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Abstract
Learning to stop responding is an important process that allows behavior to adapt to a changing and variable environment. This article reviews recent research in this laboratory and others that has studied how animals learn to stop responding in operant extinction, punishment, and feature-negative learning. Extinction and punishment are shown to be similar in two fundamental ways. First, the response-suppressing effects of both are highly context-specific. Second, the response-suppressing effects of both can be remarkably response-specific: Inhibition of one response transfers little to other responses. Learning to inhibit the response so specifically may result from the correction of "response error," the difference between the level of responding and what the current reinforcer supports. In contrast, the inhibition of responding that develops in feature-negative learning, where the response is reinforced during one discriminative stimulus (A) but not in a compound of A and stimulus B, is less response-specific: The inhibition of responding by stimulus B transfers and inhibits a second response, especially if the second response has itself been inhibited before. The results thus indicate both response-specific and response-general forms of behavioral inhibition. One possibility is that response-specific inhibition is learned when the circumstances encourage the organism to pay attention to the response-to what it is actually doing-as behavioral suppression is learned.
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He L, Basar E, Wiers RW, Antheunis ML, Krahmer E. Can chatbots help to motivate smoking cessation? A study on the effectiveness of motivational interviewing on engagement and therapeutic alliance. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:726. [PMID: 35413887 PMCID: PMC9003955 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking poses a major threat to public health. While cessation support provided by healthcare professionals is effective, its use remains low. Chatbots have the potential to serve as a useful addition. The objective of this study is to explore the possibility of using a motivational interviewing style chatbot to enhance engagement, therapeutic alliance, and perceived empathy in the context of smoking cessation. Methods A preregistered web-based experiment was conducted in which smokers (n = 153) were randomly assigned to either the motivational interviewing (MI)-style chatbot condition (n = 78) or the neutral chatbot condition (n = 75) and interacted with the chatbot in two sessions. In the assessment session, typical intake questions in smoking cessation interventions were administered by the chatbot, such as smoking history, nicotine dependence level, and intention to quit. In the feedback session, the chatbot provided personalized normative feedback and discussed with participants potential reasons to quit. Engagement with the chatbot, therapeutic alliance, and perceived empathy were the primary outcomes and were assessed after both sessions. Secondary outcomes were motivation to quit and perceived communication competence and were assessed after the two sessions. Results No significant effects of the experimental manipulation (MI-style or neutral chatbot) were found on engagement, therapeutic alliance, or perceived empathy. A significant increase in therapeutic alliance over two sessions emerged in both conditions, with participants reporting significantly increased motivation to quit. The chatbot was perceived as highly competent, and communication competence was positively associated with engagement, therapeutic alliance, and perceived empathy. Conclusion The results of this preregistered study suggest that talking with a chatbot about smoking cessation can help to motivate smokers to quit and that the effect of conversation has the potential to build up over time. We did not find support for an extra motivating effect of the MI-style chatbot, for which we discuss possible reasons. These findings highlight the promise of using chatbots to motivate smoking cessation. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei He
- Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Erkan Basar
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-Lab, Department of Psychology, and Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn L Antheunis
- Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Krahmer
- Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Skeer MR, Landy DM, Abrahams JM, Towers J. "Dying is Not a Fear": Teen and Parent Perspectives on Messaging to Prevent Crystal Meth Use Among Teens in Rural North Idaho. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 22:579-589. [PMID: 33591435 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Crystal methamphetamine ("meth") use is on the rise in the USA, having devastating effects on individuals and communities. Innovative prevention strategies are therefore critical. Through an exploratory qualitative study, we examined the perspectives and experiences of teenagers and parents around meth prevention messaging formats and strategies. Teens and adults were recruited through middle and high schools, libraries, local sporting events, and word of mouth in three communities in North Idaho, May-September 2016. Guided by the theoretical framework of the Extended Parallel Process Model, we conducted focus groups and small group interviews (three teen; two adults). Using a deductive content analytic approach, we developed teen- and adult-specific codebooks, analyzed the transcripts with NVivo 12-Plus, and identified themes. Teens and adults were all acutely aware of meth use in their communities, personally knowing people who were addicted to meth, and all understood the oral ("meth mouth") and physical ("crank bugs") consequences of meth use. Three primary themes were identified, which focused on the effects of, addiction to, and messaging around crystal meth use. For teens and adults, images illustrating the effects of meth were least effective if they appeared unrealistic or comical. Teens resonated most with messages focusing on pain and vanity (bad teeth and breath), and there was consensus that showing teens images simulating changes in their appearance over time as a result of meth use in a clinical setting would be an effective prevention strategy. Teens and adults who had exposure to meth addiction in North Idaho felt that prevention messages focused on meth are imperative, given its high prevalence and deleterious effects. Future work will entail developing and testing a communication-based meth prevention strategy along with tailored messaging that can be used with teens in dental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Landy
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Towers
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Gonzaga University School of Nursing and Human Physiology, Spokane, WA, USA.,Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Amato MS, Bottcher MM, Cha S, Jacobs MA, Pearson JL, Graham AL. "It's really addictive and I'm trapped:" A qualitative analysis of the reasons for quitting vaping among treatment-seeking young people. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106599. [PMID: 32950927 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Debate continues over how e-cigarettes have impacted the health of young people, and what regulatory policies should be enacted. The debate has appropriately been informed by quantitative studies, often focused on initiation, prevalence, and product transition among the general population and demographic segments. Factors driving cessation and subjective experiences that motivate young users to quit have been largely absent from the debate. This qualitative study highlights the range of motivating experiences among a population of treatment-seeking young e-cigarette users. METHODS Three researchers coded reasons for quitting provided by a sample of n = 1000 youth (13-17) and n = 1000 young adults (18-24) enrolled in a text message cessation program. Data spanned January 18 - February 22, 2019. Codes were adapted from previous literature. RESULTS The most common reasons were health (50.9%; "I want my lungs back"), financial cost (21.7%; "I don't have enough money to feed my addiction"), freedom from addiction (16.0%; "i hate juuling. it's taking over my life"), and social influence (10.1%; "it's affecting my friendships"). Selected quotes highlight a broad range of additional ways in which e-cigarette use negatively impacted young people, including decreased academic performance and mental health. CONCLUSIONS Young people trying to quit e-cigarettes are motivated by a diversity of reasons including health, financial, social, and academic. The range of impacts should be considered in discussions of policies intended to protect young people, and incorporated into cessation programs designed to serve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Amato
- Innovations Center, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Mia M Bottcher
- Innovations Center, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah Cha
- Innovations Center, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Megan A Jacobs
- Innovations Center, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Amanda L Graham
- Innovations Center, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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5
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Grard A, Schreuders M, Alves J, Kinnunen JM, Richter M, Federico B, Kunst A, Clancy L, Lorant V. Smoking beliefs across genders, a comparative analysis of seven European countries. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1321. [PMID: 31638938 PMCID: PMC6805413 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most European countries have seen a decrease in the prevalence of adolescent smoking. This decrease has, however, been patterned by gender. Girls' smoking rates have now overtaken boys' in many European countries. The two genders may not, however, share the same smoking beliefs and this could explain differences between the genders in smoking prevalence. We describe gender differences in smoking beliefs and investigate variations between countries, along with their gender context. METHODS In 2016, we conducted the SILNE R study (Smoking Inequalities Learning from Natural Experiments - Renew) in 55 schools located in seven European countries: Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, Ireland, and Germany. We surveyed 12,979 students aged 14-16 years (50% were girls). We classified smoking beliefs into four categories: positive individual, positive social, negative individual, and negative social beliefs. We expected girls to score higher on the last three of those categories and we hypothesized that countries with a more gender-equal culture would have less gender difference in beliefs about smoking. RESULTS One out of two smoking beliefs differed significantly between genders. Negative social beliefs were more common in girls, while beliefs about the dating-related aspects of smoking were more common in boys. We identified Germany and Belgium as the only countries with no gender differences in any of the belief scales. No correlation was found, however, between these scales and the Gender Inequality Index. CONCLUSIONS In some countries, gender-specific interventions might be implemented; however, two opposing strategies might be used, depending on whether such programs are aimed at boys or girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Grard
- Institute for Health and Society, University Catholic of Louvain, 30 clos chapelle-aux-champs, bte. L0.30.15, 1200 Woluwé-saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michael Schreuders
- Department of Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joana Alves
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jaana M Kinnunen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matthias Richter
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bruno Federico
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
| | - Anton Kunst
- Department of Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luke Clancy
- Tobacco Free Research institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vincent Lorant
- Institute for Health and Society, University Catholic of Louvain, 30 clos chapelle-aux-champs, bte. L0.30.15, 1200 Woluwé-saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium
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Ahmad MH, Ibrahim MI, Ab Rahman A, Musa KI, Mohd Zin F, Mohd Zain R, Hasan R, Hassan N, Ahmad I, Idris NS. Development and Validation of Positive Smoker Identity Questionnaire (PSmoQi): A New Instrument for Smoking Cessation Correlates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030351. [PMID: 30691181 PMCID: PMC6388284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: The positive smoker identity construct, which was based on West's PRIME Theory, affected the smoking prevalence, quit attempts and cessation success. A validated questionnaire which could measure this rich and complex construct may facilitate prediction models of successful cessation. We aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire that assesses positive smoker identity based on West's PRIME Theory. Method: The initial item pool was developed based on a theoretical framework, empirical literature, existing scales and expert review. The questionnaire was conveniently distributed to 100 smokers. Exploratory factor analysis was utilized to explore domains in the questionnaire. Construct and criterion validity, internal consistency and reliability of the domains were analyzed. Results: The final positive smoker identity questionnaire (PSmoQi) has 26 items under four internally-consistent and reliable domains: Contributory factors, contextual and temporal patterning, identity related to smoking, and behaviour in relation to smoking. The full scale demonstrated good internal consistency (∝ = 0.78), acceptable convergent and divergent validity, and good concurrent validity with the smoker self-concept scale. Conclusion: The current study provides fundamental evidence for the PSmoQi as a valid instrument in research related to smoking cessation and interventional strategy. The PSmoQi contained validated domains which could measure almost a full spectrum of smoking cessation components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hanief Ahmad
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Ismail Ibrahim
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Azriani Ab Rahman
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Faridah Mohd Zin
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Rehanah Mohd Zain
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Ruhaya Hasan
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Noraryana Hassan
- FCTC and Tobacco Control Unit, Disease Control Division (NCD), Ministry of Health Malaysia, 62590 Putrajaya, Malaysia.
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Suhaila Idris
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Borca G, Rabaglietti E, Roggero A, Keller P, Haak E, Begotti T. Personal Values as a Mediator of Relations Between Perceived Parental Support and Control and Youth Substance Use. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:1589-1601. [PMID: 28524739 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1293103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco and marijuana smoking are very popular in adolescence and there is a high rate of comorbidity between them, even in young adulthood. Parental support and control may hinder involvement in the use of these substances by promoting conventional values among adolescents. OBJECTIVES The present study investigates the relations between family functioning (parental support and control) and psychoactive substance use (tobacco and marijuana smoking) and determines whether these relationships are mediated by personal values (in terms of disapproval of deviance and beliefs about the importance of school, health and religion). METHODS 175 Italian late adolescents (17 to 20 years old) participated in this two-wave longitudinal study. Data were collected at school through an anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS Greater parental control and support were directly associated with lower adolescent tobacco and marijuana use; adolescent acceptance of conventional values mediated the association between parenting and adolescent marijuana use. CONCLUSION Findings emphasize the influence of family relationships throughout adolescence. The transmission of conventional values to adolescents may be a critical mechanism through which parenting protects adolescents from substance use, especially marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Borca
- a Department of Psychology , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | | | | | - Peggy Keller
- b Department of Psychology , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | - Eric Haak
- b Department of Psychology , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | - Tatiana Begotti
- a Department of Psychology , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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Blank MD, Ferris KA, Metzger A, Gentzler A, Duncan C, Jarrett T, Dino G. Physical Activity and Quit Motivation Moderators of Adolescent Smoking Reduction. Am J Health Behav 2017; 41:419-427. [PMID: 28601101 PMCID: PMC5546298 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.41.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined participant characteristics as moderators of adolescents' smoking cessation outcomes as a function of intervention: Not-on-Tobacco (N-O-T), N-O-T with a physical activity (PA) module (N-O-T+FIT), or Brief Intervention (BI). METHODS We randomly assigned youth (N = 232) recruited from public high schools to an intervention, and measured their baseline levels of PA and motivation to quit. The number of cigarettes/day for weekdays and weekends was obtained at baseline and 3-month follow-up. RESULTS Across timepoints, cigarette use declined for youth in N-O-T (p = .007) and N-O-T+FIT (ps < .02), but not BI (n.s.). For N-O-T+FIT youth, the steepest declines in weekday smoking occurred for those with high PA levels (p = .02). Weekend cigarette use decreased for N-O-T+FIT youth with moderate-high levels of intrinsic motivation to quit (ps < .04). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents may benefit from interventions designed to address the barriers faced during a quit attempt, including their motivation to make a change and their engagement in other healthy behaviors such as physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Blank
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV;,
| | - Kaitlyn A Ferris
- Post-doctoral Research Fellow, The Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Aaron Metzger
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Amy Gentzler
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Christina Duncan
- Professor, Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Traci Jarrett
- Research Assistant Professor, WV Prevention Research Center, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Geri Dino
- Professor, WV Prevention Research Center, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
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Giardina TD, Hyland A, Bauer UE, Cummings KM. Which Population-Based Interventions Would Motivate Smokers to Think Seriously about Stopping Smoking? Am J Health Promot 2016; 18:405-8. [PMID: 15293926 DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-18.6.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To describe what smokers say about the impact of different population-based interventions to motivate them to think seriously about stopping smoking. Methods. A random-digit dialed cross-sectional telephone survey of adult current cigarette smokers was conducted in Erie and Niagara counties, New York, in October through November 2002. A total of 815 smokers were asked which of eight interventions would motivate them to think seriously about stopping smoking in the next 6 months. Results. The offer of free nicotine patches/gum (53%) and cash incentives (49%) were the most frequently mentioned interventions that smokers said would get them to think seriously about stopping smoking. The degree of motivation to stop smoking was the most consistent and strongest predictor of how respondents answered the question about the influence of the various intervention options. Conclusion. Communities need to offer a wide array of interventions that are likely to appeal to different subgroups of smokers in order to have a population-wide impact on smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Giardina
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Liebrenz M, Fisher CE, Nellen R, Frei A, Biechl AC, Hiestand N, Huber A, Buadze A, Eich D. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nicotine withdrawal: a qualitative study of patient perceptions. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:208. [PMID: 27377376 PMCID: PMC4932755 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine use has been reported to ameliorate symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, adults with ADHD have a relatively high prevalence of cigarette smoking and greater difficulty abstaining from smoking. Overall, though, there is scant literature investigating the beliefs, perceptions and experiences of smokers with ADHD regarding smoking cessation and withdrawal. METHODS Our participants (n = 20) fulfilling criteria for ADHD and a past or current dependence from nicotine were recruited from the in- and outpatient clinic of the Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital and the Psychiatric Services Aargau (Switzerland). We conducted in-depth interviews to explore their motivations to quit, past experiences with and expectations about quitting using a purposeful sampling plan. The sample was selected to provide diversity in relation to level of nicotine dependence, participation in a smoking-cessation program, gender, age, martial status and social class. Mayring's qualitative content analysis approach was used to evaluate findings. RESULTS Adult smokers with ADHD had made several attempts to quit, experienced intense withdrawal symptoms, and relapsed early and often. They also often perceived a worsening of ADHD symptoms with nicotine abstinence. We identified three motives to quit smoking: 1) health concerns, 2) the feeling of being addicted, and 3) social factors. Most participants favored a smoking cessation program specifically designed for individuals with ADHD because they thought ADHD complicated their nicotine withdrawal and that an ADHD-specific smoking cessation program should address specific symptoms of this disorder. CONCLUSIONS Since treatment initiation and adherence associate closely with perception, we hope these findings will result in better cessation interventions for the vulnerable subgroup of smokers with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Liebrenz
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16-18, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Carl Erik Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Romilda Nellen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Frei
- Institute for General Practice and Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Catherine Biechl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Hiestand
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alice Huber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Buadze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Eich
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Buczkowski K, Marcinowicz L, Czachowski S, Piszczek E. Motivations toward smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and modes of quitting: results from a qualitative study among former and current smokers. Patient Prefer Adherence 2014; 8:1353-63. [PMID: 25336926 PMCID: PMC4199752 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s67767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking cessation plays a crucial role in reducing preventable morbidity and mortality and is a recognized public-health-policy issue in many countries. Two of the most important factors that affect the efficacy of quitting smoking are motivation and the ability to cope with situations causing relapse. AIM The objective of the study reported here was to investigate former and current smokers' motivations for smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and modes of quitting. METHODS We arranged four focus groups with 24 participants (twelve current and twelve former smokers) and eleven semi-structured interviews (five current and six former smokers) with a view to understanding and categorizing their opinions on motivations and the course and process of smoking cessation. The data were next analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods. RESULTS THREE MAIN THEMES WERE IDENTIFIED: (1) motivations to quit smoking, (2) reasons why smokers sometimes relapse, and (3) modes of quitting smoking. Within the first theme, the following six subthemes surfaced: (1) a smoking ban at home and at work due to other people's wishes and rules, (2) the high cost of cigarettes, (3) the unpleasant smell, (4) health concern, (5) pregnancy and breastfeeding, and (6) a variety of other factors. The second theme encompassed the following subthemes: (1) stress and the need to lessen it by smoking a cigarette, (2) the need to experience the pleasure connected with smoking, and (3) the smoking environment both at home and at work. Participants presented different smoking-cessation modes, but mainly they were unplanned attempts. CONCLUSION Two very important motivations for smoking cessation were a smoking ban at home and at work due to other people's wishes and rules, and the high cost of cigarettes. The most common smoking-cessation mode was a spontaneous decision to quit, caused by a particular trigger factor. Relapse causes encompassed, most notably: stress, lack of the pleasure previously obtained from smoking, and the smoking environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Buczkowski
- Department of Family Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Ludmila Marcinowicz
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Slawomir Czachowski
- Department of Family Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Elwira Piszczek
- Sociology Institute, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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Struik LL, O’Loughlin EK, Dugas EN, Bottorff JL, O’Loughlin JL. Gender Differences in Reasons to Quit Smoking Among Adolescents. J Sch Nurs 2013; 30:303-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1059840513497800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that many adolescents who smoke want to quit, but little is known about why adolescents want to quit and if reasons to quit differ across gender. The objective of this study was to determine if reasons to quit smoking differ in boys and girls. Data on the Adolescent Reasons for Quitting (ARFQ) scale were collected in mailed self-report questionnaires in 2010–2011 from 113 female and 83 male smokers aged 14–19 years participating in AdoQuest, a longitudinal cohort study of the natural course of the co-occurrence of health-compromising behaviors in children. Overall, the findings indicate that reasons to quit in boys and girls appear to be generally similar, although this finding may relate to a lack of gender-oriented items in the ARFQ scale. There is a need for continued research to develop and test reasons to quit scales for adolescents that include gender-oriented items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Struik
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia’s Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Erin K. O’Loughlin
- Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, QC, Canada
| | - Erika N. Dugas
- Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joan L. Bottorff
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia’s Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. O’Loughlin
- Centre de recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Nuffer W, Smith SM, Trinkley K. Integrating virtual reality to expand the public health role of community pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2013; 53:152-8. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2013.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Knishkowy B, Verbov G, Amitai Y, Stein-Zamir C, Rosen L. Reaching Jewish ultra-orthodox adolescents: results from a targeted smoking prevention trial. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2011; 24:173-179. [PMID: 22909927 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh.2012.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-orthodox, Jewish adolescent boys are considered to have relatively high smoking rates, but are generally not targeted by Israel's smoking prevention programs. OBJECTIVE The objective of this trial was to test the effectiveness of a religion-based tobacco control intervention in reducing smoking prevalence among these youth. METHODS The study population participants were 340 boys from 63 religious boys' schools in Jerusalem. The intervention consisted of a mailing that included a pamphlet describing the health effects of and rabbinical prohibitions on smoking. A cluster randomized trial was conducted between March and May, 2005. The primary endpoint was current smoking status. Secondary endpoints were future intent to smoke and attitudes towards smoking. Generalized estimating equations and mixed models of analysis of variance were used to perform the analyses. RESULTS The intervention did not significantly affect current smoking, intent to smoke or attitudes towards smoking. Prevalence of smoking and future intent to smoke were higher in schools without enforced smoking regulations [odds ratio (OR) 2.74, p=0.026, OR 3.38, p=0.018]. Increased smoking prevalence was associated with a high prevalence of smoking among friends (p=0.031) and not finding smoking repulsive (p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the public health literature linking smoke-free schools and peer influences to adolescent smoking. Pamphlets containing rabbinic prohibitions on smoking initiation did not affect smoking behavior or intent to smoke.
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Hum AM, Robinson LA, Jackson AA, Ali KS. Physician communication regarding smoking and adolescent tobacco use. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e1368-74. [PMID: 21576307 PMCID: PMC3103271 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician advice increases quit rates 1% to 3% above unassisted quit rates among adults, an increase sufficient to be ranked as a high-priority, evidence-based preventive service. However, there is little research on the potential impact of physician advice on adolescent smoking. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the association between recalled physician communication and adolescents' attitudes toward smoking, knowledge about smoking, intentions to smoke, tobacco use, and quitting behaviors. METHODS This study was a retrospective observational study of 5154 students (82.9% black, 17.1% white) from an urban, mid-South school system. Outcome variables included adolescents' self-rated attitudes toward smoking, knowledge about smoking, intentions to smoke, tobacco use, and quitting behaviors. RESULTS Physician advice and the combination of screening and advice were associated with healthier attitudes about smoking. Physician screening and advice were also associated with a more accurate knowledge regarding tobacco-related damage. Among current smokers, recalled physician advice was also associated with reduced intentions to smoke in 5 years. Importantly, advised teens were more likely to plan to quit smoking in 6 months. Furthermore, teens who were screened by their physician reported significantly more quit attempts than those who were neither screened nor advised (P = .007). CONCLUSIONS Physician's tobacco-related interactions with adolescents seemed to positively impact their attitudes, knowledge, intentions to smoke, and quitting behaviors. Brief physician interventions have the potential to be a key intervention on a public health level through the prevention, cessation, and reduction of smoking and smoking-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Hum
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Ashley A. Jackson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Khatidja S. Ali
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
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Weiss C, Hanebuth D, Coda P, Dratva J, Heintz M, Stutz EZ. Aging images as a motivational trigger for smoking cessation in young women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:3499-512. [PMID: 20948939 PMCID: PMC2954560 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7093499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recruiting adolescents into smoking cessation programs has been challenging, and there is a lack of effective smoking cessation interventions for this age group. We aimed to assess whether the approach of using aging images can be used to recruit young, female smokers for a smoking cessation course. In this study, 853 14- to 18-year-old subjects were photographed (2006–2007). After software-aided aging, the images evoked strong emotions, especially in subjects with an advanced motivational stage to quit. Twenty-four percent of current smokers reported that the aging images increased their motivation to quit smoking (pre-contemplation: 8%; contemplation: 32%; and preparation: 71%). In multivariate analyses, the aged images had a high motivational impact to quit smoking that was associated with an increased readiness to stop smoking and the individual’s assessment of the aging images as shocking, but not with the number of previous attempts to quit and the assessment of the pictures as realistic. However, it was not possible to recruit the study population for a smoking cessation course. We concluded that aging images are a promising intervention for reaching young women and increasing their motivation to stop smoking. However, smoking cessation courses may not be appropriate for this age group: none of the recruits agreed to take a cessation course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Weiss
- Unit Gender and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; E-Mails: (C.W.); (D.H.); (P.C.); (J.D.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Hanebuth
- Unit Gender and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; E-Mails: (C.W.); (D.H.); (P.C.); (J.D.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paola Coda
- Unit Gender and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; E-Mails: (C.W.); (D.H.); (P.C.); (J.D.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Dratva
- Unit Gender and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; E-Mails: (C.W.); (D.H.); (P.C.); (J.D.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margit Heintz
- Lung Association of Basel, Kanonengasse 33, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland; E-Mail:
| | - Elisabeth Zemp Stutz
- Unit Gender and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; E-Mails: (C.W.); (D.H.); (P.C.); (J.D.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +41-284-83-84; Fax: +41-284-81-05
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Worth KA, Sullivan HW, Hertel AW, Jeffery RW, Rothman AJ. Avoidance Goals Can Be Beneficial: A Look at Smoking Cessation. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp2702_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Rees VW, Kreslake JM, Cummings KM, O'Connor RJ, Hatsukami DK, Parascandola M, Shields PG, Connolly GN. Assessing consumer responses to potential reduced-exposure tobacco products: a review of tobacco industry and independent research methods. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3225-40. [PMID: 19959675 PMCID: PMC2790162 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internal tobacco industry documents and the mainstream literature are reviewed to identify methods and measures for evaluating tobacco consumer response. The review aims to outline areas in which established methods exist, identify gaps in current methods for assessing consumer response, and consider how these methods might be applied to evaluate potentially reduced exposure tobacco products and new products. METHODS Internal industry research reviewed included published articles, manuscript drafts, presentations, protocols, and instruments relating to consumer response measures were identified and analyzed. Peer-reviewed research was identified using PubMed and Scopus. RESULTS Industry research on consumer response focuses on product development and marketing. To develop and refine new products, the tobacco industry has developed notable strategies for assessing consumers' sensory and subjective responses to product design characteristics. Independent research is often conducted to gauge the likelihood of future product adoption by measuring consumers' risk perceptions, responses to product, and product acceptability. CONCLUSIONS A model that conceptualizes consumer response as comprising the separate, but interacting, domains of product perceptions and response to product is outlined. Industry and independent research supports the dual domain model and provides a wide range of methods for assessment of the construct components of consumer response. Further research is needed to validate consumer response constructs, determine the relationship between consumer response and tobacco user behavior, and improve reliability of consumer response measures. Scientifically rigorous consumer response assessment methods will provide a needed empirical basis for future regulation of potentially reduced-exposure tobacco products and new products, to counteract tobacco industry influence on consumers, and enhance the public health.
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Macpherson L, Myers MG. Examination of a Process Model of Adolescent Smoking Self-Change Efforts in Relation to Gender. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2009; 19:48-65. [PMID: 21949472 DOI: 10.1080/10678280903400644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Little information describes how adolescents change their smoking behavior. This study investigated the role of gender in the relationship of motivation and cognitive variables with adolescent smoking self-change efforts. Self-report and semi-structured interview data from a prospective study of smoking self-change efforts were examined among 98 adolescent smokers ages 14-18 (55% female). Social disapproval motives and short-term consequence reasons for quitting, quit self-efficacy and intentions to quit were modeled in relation to prospective self-quit attempts assessed at a 6-month follow-up, separately by gender. Hypothesized mediating relationships were not supported although gender differences were noted. Social influence motives related to intention to quit and prospective self-quit attempts among girls. For boys, intention to quit predicted making a self-quit attempt. Findings emphasize the importance of examining adolescent models separately by gender and contribute to understanding of mechanisms involved in adolescent smoking change efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Macpherson
- University of Maryland, Department of Psychology, CAPER Research and Treatment Clinic, 2103 Cole Field House, College Park, MD, 20742
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Internally-developed teen smoking cessation programs: characterizing the unique features of programs developed by community-based organizations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:1026-40. [PMID: 19440431 PMCID: PMC2672388 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have compared the unique features of teen tobacco cessation programs developed internally by community-based organizations (N=75) to prepackaged programs disseminated nationally (N=234) to expand our knowledge of treatment options for teen smokers. Internally-developed programs were more likely offered in response to the sponsoring organization’s initiative (OR=2.16, p<0.05); had fewer trained cessation counselors (OR=0.31, p<0.01); and were more likely found in urban areas (OR=2.89, p=0.01). Internally-developed programs more often provided other substance-abuse treatment services than prepackaged programs and addressed other youth-specific problem behaviors (p≤0.05). Studies that examine the effectiveness of internally-developed programs in reducing smoking and maintaining cessation for teen smokers are warranted.
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An LC, Berg CJ, Klatt CM, Perry CL, Thomas JL, Luo X, Ehlinger E, Ahluwalia JS. Symptoms of cough and shortness of breath among occasional young adult smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:126-33. [PMID: 19264863 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The perception of negative health consequences is a common motive for quitting smoking, but specific information on the immediate health effects of occasional smoking among young adults is limited. METHOD To examine the relationship between cigarette use and symptoms of (a) cough or sore throat and (b) shortness of breath or fatigue after regular activities among young adults, we performed online health screening of a random sample of 25,000 college undergraduates. The screening survey assessed demographic characteristics, smoking and related health behaviors, and respiratory symptoms in the previous 30 days. RESULTS The response rate was 26% (6,492/25,000). Among individuals reporting no smoking in the prior 30 days and smoking on 1-4, 5-10, 11-20, or 21-30 days, the prevalence of one or more days of cough/sore throat increased from 62.5% to 68.3%, 72.0%, 71.4%, and 73.7%, respectively (p < .001). Similarly, the prevalence of shortness of breath/fatigue increased from 42.7% to 47.1%, 56.2%, 59.5%, and 64.6%, respectively (p < .001). After controlling for demographics, other important health behaviors (e.g., days consuming alcohol and getting adequate sleep), and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, reporting symptoms of cough/sore throat was associated with smoking on at least 21 days, whereas shortness of breath/fatigue was associated with smoking on 5 or more days. Among those reporting symptoms, increased number of days with respiratory symptoms was associated with smoking on most days as well as ETS exposure. DISCUSSION In conclusion, this cross-sectional study found that occasional smoking and ETS exposure were associated with an increase in the rate of respiratory symptoms (cough/sore throat and shortness of breath/fatigue) among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C An
- Department of General Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Sieminska A, Buczkowski K, Jassem E, Lewandowska K, Ucinska R, Chelminska M. Patterns of motivations and ways of quitting smoking among Polish smokers: a questionnaire study. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:274. [PMID: 18680600 PMCID: PMC2519083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of Polish smokers declare their will to quit smoking and many of them attempt to quit. Although morbidity and mortality from tobacco-related diseases are among the highest in the world, there is a lack of comprehensive cessation support for smokers. We aimed to investigate how Poles, including the medically ill, cope with quitting cigarettes and what their motivations to quit are. Methods Convenience sampling was used for the purpose of the study. Individuals attending several health care units were screened for a history of quit attempts. Ex-smokers were defined as smoking previously at least one cigarette/day but who have no longer been smoking for at least one month. Attempts at quitting were defined as abstaining from cigarettes for at least one day. Data on socio-demographics, tobacco use, quitting behaviors and reasons to quit from 618 subjects (385 ex- and 233 current smokers) who fulfilled these criteria were collected with the use of a questionnaire. For the comparison of proportions, a chi-square test was used. Results In the entire study population, 77% of smokers attempted to quit smoking on their own and a similar proportion of smokers (76%) used the cold turkey method when quitting. Current smokers were more likely than former smokers to use some form of aid (p = 0.0001), mainly nicotine replacement therapy (68%). The most important reasons for quitting smoking were: general health concern (57%), personal health problems (32%) and social reasons (32%). However, 41% of smokers prompted to quitting by personal health problems related to tobacco smoking did not see the link between the two. A small proportion of ex-smokers (3%) abstaining from cigarettes for longer than a year were not confident about their self-efficacy to sustain abstinence further. Conclusion The majority of Polish smokers, including patients with tobacco-related diseases, attempt to quit without smoking cessation assistance, thus there is a need for a broader professional help for them. There is also a lack of general information on hazards related to tobacco and further anti-tobacco campaigns in media are needed. Finally, former smokers should be given more attention and periodic inquiries regarding the smoking habit are worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Sieminska
- Department of Pneumonology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, ul, Debinki 7, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland.
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Myers MG, MacPherson L. Adolescent reasons for quitting smoking: initial psychometric evaluation. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2008; 22:129-34. [PMID: 18298239 DOI: 10.1037/0893-164x.22.1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most adolescent smokers report intentions to quit, and the majority attempt cessation. However, little is known regarding the relationship between adolescent motives for cessation and smoking cessation efforts. To this end, the present study describes an initial evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of the Adolescent Reasons for Quitting scale (ARFQ), a measure of adolescent motives for smoking cessation. Participants were 109 current smoking high school students assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. The ARFQ item content and format was developed in a separate qualitative study with 36 high school students who had previously attempted to quit smoking. Exploratory factor analyses of ARFQ items yielded 3 subscales: Short-Term Consequences, Social Disapproval, and Long-Term Concerns. Validation analyses were conducted in relation to concurrent intentions to stop smoking and prospective smoking cessation attempts, providing evidence of concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity. In particular, the Social Disapproval and Long-Term Concerns subscales significantly predicted subsequent cessation attempts. As such, the ARFQ may prove valuable for informing interventions to encourage adolescent smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Myers
- Psychology Service, Veteran Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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Leatherdale ST. What modifiable factors are associated with cessation intentions among smoking youth? Addict Behav 2008; 33:217-23. [PMID: 17889441 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine how smoking behaviour and beliefs, physical activity and weight, and social influences are associated with intentions to quit smoking among youth. METHODS This cross-sectional study used self-reported data collected from 26,379 grade 9 to 12 students in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS Intending to quit smoking was positively associated with students believing that they could quit smoking, being moderately active, and having smoking friends. Male smokers were less likely to intend to quit smoking than female smokers. Intending to quit smoking in the next 30 days was positively associated with students believing that they could quit smoking and being highly active, and negatively associated with being overweight and having three or more smoking friends. CONCLUSION These findings provide insight for researchers and practitioners interested in understanding the factors which may promote smoking cessation among smoking school-aged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Leatherdale
- Division of Preventive Oncology Cancer Care Ontario 620 University Avenue Toronto ON Canada M5G 2L7.
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Smith DW, Lee JT, Colwell B, Stevens-Manser S. Confirming the structure of the Why Do You Smoke? Questionnaire: a community resource for adolescent tobacco cessation. JOURNAL OF DRUG EDUCATION 2008; 38:85-95. [PMID: 18592809 DOI: 10.2190/de.38.1.g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In response to the problem of adolescent smoking and limited appropriate cessation resources, this study examined the pattern and structure of the American Lung Association, Why Do You Smoke? (WDS) to determine its appropriateness for use in youth smoking cessation programs. The WDS is used to help smokers identify primary motivations for using tobacco and is comprised of eight subscales, each with three items representing primary smoking motivations ("Stimulation," "Handling," "Pleasure," "Crutch," "Psychological," "Habit," "Peer," and "Independence"). Study participants were all minors enrolled in a tobacco cessation program (n = 251). The pattern and structure of this self-assessment was examined using a correlated multiple group component factor analysis as a confirmatory approach. Findings show that the level of endorsement (as evidenced by subscale means and standard deviations) was relatively large across the eight subscales. Alpha coefficients ranged from .54 to .85. Results also underlined that the pattern coefficient matrix provided support for the hypothesized subscales through an examination of simultaneously extracted confidence intervals. These subscales should be further examined as to their usefulness in cessation interventions, such as the validity of using this instrument by gender, ethnicity, and age. However, from a measurement perspective, the confirmatory analysis provides excellent credence for the continued use of the WDS in cognitive/behavioral intervention programs targeting adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Smith
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX 77204-6015, USA.
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Cavallo DA, Cooney JL, Duhig AM, Smith AE, Liss TB, McFetridge AK, Babuscio T, Nich C, Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Krishnan-Sarin S. Combining cognitive behavioral therapy with contingency management for smoking cessation in adolescent smokers: a preliminary comparison of two different CBT formats. Am J Addict 2007; 16:468-74. [PMID: 18058412 PMCID: PMC3677716 DOI: 10.1080/10550490701641173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study evaluated the optimal format of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to combine with contingency management (CM) in a four-week, high school-based smoking cessation program. Thirty-four adolescent smokers received a standard weekly version of CBT or a frequent brief behavioral intervention. Results indicate a trend toward a higher seven-day point prevalence end-of-treatment abstinence rate and percent days abstinent during treatment in the CBT condition. In addition, significantly more participants in the CBT group completed treatment. These preliminary results suggest that when combined with CM, the standard weekly format of CBT is more acceptable to adolescent smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Cavallo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
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Falkin GP, Fryer CS, Mahadeo M. Smoking cessation and stress among teenagers. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2007; 17:812-23. [PMID: 17582023 DOI: 10.1177/1049732307303384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe the experience of quitting smoking, focusing on the obstacles youth struggle with, based on individual interviews and focus groups with 54 teenagers in New York City. A major obstacle was the belief that people should stop smoking forever. The youth had to cope with temptation, frequent and often intense urges or cravings for cigarettes, and lack of social support from their family and friends. The young participants not only had to cope with general life stresses without being able to use cigarettes to reduce tensions but also had to contend with new stressful situations, such as friends who put them down for not smoking. In addition, the teens had to give up things that were important to them, such as friendships, during their quit attempts. The study describes how quitting can be a much more stressful experience for youth than research typically acknowledges. The authors discuss public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Falkin
- Behavioral Sciences Training in Drug Abuse Research, National Development and Research Institutes, New York, New York, USA
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Leatherdale ST, McDonald PW. Youth smokers' beliefs about different cessation approaches: are we providing cessation interventions they never intend to use? Cancer Causes Control 2007; 18:783-91. [PMID: 17549592 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-007-9022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most youth smokers intend to quit, but the majority is neither aware nor interested in most conventional cessation approaches. As such, a critical first step in understanding youth cessation is to better understand the beliefs youth have about different cessation options. METHODS This cross-sectional study used self-reported data collected from 26,379 grade 9 to 12 students in Ontario, Canada. We examined both the attitudes of youth smokers toward common smoking cessation approaches and factors associated with intentions to join a school-based cessation program. RESULTS The majority of youth smokers intend to quit smoking but tend to have negative attitudes toward most formal smoking cessation approaches; Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) was an exception. Among occasional smokers, self-identification as a smoker and being physically active were positively associated with intending to join a school-based cessation program. Having tried to quit smoking at least once in the past year more than doubled the likelihood of being interested in a school-based program among both occasional and daily smokers. CONCLUSION Findings have the potential for informing the development of more effective campaigns for engaging adolescent smokers into smoking cessation treatment. Results also reinforce the need for programmatic innovation within and beyond school settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Leatherdale
- Division of Preventive Oncology, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2L7.
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Apodaca TR, Abrantes AM, Strong DR, Ramsey SE, Brown RA. Readiness to change smoking behavior in adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Addict Behav 2007; 32:1119-30. [PMID: 16950572 PMCID: PMC1892166 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There has been recent increased interest in utilizing motivational interviewing (MI) to increase adolescent readiness to quit smoking, but attempts to impact quit rates have thus far been discouraging. A better understanding of factors associated with adolescent readiness to quit smoking prior to receiving any intervention may provide guidance when tailoring future MI interventions in order to increase their effectiveness with this population. Adolescent smokers (N=191) who had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital and enrolled in a clinical trial evaluating MI completed questionnaires that assessed smoking behavior and variables thought to be related to smoking. Confidence to quit smoking and negative beliefs about smoking were significant predictors of adolescents' baseline readiness to quit smoking. The failure to demonstrate relationships between health consequences and readiness suggest that caution may be warranted in the use of feedback, a common component of MI-based interventions. Such feedback tends to focus on health consequences, which was unrelated to adolescent baseline readiness to change smoking behavior in the current study. Parallels between current results and the Theory of Planned Behavior are discussed in consideration of developing more effective MI-based interventions for adolescent smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Apodaca
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Lipkus IM, Prokhorov AV. The effects of providing lung age and respiratory symptoms feedback on community college smokers' perceived smoking-related health risks, worries and desire to quit. Addict Behav 2007; 32:516-32. [PMID: 16824688 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of providing lung age, as assessed via a lung function test (spirometry), and respiratory symptoms feedback on college smokers' perceived smoking-related risks, worries and desire to quit. We also investigated whether smokers reacted defensively to this feedback. One hundred and twenty-four smokers were randomized to either receive lung age and respiratory symptoms feedback (intervention group) or a brochure containing facts about smoking only (control group). Perceived risks, worries and desire to quit did not differ between groups. In both groups, worries, but not perceived risks, were correlated with a stronger desire to quit. With increasing lung age, smokers rated the feedback as less relevant and reported exerting less effort breathing in and out while undergoing spirometry. The latter two outcomes were associated with less worry. These findings suggest that lung age and respiratory symptoms feedback does not translate readily into appreciable changes in motivation to quit as well as do other often reported mediators of change (e.g., perceived risks and worries).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Lipkus
- Duke University Medical Center, 905 West Main St., Box 34., Durham, NC 27701, USA.
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31
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Curry SJ, Emery S, Sporer AK, Mermelstein R, Flay BR, Berbaum M, Warnecke RB, Johnson T, Mowery P, Parsons J, Harmon L, Hund L, Wells H. A national survey of tobacco cessation programs for youths. Am J Public Health 2006; 97:171-7. [PMID: 17138932 PMCID: PMC1716253 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2005.065268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We collected data on a national sample of existing community-based tobacco cessation programs for youths to understand their prevalence and overall characteristics. METHODS We employed a 2-stage sampling design with US counties as the first-stage probability sampling units. We then used snowball sampling in selected counties to identify administrators of tobacco cessation programs for youths. We collected data on cessation programs when programs were identified. RESULTS We profiled 591 programs in 408 counties. Programs were more numerous in urban counties; fewer programs were found in low-income counties. State-level measures of smoking prevalence and tobacco control expenditures were not associated with program availability. Most programs were multisession, school-based group programs serving 50 or fewer youths per year. Program content included cognitive-behavioral components found in adult programs along with content specific to adolescence. The median annual budget was 2000 dollars. Few programs (9%) reported only mandatory enrollment, 35% reported mixed mandatory and voluntary enrollment, and 56% reported only voluntary enrollment. CONCLUSIONS There is considerable homogeneity among community-based tobacco cessation programs for youths. Programs are least prevalent in the types of communities for which national data show increases in youths' smoking prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Curry
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
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Peters R, Kelder SH, Prokhorov AV, Agurcia CA, Yacoubian GS, Essien EJ. Beliefs regarding cigarette use, motivations to quit, and perceptions on cessation programs among minority adolescent cigarette smokers. J Adolesc Health 2006; 39:754-7. [PMID: 17046516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of minority smoking cessation interventions, our study used a qualitative approach to investigate smoking uptake beliefs regarding cigarette use, motivations to quit, and perceptions on cessation programs among 65 minority high school students who were current smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Peters
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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33
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Chapman S. Erectile dysfunction and smoking: subverting tobacco industry images of masculine potency. Tob Control 2006; 15:73-4. [PMID: 16565445 PMCID: PMC2563575 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2006.016063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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McCuller WJ, Sussman S, Wapner M, Dent C, Weiss DJ. Motivation to quit as a mediator of tobacco cessation among at-risk youth. Addict Behav 2006; 31:880-8. [PMID: 16139963 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to evaluate the effects of a smoking cessation clinic (Project EX) on changing motivation to quit smoking, and 2) to assess differences in quit rates based on these changes in motivation. Student smokers in 18 continuation high schools in the Los Angeles county area were invited to participate in a tobacco cessation clinic designed to enhance motivation to quit tobacco use. The 18 schools were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Compared to students in the control group, students who participated in the program conditions were more likely to express higher motivation to quit tobacco use. Higher motivation was also significantly related to higher quit rates. Motivation to quit as defined by constituents of the energy/direction model of motivation appears to be a plausible mediator of cessation program effects.
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McCaul KD, Hockemeyer JR, Johnson RJ, Zetocha K, Quinlan K, Glasgow RE. Motivation to quit using cigarettes: a review. Addict Behav 2006; 31:42-56. [PMID: 15916861 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review asks why persons decide to quit using cigarettes. We summarize three literatures from five decades, including over 30 data sets grouped by different methodologies: (a) retrospective reports of ex-smokers (n = 15), (b) cross-sectional surveys of current smokers (n = 14), and (c) prospective studies of smokers in cessation studies (n = 6). Taken together, the data strongly suggest that health concern is the primary motive for quit attempts. These data fit with theoretical reasoning that persons wish to control danger and negative affect. The data also suggest that health professionals should continue emphasizing the negative health consequences of smoking to motivate cessation attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D McCaul
- Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, 58105, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Many adolescents want to quit and have specific ideas on how they want to go about it. This study extended the search for factors related to different aspects of quitting. Four cross-sectional surveys of Queensland (Australia) secondary schools every three years over the past decade (1993, 1996, 1999, and 2002). A total of 9993 school students in grades 8 to 12 completed the survey. The data for 2451 students who had smoked in the last week (51% female) were used for the analysis of smoking cessation outcomes. The outcome measures for the study represented various smoking cessation outcomes, such as a desire to quit, attempts to quit, quitting for a week or more, and an intention not to be smoking in the following year. More than 60% of adolescent smokers are involved in the process of smoking cessation. The strongest predictor of cessation was whether or not students had actively influenced other students not to smoke. This finding supports the concept of involving adolescents more actively in prompting their peers to try quitting and supporting their efforts to quit smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Stanton
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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37
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Soresi S, Catalano F, Spatafora M, Bonsignore MR, Bellia V. “Light” smoking and dependence symptoms in high-school students. Respir Med 2005; 99:996-1003. [PMID: 15950140 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In high-school students, prevalence of smoking is high but few studies analyzed smoking in the student population according to nicotine content of smoked cigarettes and gender. We analyzed the responses to a questionnaire, including the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), administered to 555 students (382 males, 173 females) of a professional high school in Palermo, Italy, to assess the prevalence in both genders of: (1) smoking "light" and high nicotine (HN) cigarettes; (2) signs of nicotine dependence and (3) respiratory symptoms. Nicotine content of habitually smoked cigarettes was considered as "light" if 0.8 mg; as high if >0.8 mg. Forty-four percent of students smoked, without differences between genders. Two-thirds of the total sample reported "light" cigarette smoking (76.7% of females vs. 62.0% of males, P<0.05). On average, "light" cigarette smoking was associated with lower pack/year and FTQ global score compared to HN smoking. However, when FTQ global score was analyzed by taking into account pack/year, no major difference was found between "light" and HN cigarette smokers. Cough with phlegm and breathlessness were more frequently reported by smoking than non-smoking students, without differences between "light" and HN cigarette smokers. About 50% of smoking students reported having tried to quit, while only 3.4% of students were ex-smokers. "Light" smoking was common in high school students, especially among females. Dependence appeared more influenced by the smoking history than by nicotine content. Respiratory symptoms were similar in "light" and HN cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Soresi
- Istituto di Medicina Generale e Pneumologia, Università di Palermo, Via Trabucco, 180, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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Robinson LA, Vander Weg MW, Riedel BW, Klesges RC, McLain-Allen B. "Start to stop": results of a randomised controlled trial of a smoking cessation programme for teens. Tob Control 2005; 12 Suppl 4:IV26-33. [PMID: 14645937 PMCID: PMC1766134 DOI: 10.1136/tc.12.suppl_4.iv26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a school based smoking cessation programme among students caught smoking at school. DESIGN A randomised controlled trial comparing cessation rates among students in a behavioural cessation programme and those receiving self help materials only. SETTING Eighteen schools in the Memphis, Tennessee area. SUBJECTS Two hundred and sixty one adolescent cigarette smokers (166 male, 95 female) averaging 15.8 years of age. INTERVENTION Students assigned to the intervention received a four session behavioural treatment programme administered individually by a health educator. In addition, these students received stage matched intervention in brief phone calls monthly until the one year follow up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Self reported and biochemically verified smoking cessation at post-test and 12 month follow up. RESULTS Recruiting students who were caught smoking at school proved to be highly successful. Participants rated the programme favourably, and retention rates were high. Although treated participants improved more in tobacco related knowledge relative to controls (p = 0.002), there were no group differences in changes in attitudes toward smoking. In addition, treated and control participants demonstrated no significant differences in cessation rates both at post-test and follow up. Comparisons between self reported cessation rates and those obtained under bogus pipeline conditions or with biochemical verification suggested significant falsification of cessation among participants. CONCLUSIONS Our results failed to demonstrate any significant effect of the cessation programme on smoking rates for treated adolescents compared with controls. Our findings also highlight the importance of utilising strong methodology in research on adolescent smoking cessation, including control groups and biochemical verification of smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Robinson
- The University of Memphis Department of Psychology, 202 Psychology Building, Memphis, TN 38152-3230, USA.
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Abstract
Approximately 4400 adolescents try their first cigarette every day in the United States. Trying a few cigarettes or using tobacco more regularly as an adolescent significantly increases the risk of smoking in adulthood. Adolescents can develop nicotine dependency after smoking relatively few cigarettes. This article points out the prevalence and unique aspects of teenage tobacco use. In addition, current recommendations for treating nicotine dependence in adolescents are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne R Sunday
- Department of Psychiatry, North Shore University Hospital, 400 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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40
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Johnson KR, Dellavalle RP. Tobacco's effects on acne are not clear. J Cosmet Dermatol 2004; 3:112-3. [PMID: 17147566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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John U, Meyer C, Hapke U, Rumpf HJ, Schumann A. Nicotine dependence, quit attempts, and quitting among smokers in a regional population sample from a country with a high prevalence of tobacco smoking. Prev Med 2004; 38:350-8. [PMID: 14766119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine dependence might function as a barrier to smoking cessation. Therefore, the goal was to determine whether single symptoms of nicotine dependence are related to the number of quit attempts and smoking status. METHODS In a random population sample of 4075 women and men aged 18-64, drawn from 47 German communities, data about nicotine dependence according to the US Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and according to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and data on quit attempts and quitting were collected at baseline with an interview and 30 months later with a questionnaire. RESULTS Nicotine dependence, in particular withdrawal, was related to a high number of quit attempts and to remaining a current smoker. The urgent need for tobacco, craving for nicotine, smoking to avoid withdrawal, and the expectation of increased appetite or weight gain correctly classified smoking status in 72.1% of individuals through logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine dependence is a strong factor that may partly explain the failure of a subpopulation of smokers to live abstinent. Population-based interventions should include measures of tobacco control and brief interventions carried out, for example, by experts in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich John
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
Available research demonstrates that substance abusing youth are heavy cigarette smokers for whom the behavior persists into adulthood. As such this population represents an important target for intervention. In order to inform treatment design, the present paper described cessation efforts, including motives and methods for quitting, in a sample of cigarette smoking adolescents who received inpatient or outpatient treatment for substance abuse. The 183 participants were on average 16.2 years old, 45% were females, and 72% were white. Consistent with studies of community and high risk youth samples, the majority of participants had previously attempted cessation, yet reported little success in maintaining abstinence. Health emerged as a frequently endorsed motive for cessation and stopping abruptly (cold turkey) was the most commonly reported strategy for quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Myers
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychology Service, 116B, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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