thiamethoxam can impair biological processes and important metabolic pathways, causing damage to the nervous system of bees, and in the long term, can compromise the nutrition and physiology of individuals from the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaisa C Roat
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Aparecido Dos Santos-Pinto
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Miotelo
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Lacerra de Souza
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Palma
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Center for the Study of Social Insects, Department of General and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Lauritano C, Ianora A. Chemical Defense in Marine Organisms. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100518. [PMID: 33080956 PMCID: PMC7589352 DOI: 10.3390/md18100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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10
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Volz SN, Hausen J, Nachev M, Ottermanns R, Schiwy S, Hollert H. Short exposure to cadmium disrupts the olfactory system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) - Relating altered gene expression in the olfactory organ to behavioral deficits. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105555. [PMID: 32645607 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish strongly rely on olfaction as a variety of essential behaviors such as foraging and predator avoidance are mediated by the olfactory system. Cadmium (Cd) is known to impair olfaction and accumulate in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and bulb (OB) of fishes. In the present study, the acute toxicity of Cd on olfaction in zebrafish (Danio rerio) was characterized on the molecular and behavioral level. To this end, quantitative real-time PCR was performed in order to analyze the expression of selected genes in both the OE and OB. Moreover, the response of zebrafish to an alarm cue was investigated. Following 24 h of exposure to Cd, the expression of genes associated with olfactory sensory neurons was reduced in the OE. Furthermore, the antioxidant genes peroxiredoxin 1 (prdx1) and heme oxygenase 1 (hmox1), as well as the metallothionein 2 gene (mt2) were upregulated in the OE, whereas hmox1 and the stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) were upregulated in the OB upon exposure to Cd. Following stimulation with a conspecific skin extract, zebrafish displayed a considerable disruption of the antipredator behavior with increasing Cd concentration. Taken together, Cd impaired olfaction in zebrafish, thereby disrupting the antipredator response, which is crucial for the survival of individuals. Cellular stress followed by disruption of olfactory sensory neurons may have contributed to the observed behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina N Volz
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jonas Hausen
- Core Unit for Bioinformatics Data Analysis, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Milen Nachev
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- Chair of Environmental Biology and Chemodynamics, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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11
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Morammazi S, Shokrollahi B. The pattern of HSP70 gene expression, flight activity and temperature in Apis mellifera meda colonies. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102647. [PMID: 32716888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Honey bees produce heat shock proteins (HSPs) following biotic and abiotic stressors to protect cells from damage. In the current study, the pattern of HSP70 gene transcription, foraging, and temperature inside and outside the hive and their association in Apis mellifera meda colonies during Ziziphus blooming period were investigated. Therefore, the number of bees entering the hive, temperature inside and outside the hive were recorded in six colonies at different times of the day. Entering and exiting worker bees were sampled in the front of three hives at three times during the day, morning, midday, and afternoon to evaluate HSP70 gene expression by real-time PCR. The results showed that the flight behavior was influenced by the inside and outside hive temperatures, which was lower and higher in the midday and at the end of the day, respectively. The peak amount of HSP70 gene transcription at the midday was associated with the lowest bee flight activity and highest inside and outside the hive temperatures. In addition, the peak of flight activity was associated with intermediate levels of HSP70 gene expression in the afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Morammazi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Borhan Shokrollahi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Kurdistan province, Iran
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12
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Sońta M, Batorska M, Więcek J, Rekiel A. Performance Results and Concentrations of Biochemical Indices and Mineral Elements in Blood Serum of Fatteners Fed Diets Containing Mixtures of Raw Seeds of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) or Blue Lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius L.). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E858. [PMID: 32429140 PMCID: PMC7278428 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted with fatteners (♀ (Landrace × Yorkshire) × ♂ duroc), 50 animals each (10 pigs per group). The fatteners from the control group (C) were administered feed mixtures with genetically modified soybean meal (SBM-GM) used as the only protein source; whereas these from experimental groups (E1-E4) received feed mixtures in which the SBM-GM was replaced with increasing amounts of raw seeds of pea (Experiment I) or blue lupin (Experiment II): E1-5.0%, E2-10.0%, E3-15.0%, and E4-17.5%. Once the fattening period was completed, production results were determined, and selected blood serum indices were assayed to establish the effect of the nutritional factor on body homeostasis and health status of the animals. Pigs from all groups revealed a similar growth rate and meatiness (p > 0.05). In Experiment I serum analyses showed lower (p < 0.001) concentrations of: cholesterol in E1, E3 and E4; creatinine in E1 and E4 and urea in E3 and E4, compared to the C. In Experiment II, lower (p < 0.001) concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine-aminotransferase, total protein, and Mg were determined in the serum of fatteners from E1-E4 compared to the C. Even though values of all analyzed blood markers differed among the groups, in most cases they fitted within reference values for the species, which indicates the maintenance of body homeostasis. Study results show that there are no contraindications to the use of pea and blue lupin seeds as alternative feed materials to SBM-GM in pig fattening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martyna Batorska
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (J.W.); (A.R.)
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13
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Protopopova MV, Pavlichenko VV, Luckenbach T. Changes of cellular stress response related hsp70 and abcb1 transcript and Hsp70 protein levels in Siberian freshwater amphipods upon exposure to cadmium chloride in the lethal concentration range. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8635. [PMID: 32195047 PMCID: PMC7067181 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of cellular stress response systems, heat shock protein hsp70/Hsp70 and multixenobiotic transporter abcb1, by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) was explored in amphipod species with different stress adaptation strategies from the Lake Baikal area. Based on the lethal concentrations (LC) of CdCl2, the sensitivities of the different species to CdCl2 were ranked (24 hr LC50 in mg/L CdCl2 (mean/95% confidence interval)): Gammarus lacustris (1.7/1.3–2.4) < Eulimnogammarus cyaneus (2.9/2.1–4.0) < Eulimnogammarus verrucosus (5.7/3.8–8.7) < Eulimnogammarus vittatus (18.1/12.4–26.6). Conjugated dienes, indicating lipid peroxidation, were significantly increased after 24 hr exposures to 5 mg/L CdCl2 only in the more CdCl2-sensitive species G. lacustris and E. cyaneus. Upon treatment with 0.54 to 5.8 mg/L CdCl2 for 1, 6 and 24 hrs, hsp70 transcript levels were generally more increased after the longer exposure times and in the more CdCl2-sensitive species. Relating the CdCl2 exposure concentrations to LCx values revealed that across the species the increases of hsp70 transcript levels were comparatively low (up to 2.6-fold) at CdCl2 concentrations ≤LC50. Relative hsp70 transcript levels were maximally increased in E. cyaneus by 5 mg/L CdCl2 (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$\hat {=}$\end{document}= ˆLC70) at 24 hrs (9.1-fold increase above the respective control). When G. lacustris was exposed to 5 mg/L CdCl2 (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$\hat {=}$\end{document}= ˆLC90) for 24 hrs, the increase in hsp70 was in comparison to E. cyaneus considerably less pronounced (3.0-fold increase in hsp70 levels relative to control). Upon exposure of amphipods to 5 mg/L CdCl2, increases in Hsp70 protein levels compared to untreated controls were highest in E. cyaneus at 1 and 6 hrs (5 mg/L CdCl2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$\hat {=}$\end{document}= ˆ LC70) and in E. verrucosus at 24 hrs (5 mg/L CdCl2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}$\hat {=}$\end{document}= ˆ LC45). Thus, when the fold increases in Hsp70 protein levels in the different amphipod species were related to the respective species-specific LCx values a similar bell-shaped trend as for hsp70 transcript levels was seen across the species. Transcript levels of abcb1 in CdCl2exposed individuals of the different amphipod species varied up to 4.7-fold in relation to the respective controls. In contrast to hsp70/Hsp70, abcb1 transcripts in CdCl2 exposed individuals of the different amphipod species did not indicate similar levels of induction of abcb1 at equal LCx levels across the species. Induction of hsp70 and abcb1 genes and Hsp70 proteins by CdCl2 in the lethal concentration range shows that these cellular responses are rather insensitive to CdCl2 stress in the examined amphipod species. Furthermore, the increase of expression of these cellular defense systems at such high stress levels suggests that induction of these genes is not related to the maintenance of normal metabolism but to mitigation of the effects of severe toxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Protopopova
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia.,Faculty of Biology and Soil Sciences, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy V Pavlichenko
- Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia.,Faculty of Biology and Soil Sciences, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Till Luckenbach
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Marzec L, Liberek T, Chmielewski M, Bryl E, Witkowski JM, Liberek K, Zdrojewski Z, Rutkowski B. Expression of Heat Shock Protein 72 in Peritoneal Leukocytes is Induced by Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080702700314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the main limitations of peritoneal dialysis (PD) is deterioration of functional and morphological characteristics of the peritoneum. This complication appears to be related to the low biocompatibility profile of PD fluids. Recently, induction of the heat shock protein (HSP) stress response was demonstrated in cultured human mesothelial cells exposed to PD fluid in vitro. We investigated whether expression of heat shock protein 72 (HSP-72) in peritoneal macrophages is induced upon exposure to PD fluid during continuous ambulatory PD. Methods Peritoneal leukocytes were isolated from 4-hour dwell dialysate; peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and peripheral blood monocytes isolated from the same patients were used as a control. In separate experiments, PBMC from healthy individuals were exposed in vitro to different PD fluids or to culture media. Expression of HSP-72 was assessed by Western immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results Macrophages and leukocytes isolated from dialysis effluent expressed significantly increased HSP-72 and mRNA levels compared to blood monocytes and PBMC of the same patients. In vitro exposure of PBMC to fresh PD fluids resulted in significantly higher expression of HSP-72 compared to those incubated in culture medium. PBMC exposed in vitro to standard lactate-buffered dialysis fluids also expressed significantly more HSP-72 compared to cells exposed to bicarbonate/lactate-buffered fluids. Conclusion Our results indicate that exposure to PD fluids during dialysis triggers a shock response in peritoneal cells, which is manifested by significantly increased HSP-72 expression at both protein and mRNA levels. Analysis of this protein expression in peritoneal macrophages could be a new, convenient, and relevant way to assess the biocompatibility of PD fluids ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Marzec
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk
| | - Tomasz Liberek
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk
| | - Michal Chmielewski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk
| | - Ewa Bryl
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk
| | | | | | - Zbigniew Zdrojewski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk
| | - Boleslaw Rutkowski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk
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15
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Zaluski R, Bittarello AC, Vieira JCS, Braga CP, Padilha PDM, Fernandes MDS, Bovi TDS, Orsi RDO. Modification of the head proteome of nurse honeybees (Apis mellifera) exposed to field-relevant doses of pesticides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2190. [PMID: 32042077 PMCID: PMC7010795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effect of pesticides on the survival of honeybee colonies is important because these pollinators are reportedly declining globally. In the present study, we examined the changes in the head proteome of nurse honeybees exposed to individual and combined pesticides (the fungicide pyraclostrobin and the insecticide fipronil) at field-relevant doses (850 and 2.5 ppb, respectively). The head proteomes of bees exposed to pesticides were compared with those of bees that were not exposed, and proteins with differences in expression were identified by mass spectrometry. The exposure of nurse bees to pesticides reduced the expression of four of the major royal jelly proteins (MRJP1, MRJP2, MRJP4, and MRJP5) and also several proteins associated with carbohydrate metabolism and energy synthesis, the antioxidant system, detoxification, biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, transcription and translation, protein folding and binding, olfaction, and learning and memory. Overall, when pyraclostrobin and fipronil were combined, the changes in protein expression were exacerbated. Our results demonstrate that vital proteins and metabolic processes are impaired in nurse honeybees exposed to pesticides in doses close to those experienced by these insects in the field, increasing their susceptibility to stressors and affecting the nutrition and maintenance of both managed and natural colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zaluski
- Grupo de Estudos em Apicultura e Meliponicultura Sustentável de Mato Grosso do Sul - GEAMS, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FAMEZ), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Alis Correia Bittarello
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - José Cavalcante Souza Vieira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Institute of Chemistry (INQUI), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Camila Pereira Braga
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Magalhaes Padilha
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís de Souza Bovi
- Núcleo de Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia em Apicultura Racional (NECTAR), São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Animal Production, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi
- Núcleo de Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia em Apicultura Racional (NECTAR), São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Animal Production, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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16
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de Souza RB, Moreira-de-Sousa C, Ansoar-Rodríguez Y, Coelho MPM, de Souza CP, Bueno OC, Fontanetti CS. Histopatology and HSP70 analysis of the midgut of Rhinocricus padbergi (Diplopoda) in the evaluation of the toxicity of two new metallic-insecticides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3023-3033. [PMID: 31838689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Millipedes are organisms of the edaphic fauna and have been used as bioindicators for the evaluation of pollutants in the environment, as they are in constant contact with the soil. This study used the millipede Rhinocricus padbergi as surrogate to evaluate the toxicity of two metallic-insecticides that has been developed for leaf-cutting ants management. Millipedes were exposed in terrariums containing different concentrations of the metallic-insecticides and, after periods of 21 and 90 days, three individuals from each terrarium were dissected in order to remove the midgut, the organ where absorption of nutrients and, consequently, toxic substances occurs. The toxic action of the metallic-insecticides was analyzed through qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of morphophysiological alterations and by quantitative analysis of the HSP70 stress protein. The results showed that the metallic-insecticides may increase HSP70 labeling, although not at all concentrations and periods of exposure. Histopathological alterations were not significant at any concentration, indicating that the cytoprotective action of HSP70 is able to prevent severe damage to the midgut. It is therefore suggested that the metallic-insecticides are not toxic to the species studied here as no toxicity was observed under the conditions tested. In addition, stress protein localization in midgut helps understand how morphophysiological processes can potentially be affected by pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael B de Souza
- Institute of Bioscience, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Odair Correa Bueno
- Institute of Bioscience, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmem S Fontanetti
- Institute of Bioscience, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Heat shock protein genes in the green alga Tetraselmis suecica and their role against redox and non-redox active metals. Eur J Protistol 2019; 69:37-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Scudeler EL, Garcia ASG, Padovani CR, Dos Santos DC. Pest and natural enemy: how the fat bodies of both the southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania and the predator Ceraeochrysa claveri react to azadirachtin exposure. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:839-856. [PMID: 30643985 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of biopesticides on insects can be demonstrated by morphological and ultrastructural tools in ecotoxicological analysis. Azadirachtin-based products are widely used as biopesticides, affecting numerous insect populations. Through morphological biomarkers, this study aimed to characterize the fat bodies of both the southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania and the predator Ceraeochrysa claveri after chronic exposure to azadirachtin. Larvae of S. eridania and C. claveri were fed with fresh purple lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa) and egg clusters of Diatraea saccharalis treated with azadirachtin solution of 6 mg active ingredient (a.i.)/L and 18 mg a.i./L for 7 days, respectively. The biological data showed a significant reduction in survival and body mass in S. eridania and cytotoxic effects in the parietal and perivisceral fat bodies in both species. Ultrastructural cell damage was observed in the trophocytes of both species such as dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria. Trophocytes of S. eridania and C. claveri of the parietal and perivisceral layers responded to those injuries by different cytoprotective and detoxification means such as an increase in the amount of cytoplasmic granules containing calcium, expression of heat shock protein (HSP)70/HSP90, and development of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Despite all the different means of cytoprotection and detoxification, they were not sufficient to recover from all the cellular damages. Azadirachtin exhibited an excellent performance for the control of S. eridania and a moderate selectivity for the predator C. claveri, which presents better biological and cytoprotective responses to chronic exposure to azadirachtin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Luiz Scudeler
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Silvia Gimenes Garcia
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Aquilino M, Sánchez-Argüello P, Novo M, Martínez-Guitarte JL. Effects on tadpole snail gene expression after exposure to vinclozolin. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:568-577. [PMID: 30576892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide vinclozolin (Vz) is an endocrine disruptor with known anti-androgenic activity in vertebrates. However, there is a lack of information about the Vz mode of action in invertebrates, although some studies have shown that this compound can produce alterations in different species. Transcriptional activity was analyzed in the freshwater snail Physella acuta in order to elucidate putative cellular processes altered by this chemical during a response. In order to identify potential molecular biomarkers, a de novo transcriptome was generated for this species that constitutes a valuable source for future studies. This data, together with some already available data, permitted the identification of several genes related to detoxification mechanisms (Cyp2u1, Cyp3a7, Cyp4f22, GSTo1, GSTt2, and MRP1), stress response (Hsp20.4, Hsp17, Hsp16.6, and Cu,Zn-SOD), the hormonal system (Estrogen Receptor and Hsp90), apoptosis (Casp3), and copper homeostasis (ATOX1). Using quantitative Real-Time polymerase chain reaction, mRNA levels of these genes were examined in snails exposed to 20 or 200 µg/L Vz for 24 h. The results showed an overall weak response, with downregulation of Hsp20.4 and no statistically significant change for the other genes. These findings suggest that P. acuta can manage the concentrations of Vz found in the environment with no relevant activation of the pathways analyzed, although additional studies are needed for longer exposure times and including other metabolic pathways. The new genes described open the range of processes that can be studied at the molecular level in toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Aquilino
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Argüello
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, INIA, Crta A Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Novo
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Nóvais sn, Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Barik BK, Mishra M. Nanoparticles as a potential teratogen: a lesson learnt from fruit fly. Nanotoxicology 2018; 13:258-284. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1530393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bedanta Kumar Barik
- Neural Developmental Biology Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Monalisa Mishra
- Neural Developmental Biology Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
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21
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Coelho MPM, Correia JE, Vasques LI, Marcato ACDC, Guedes TDA, Soto MA, Basso JB, Kiang C, Fontanetti CS. Toxicity evaluation of leached of sugarcane vinasse: Histopathology and immunostaining of cellular stress protein. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:367-375. [PMID: 30216895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane vinasse is a residue generated at a rate fifteen times greater than the ethanol production. Because of its high organic and micronutrient content, this residue is used as a fertilizer on sugarcane crops. However, when used in large quantities, vinasse can saturate the soil and contaminate nearby water resources by percolation and leaching. Given the proven toxic potential of in natura vinasse, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxic potential of leached sugarcane vinasse using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a test organism. A bioassay was performed after vinasse percolation in laboratory soil columns. The bioassay included one control group containing fresh water and two treatment groups, the first exposed to a 2,5% dilution of leached of vinasse and the second to a 2,5% dilution of in natura vinasse. After exposure, histopathological analysis was performed in gills and livers, and the latter were labelled for HSP70 proteins. No significant changes were detected in the gills of the exposed fish. However, in the liver, both in natura and leached vinasse induced statistically significant histopathological changes. These changes include hydropic degeneration, cell boundary losses, pyknotic nuclei and cellular disorganization. HSP70 expression significant increase in liver of both treatment groups were observed, being higher for the in natura vinasse exposed group. Results suggested that both leached vinasse and in natura vinasse were toxic, its still able to provoke histological changes and induce the cytoprotective response in exposed fish liver, evidenced by a immunostaining of cellular stress proteins. Thus, in order to reduce its environmental impact, appropriated effluent disposal is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Mancini Coelho
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Evangelista Correia
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise Idalgo Vasques
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia de Castro Marcato
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thays de Andrade Guedes
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Alfaro Soto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), IGCE (Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Broggio Basso
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), IGCE (Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chang Kiang
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), IGCE (Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmem Silvia Fontanetti
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Núñez-Pons L, Avila C, Romano G, Verde C, Giordano D. UV-Protective Compounds in Marine Organisms from the Southern Ocean. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E336. [PMID: 30223486 PMCID: PMC6165330 DOI: 10.3390/md16090336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar radiation represents a key abiotic factor in the evolution of life in the oceans. In general, marine, biota-particularly in euphotic and dysphotic zones-depends directly or indirectly on light, but ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) can damage vital molecular machineries. UV-R induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairs intracellular structures and enzymatic reactions. It can also affect organismal physiologies and eventually alter trophic chains at the ecosystem level. In Antarctica, physical drivers, such as sunlight, sea-ice, seasonality and low temperature are particularly influencing as compared to other regions. The springtime ozone depletion over the Southern Ocean makes organisms be more vulnerable to UV-R. Nonetheless, Antarctic species seem to possess analogous UV photoprotection and repair mechanisms as those found in organisms from other latitudes. The lack of data on species-specific responses towards increased UV-B still limits the understanding about the ecological impact and the tolerance levels related to ozone depletion in this region. The photobiology of Antarctic biota is largely unknown, in spite of representing a highly promising reservoir in the discovery of novel cosmeceutical products. This review compiles the most relevant information on photoprotection and UV-repair processes described in organisms from the Southern Ocean, in the context of this unique marine polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Núñez-Pons
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology (Biotech), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italia.
| | - Cinzia Verde
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy.
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy.
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Gang Y, Won EJ, Ra K, Choi JY, Lee KW, Kim K. Environmental assessment of contaminated marine sediments treated with solidification agents: Directions for improving environmental assessment guidelines. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 139:193-200. [PMID: 29804787 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of dredged materials is a critical issue, since management and disposal of these products requires considerable investment of monetary resources, time, and space. The high concentration of pollutants in dredged materials, along with high water content and many fine particles make recycling these materials particularly difficult. In order to solve this problem, solidification/stabilization has been considered as a potentially viable solution for recycling dredged marine sediments. However, there are currently no guidelines that address potential biological and environmental impacts. To evaluate the stability of treated materials and their biological impacts, dredged marine sediments, which were polluted with heavy metals, were treated by solidification/stabilization using two different solidifying agents. To assess potential impacts, toxicity characteristic leaching procedures (TCLP, USEPA) and a bioassay (with the rotifer, Brachionus sp.) were performed with treated materials. In a TCLP test, we found that treatment with a solidification agent decreased the leaching concentration of heavy metals from sediment compared to the control. The rotifer bioassay showed no change in the survival rate during 24 h of exposure to both agents. However, survival differed between the two agents after 48 h of exposure. Screening physiological status using gene expression, showed that oxidative stress genes were significantly altered. These results suggest that more studies are needed to provide guidelines for deciding the usability of treated materials created by the solidification or stabilization of dredged materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Gang
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385, Haeyang-ro, Youngdo, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Won
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385, Haeyang-ro, Youngdo, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385, Haeyang-ro, Youngdo, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385, Haeyang-ro, Youngdo, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Woo Lee
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385, Haeyang-ro, Youngdo, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungrean Kim
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385, Haeyang-ro, Youngdo, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Roush KS, Krzykwa JC, Malmquist JA, Stephens DA, Sellin Jeffries MK. Enhancing the fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity test: Optimizing embryo production and assessing the utility of additional test endpoints. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:45-53. [PMID: 29407737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The fathead minnow fish embryo toxicity (FET) test has been identified as a potential alternative to toxicity test methods that utilize older fish. However, several challenges have been identified with the fathead minnow FET test, including: 1) difficulties in obtaining appropriately-staged embryos for FET test initiation, 2) a paucity of data comparing fathead minnow FET test performance to the fathead minnow larval growth and survival (LGS) test and 3) a lack of sublethal endpoints that could be used to estimate chronic toxicity and/or predict adverse effects. These challenges were addressed through three study objectives. The first objective was to optimize embryo production by assessing the effect of breeding group composition (number of males and females) on egg production. Results showed that groups containing one male and four females produced the largest clutches, enhancing the likelihood of procuring sufficient numbers of embryos for FET test initiation. The second study objective was to compare the performance of the FET test to that of the fathead minnow LGS test using three reference toxicants. The FET and LGS tests were similar in their ability to predict the acute toxicity of sodium chloride and ethanol, but the FET test was found to be more sensitive than the LGS test for sodium dodecyl sulfate. The last objective of the study was to evaluate the utility and practicality of several sublethal metrics (i.e., growth, developmental abnormalities and growth- and stress-related gene expression) as FET test endpoints. Developmental abnormalities, including pericardial edema and hatch success, were found to offer the most promise as additional FET test endpoints, given their responsiveness, potential for predicting adverse effects, ease of assessment and low cost of measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Roush
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jacob A Malmquist
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Dane A Stephens
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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25
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Lauritano C, De Luca D, Ferrarini A, Avanzato C, Minio A, Esposito F, Ianora A. De novo transcriptome of the cosmopolitan dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae to identify enzymes with biotechnological potential. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11701. [PMID: 28916825 PMCID: PMC5601461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are phytoplanktonic organisms found in both freshwater and marine habitats. They are often studied because related to harmful algal blooms but they are also known to produce bioactive compounds for the treatment of human pathologies. The aim of this study was to sequence the full transcriptome of the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae in both nitrogen-starved and -replete culturing conditions (1) to evaluate the response to nitrogen starvation at the transcriptional level, (2) to look for possible polyketide synthases (PKSs) in the studied clone (genes that may be involved in the synthesis of bioactive compounds), (3) if present, to evaluate if nutrient starvation can influence PKS expression, (4) to look for other possible enzymes of biotechnological interest and (5) to test strain cytotoxicity on human cell lines. Results showed an increase in nitrogen metabolism and stress response in nitrogen-starved cells and confirmed the presence of a type I β-ketosynthase. In addition, L-asparaginase (used for the treatment of Leukemia and for acrylamide reduction in food industries) and cellulase (useful for biofuel production and other industrial applications) have been identified for the first time in this species, giving new insights into possible biotechnological applications of dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lauritano
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Daniele De Luca
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Università degli Studi di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Avanzato
- Università degli Studi di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Minio
- Università degli Studi di Verona, Ca' Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adrianna Ianora
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
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26
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Hasan MK, Cheng Y, Kanwar MK, Chu XY, Ahammed GJ, Qi ZY. Responses of Plant Proteins to Heavy Metal Stress-A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1492. [PMID: 28928754 PMCID: PMC5591867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to environmental pollutants such as heavy metal(s) by triggering the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in stress response. Toxic metal ions profoundly affect the cellular protein homeostasis by interfering with the folding process and aggregation of nascent or non-native proteins leading to decreased cell viability. However, plants possess a range of ubiquitous cellular surveillance systems that enable them to efficiently detoxify heavy metals toward enhanced tolerance to metal stress. As proteins constitute the major workhorses of living cells, the chelation of metal ions in cytosol with phytochelatins and metallothioneins followed by compartmentalization of metals in the vacuoles as well as the repair of stress-damaged proteins or removal and degradation of proteins that fail to achieve their native conformations are critical for plant tolerance to heavy metal stress. In this review, we provide a broad overview of recent advances in cellular protein research with regards to heavy metal tolerance in plants. We also discuss how plants maintain functional and healthy proteomes for survival under such capricious surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural UniversitySylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | | | - Xian-Yao Chu
- Zhejiang Institute of Geological Survey, Geological Research Center for Agricultural Applications, China Geological SurveyBeijing, China
| | | | - Zhen-Yu Qi
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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27
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Gavrilović A, Ilijin L, Mrdaković M, Vlahović M, Mrkonja A, Matić D, Perić-Mataruga V. Effects of benzo[a]pyrene dietary intake to antioxidative enzymes of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae from unpolluted and polluted forests. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:10-19. [PMID: 28355530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activity in industrial development has imposed great threats to the environment and wildlife in the form of persistent organic pollutants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) tend to accumulate in vegetation foliage which is the main food source of polyphagous insect species Lymantria dispar L. Origin and multigenerational adaptation of L. dispar population to environmental challenges strongly condition the enzymes' sensitivity to pollutants. In this study, our aim was to investigate response of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) to the chronic dietary exposure of benzo[a]pyrene in the midgut tissues and hemolymph of two L. dispar populations originating from unpolluted and polluted forest habitat. Midgut tissue of the larvae from the polluted forest showed significant increase in SOD, CAT and GST activity, while in unpolluted forest's larvae SOD and CAT showed elevated activities in hemolymph. L. dispar populations adapted to different level of pollution in their environment and expressed distinct tissue-dependent antioxidative enzyme sensitivity to benzo[a]pyrene diet, implying high potential for further elucidation of these enzymes as molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Gavrilović
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Larisa Ilijin
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mrdaković
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Vlahović
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Mrkonja
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Matić
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Perić-Mataruga
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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28
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da Silva Cantinha R, Borrely SI, Oguiura N, de Bragança Pereira CA, Rigolon MM, Nakano E. HSP70 expression in Biomphalaria glabrata snails exposed to cadmium. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:18-23. [PMID: 28231501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of the heavy metal cadmium on the stress protein HSP70 are investigated in freshwater mollusks Biomphalaria glabrata. Adult snails were exposed for 96h to CdCl2 at concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 0.7mgL-1 (LC50/96h=0.34 (0.30-0.37). Time and concentration-dependent increases in the expression of HSP70 were observed at sub-lethal levels in the immunoblotting assay. Further, an increased survival to a lethal heat shock was observed in animals pre-exposed to a nonlethal concentration of cadmium, evidencing the induction of acquired tolerance. The present study demonstrated the inducibility of B. glabrata HSP70 by cadmium, a relevant environmental contaminant, at non-lethal levels, providing evidences that the assessment of HSP70 in B. glabrata can be regarded as a suitable biomarker for ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca da Silva Cantinha
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Sueli Ivone Borrely
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Nancy Oguiura
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto de Bragança Pereira
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1010, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05008-090, Brazil.
| | - Marcela M Rigolon
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Eliana Nakano
- Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
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29
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Etteieb S, Kawachi A, Han J, Elayni F, Tarhouni J, Isoda H. Assessment of organic micropollutants occurrence in treated wastewater using heat shock protein 47 stress responses in Chinese hamster ovary cells and GC/MS-based non-target screening. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:2407-2416. [PMID: 27858797 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Combining bioassays and analytical chemistry screening is a powerful approach to assess organic micropollutants which are the main contributors to toxic potential in complex mixtures of treated wastewater (TWW). The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive toxicity assessment of treated effluents using stress response bioassays and then to assess the occurrence of the organic micropollutants which were responsible for this biological response using gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometry detector (GC/MS). Results showed that TWW samples induced significant stress response on Chinese hamster ovary cells, stably transfected with heat shock protein 47 promoter, at 0.1%, 1%, 5% and 10% concentrations. The organic chemical compounds responsible for stress response potential were identified at different percentage values using non-target chemical screening. Of the compounds detected in TWW1 and TWW4, 55.09% and 74.5% respectively, fell within the class of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were also present in TWW3 at 26.46% whereas 11.96% corresponded to 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin and 16.08% to triethoxysilane. Moreover, 76.73% of TWW2 was recorded as decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and 17.44% as n-hexadecanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Etteieb
- Laboratory of Water Science and Technology (LSTE), National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia INAT, 43 Charles Nicolle Street Mahrajène, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Atsushi Kawachi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan and Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan E-mail:
| | - Junkyu Han
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan and Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan E-mail:
| | - Foued Elayni
- International Center for Environmental Technologies of Tunis-CITET, Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat, Tunis 1080, Tunisia
| | - Jamila Tarhouni
- Laboratory of Water Science and Technology (LSTE), National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia INAT, 43 Charles Nicolle Street Mahrajène, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan and Alliance for Research on North Africa (ARENA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan E-mail:
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30
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Girilal M, Krishnakumar V, Poornima P, Mohammed Fayaz A, Kalaichelvan PT. A comparative study on biologically and chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles induced Heat Shock Proteins on fresh water fish Oreochromis niloticus. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:461-468. [PMID: 26291676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The wide applicability of silver nanoparticles in medicine and pharmaceutical industries leads to its over exploitation and thus contaminating our environment. Majority of these nanoscale dimension particles finally accumulates in fresh water and marine ecosystem. As the nanoparticles behave entirely different from its corresponding bulk material, a better understanding of their environmental impacts in aquatic ecosystems is inevitable. The study was focused on a comparative stress physiology analysis of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles and biogenic silver nanoparticles. Half maximal inhibitory concentration of biologically synthesized and chemically synthesized nanoparticles was found out (30μg/mL and 20μg/mL respectively). The Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) secretion was analysed in the fresh water fish Oreochromis niloticus after exposing to different concentrations of biologically and chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles along with the silver in its ionic form. The intense immune-histochemical staining of fish tissues (muscle, kidney and liver) analyzed proportionately reflected the stress created. The colour intensity was directly proportional to the stress created or the stress protein released. High level of HSP70 expression was observed in all of the fish tissues exposed to silver ions and chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles, when compared to that of biologically synthesized. The results revealed the significance of comparatively safe and less toxic biogenic nanoparticles compared to the chemically synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Girilal
- CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - V Krishnakumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paramasivan Poornima
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Mohammed Fayaz
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry & Microbiology, Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Pavillon Paul Comtois, Universite Laval, Quebec G1K7P4, Canada
| | - P T Kalaichelvan
- ALKA-RESEARCH FOUNDATION, 3/137/A1 Anna Nagar, Maruthamalai Adivaaram, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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31
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Ng GHB, Xu H, Pi N, Kelly BC, Gong Z. Differential GFP expression patterns induced by different heavy metals in Tg(hsp70:gfp) transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:317-327. [PMID: 25652692 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is one of the most widely used biomarker for monitoring environment perturbations in biological systems. To facilitate the analysis of hsp70 expression as a biomarker, we generated a Tg(hsp70:gfp) transgenic medaka line in which green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene was driven by the medaka hsp70 promoter. Here, we characterized Tg(hsp70:gfp) medaka for inducible GFP expression by seven environment-relevant heavy metals, including mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, chromium, and zinc. We found that four of them (mercury, arsenic, lead, and cadmium) induced GFP expression in multiple and different organs. In general, the liver, kidney, gut, and skin are among the most frequent organs to show induced GFP expression. In contrast, no detectable GFP induction was observed to copper, chromium, or zinc, indicating that the transgenic line was not responsive to all heavy metals. RT-qPCR determination of hsp70 mRNA showed similar induction and non-induction by these metals, which also correlated with the levels of metal uptake in medaka exposed to these metals. Our observations suggested that these heavy metals have different mechanisms of toxicity and/or differential bioaccumulation in various organs; different patterns of GFP expression induced by different metals may be used to determine or exclude metals in water samples tested. Furthermore, we also tested several non-metal toxicants such as bisphenol A, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 4-introphenol, and lindane; none of them induced significant GFP expression in Tg(hsp70:gfp) medaka, further suggesting that the inducibility of Tg(hsp70:gfp) for GFP expression is specific to a subset of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hwee Boon Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S3-Level 6, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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32
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Goodchild CG, Frederich M, Zeeman SI. AMP-activated protein kinase is a biomarker of energetic status in freshwater mussels exposed to municipal effluents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:201-209. [PMID: 25622267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although biomarkers are frequently used to assess sublethal effects of contaminants, a lack of mechanistic linkages to higher-level effects limits the predictive power of biomarkers. Bioenergetics has been proposed as a framework for linking cellular effects to whole-animal effects. We investigated sublethal effects of exposure to wastewater treatment facility effluent in freshwater mussels in situ, thereby capturing ecologically relevant exposure conditions. Our study focused on the energetic biomarker AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), while also considering more traditional biomarkers like heat shock proteins (HSP70), and antioxidant enzymes (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)). We examined biomarkers at mRNA and protein levels. Effluent exposure caused a reduction in total-AMPK protein abundance (p=0.05) and AMPK mRNA expression (p=0.02). Conversely, AMPK activity increased at downstream sites by 2.2-fold (p=0.05), indicating increased cellular energy consumption. HSP70 protein abundance was lower at downstream sites (p<0.05), while SOD and GST activity levels significantly increased. By using various biomarkers, we demonstrate that exposure to municipal effluent creates an energetically taxing situation. This is the first study to use AMPK to evaluate the effects of contamination in situ, and our results suggest that energetic biomarkers, like AMPK, complement traditional biomarkers and may help establish functional links between cellular and whole-animal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Goodchild
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Markus Frederich
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
| | - Stephan I Zeeman
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd., Biddeford, ME 04005, USA.
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Li J, Zhang H, Zhang X, Yang S, Yan T, Song Z. Molecular cloning and expression of two heat-shock protein genes (HSC70/HSP70) from Prenant's schizothoracin (Schizothorax prenanti). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:573-585. [PMID: 25690871 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Through the RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends, two complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) clones encoding heat-shock cognate 70 (HSC70, designated Sp-HSC70) and inducible heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70, designated Sp-HSP70) were isolated from the liver of Prenant's schizothoracin (Schizothorax prenanti). The cDNAs were 2344- and 2292-bp in length and contained 1950- and 1932-bp open reading frames, encoded proteins of 649 and 643 amino acids, respectively. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that both Sp-HSC70 and Sp-HSP70 contained three signature sequences of HSP70 family, two partial overlapping bipartite nuclear localization signal sequences (an ATP-binding site motif, a bipartite nuclear targeting signal), and a cytoplasmic characteristic motif EEVD. Homology analysis revealed that Sp-HSC70 and Sp-HSP70 shared 77.5% identity and Sp-HSC70 shared more than 81.1% identity with the known HSC70s of other vertebrates, while Sp-HSP70 shared more than 77.5 % identity with the known HSP70s of other vertebrates. Fluorescent real-time quantitative RT-PCR showed that Sp-HSC70 and Sp-HSP70 mRNAs were found in all tested tissues, including blood, brain, heart, liver, spleen, head kidney, white muscle, skin, gonad, hypophysis, red muscle, and gill. The Sp-HSC70 and Sp-HSP70 mRNA expression level in blood and head kidney displayed a significant increase in vibrio-challenged group with the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila at 24 h post-infection compared to a control group. Temporally, there was a clear time-dependent expression pattern of Sp-HSC70 or Sp-HSP70 gene after bacterial challenge, and the expression of Sp-HSC70 and Sp-HSP70 mRNAs reached a maximum level at 12 and 6 h post-challenge, respectively. Both returned to control level after 7 × 24 h. The results suggest that Sp-HSC70 and Sp-HSP70 genes may play important roles in mediating the immune responses of A. hydrophila-related diseases in the Prenant's schizothoracin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuxuan Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
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Basile A, Sorbo S, Cardi M, Lentini M, Castiglia D, Cianciullo P, Conte B, Loppi S, Esposito S. Effects of heavy metals on ultrastructure and Hsp70 induction in Lemna minor L. exposed to water along the Sarno River, Italy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 114:93-101. [PMID: 25618632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of freshwater pollution in the highly contaminated river Sarno (Campania, Southern Italy) have been evaluated using bags containing the aquatic plant Lemna minor (Lemnacee, Arales), in order to determine morpho-physiological modifications as a response to pollutants. The exposition of Lemna bags for 7 days on three different sites along the river path showed alterations in chloroplasts and vacuoles shape and organization. Moreover, some specimens were exposed in vitro at the same heavy metal (HM) concentrations measured in the polluted sites of the river, and compared with data from the bag experiment; to verify the dose and time dependent effects, samples were exposed to HM in vitro at concentrations ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-4)M up to 7 days. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations on in vitro plants confirmed that ultrastructural alterations affected most of plastids and the shape of different subcellular structures, namely vacuoles; in in vitro stressed specimens, Heat Shock Proteins 70 (Hsp70) levels changed, in dependence of changing levels of HM measured in different sites along the river path. Thus L. minor exhibited a possible correlation between the levels of HM pollution and Hsp70 occurrence; interestingly, the data presented showed that copper specifically increased Hsp70 levels at concentrations detected in polluted river waters, whereas cadmium and lead did not; on the other side, the latter represent highly toxic elements when specimens were exposed to higher levels in vitro. The effects of specific elements in vitro are compared to those observed in bags exposed along the river path; thus results are examined in order to propose L. minor as an organism able to be utilized to monitor heavy metals pollution; the possibility of using Hsp70s as specific markers of HM pollution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Basile
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Italy
| | - S Sorbo
- Ce.S.M.A, Microscopy Section, University of Naples Federico II, Via Foria 223, I-80139 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Cardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Italy
| | - M Lentini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Italy
| | - D Castiglia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Italy; Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources - CNR - UOS Portici - Via Università 133, I-80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - P Cianciullo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Italy
| | - B Conte
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio - Via Port'Arsa 11 - 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - S Loppi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Mattioli 4, I- 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - S Esposito
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Italy.
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Herring G, Eagles-Smith CA, Gawlik DE, Beerens JM, Ackerman JT. Physiological condition of juvenile wading birds in relation to multiple landscape stressors in the Florida Everglades: effects of hydrology, prey availability, and mercury bioaccumulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106447. [PMID: 25184221 PMCID: PMC4153589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological condition of juvenile birds can be influenced by multiple ecological stressors, and few studies have concurrently considered the effects of environmental contaminants in combination with ecological attributes that can influence foraging conditions and prey availability. Using three temporally distinct indices of physiological condition, we compared the physiological response of nestling great egrets (Ardea alba) and white ibises (Eudocimus albus) to changing prey availability, hydrology (water depth, recession rate), and mercury exposure in the Florida Everglades. We found that the physiological response of chicks varied between species and among environmental variables. Chick body condition (short-term index) and fecal corticosterone levels (medium-term) were influenced by wetland water depth, prey availability, region, and age, but not by mercury contamination. However, mercury exposure did influence heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in egret chicks, indicating a longer-term physiological response to contamination. Our results indicate that the physiological condition of egret and ibis chicks were influenced by several environmental stressors, and the time frame of the effect may depend on the specialized foraging behavior of the adults provisioning the chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth Herring
- United States Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Collin A. Eagles-Smith
- United States Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Dale E. Gawlik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - James M. Beerens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Ackerman
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, Dixon, California, United States of America
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Biomarkers of dissolved oxygen stress in oysters: a tool for restoration and management efforts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104440. [PMID: 25116465 PMCID: PMC4130543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of anoxic and hypoxic events are increasing worldwide, creating stress on the organisms that inhabit affected waters. To understand the effects of low dissolved oxygen stress on oysters, hatchery-reared oysters were placed in cages and deployed along with continuously recording environmental data sondes at a reef site in Mobile Bay, AL that typically experiences low oxygen conditions. To detect and measure sublethal stress, we measured growth and survival of oysters as well as expression of three biomarkers, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and phospho-p38 MAP kinase, in tissues from juvenile and adult oysters. Survival rates were high for both juvenile and adult oysters. Expression levels of each of the 3 isoforms of HSP 70 were negatively correlated to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, suggesting that HSP 70 is useful to quantify sublethal effects of DO stress. Results for HIF and phospho-p38 MAP kinase were inconclusive. Test deployments of oysters to assess expression of HSP 70 relative to environmental conditions will be useful, in addition to measuring abiotic factors, to identify appropriate sites for restoration, particularly to capture negative effects of habitat quality on biota before lethal impacts are incurred.
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37
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Seveso D, Montano S, Strona G, Orlandi I, Galli P, Vai M. The susceptibility of corals to thermal stress by analyzing Hsp60 expression. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 99:69-75. [PMID: 24999860 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing frequency and severity of the coral bleaching events in the context of global warming, there is an urgent need to improve our understanding of the susceptibility of corals to thermal stresses, particularly at the sub-cellular level. In this context, we examined the modulation of the polyp mitochondrial Hsp60 in three scleractinian coral species (Seriatopora hystrix, Montipora monasteriata and Acropora echinata) under simulated heat shock bleaching at 34 °C during a time course of 36 h. All three species displayed a similar initial increase of Hsp60 level which accompanies the increasing paleness of coral tissue. Afterwards, each of them showed a specific pattern of Hsp60 down-regulation which can be indicative of a different threshold of resistance, although it proceeded in synchrony with the complete bleaching of tissues. The finely branched S. hystrix was the species most susceptible to heat stress while the plating M. monasteriata was the most tolerant one, as its Hsp60 down-regulation was less rapid than the branching corals. On the whole, the Hsp60 modulation appears useful for providing information about the susceptibility of the different coral taxa to environmental disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Seveso
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy; MaRHE Centre (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives.
| | - Simone Montano
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy; MaRHE Centre (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives
| | - Giovanni Strona
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via E. Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Ivan Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Galli
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy; MaRHE Centre (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives
| | - Marina Vai
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126, Milan, Italy
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38
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Boulangé-Lecomte C, Forget-Leray J, Xuereb B. Sexual dimorphism in Grp78 and Hsp90A heat shock protein expression in the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:591-7. [PMID: 24337963 PMCID: PMC4041948 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are constantly exposed to both natural and anthropogenic stressors. Under stress conditions, they elicit a cellular stress response, involving heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are essential to protect proteins against aggregation and to help in the folding of native proteins or refolding of damaged ones. Because of their conservation among taxons and their inducibility after environmental/chemical stress, HSPs are commonly used as ecological and ecotoxicological biomarkers. However, the appropriate use of such molecular tools requires the investigation of the influence of biotic factors on their basal levels. As a first step in biomarker characterization, the present study aims to evaluate the impact of the reproductive cycle on the expression of the two major HSPs, Grp78 and Hsp90A in the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. The constitutive expression of both genes in males was weak when compared to female levels suggesting gender-specific stress tolerance. Transcript levels gradually increased during oogenesis and maximal levels were recorded in ovigerous females. The present data support the view that the reproductive condition of individuals has to be considered as a confounding factor in stress evaluation by HSP quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Boulangé-Lecomte
- Normandie University, ULH, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA; EA3222, SFR SCALE 4116), 25 rue Philippe Lebon, BP 1123-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France,
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39
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An LH, Lei K, Zheng BH. Use of heat shock protein mRNA expressions as biomarkers in wild crucian carp for monitoring water quality. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:248-255. [PMID: 24370851 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In organisms, the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) can be induced after exposure to various stressors. In the present study, partial cDNA sequences encoding of HSP30, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 genes were isolated and sequenced in the crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Next, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assays normalized to beta-actin were developed to quantify HSP mRNA expression. The same methods were used to detect HSP mRNA expression in the wild crucian carp that were collected from the Hun River. In fish located downstream of the river, we found that the levels of HSP70 and HSP30 in the liver and kidney were higher than fish located upstream, and these differences coincided with changes of the water quality. These results suggest that kidney HSP30 and liver HSP70 expression can serve as sensitive biomarkers for the presence of field environmental stressors in wild crucian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-hui An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy for Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kun Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy for Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bing-hui Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Chinese Research Academy for Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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40
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Basile A, Sorbo S, Conte B, Cardi M, Esposito S. Ultrastructural changes and Heat Shock Proteins 70 induced by atmospheric pollution are similar to the effects observed under in vitro heavy metals stress in Conocephalum conicum (Marchantiales--Bryophyta). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:209-216. [PMID: 23933125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Changes in ultrastructure and induction of Heat Shock Proteins 70 have been studied in Conocephalum conicum (Marchantiales) collected in different urban and country sites in Italy. These results were compared to the effects in vitro of exposition to different heavy metals for several days. At urban sites, cellular ultrastructure was modified, and heavy metals could be observed accumulating in cell walls. Simultaneously, a strong increment in Hsp70 was detected, compared with results observed on control specimens. When C. conicum was exposed to heavy metals in vitro, comparable effects as in polluted sites were observed: Cd and Pb accumulated mostly within parenchyma and, within cells, were absorbed to cell walls or concentrated in vacuoles. Moreover, severe alterations were observed in organelles. Concomitantly, a progressive accumulation of Hsp70 was detected following heavy metals exposition. These effects are discussed in order to describe the dose and time-dependent response to heavy metal stress in C. conicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Basile
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
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41
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Herring G, Gawlik DE. Differential physiological responses to prey availability by the great egret and white Ibis. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Wang D, Lin L, Wang M, Li C, Hong H. Proteomic analysis of a toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella under different growth phases and conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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43
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Dunbar B, Patel M, Fahey J, Wira C. Endocrine control of mucosal immunity in the female reproductive tract: impact of environmental disruptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 354:85-93. [PMID: 22289638 PMCID: PMC4332593 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the human female reproductive tract (FRT) with its multiple levels of hormonally controlled immune protection has only begun to be understood. Dissecting the functions and roles of the immune system in the FRT is complicated by the differential hormonal regulation of its distinct anatomical structures that vary throughout the menstrual cycle. Although many fundamental mechanisms of steroid regulation of reproductive tract immune function have been determined, the effects of exogenous synthetic steroids or endocrine disruptors on immune function and disease susceptibility in the FRT have yet to be evaluated in detail. There is increasing evidence that environmental or synthetic molecules can alter normal immune function. This review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune systems, the current status of immune function in the FRT and the potential risks of environmental or pharmacological molecules that may perturb this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dunbar
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Lauritano C, Procaccini G, Ianora A. Gene expression patterns and stress response in marine copepods. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 76:22-31. [PMID: 22030210 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are constantly exposed to both physical (e.g. temperature and salinity variations) and chemical (e.g. endocrine disruptor chemicals, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, diatom toxins, and other toxicants) stressors which they react to by activating a series of defense mechanisms. This paper reviews the literature on the defense systems, including detoxification enzymes and proteins (e.g. glutathione S-transferases, heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutase and catalase), studied in copepods at the molecular level. The data indicate high inter- and intra-species variability in copepod response, depending on the type of stressor tested, the concentration and exposure time, and the enzyme isoform studied. Ongoing -omics approaches will allow the identification of new genes which will give a more comprehensive overview of how copepods respond to specific stressors in laboratory and/or field conditions and the effects of these responses on higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lauritano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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45
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Van Der Ploeg MJ, Handy RD, Heckmann LH, Van Der Hout A, Van Den Brink NW. C60exposure induced tissue damage and gene expression alterations in the earthwormLumbricus rubellus. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:432-40. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.668569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Siddique YH, Ara G, Afzal M. Effect of the steroid K-canrenoate on hsp70 expression and tissue damage in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg9. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2012; 12:92. [PMID: 23427921 PMCID: PMC3596935 DOI: 10.1673/031.012.9201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the effect of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.0 µL/mL of the steroid K-canrenoate was evaluated in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg(9) for 6, 24, and 48 hours of duration. The treatment of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 µL/mL of K-canrenoate did not induce the activity of hsp70 significantly compared to the control. The treatments of 0.8 and 1.0 µL/mL of K-canrenoate not only caused tissue damage but also induced a significant increase in the expression of hsp70 for the different durations of exposure. The results of the present study suggest that the K-canrenoate at 0.8 and 1.0 µL/mL is cytotoxic and caused tissue damage in the third instar larvae of transgenic D. melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg(9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenics Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., 202002, India
| | - Gulshan Ara
- Drosophila Transgenics Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Drosophila Transgenics Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., 202002, India
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Impact of toxicant exposure on the proteomic response to intertidal condition in Mytilus edulis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2011; 6:357-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Lauritano C, Borra M, Carotenuto Y, Biffali E, Miralto A, Procaccini G, Ianora A. Molecular evidence of the toxic effects of diatom diets on gene expression patterns in copepods. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26850. [PMID: 22046381 PMCID: PMC3203911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diatoms are dominant photosynthetic organisms in the world's oceans and are considered essential in the transfer of energy through marine food chains. However, these unicellular plants at times produce secondary metabolites such as polyunsaturated aldehydes and other products deriving from the oxidation of fatty acids that are collectively termed oxylipins. These cytotoxic compounds are responsible for growth inhibition and teratogenic activity, potentially sabotaging future generations of grazers by inducing poor recruitment in marine organisms such as crustacean copepods. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show that two days of feeding on a strong oxylipin-producing diatom (Skeletonema marinoi) is sufficient to inhibit a series of genes involved in aldehyde detoxification, apoptosis, cytoskeleton structure and stress response in the copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Of the 18 transcripts analyzed by RT-qPCR at least 50% were strongly down-regulated (aldehyde dehydrogenase 9, 8 and 6, cellular apoptosis susceptibility and inhibitor of apoptosis IAP proteins, heat shock protein 40, alpha- and beta-tubulins) compared to animals fed on a weak oxylipin-producing diet (Chaetoceros socialis) which showed no changes in gene expression profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide molecular evidence of the toxic effects of strong oxylipin-producing diatoms on grazers, showing that primary defense systems that should be activated to protect copepods against toxic algae can be inhibited. On the other hand other classical detoxification genes (glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, cytochrome P450) were not affected possibly due to short exposure times. Given the importance of diatom blooms in nutrient-rich aquatic environments these results offer a plausible explanation for the inefficient use of a potentially valuable food resource, the spring diatom bloom, by some copepod species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Borra
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
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Rhee JS, Kim BM, Kim RO, Choi BS, Choi IY, Lee YM, Lee JS. Analysis of expressed sequence tags from the liver and ovary of the euryhaline hermaphroditic fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2011; 6:244-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kumar V, Ara G, Afzal M, Siddique YH. Effect of methyl methanesulfonate on hsp70 expression and tissue damage in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011; 4:159-65. [PMID: 22058658 PMCID: PMC3203919 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-011-0025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) is an anti-carcinogenic drug and its toxicity has been reported in various experimental models. The hsp70s are a family of ubiquitously expressed heat shock proteins. In the recent years, hsp70 has been considered to be one of the candidate genes for predicting cytotoxicity against environmental chemicals. Nowadays emphasis is given to the use of alternatives to mammals in testing, research and education. The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (EVCAM) has recommended the use of Drosophila as an alternative model for scientific studies. Almost all living organisms possess proteins with a similar structure to that of hsp70s. In the present study, the toxicity of MMS was evaluated by quantifying hsp70 expression and tissue damage in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg(9), at different doses and hours of exposure. We studied the effect of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 µl/ml of MMS at 2, 4, 24 and 48 hours of exposure on hsp70 expression by using the soluble O-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) assay and on establishing the tissue damage by the Trypan blue exclusion assay in the third instar larvae of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg(9). A dose-dependent increase in the expression of hsp70 was observed at 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 µl/ml of MMS compared to the control. At the highest dose, i.e. 1.0 µl/ml of MMS, the activity of hsp70 was decreased due to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- Drosophila Transgenics Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, UP, Aligarh, INDIA
| | - Gulshan Ara
- Drosophila Transgenics Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, UP, Aligarh, INDIA
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Drosophila Transgenics Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, UP, Aligarh, INDIA
| | - Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenics Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, UP, Aligarh, INDIA
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